1
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Valiei A, Aminian-Dehkordi J, Mofrad MRK. Gut-on-a-chip models for dissecting the gut microbiology and physiology. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:011502. [PMID: 36875738 PMCID: PMC9977465 DOI: 10.1063/5.0126541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have been extensively investigated in recent years for developing organ-on-a-chip-devices as robust in vitro models aiming to recapitulate organ 3D topography and its physicochemical cues. Among these attempts, an important research front has focused on simulating the physiology of the gut, an organ with a distinct cellular composition featuring a plethora of microbial and human cells that mutually mediate critical body functions. This research has led to innovative approaches to model fluid flow, mechanical forces, and oxygen gradients, which are all important developmental cues of the gut physiological system. A myriad of studies has demonstrated that gut-on-a-chip models reinforce a prolonged coculture of microbiota and human cells with genotypic and phenotypic responses that closely mimic the in vivo data. Accordingly, the excellent organ mimicry offered by gut-on-a-chips has fueled numerous investigations on the clinical and industrial applications of these devices in recent years. In this review, we outline various gut-on-a-chip designs, particularly focusing on different configurations used to coculture the microbiome and various human intestinal cells. We then elaborate on different approaches that have been adopted to model key physiochemical stimuli and explore how these models have been beneficial to understanding gut pathophysiology and testing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Valiei
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Javad Aminian-Dehkordi
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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2
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Dogan AA, Dufva M. Heterogenous morphogenesis of Caco-2 cells reveals that flow induces three-dimensional growth and maturation at high initial seeding cell densities. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1667-1677. [PMID: 36815727 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Here, we introduce a customized hanging insert fitting a six-well plate to culture Caco-2 cells on hydrogel membranes under flow conditions. The cells are cultured in the apical channel-like chamber, which provides about 1.3 dyn/cm2 shear, while the basolateral chamber is mixed when the device is rocked. The device was tested by investigating the functional impact of the initial seeding density in combination with flow applied at confluency. The low seeding density cultures grew in two dimensional (2D) irrespective of the flow. Flow and higher seeding density resulted in a mixture of three dimensional (3D) structures and 2D layers. Static culture and high cell seeding density resulted in 2D layers. The flow increased the height and ZO-1 expression of cells in 2D layers, which correlated with an improved barrier function. Cultures with 3D structures had higher ZO-1 expression than 2D cultures, but this did not correlate with an increased barrier function. 2D monolayers in static and dynamic cultures had similar morphology and heterogeneity in the expression of Mucin-2 and Villin, while the 3D structures had generally higher expression of these markers. The result shows that the cell density and flow determine 3D growth and that the highest barrier function was obtained with low-density cultures and flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Aybike Dogan
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Eslami Amirabadi H, Donkers JM, Wierenga E, Ingenhut B, Pieters L, Stevens L, Donkers T, Westerhout J, Masereeuw R, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Nooijen I, van de Steeg E. Intestinal explant barrier chip: long-term intestinal absorption screening in a novel microphysiological system using tissue explants. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:326-342. [PMID: 34877953 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The majority of intestinal in vitro screening models use cell lines that do not reflect the complexity of the human intestinal tract and hence often fail to accurately predict intestinal drug absorption. Tissue explants have intact intestinal architecture and cell type diversity, but show short viability in static conditions. Here, we present a medium throughput microphysiological system, Intestinal Explant Barrier Chip (IEBC), that creates a dynamic microfluidic microenvironment and prolongs tissue viability. Using a snap fit mechanism, we successfully incorporated human and porcine colon tissue explants and studied tissue functionality, integrity and viability for 24 hours. With a proper distinction of transcellular over paracellular transport (ratio >2), tissue functionality was good at early and late timepoints. Low leakage of FITC-dextran and preserved intracellular lactate dehydrogenase levels indicate maintained tissue integrity and viability, respectively. From a selection of low to high permeability drugs, 6 out of 7 properly ranked according to their fraction absorbed. In conclusion, the IEBC is a novel screening platform benefitting from the complexity of tissue explants and the flow in microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eslami Amirabadi
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Donkers
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Esmée Wierenga
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Bastiaan Ingenhut
- Materials solution department, TNO, and Brightlands Materials Centre, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Pieters
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Lianne Stevens
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Donkers
- Division of Space systems engineering, TNO, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Bobeldijk-Pastorova
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Irene Nooijen
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
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4
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The Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line COLO-680N Fails to Support Sustained Cryptosporidium parvum Proliferation. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010049. [PMID: 35055997 PMCID: PMC8778297 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an important diarrhoea-associated protozoan, which is difficult to propagate in vitro. In 2017, a report described a continuous culture of C. parvum Moredun strain, in the oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line COLO-680N, as an easy-to-use system for C. parvum propagation and continuous production of oocysts. Here, we report that—using the Köllitsch strain of C. parvum—even though COLO-680N cells, indeed, allowed parasite invasion and early asexual parasite replication, C. parvum proliferation decreased after the second day post infection. Considering recurring studies, reporting on successful production of newly generated Cryptosporidium oocysts in the past, and the subsequent replication failure by other research groups, the current data stand as a reminder of the importance of reproducibility of in vitro systems in cryptosporidiosis research. This is of special importance since it will only be possible to develop promising strategies to fight cryptosporidiosis and its ominous consequences for both human and animal health by a continuous and reliable methodological progress.
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5
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Zhang X, Peng L, Luo Y, Zhang S, Pu Y, Chen Y, Guo W, Yao J, Shao M, Fan W, Cui Q, Xi Y, Sun Y, Niu X, Zhao X, Chen L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Wang C, Zhong C, Tan W, Wang J, Wu C, Lin D. Dissecting esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma ecosystem by single-cell transcriptomic analysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5291. [PMID: 34489433 PMCID: PMC8421382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC), one of the most prevalent and lethal malignant disease, has a complex but unknown tumor ecosystem. Here, we investigate the composition of ESCC tumors based on 208,659 single-cell transcriptomes derived from 60 individuals. We identify 8 common expression programs from malignant epithelial cells and discover 42 cell types, including 26 immune cell and 16 nonimmune stromal cell subtypes in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and analyse the interactions between cancer cells and other cells and the interactions among different cell types in the TME. Moreover, we link the cancer cell transcriptomes to the somatic mutations and identify several markers significantly associated with patients’ survival, which may be relevant to precision care of ESCC patients. These results reveal the immunosuppressive status in the ESCC TME and further our understanding of ESCC. Esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas (ESCC) have poor prognosis, and detailed molecular profiles are necessary to identify prognostic markers. Here the authors analyse 60 ESCC patient samples using scRNA-seq, TCR-seq and genomics; they find mucosal immunity markers associated with survival and immunosuppressive microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiannian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Peng
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shaosen Zhang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Pu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yamei Chen
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjia Guo
- Cancer Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Key Laboratory of Oncology of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regio, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiacheng Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Shao
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Fan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qionghua Cui
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Xi
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Sun
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjie Niu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yachen Liu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Zhong
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,CAMS Oxford Institute (COI), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAMS key Laboratory of Cancer Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,CAMS key Laboratory of Cancer Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Tian X, Li L, Fu G, Wang J, He Q, Zhang C, Qin B, Wang J. miR-133a-3p regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells by modulating the expression of TAGLN2. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:824. [PMID: 34149870 PMCID: PMC8200801 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the most common diseases in patients in intensive care units. Intestinal barrier dysfunction serves a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of sepsis. Therefore, preservation of the intestinal epithelial barrier function is an area of ongoing research in the treatment of sepsis. The present study investigated the effects of miR-133a-3p on the proliferation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and the possible mechanism underlying its actions. miR-133a-3p was used to upregulate the intestinal epithelial FHs 74 Int cell line and cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated. A luciferase reporter assay was used to determine whether the 3'-UTR of TAGLN2 mRNA was a binding target of miR-133a-3p. FHs 74 Int cells were transfected with TAGLN2 shRNA and the effects of TAGLN2 on the proliferation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells were investigated. It was found that miR-133a-3p inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-133a-3p targeted TAGLN2 directly. In addition, low expression of TAGLN2 inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. The results of the present study suggested that the miR-133a-3p inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis occurred via the inhibition of TAGLN2. These results suggested that miR-133a-3p may be a promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of gut-origin sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Tian
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Fu
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Qianfeng He
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Bingrui Qin
- Medical College of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Medical College of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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7
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Treveil A, Sudhakar P, Matthews ZJ, Wrzesiński T, Jones EJ, Brooks J, Ölbei M, Hautefort I, Hall LJ, Carding SR, Mayer U, Powell PP, Wileman T, Di Palma F, Haerty W, Korcsmáros T. Regulatory network analysis of Paneth cell and goblet cell enriched gut organoids using transcriptomics approaches. Mol Omics 2021; 16:39-58. [PMID: 31819932 DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the small intestine consists of multiple cell types, including Paneth cells and goblet cells, that work in cohort to maintain gut health. 3D in vitro cultures of human primary epithelial cells, called organoids, have become a key model to study the functions of Paneth cells and goblet cells in normal and diseased conditions. Advances in these models include the ability to skew differentiation to particular lineages, providing a useful tool to study cell type specific function/dysfunction in the context of the epithelium. Here, we use comprehensive profiling of mRNA, microRNA and long non-coding RNA expression to confirm that Paneth cell and goblet cell enrichment of murine small intestinal organoids (enteroids) establishes a physiologically accurate model. We employ network analysis to infer the regulatory landscape altered by skewing differentiation, and using knowledge of cell type specific markers, we predict key regulators of cell type specific functions: Cebpa, Jun, Nr1d1 and Rxra specific to Paneth cells, Gfi1b and Myc specific for goblet cells and Ets1, Nr3c1 and Vdr shared between them. Links identified between these regulators and cellular phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest that global regulatory rewiring during or after differentiation of Paneth cells and goblet cells could contribute to IBD aetiology. Future application of cell type enriched enteroids combined with the presented computational workflow can be used to disentangle multifactorial mechanisms of these cell types and propose regulators whose pharmacological targeting could be advantageous in treating IBD patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Treveil
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK.
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8
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Jenik K, Alkie TN, Moore E, Dejong JD, Lee LEJ, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Characterization of a bovine intestinal myofibroblast cell line and stimulation using phytoglycogen-based nanoparticles bound to inosine monophosphate. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:86-94. [PMID: 33474688 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to characterize a novel bovine intestinal myofibroblast (BT-IMF) cell line isolated from a fetal bovine intestine. This cell type is of importance as intestinal myofibroblasts play a key role in controlling intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, intestinal regulation, wound healing, epithelial cell turnover, and structural support. The present work demonstrates that BT-IMF cells could be successfully cryopreserved and thawed and cultured past 25 passages. Immunocytochemical staining of the BT-IMF cell line was positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and negative for pancytokeratin, suggesting that the cells are myofibroblastic in type. Growth kinetic experiments demonstrate that hydrocortisone negatively impacts BT-IMF growth and non-essential amino acids enhance its proliferation. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) is a dietary nucleotide and is essential for supporting animal health. Stimulation with IMP bound to a novel phytoglycogen-based nanocarrier (IMP-NP) showed enhanced cell proliferation. BT-IMF provides a new tool for studying bovine cells in vitro and may be of particular interest for cultured meat manufacturing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jenik
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - T N Alkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - E Moore
- Glysantis Inc, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J D Dejong
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Glysantis Inc, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L E J Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - S J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada. .,Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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9
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Zeweldi HG, Bendoy AP, Park MJ, Shon HK, Johnson EM, Kim HS, Kim H, Chung WJ, Nisola GM. Forward osmosis with direct contact membrane distillation using tetrabutylphosphonium p-toluenesulfonate as an effective and safe thermo-recyclable osmotic agent for seawater desalination. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128070. [PMID: 33297074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A phosphonium-based ionic liquid (IL) with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) property was assessed as a reusable draw solution (DS) for forward osmosis (FO). Tetrabutylphosphonium p-toluenesulfonate ([P4444]TsO) was successfully synthesized by neutralization reaction. Characterization results reveal its ability to generate sufficient osmotic pressure (14-68 bars for 0.5-2 M DS) to create a gradient across the FO membrane. Its thermal, physico-chemical and other colligative properties are favorable for its application as an osmotic agent. The LCST behavior of [P4444]TsO was found reversible and its phase separation from water can be done above its cloud point temperature Tc ∼57 °C. In vitro cytotoxicity tests from LDH and MTT assay reveal that it can be safely used as DS at an effective concentration EC30 ∼57 mg L-1 as its non-toxic level. Results from FO operations demonstrate that 2 M [P4444]TsO DS can effectively treat saline feed like seawater (0.6 M NaCl) with reasonable Jv = 1.35 ± 0.15 L m-2h-1, low Js = 0.0038 ± 0.00049 mol m-2h-1, and considerably low specific solute flux (Js/Jv ∼ 0.0028 mol L-1). After FO, ∼98% of [P4444]TsO was precipitated by heating the DS at 60 °C and conveniently reused with consistent FO performance. Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was found effective in removing the residual 2% [P4444]TsO in the DS supernatant to finally produce high-quality effluent with concentrations way below the EC30 limit. Cost estimates for the entire process reveal the potential of FO combined with thermo-cyclic [P4444]TsO regeneration with DCMD for desalination application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana G Zeweldi
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Anelyn P Bendoy
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Jun Park
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, MSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, MSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Eldin M Johnson
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, South Korea; Department of Life Science, Food Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Han-Seung Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Hern Kim
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
| | - Grace M Nisola
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Nam-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Hempt C, Hirsch C, Hannig Y, Rippl A, Wick P, Buerki-Thurnherr T. Investigating the effects of differently produced synthetic amorphous silica (E 551) on the integrity and functionality of the human intestinal barrier using an advanced in vitro co-culture model. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:837-852. [PMID: 33319326 PMCID: PMC7904742 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
E 551, also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is the second most produced food additive. However, according to the re-evaluation of E 551 by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2018, the amount of available data on the oral toxicity of food grade E 551 is still insufficient for reliable risk assessment. To close this gap, this study aimed to investigate six food-grade SAS with distinct physicochemical properties on their interaction with the intestinal barrier using advanced in vitro intestinal co-cultures and to identify potential structure-activity relationships. A mucus-secreting Caco-2/HT-29/Raji co-culture model was treated with up to 50 µg/ml SAS for 48 h, which represents a dose range relevant to dietary exposure. No effects on cell viability, barrier integrity, microvilli function or the release of inflammatory cytokine were detected after acute exposure. Slight biological responses were observed for few SAS materials on iron uptake and gene expression levels of mucin 1 and G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). There was no clear correlation between SAS properties (single or combined) and the observed biological responses. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the short-term impact of food-relevant SAS with distinct characteristics on the intestinal epithelium including a range of intestine-specific functional endpoints. In addition, it highlights the importance of using advanced intestinal co-cultures embracing relevant cell types as well as a protective mucus barrier to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the biological response of food additives at the intestinal barrier in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hempt
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Hirsch
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Yvette Hannig
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Rippl
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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11
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Engevik MA, Danhof HA, Shrestha R, Chang-Graham AL, Hyser JM, Haag AM, Mohammad MA, Britton RA, Versalovic J, Sorg JA, Spinler JK. Reuterin disrupts Clostridioides difficile metabolism and pathogenicity through reactive oxygen species generation. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1788898. [PMID: 32804011 PMCID: PMC7524292 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1795388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's greatest public health challenges and adjunct probiotic therapies are strategies that could lessen this burden. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a prime example where adjunct probiotic therapies could decrease disease incidence through prevention. Human-derived Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic that produces the antimicrobial compound reuterin known to prevent C. difficile colonization of antibiotic-treated fecal microbial communities. However, the mechanism of inhibition is unclear. We show that reuterin inhibits C. difficile outgrowth from spores and vegetative cell growth, however, no effect on C. difficile germination or sporulation was observed. Consistent with published studies, we found that exposure to reuterin stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. difficile, resulting in a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability that was rescued by the antioxidant glutathione. Sublethal concentrations of reuterin enhanced the susceptibility of vegetative C. difficile to vancomycin and metronidazole treatment and reduced toxin synthesis by C. difficile. We also demonstrate that reuterin is protective against C. difficile toxin-mediated cellular damage in the human intestinal enteroid model. Overall, our results indicate that ROS are essential mediators of reuterin activity and show that reuterin production by L. reuteri is compatible as a therapeutic in a clinically relevant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather A. Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ritu Shrestha
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony M. Haag
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Mohammad
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph A. Sorg
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Spinler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Chen H, Yin C, Zhang X, Zhu Y. Preparation and characterisation of bifunctional surface-modified silicone catheter in lumen. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 23:46-54. [PMID: 32795517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the coating of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to the surface of a silicone catheter to reduce bacterial growth and to increase hydrophilicity, respectively. METHODS Surface characterisation was performed on bare silicone, AMP-coated, PVP-coated and AMP + PVP-coated silicone catheters using attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle. Antibacterial activity, antibacterial biofilm growth and XTT assay were performed on bare silicone, AMP-coated, PVP-coated and AMP + PVP-coated silicone catheters. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS The water contact angle of the AMP + PVP-coated silicone catheter was 21.37 ± 2.17° compared with 107.23 ± 0.96°, 74.40 ± 1.76° and 20.77 ± 0.32° for bare silicone, AMP-coated and PVP-coated silicone catheters. Based on in vitro antimicrobial tests, the AMP + PVP-coated silicone catheter had 6.2, 2.2 and 2.5 greater antibacterial activity than that of the bare silicone catheter against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Moreover, bacterial biofilm growth on the surface of the AMP + PVP-coated silicone catheter was minimal as characterised by scanning electron microscopy. MTT assay showed that bare silicone, AMP-coated, AMP + PVP-coated and PVP-coated silicone catheters were non-cytotoxic to 3T3 and human colon cancer (Caco-2) cells. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that AMP + PVP-coated silicone catheters have potential clinical application prospects with improved hydrophilicity, excellent biocompatibility, antibacterial activity and a certain antibacterial biofilm effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Caiyun Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yishen Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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13
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Cizkova K, Birke P, Malohlava J, Tauber Z, Huskova Z, Ehrmann J. HT-29 and Caco2 Cell Lines Are Suitable Models for Studying the Role of Arachidonic Acid-Metabolizing Enzymes in Intestinal Cell Differentiation. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:37-47. [PMID: 32248197 DOI: 10.1159/000506735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytochrome (CYP) epoxygenases (CYP2C and CYP2J) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) participate in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and may also have a potential role in enterocyte differentiation. The first critical step in the study of intestinal cell differentiation is the determination of a suitable in vitro model, which must be as similar as possible to the conditions of a living organism. It is known that HT-29 and Caco2 cell lines derived from human colorectal carcinomas can differentiate into enterocyte-like cells in appropriate culture conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS We tested 4 different approaches of enterocyte-like differentiation and determined the most appropriate culture conditions for each model. Subsequently, the changes in the expression of CYP epoxygenases and sEH in undifferentiated and differentiated cells were measured by In-Cell ELISA. These results were compared with immunohistochemical profiles of expression of CYP epoxygenases and sEH in samples of human embryonic and fetal intestines as well as adult duodenum and colon. RESULTS Our results show that sodium butyrate (NaBt)-differentiated HT-29 cells and spontaneously differentiated Caco2 cells resemble CYP epoxygenases and sEH profiles, corresponding with different types of intestines. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that the most suitable models for the study of the role of CYP epoxygenases and sEH expression in differentiation of intestinal epithelium are NaBt-differentiated HT-29 cells and spontaneously differentiated Caco2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Cizkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia,
| | - Petr Birke
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jakub Malohlava
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Tauber
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Zlata Huskova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology and Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jiri Ehrmann
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology and Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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14
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Arantes MR, Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen PJM, Stoopen G, Almeida TS, Souza TM, Farias DF, Carvalho AFU, Rocha TM, Leal LKAM, Vasconcelos IM, Oliveira JTA. In vitro toxicological characterisation of the antifungal compound soybean toxin (SBTX). Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104824. [PMID: 32165152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean toxin (SBTX) is a protein isolated from soybean seeds and composed of two polypeptide subunits (17 and 27 kDa). SBTX has in vitro activity against phytopathogenic fungi such as Cercospora sojina, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium herguei, and yeasts like Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, Kluyveromyces marxiannus, and Pichia membranifaciens. The present study aimed to analyze in vitro whether SBTX causes any side effects on non-target bacterial and mammalian cells that could impede its potential use as a novel antifungal agent. SBTX at 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL did not hinder the growth of the bacteria Salmonella enterica (subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis), Bacillus subtilis (subspecies spizizenii) and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, SBTX at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL did not significantly affect the viability of erythrocytes, neutrophils, and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. To study whether SBTX could induce relevant alterations in gene expression, in vitro DNA microarray experiments were conducted in which differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed for 24 h to 100 μg/mL or 200 μg/mL SBTX. SBTX up-regulated genes involved in cell cycle and immune response pathways, but down-regulated genes that play a role in cholesterol biosynthesis and platelet degranulation pathways. Thus, although SBTX did not affect bacteria, nor induced cytotoxity in mammalian cells, it affected some biological pathways in the human Caco-2 cell line that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reis Arantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Geert Stoopen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thiago Silva Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229, ER, the Netherlands.
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Ilka Maria Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Jose Tadeu Abreu Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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15
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Tartakover Matalon S, Ringel Y, Konikoff F, Drucker L, Pery S, Naftali T. Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist promotes parameters implicated in mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 8:271-283. [PMID: 32213014 DOI: 10.1177/2050640619889773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis benefits patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in gut immune cells and in epithelial cells of inflamed guts. Mucosal healing (MH) requires epithelial layer restoration. OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of CB2 agonist on parameters implicated in gut inflammation and MH. METHODS Mucosal samples from areas of inflamed/uninflamed colon from 16 patients with IBD were cultured without/with cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonist (JWH-133, 10 µM, 6 hours (hr)), and analyzed for epithelial/stromal cell proliferation, apoptosis (secretome matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity, which impairs epithelial permeability) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels (n = 5-9). In addition, Caco-2 (colon carcinoma epithelial cells) were cultured with biopsy secretomes (48 hr), and analyzed for phenotype and protein markers of proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), autophagy (LC3IIB) and permeability (Zonula occludens-1) (n = 4-6). RESULTS Uninflamed tissue had higher epithelial proliferation (Ki67: 50%↑, p < 0.05), and reduced secretome MMP9 activity and IL-8 levels (>50%↓, p < 0.05) compared to inflamed tissue. Treatment with CB2 agonist had no effect on epithelial apoptosis, but increased epithelial Ki67 expression (25%), and reduced secretome MMP9 and IL-8 levels in inflamed biopsies. Secretomes of CB2-treated biopsies increased Caco-2 number, migration, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and LC3IIB expression (all, p < 0.05), but had no effect on ZO-1. CONCLUSION Using ex vivo and in vitro human models, we demonstrated that manipulating the cannabinoid system affects colon cells and secretome characteristics that facilitate MH in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Tartakover Matalon
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Ringel
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4107 Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7080, USA
| | - Fred Konikoff
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Liat Drucker
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Oncogenetics Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Shaul Pery
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Timna Naftali
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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16
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Lee SM, Kim NH, Lee S, Kim YN, Heo JD, Rho JR, Jeong EJ. (10 Z)-Debromohymenialdisine from Marine Sponge Stylissa sp. Regulates Intestinal Inflammatory Responses in Co-Culture Model of Epithelial Caco-2 Cells and THP-1 Macrophage Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183394. [PMID: 31540496 PMCID: PMC6766964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively referred to as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Debromohymenialdisine is an active pyrrole alkaloid that is well known to serve as a stable and effective inhibitor of Chk2. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of (10Z)-debromohymenialdisine (1) isolated from marine sponge Stylissa species using an intestinal in vitro model with a transwell co-culture system. The treatment with 1 attenuated the production and gene expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor-α in co-cultured THP-1 macrophages at a concentration range of 1–5 μM. The protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were down-regulated in response to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) translocation into the nucleus in cells. In addition, we observed that 1 markedly promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and subsequent increase of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. These findings suggest the potential use of 1 as a pharmaceutical lead in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases including IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea.
| | - Na-Hyun Kim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea.
| | - Sangbum Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Korea.
| | - Yun Na Kim
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment & Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup 52834, Korea.
| | - Jung-Rae Rho
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Korea.
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea.
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17
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Augustyniak J, Bertero A, Coccini T, Baderna D, Buzanska L, Caloni F. Organoids are promising tools for species-specific in vitro toxicological studies. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1610-1622. [PMID: 31168795 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional self-aggregating structures generated from stem cells (SCs) or progenitor cells in a process that recapitulates molecular and cellular stages of early organ development. The differentiation process leads to the appearance of specialized mature cells and is connected with changes in the organoid internal structure rearrangement and self-organization. The formation of organ-specific structures in vitro with highly ordered architecture is also strongly influenced by the extracellular matrix. These features make organoids as a powerful model for in vitro toxicology. Nowadays this technology is developing very quickly. In this review we present, from a toxicological and species-specific point of view, the state of the art of organoid generation from adult SCs and pluripotent SCs: embryonic SCs or induced pluripotent SCs. The current culture organoid techniques are discussed for their main advantages, disadvantages and limitations. In the second part of the review, we concentrated on the characterization of species-specific organoids generated from tissue-specific SCs of different sources: mammary (bovine), epidermis (canine), intestinal (porcine, bovine, canine, chicken) and liver (feline, canine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Augustyniak
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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18
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Katwal P, Thomas M, Uprety T, Hildreth MB, Kaushik RS. Development and biochemical and immunological characterization of early passage and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cell lines from the ileum of a young calf. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:127-148. [PMID: 30600465 PMCID: PMC6368510 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a major site of interaction with pathogens. In bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immune responses against enteric pathogens. This study is aimed at establishing a stable bovine intestinal epithelial cell line that can be maintained by a continuous passage so that studies on innate immune responses against various enteric pathogens can be performed. The main goal was to establish pure cultures of primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells from the ileum and then characterize them biochemically and immunologically. Mixed epithelial and fibroblast bovine ileal intestinal cultures were first established from a 2-day old calf. Limiting dilution method was used to obtain a clone of epithelial cells which was characterized using immunocytochemistry (ICC). The selected clone BIEC-c4 was cytokeratin positive and expressed low levels of vimentin, confirming the epithelial cell phenotype. Early passage BIEC-c4 cells were transfected with either simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen or human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), or human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16E6/E7 genes to establish three immortalized BIEC cell lines. The expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6/E7 genes in immortalized BIECs was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence assays also confirmed the expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6 proteins. The immortalized BIECs were cytokeratin positive and all except HPV-BIECs expressed low levels of vimentin. A growth kinetics study indicated that there were no significant differences in the doubling time of immortalized BIECs as compared to early passage BIEC-c4 cells. All four BIEC types expressed TLR 1-10 genes, with TLR 3 and 4 showing higher expression across all cell types. These newly established early passage and immortalized BIEC cell lines should serve as a good model for studying infectivity, pathogenesis and innate immune responses against enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Katwal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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19
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Muraleetharan V, Mantaj J, Swedrowska M, Vllasaliu D. Nanoparticle modification in biological media: implications for oral nanomedicines. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40487-40497. [PMID: 35542629 PMCID: PMC9076262 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08403g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine has shown potential in enabling oral administration of poorly absorbable drugs, such as biologics. As part of the process related to optimisation of the safety and efficacy of nanomedicines, it is imperative that the interaction of nanoparticles with the biological systems – including the gut – is fully characterised. In this article, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms by which nanoparticles may transform upon introduction in biological media. Specifically, the phenomena of association, dissolution and biomolecule adsorption are discussed, together with factors which influence the occurrence of each phenomenon. The implications of these phenomena within the context of therapeutic action of nanomedicines, which includes reduced targeting efficiency, are also explored. Finally, we will comment on nanoparticle modification within the gut environment, including the currently available gastrointestinal models for the study of nano-bio interactions, with implications in the area of nanomedicines for oral administration. Nanomedicines undergo transformation in biological media, which impacts biological effects. Such transformation in the gut environment has implications in use of nanomedicines for oral administration.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnaka Muraleetharan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Julia Mantaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Magda Swedrowska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- London
- UK
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20
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Pierzchalska M, Panek M, Czyrnek M, Grabacka M. The Three-Dimensional Culture of Epithelial Organoids Derived from Embryonic Chicken Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:135-144. [PMID: 27787775 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium isolated from chicken embryos in last 3 days of development can be used to establish the 3D culture of intestinal organoids. When fragments of epithelial tissue released by incubation with EGTA (2.5 mM, 2 h) are embedded in Matrigel matrix on cell culture inserts the formation of empty spheres covered by epithelial cells is observed in first 24 h of culture. The growth and survival of organoids are supported by the addition of R-spondin 1, Noggin, and prostaglandin E2 to the culture medium. The organoids are accompanied by myofibroblasts which become visible in the next 2 days of culture. The intestinal enteroids (free of myofibroblasts) can be obtained from adult chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Panek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyrnek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
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21
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Ben Hlel T, Borges T, Rueda A, Smaali I, Marzouki MN, Seiquer I. Polyphenols bioaccessibility and bioavailability assessment in ipecac infusion using a combined assay of simulated
in vitro
digestion and Caco‐2 cell model. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takoua Ben Hlel
- LIP‐MB Laboratory (LR11ES24) National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage Centre urbain nord de Tunis, B.P. 676 Tunis Cedex 1080 Tunisia
- Department of Biology Faculty of Tunis University of Tunis El Manar Rue de Tolède 2092 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Thays Borges
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) Camino del Jueves s/n 18100 Armilla Granada Spain
| | - Ascensión Rueda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology José Mataix Verdú Avenida del Conocimiento s/n. Parque Tecnológico de la Salud 18071 Armilla Granada Spain
| | - Issam Smaali
- LIP‐MB Laboratory (LR11ES24) National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage Centre urbain nord de Tunis, B.P. 676 Tunis Cedex 1080 Tunisia
| | - M. Nejib Marzouki
- LIP‐MB Laboratory (LR11ES24) National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage Centre urbain nord de Tunis, B.P. 676 Tunis Cedex 1080 Tunisia
| | - Isabel Seiquer
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) Camino del Jueves s/n 18100 Armilla Granada Spain
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22
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Rath NC, Liyanage R, Gupta A, Packialakshmi B, Lay JO. A method to culture chicken enterocytes and their characterization. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4040-4047. [PMID: 29917122 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytes function as both absorptive and protective components of intestine that come in close contact with a variety of enteric factors, such as dietary, microbial, and parasites, that have potential to affect the organismal health. Understanding how enterocytes interact with this complex array of factors may help improve gut health particularly in the context of poultry production where it is also linked to food safety issues. The enterocyte in vitro culture can help screen different factors and their interactions with microbiome, and potentially be utilized in the development of interventions strategies for pathogens such as antibiotic alternatives. We developed a method to culture primary chicken enterocytes and conducted their characterization using cytochemical and proteomic methods, and investigated their potential to respond to different chemical stimuli. Using selected micronutrients, microbial toxins, and metabolic modulators, we assessed their effects on the viability and morphological changes in enterocytes. We found that whereas some nutritional factors (calcitriol, retinoic acid) produced different morphological changes, toxins such as aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol produced enterocyte degeneration and death, and the bacterial lipopolysaccharide had very little effect compared on the basis of their mass. Both cyclic AMP and phorbol myristate acetate exhibited some cachectic effects on enterocytes with the later showing more severe changes. Thyroxin induced distinct morphological changes making the cells more cuboidal and Na-butyrate produced no significant change in morphology. The cytochemical and proteomic characterization suggest that these enterocytes largely belong to epithelial cell categories which may be amenable to analysis of biochemical paths and mechanisms of action of different factors that affect these cells. Based on these results we conclude that chicken enterocyte culture can be a useful in vitro model to study intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan C Rath
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Statewide Mass spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Anamika Gupta
- The Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Balamurugan Packialakshmi
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.,The Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jackson O Lay
- Statewide Mass spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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23
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Derricott H, Luu L, Fong WY, Hartley CS, Johnston LJ, Armstrong SD, Randle N, Duckworth CA, Campbell BJ, Wastling JM, Coombes JL. Developing a 3D intestinal epithelium model for livestock species. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:409-424. [PMID: 30259138 PMCID: PMC6373265 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro 3D culture of intestinal epithelium is a valuable resource in the study of its function. Organoid culture exploits stem cells' ability to regenerate and produce differentiated epithelium. Intestinal organoid models from rodent or human tissue are widely available whereas large animal models are not. Livestock enteric and zoonotic diseases elicit significant morbidity and mortality in animal and human populations. Therefore, livestock species-specific models may offer novel insights into host-pathogen interactions and disease responses. Bovine and porcine jejunum were obtained from an abattoir and their intestinal crypts isolated, suspended in Matrigel, cultured, cryopreserved and resuscitated. 'Rounding' of crypts occurred followed by budding and then enlargement of the organoids. Epithelial cells were characterised using immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. Organoids were successfully infected with Toxoplasma gondii or Salmonella typhimurium. This 3D organoid model offers a long-term, renewable resource for investigating species-specific intestinal infections with a variety of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Derricott
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
| | - Lisa Luu
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Wai Yee Fong
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Catherine S Hartley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Luke J Johnston
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Nadine Randle
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Janine L Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
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24
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Farquhar MJ, McCluskey E, Staunton R, Hughes KR, Coltherd JC. Characterisation of a canine epithelial cell line for modelling the intestinal barrier. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:115-132. [PMID: 30022673 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how food interacts with the intestinal epithelium during the digestion process. However, it is known that ingredients in food can modulate the intestinal barrier, and have the potential to disrupt homeostasis of the gut. Here, we characterise a conditionally immortalised canine intestinal epithelial cell (cIEC) line for use in in vitro assays, to assess the effect of food ingredients on intestinal barrier function, permeability, cell health, and inflammation. Microscopy and flow cytometry confirmed that cIECs had a phenotype consistent with those of epithelial origin, and were able to differentiate to mature enterocytes. The cIECs also formed a monolayer when grown on Transwell® inserts, producing functional tight junctions between the cells. In contrast to the human-derived Caco-2 cell line, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was increased in cIECs in response to two different raw ingredients. The exposure of cIECs to known inflammatory stimuli and raw ingredients induced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-?B). This work demonstrates the value of a unique cIEC in vitro model to study the effects of food ingredients on canine intestinal function and health, and supports continued efforts to reduce and refine the use of animals in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma McCluskey
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
| | - Ruth Staunton
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
| | - Kevin R Hughes
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, U
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25
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La Barbera G, Capriotti AL, Michelini E, Piovesana S, Calabretta MM, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Roda A, Laganà A. Proteomic analysis and bioluminescent reporter gene assays to investigate effects of simulated microgravity on Caco-2 cells. Proteomics 2018; 17. [PMID: 28727291 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity is one of the most important features in spaceflight. Previous evidence from in-vitro studies has shown that significant changes occur under simulated microgravity. For this reason, human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells were selected as cell model of intestinal epithelial barrier and their response to altered gravity conditions was investigated, especially on the protein level. In this study, we combined label-free shotgun proteomics and bioluminescent reporter gene assays to identify key proteins and pathways involved in the response of Caco-2 cells under reference and microgravity conditions. A two-dimensional clinostat was modified with 3D-printed adaptors to hold conventional T25 culture flasks. The comparative proteome analysis led to identify 38 and 26 proteins differently regulated by simulated microgravity after 48 and 72 h, respectively. Substantial fractions of these proteins are involved in regulation, cellular and metabolic processes and localization. Bioluminescent reporter gene assays were carried out to investigate microgavity-induced alterations on the transcriptional regulation of key targets, such as NF-kB pathway and CYP27A1. While no significant difference was found in the basal transcription, a lower NF-kB basal activation in simulated microgravity conditions was reported, corroborating the hypothesis of reduced immunity in microgravity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Michelini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G.Ciamician", Università di Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy.,INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Aldo Roda
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G.Ciamician", Università di Bologna - Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy.,INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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26
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Panek M, Grabacka M, Pierzchalska M. The formation of intestinal organoids in a hanging drop culture. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1085-1095. [PMID: 29372467 PMCID: PMC6021282 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently organoids have become widely used in vitro models of many tissue and organs. These type of structures, originated from embryonic or adult mammalian intestines, are called “mini guts”. They organize spontaneously when intestinal crypts or stem cells are embedded in the extracellular matrix proteins preparation scaffold (Matrigel). This approach has some disadvantages, as Matrigel is undefined (the concentrations of growth factors and other biologically active components in it may vary from batch to batch), difficult to handle and expensive. Here we show that the organoids derived from chicken embryo intestine are formed in a hanging drop without embedding, providing an attractive alternative for currently used protocols. Using this technique we obtained compact structures composed of contiguous organoids, which were generally similar to chicken organoids cultured in Matrigel in terms of morphology and expression of intestinal epithelial markers. Due to the simplicity, high reproducibility and throughput capacity of hanging drop technique our model may be applied in various studies concerning the gut biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Panek
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland.
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27
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Frau C, Godart M, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormone regulation of intestinal epithelial stem cell biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:90-97. [PMID: 28288904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a well-characterized target of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone nuclear receptors TRs, as extensively described in the literature. The paradigm is its important remodelling in amphibians during thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. Interestingly, several studies have described the conservation of this hormonal signal during intestinal development in mammals. Additional data suggested that it may also play a role in intestinal homeostasis, stem cell physiology and progenitor commitment as well as in tumour development. It is worth underlining that in the mammalian intestine the functionality of the TRα1 receptor is coordinated and integrated with other signalling pathways, such as Wnt and Notch, specifically at the level of stem/progenitor cell populations. Here, we summarize these data and concepts and discuss this new role for thyroid hormones and the TRα1 receptor in the biology of intestinal epithelial precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Frau
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Godart
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France.
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28
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Development and characterization of 2-dimensional culture for buffalo intestinal cells. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:361-373. [PMID: 29032508 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) play a major role in the absorption of nutrients and toxins. Due to the similarity of genome-wide single copy protein orthologues between cattle and human, establishment of ruminant's primary small IEC culture could be a valuable tool for toxicity studies. Therefore, the current study focused on the development and characterization of buffalo IEC culture, as cattle slaughter is banned in India. The buffalo jejunum fragments were washed consecutively several times in saline, warm phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS with 5 mM dithiothreitol, digesting solution and 2% sorbitol in PBS. The cells were cultured on 17 µg/cm2 collagen coated plates and transwell plates with serum (2% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10% FBS) and serum-free culture conditions. The cells were differentiated into typical epithelial cobblestone morphology from day 5 onwards in 50% successful cultures. The cultured IEC were characterized by gene expression of epithelial cell markers, cytokeratin and vimentin, and enterocyte markers like villin, zonula occluden (ZO1), fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) and small intestinal peptidase (IP). Based on the morphology and gene expression profile, 10% FBS has been recommended for culturing primary buffalo IEC on collagen coated plates for 10 days. However, 50% of the successful cultures could not show epithelial phenotype on 10% FBS culture conditions even on collagen coated plates. Interestingly, undifferentiated IEC showed an increasing expression of FABP2, IP and ZO1 transcripts compared to differentiated intestinal cells with 10% FBS on collagen plates. Therefore, future studies are needed to understand the role of FABP2, IP and ZO1 in differentiation of buffalo IEC.
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29
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Hussey GS, Cramer MC, Badylak SF. Extracellular Matrix Bioscaffolds for Building Gastrointestinal Tissue. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:1-13. [PMID: 29276748 PMCID: PMC5736871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly advancing field that uses principles of tissue engineering, developmental biology, stem cell biology, immunology, and bioengineering to reconstruct diseased or damaged tissues. Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix have shown great promise as an inductive substrate to facilitate the constructive remodeling of gastrointestinal (GI) tissue damaged by neoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease, and congenital or acquired defects. The present review summarizes the preparation and use of extracellular matrix scaffolds for bioengineering of the GI tract, identifies significant advances made in regenerative medicine for the reconstruction of functional GI tissue, and describes an emerging therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Hussey
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madeline C. Cramer
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Stephen F. Badylak, DVM, PhD, MD, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219-3110. fax: (412) 624-5256.McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh450 Technology Drive, Suite 300PittsburghPennsylvania15219-3110
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30
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Kämpfer AAM, Urbán P, Gioria S, Kanase N, Stone V, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A. Development of an in vitro co-culture model to mimic the human intestine in healthy and diseased state. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:31-43. [PMID: 28807632 PMCID: PMC5744654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intestine forms the largest interface between the environment and the human organism. Its integrity and functioning are crucial for the uptake of nutrients while preventing access of harmful antigens. Inflammatory conditions can significantly change the normal functioning of the intestine. In vitro models that adequately reproduce both healthy and inflamed intestinal tissue could provide a useful tool for studying the mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and investigating new therapeutic drugs. We established a co-culture of Caco-2 and PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells that mimics the intestine in healthy and controlled inflamed states. In homoeostatic conditions without stimulation, Caco-2 and THP-1 cells were co-cultured for 48 h without affecting the barrier integrity and with no increase in the release of cytokines, nitric oxide or lactate dehydrogenase. To simulate the inflamed intestine, the Caco-2 barrier was primed with IFN-γ and THP-1 cells were pre-stimulated with LPS and IFN-γ. In these conditions a significant but temporary reduction in barrier integrity was measured, and large concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity markers detected. With its ability to feature numerous hallmarks of intestinal inflammation the presented co-culture model of epithelial cells and macrophages offers a unique possibility to study exposure effects in relation to the health status of the intestine. A novel, tunable co-culture model of Caco-2 and THP-1 cells was established. The THP-1 differentiation protocol is crucial for a stable co-culture with Caco-2. Synergistic effects of TNF-α and IFN-γ were key to induce inflammation in vitro. The inflamed co-culture shows barrier disruption, cytokine release and cytotoxicity. Downregulation of inflammation is prevented by pretreatment of cells with cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A M Kämpfer
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy; Nano-Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Urbán
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Nilesh Kanase
- Nano-Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Stone
- Nano-Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Kinsner-Ovaskainen
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate F - Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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31
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Udden SMN, Waliullah S, Harris M, Zaki H. The Ex Vivo Colon Organ Culture and Its Use in Antimicrobial Host Defense Studies. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287576 DOI: 10.3791/55347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine displays an architecture of repetitive crypt structures consisting of different types of epithelial cells, lamina propia containing immune cells, and stroma. All of these heterogeneous cells contribute to intestinal homeostasis and participate in antimicrobial host defense. Therefore, identifying a surrogate model for studying immune response and antimicrobial activity of the intestine in an in vitro setting is extremely challenging. In vitro studies using immortalized intestinal epithelial cell lines or even primary crypt organoid culture do not represent the exact physiology of normal intestine and its microenvironment. Here, we discuss a method of culturing mouse colon tissue in a culture dish and how this ex vivo organ culture system can be implemented in studies related to antimicrobial host defense responses. In representative experiments, we showed that colons in organ culture express antimicrobial peptides in response to exogenous IL-1β and IL-18. Further, the antimicrobial effector molecules produced by the colon tissues in the organ culture efficiently kill Escherichia coli in vitro. This approach, therefore, can be utilized to dissect the role of pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns and their cellular receptors in regulating intestinal innate immune responses and antimicrobial host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center;
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32
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Picariello G, Ferranti P, Addeo F. Use of brush border membrane vesicles to simulate the human intestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Generation of an artificial intestine for the management of short bowel syndrome. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21:178-85. [PMID: 26867049 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses the current state of the art in artificial intestine generation in the treatment of short bowel syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Short bowel syndrome defines the condition in which patients lack sufficient intestinal length to allow for adequate absorption of nutrition and fluids, and thus need parenteral support. Advances toward the development of an artificial intestine have improved dramatically since the first attempts in the 1980s, and the last decade has seen significant advances in understanding the intestinal stem cell niche, the growth of complex primary intestinal stem cells in culture, and fabrication of the biomaterials that can support the growth and differentiation of these stem cells. There has also been recent progress in understanding the role of the microbiota and the immune cells on the growth of intestinal cultures on scaffolds in animal models. Despite recent progress, there is much work to be done before the development of a functional artificial intestine for short bowel syndrome is successfully achieved. SUMMARY Continued concerted efforts by cell biologists, bioengineers, and clinician-scientists will be required for the development of an artificial intestine as a clinical treatment modality for short bowel syndrome.
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34
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Sahu SC. Altered global gene expression profiles in human gastrointestinal epithelial Caco2 cells exposed to nanosilver. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:262-268. [PMID: 28959546 PMCID: PMC5615829 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive consumer exposure to food- and cosmetics-related consumer products containing nanosilver is of public safety concern. Therefore, there is a need for suitable in vitro models and sensitive predictive rapid screening methods to assess their toxicity. Toxicogenomic profile showing subtle changes in gene expressions following nanosilver exposure is a sensitive toxicological endpoint for this purpose. We evaluated the Caco2 cells and global gene expression profiles as tools for predictive rapid toxicity screening of nanosilver. We evaluated and compared the gene expression profiles of Caco-2 cells exposed to 20 nm and 50 nm nanosilver at a concentration 2.5 μg/ml. The global gene expression analysis of Caco2 cells exposed to 20 nm nanosilver showed that a total of 93 genes were altered at 4 h exposure, out of which 90 genes were up-regulated and 3 genes were down-regulated. The 24 h exposure of 20 nm silver altered 15 genes in Caco2 cells, out of which 14 were up-regulated and one was down-regulated. The most pronounced changes in gene expression were detected at 4 h. The greater size (50 nm) nanosilver at 4 h exposure altered more genes by more different pathways than the smaller (20 nm) one. Metallothioneins and heat shock proteins were highly up-regulated as a result of exposure to both the nanosilvers. The cellular pathways affected by the nanosilver exposure is likely to lead to increased toxicity. The results of our study presented here suggest that the toxicogenomic characterization of Caco2 cells is a valuable in vitro tool for assessing toxicity of nanomaterials such as nanosilver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saura C. Sahu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Cundiff JK, McConnell EJ, Lohe KJ, Maria SD, McMahon RJ, Zhang Q. Sensing Small Changes in Protein Abundance: Stimulation of Caco-2 Cells by Human Whey Proteins. J Proteome Res 2015; 15:125-43. [PMID: 26586228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approaches have largely facilitated our systemic understanding of cellular processes and biological functions. Cutoffs in protein expression fold changes (FCs) are often arbitrarily determined in MS-based quantification with no demonstrable determination of small magnitude changes in protein expression. Therefore, many biological insights may remain veiled due to high FC cutoffs. Herein, we employ the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line Caco-2 as a model system to demonstrate the dynamicity of tandem-mass-tag (TMT) labeling over a range of 5-40% changes in protein abundance, with the variance controls of ± 5% FC for around 95% of TMT ratios when sampling 9-12 biological replicates. We further applied this procedure to examine the temporal proteome of Caco-2 cells upon exposure to human whey proteins (WP). Pathway assessments predict subtle effects due to WP in moderating xenobiotic metabolism, promoting proliferation and various other cellular functions in differentiating enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. This demonstration of a sensitive MS approach may open up new perspectives in the system-wide exploration of elusive or transient biological effects by facilitating scrutiny of narrow windows of proteome abundance changes. Furthermore, we anticipate this study will encourage more investigations of WP on infant gastrointestinal tract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy K Cundiff
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
| | - Elizabeth J McConnell
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
| | - Kimberly J Lohe
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
| | - Sarah D Maria
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, United States
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Marwa Abu-Serie MAS, Maha El Demellawy MED, Mohamed El-Sayed MES, Fatma El-Rashidy FER. In vitro animal cancer model for assessment of sulfated polysaccharides extract of Ulva lactuca as colon cancer therapeutic and chemopreventive agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.32.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Cubells-Baeza N, Verhoeckx K, Larre C, Denery-Papini S, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Diaz Perales A. Applicability of epithelial models in protein permeability/transport studies and food allergy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yuan C, He Q, Li JM, Azzam MM, Lu JJ, Zou XT. Evaluation of embryonic age and the effects of different proteases on the isolation and primary culture of chicken intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:588-94. [PMID: 25488605 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effects of embryonic age and proteolytic enzymes on the isolation and primary culture of chicken enterocyte and to establish an effective technique for chicken intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) cultivation. Fourteen-day-old, 16-day-old and 18-day-old embryos (average weight: 52.23 ± 0.76 g, 50.86 ± 0.99 g, 48.98 ± 1.03 g) were the source for preparation of enterocyte culture, and trypsin-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, collagenase, thermolysin and combination of collagenase and thermolysin were used for digestion medium. Optimal culture protocols were determined by qualitative assays of proliferation. Cells isolated by using 14-day-old embryo and collagenase obtain the best attachment and growth in culture, and the production of continuously growing IEC cultures. Thus, we conclude that the use of collagenase as a dissociating enzyme and 14-day-old embryo as a source can be advantageously applied to the isolation of chicken IEC and this method may be useful for various applications and basic studies of the intestinal tract concerning such objects as physiology, immunology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang He
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-ming Li
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mahmoud Mostafa Azzam
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Jian-jun Lu
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-ting Zou
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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In vitro evaluation of inorganic mercury and methylmercury effects on the intestinal epithelium permeability. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:349-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Graves CL, Harden SW, LaPato M, Nelson M, Amador B, Sorenson H, Frazier CJ, Wallet SM. A method for high purity intestinal epithelial cell culture from adult human and murine tissues for the investigation of innate immune function. J Immunol Methods 2014; 414:20-31. [PMID: 25193428 PMCID: PMC4384334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as an important physiologic barrier between environmental antigens and the host intestinal immune system. Thus, IECs serve as a first line of defense and may act as sentinel cells during inflammatory insults. Despite recent renewed interest in IEC contributions to host immune function, the study of primary IEC has been hindered by lack of a robust culture technique, particularly for small intestinal and adult tissues. Here, a novel adaptation for culture of primary IEC is described for human duodenal organ donor tissue as well as duodenum and colon of adult mice. These epithelial cell cultures display characteristic phenotypes and are of high purity. In addition, the innate immune function of human primary IEC, specifically with regard to Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and microbial ligand responsiveness, is contrasted with a commonly used intestinal epithelial cell line (HT-29). Specifically, TLR expression at the mRNA level and production of cytokine (IFNγ and TNFα) in response to TLR agonist stimulation is assessed. Differential expression of TLRs as well as innate immune responses to ligand stimulation is observed in human-derived cultures compared to that of HT-29. Thus, use of this adapted method to culture primary epithelial cells from adult human donors and from adult mice will allow for more appropriate studies of IECs as innate immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Graves
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Scott W Harden
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA.
| | - Melissa LaPato
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Michael Nelson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Byron Amador
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Heather Sorenson
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
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Sahu SC, Njoroge J, Bryce SM, Yourick JJ, Sprando RL. Comparative genotoxicity of nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and colon Caco2 cells evaluated by a flow cytometricin vitromicronucleus assay. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1226-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saura C. Sahu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; US Food and Drug Administration; Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Joyce Njoroge
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; US Food and Drug Administration; Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Yourick
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; US Food and Drug Administration; Laurel MD 20708 USA
| | - Robert L. Sprando
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; US Food and Drug Administration; Laurel MD 20708 USA
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Lefebvre DE, Venema K, Gombau L, Valerio LG, Raju J, Bondy GS, Bouwmeester H, Singh RP, Clippinger AJ, Collnot EM, Mehta R, Stone V. Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:523-42. [PMID: 25119418 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered metal/mineral, lipid and biochemical macromolecule nanomaterials (NMs) have potential applications in food. Methodologies for the assessment of NM digestion and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract are nascent and require refinement. A working group was tasked by the International Life Sciences Institute NanoRelease Food Additive project to review existing models of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease, and the utility of these models for the assessment of the uptake of NMs intended for food. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption could be addressed in a tiered approach using in silico computational models, in vitro non-cellular fluid systems and in vitro cell culture models, after which the necessity of ex vivo organ culture and in vivo animal studies can be considered. Examples of NM quantification in gastrointestinal tract fluids and tissues are emerging; however, few standardized analytical techniques are available. Coupling of these techniques to gastrointestinal models, along with further standardization, will further strengthen methodologies for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lefebvre
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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Sahu SC, Roy S, Zheng J, Yourick JJ, Sprando RL. Comparative genotoxicity of nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and colon Caco2 cells evaluated by fluorescent microscopy of cytochalasin B-blocked micronucleus formation. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1200-8. [PMID: 24909674 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the increased use of silver nanoparticles in food, food contact materials, dietary supplements and cosmetics to prevent fungal and bacterial growth, there is a need for validated rapid screening methods to assess the safety of nanoparticle exposure. This study evaluated two widely used in vitro cell culture models, human liver HepG2 cells and human colon Caco2 cells, as tools for assessing the potential genotoxicity of 20-nm nanosilver. The average silver nanoparticle size as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was 20.4 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed no large agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles. The silver concentration in a 20-nm nanosilver solution determined by the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was 0.962 mg ml(-1) . Analysis by ICP-MS and TEM demonstrated the uptake of 20-nm silver by both HepG2 and Caco2 cells. Genotoxicity was determined by the cytochalasin B-blocked micronucleus assay with acridine orange staining and fluorescence microscopy. Concentration- and time-dependent increases in the frequency of binucleated cells with micronuclei induced by the nanosilver was observed in the concentration range of 0.5 to 15 µg ml(-1) in both HepG2 and Caco2 cells compared with the control. Our results indicated that HepG2 cells were more sensitive than Caco2 cells in terms of micronuclei formation induced by nanosilver exposure. In summary, the results of this study indicate that the widely used in vitro models, HepG2 and Caco2 cells in culture, represent potential screening models for prediction of genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles by in vitro micronucleus assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saura C Sahu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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Pathogenesis of human enterovirulent bacteria: lessons from cultured, fully differentiated human colon cancer cell lines. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 77:380-439. [PMID: 24006470 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00064-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts are protected from attack by potentially harmful enteric microorganisms, viruses, and parasites by the polarized fully differentiated epithelial cells that make up the epithelium, providing a physical and functional barrier. Enterovirulent bacteria interact with the epithelial polarized cells lining the intestinal barrier, and some invade the cells. A better understanding of the cross talk between enterovirulent bacteria and the polarized intestinal cells has resulted in the identification of essential enterovirulent bacterial structures and virulence gene products playing pivotal roles in pathogenesis. Cultured animal cell lines and cultured human nonintestinal, undifferentiated epithelial cells have been extensively used for understanding the mechanisms by which some human enterovirulent bacteria induce intestinal disorders. Human colon carcinoma cell lines which are able to express in culture the functional and structural characteristics of mature enterocytes and goblet cells have been established, mimicking structurally and functionally an intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, Caco-2-derived M-like cells have been established, mimicking the bacterial capture property of M cells of Peyer's patches. This review intends to analyze the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of human enterovirulent bacteria observed in infected cultured human colon carcinoma enterocyte-like HT-29 subpopulations, enterocyte-like Caco-2 and clone cells, the colonic T84 cell line, HT-29 mucus-secreting cell subpopulations, and Caco-2-derived M-like cells, including cell association, cell entry, intracellular lifestyle, structural lesions at the brush border, functional lesions in enterocytes and goblet cells, functional and structural lesions at the junctional domain, and host cellular defense responses.
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Sahu SC, Zheng J, Graham L, Chen L, Ihrie J, Yourick JJ, Sprando RL. Comparative cytotoxicity of nanosilver in human liver HepG2 and colon Caco2 cells in culture. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1155-66. [PMID: 24522958 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of silver nanoparticles in food, food contact materials, dietary supplements and cosmetics has increased significantly owing to their antibacterial and antifungal properties. As a consequence, the need for validated rapid screening methods to assess their toxicity is necessary to ensure consumer safety. This study evaluated two widely used in vitro cell culture models, human liver HepG2 cells and human colon Caco2 cells, as tools for assessing the potential cytotoxicity of food- and cosmetic-related nanoparticles. The two cell culture models were utilized to compare the potential cytotoxicity of 20-nm silver. The average size of the silver nanoparticle determined by our transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was 20.4 nm. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed no large agglomeration of the silver nanoparticles. The concentration of the 20-nm silver solution determined by our inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was 0.962 mg ml(-1) . Our ICP-MS and TEM analysis demonstrated the uptake of 20-nm silver by both HepG2 and Caco2 cells. Cytotoxicity, determined by the Alamar Blue reduction assay, was evaluated in the nanosilver concentration range of 0.1 to 20 µg ml(-1) . Significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of the nanosilver in HepG2 cells was observed in the concentration range of 1 to 20 µg ml(-1) and at a higher concentration range of 10 to 20 µg ml(-1) in Caco2 cells compared with the vehicle control. A concentration-dependent decrease in dsDNA content was observed in both cell types exposed to nanosilver but not controls, suggesting an increase in DNA damage. The DNA damage was observed in the concentration range of 1 to 20 µg ml(-1) . Nanosilver-exposed HepG2 and Caco2 cells showed no cellular oxidative stress, determined by the dichlorofluorescein assay, compared with the vehicle control in the concentration range used in this study. A concentration-dependent decrease in mitochondria membrane potential in both nanosilver exposed cell types suggested increased mitochondria injury compared with the vehicle control. The mitochondrial injury in HepG2 cells was significant in the concentration range of 1 to 20 µg ml(-1) , but in Caco2 cells it was significant at a higher concentration range of 10 to 20 µg ml(-1) . These results indicated that HepG2 cells were more sensitive to nanosilver exposure than Caco2 cells. It is generally believed that cellular oxidative stress induces cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. However, in this study we did not detect any nanosilver-induced oxidative stress in either cell type at the concentration range used in this study. Our results suggest that cellular oxidative stress did not play a major role in the observed cytotoxicity of nanosilver in HepG2 and Caco2 cells and that a different mechanism of nanosilver-induced mitochondrial injury leads to the cytotoxicity. The HepG2 and Caco2 cells used this study appear to be targets for silver nanoparticles. The results of this study suggest that the differences in the mechanisms of toxicity induced by nanosilver may be largely as a consequence of the type of cells used. This differential rather than universal response of different cell types exposed to nanoparticles may play an important role in the mechanism of their toxicity. In summary, the results of this study indicate that the widely used in vitro models, HepG2 and Caco2 cells in culture, are excellent systems for screening cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. These long established cell culture models and simple assays used in this study can provide useful toxicity and mechanistic information that can help to better inform safety assessments of food- and cosmetic-related silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saura C Sahu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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Denost Q, Adam JP, Rullier E, Bareille R, Montembault A, David L, Bordenave L. Colorectal tissue engineering: prerequisites, current status and perspectives. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 10:501-7. [DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2013.811834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cheli F, Fusi E, Baldi A. Cell-based models for mycotoxin screening and toxicity evaluation: an update. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the applications of cell-based models in mycotoxin research, with a focus on models for mycotoxin screening and cytotoxicity evaluation. Various cell-based models, cell and cell culture condition related factors, toxicity endpoints and culture systems as well as predictive value of cell-based bioassays are reviewed. Advantages, drawbacks and technical problems regarding set up and validation of consistent, robust, reproducible and high-throughput cell-based models are discussed. Various cell-based models have been developed and used as screening tests for mycotoxins but the data obtained are difficult to compare. However, the results highlight the potential of cell-based models as promising in vitro platforms for the initial screening and cytotoxicity evaluation of mycotoxins and as a significant analytical approach in mycotoxin research before any animal or human clinical studies. To develop cell-based models as powerful high-throughput laboratory platforms for the analysis of large numbers of samples, there are mainly two fundamental requirements that should be met, i.e. the availability of easy-to-use and, if possible, automated cell platforms and the possibility to obtain reproducible results that are comparable between laboratories. The transition from a research model to a test model still needs optimisation, standardisation, and validation of analytical protocols. The validation of a cell-based bioassay is a complex process, as several critical points, such as the choice of the cellular model, the assay procedures, and the appropriate use and interpretation of the results, must be strictly defined to ensure more consistency in the results. The development of cell-based models exploring the third dimension together with automation and miniaturisation will bring cellular platforms to a level appropriate for cost-effective and large-scale analysis in the field of mycotoxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - E. Fusi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - A. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
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Glucose transport by epithelia prepared from harvested enterocytes. Cytotechnology 2013; 67:39-49. [PMID: 24166597 PMCID: PMC4294831 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformed and cultured cell lines have significant shortcomings for investigating the characteristics and responses of native villus enterocytes in situ. Interpretations of results from intact tissues are complicated by the presence of underlying tissues and the crypt compartment. We describe a simple, novel, and reproducible method for preparing functional epithelia using differentiated enterocytes harvested from the small intestine upper villus of adult mice and preterm pigs with and without necrotizing enterocolitis. Concentrative, rheogenic glucose uptake was used as an indicator of epithelial function and was demonstrated by cellular accumulation of tracer 14C d-glucose and Ussing chamber based short-circuit currents. Assessment of the epithelia by light and immunofluorescent microscopy revealed the harvested enterocytes remain differentiated and establish cell–cell connections to form polarized epithelia with distinct apical and basolateral domains. As with intact tissues, the epithelia exhibit glucose induced short-circuit currents that are increased by exposure to adenosine and adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) and decreased by phloridzin to inhibit the apical glucose transporter SGLT-1. Similarly, accumulation of 14C d-glucose by the epithelia was inhibited by phloridzin, but not phloretin, and was stimulated by pre-exposure to AMP and adenosine, apparently by a microtubule-based mechanism that is disrupted by nocodazole, with the magnitudes of responses to adenosine, forskolin, and health status exceeding those we have measured using intact tissues. Our findings indicate that epithelia prepared from harvested enterocytes provide an alternative approach for comparative studies of the characteristics of nutrient transport by the upper villus epithelium and the responses to different conditions and stimuli.
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Possemiers S, Pinheiro I, Verhelst A, Van den Abbeele P, Maignien L, Laukens D, Reeves SG, Robinson LE, Raas T, Schneider YJ, Van de Wiele T, Marzorati M. A dried yeast fermentate selectively modulates both the luminal and mucosal gut microbiota and protects against inflammation, as studied in an integrated in vitro approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9380-9392. [PMID: 24006902 DOI: 10.1021/jf402137r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
EpiCor, derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been shown to have immunomodulating properties in human clinical trials and in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms behind its immune protection via the gut remain largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use an integrated in vitro approach to evaluate the metabolism of EpiCor by the intestinal microflora, its modulating effect on the gut microbiota, and its anti-inflammatory activity on human-derived cell lines. Using the SHIME model, in combination with a mucus adhesion assay, has shown that low doses of EpiCor have a prebiotic-like modulatory effect on the luminal- and mucosa-associated microbiota. These include gradual changes in general community structure, reduction of potential pathogens, quantitative increase in lactobacilli, and qualitative modulation of bifidobacteria. Moreover, by combination of the SHIME with Caco-2 cells and Caco-2/THP1 cocultures, a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed at the end of the treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Possemiers
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Kavanaugh DW, O’Callaghan J, Buttó LF, Slattery H, Lane J, Clyne M, Kane M, Joshi L, Hickey RM. Exposure of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis to Milk Oligosaccharides Increases Adhesion to Epithelial Cells and Induces a Substantial Transcriptional Response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67224. [PMID: 23805302 PMCID: PMC3689703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that milk oligosaccharides may contribute not only to selective growth of bifidobacteria, but also to their specific adhesive ability. Human milk oligosaccharides (3'sialyllactose and 6'sialyllactose) and a commercial prebiotic (Beneo Orafti P95; oligofructose) were assayed for their ability to promote adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 to HT-29 and Caco-2 human intestinal cells. Treatment with the commercial prebiotic or 3'sialyllactose did not enhance adhesion. However, treatment with 6'sialyllactose resulted in increased adhesion (4.7 fold), while treatment with a mixture of 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose substantially increased adhesion (9.8 fold) to HT-29 intestinal cells. Microarray analyses were subsequently employed to investigate the transcriptional response of B. longum subsp. infantis to the different oligosaccharide treatments. This data correlated strongly with the observed changes in adhesion to HT-29 cells. The combination of 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose resulted in the greatest response at the genetic level (both in diversity and magnitude) followed by 6'sialyllactose, and 3'sialyllactose alone. The microarray data was further validated by means of real-time PCR. The current findings suggest that the increased adherence phenotype of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis resulting from exposure to milk oligosaccharides is multi-faceted, involving transcription factors, chaperone proteins, adhesion-related proteins, and a glycoside hydrolase. This study gives additional insight into the role of milk oligosaccharides within the human intestine and the molecular mechanisms underpinning host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon W. Kavanaugh
- Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - John O’Callaghan
- Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ludovica F. Buttó
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Helen Slattery
- Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Lane
- Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marguerite Clyne
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marian Kane
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rita M. Hickey
- Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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