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Hu G, Wu L, Xue K, Han H, Sun Y, Gan K, Zhu J, Shi Q, Du T. Differential expression of circular RNAs in interleukin 6-promoted osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7765-7776. [PMID: 37962668 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have shown that interleukin 6 (IL-6) can regulate stem cell osteogenic differentiation; however, the exact mechanism is not clear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closed circular non-coding RNAs that are involved in the process of stem cell osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, the purpose of this present study was to investigate the effect of IL-6 treatment on osteogenic differentiation of human apical tooth papillae stem cells (hSCAPs), and to detect the difference in circRNA expression using gene microarray technology. METHODS After extraction and identification of hSCAPs, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and calcium ion quantitative assay were used to determine the changes of ALP enzyme, mineralized nodules, and matrix calcium levels before and after IL-6 treatment of hSCAPs gene microarray technology was used to analyze the changes in circRNA expression levels before and after IL-6 induction of mineralization. The four selected circRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to predict the potential functions and biological signaling pathways of circRNAs. Finally, these data are integrated and analyzed to construct circRNA-microRNA-mRNA networks. RESULTS Alp and Alizarin red staining confirmed that IL-6 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hSCAPs. The gene microarray results identified 132 differentially expressed circRNAs, of which 117 were upregulated and 15 were downregulated. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the circRNA-406620/miR-103a-3p/FAT atypical cadherin 4 (FAT4) pathway might be involved in regulating IL-6 to promote osteogenic differentiation of hSCAPs. CONCLUSION Differentially expressed circRNAs might be closely involved in regulating IL-6 to promote osteogenic differentiation of hSCAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Laidi Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kaiyang Xue
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hao Han
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Kang Gan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Juanfang Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Tianfeng Du
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Ren K, Vickers R, Murillo J, Ruparel NB. Revolutionizing orofacial pain management: the promising potential of stem cell therapy. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1239633. [PMID: 38028430 PMCID: PMC10679438 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1239633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain remains a significant health issue in the United States. Pain originating from the orofacial region can be composed of a complex array of unique target tissue that contributes to the varying success of pain management. Long-term use of analgesic drugs includes adverse effects such as physical dependence, gastrointestinal bleeding, and incomplete efficacy. The use of mesenchymal stem cells for their pain relieving properties has garnered increased attention. In addition to the preclinical and clinical results showing stem cell analgesia in non-orofacial pain, studies have also shown promising results for orofacial pain treatment. Here we discuss the outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell treatment for pain and compare the properties of stem cells from different tissues of origin. We also discuss the mechanism underlying these analgesic/anti-nociceptive properties, including the role of immune cells and the endogenous opioid system. Lastly, advancements in the methods and procedures to treat patients experiencing orofacial pain with mesenchymal stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ren
- Department of Pain and Neural Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Russel Vickers
- Clinical Stem Cells Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Oral Health Center, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Queensland, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Josue Murillo
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nikita B. Ruparel
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Asgari Taei A, Khodabakhsh P, Nasoohi S, Farahmandfar M, Dargahi L. Paracrine Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke: Opportunities and Challenges. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6281-6306. [PMID: 35922728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well acknowledged that neuroprotective effects of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in ischemic stroke are attributed to their paracrine-mediated actions or bystander effects rather than to cell replacement in infarcted areas. This therapeutic plasticity is due to MSCs' ability to secrete a broad range of bioactive molecules including growth factors, trophic factors, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles, overall known as the secretome. The secretome derivatives, such as conditioned medium (CM) or purified extracellular vesicles (EVs), exert remarkable advantages over MSC transplantation in stroke treating. Here, in this review, we used published information to provide an overview on the secretome composition of MSCs, underlying mechanisms of therapeutic effects of MSCs, and preclinical studies on MSC-derived products application in stroke. Furthermore, we discussed current advantages and challenges for successful bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Nasoohi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farahmandfar
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Skibber MA, Olson SD, Prabhakara KS, Gill BS, Cox CS. Enhancing Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency: Inflammatory Licensing via Mechanotransduction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874698. [PMID: 35874742 PMCID: PMC9297916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) undergo functional maturation upon their migration from bone marrow and introduction to a site of injury. This inflammatory licensing leads to heightened immune regulation via cell-to-cell interaction and the secretion of immunomodulatory molecules, such as anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidants. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are a recognized catalyst of inflammatory licensing; however, biomechanical forces, such as fluid shear stress, are a second, distinct class of stimuli that incite functional maturation. Here we show mechanotransduction, achieved by exposing MSC to various grades of wall shear stress (WSS) within a scalable conditioning platform, enhances the immunomodulatory potential of MSC independent of classical pro-inflammatory cytokines. A dose-dependent effect of WSS on potency is evidenced by production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), as well as suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by activated immune cells. Consistent, reproducible licensing is demonstrated in adipose tissue and bone marrow human derived MSC without significant impact on cell viability, cellular yield, or identity. Transcriptome analysis of WSS-conditioned BM-MSC elucidates the broader phenotypic implications on the differential expression of immunomodulatory factors. These results suggest mechanotransduction as a viable, scalable pre-conditioning alternative to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Enhancing the immunomodulatory capacity of MSC via biomechanical conditioning represents a novel cell therapy manufacturing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Skibber
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott D. Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Scott D. Olson, ; Brijesh S. Gill, ; Charles S. Cox Jr,
| | - Karthik S. Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brijesh S. Gill
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Scott D. Olson, ; Brijesh S. Gill, ; Charles S. Cox Jr,
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Scott D. Olson, ; Brijesh S. Gill, ; Charles S. Cox Jr,
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Strategies to Improve the Efficiency of Transplantation with Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Recent Progress. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9929128. [PMID: 34490053 PMCID: PMC8418553 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9929128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a common global disease that is characterized by a loss of neurological function and a poor prognosis in many patients. However, only a limited number of treatments are available for this condition at present. Given that the efficacies of these treatments tend to be poor, cerebral ischemia can create a significant burden on patients, families, and society. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation treatment has shown significant potential in animal models of ischemic stroke; however, the specific mechanisms underlying this effect have yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, clinical trials have yet to yield promising results. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify new methods to improve the efficiency of MSC transplantation as an optimal treatment for ischemic stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of recent scientific reports concerning novel strategies that promote MSC transplantation as an effective therapeutic approach, including physical approaches, chemical agents, traditional Chinese medicines and extracts, and genetic modification. Our analyses showed that two key factors need to be considered if we are to improve the efficacy of MSC transplantation treatments: survival ability and homing ability. We also highlight the importance of other significant mechanisms, including the enhanced activation of MSCs to promote neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and the regulation of permeability in the blood-brain barrier. Further in-depth investigations of the specific mechanisms underlying MSC transplantation treatment will help us to identify effective methods that improve the efficiency of MSC transplantation for ischemic stroke. The development of safer and more effective methods will facilitate the application of MSC transplantation as a promising adjuvant therapy for the treatment of poststroke brain damage.
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Progress in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9923566. [PMID: 34221026 PMCID: PMC8219421 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and disability worldwide. Despite the great efforts that have been made, the prognosis of patients with IS remains unsatisfactory. Notably, recent studies indicated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) therapy is becoming a novel research hotspot with large potential in treating multiple human diseases including IS. The current article is aimed at reviewing the progress of MSC treatment on IS. The mechanism of MSCs in the treatment of IS involved with immune regulation, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and neural circuit reconstruction. In addition, nutritional cytokines, mitochondria, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be the main mediators of the therapeutic effect of MSCs. Transplantation of MSCs-derived EVs (MSCs-EVs) affords a better neuroprotective against IS when compared with transplantation of MSCs alone. MSC therapy can prolong the treatment time window of ischemic stroke, and early administration within 7 days after stroke may be the best treatment opportunity. The deliver routine consists of intraventricular, intravascular, intranasal, and intraperitoneal. Furthermore, several methods such as hypoxic preconditioning and gene technology could increase the homing and survival ability of MSCs after transplantation. In addition, MSCs combined with some drugs or physical therapy measures also show better neurological improvement. These data supported the notion that MSC therapy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for IS. And the application of new technology will promote MSC therapy of IS.
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Vita SM, Redell JB, Maynard ME, Zhao J, Grill RJ, Dash PK, Grayson BE. P-glycoprotein Expression Is Upregulated in a Pre-Clinical Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2020; 1:207-217. [PMID: 33274346 PMCID: PMC7703495 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes participating in contact sports are at risk for sustaining repeat mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI). Unfortunately, no pharmacological treatment to lessen the pathophysiology of brain injury has received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. One hurdle to overcome for potential candidate agents to reach effective therapeutic concentrations in the brain is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), line the luminal membrane of the brain capillary endothelium facing the vascular space. Although these transporters serve to protect the central nervous system (CNS) from damage by effluxing neurotoxicants before they can reach the brain, they may also limit the accumulation of therapeutic drugs in the brain parenchyma. Thus, increased Pgp expression following brain injury may result in reduced brain availability of therapeutic agents. We therefore questioned if repeat concussive injury increases Pgp expression in the brain. To answer this question, we used a rodent model of repeat mild closed head injury (rmCHI) and examined the messenger RNA (mRN) and protein expression of both isoforms of rodent Pgp (Abcb1a and Abcb1b). Compared with sham-operated controls (n = 5), the mRNA levels of both Abcb1a and Abcb1b were found to be increased in the hippocampus at day 1 (n = 5) and at day 5 (n = 5) post-injury. Using a validated antibody, we show increased immunolabeling for Pgp in the dorsal cortex at day 5 and in the hippocampus at day 1 (n = 5) and at day 5 (n = 5) post-injury compared with sham controls (n = 6). Taken together, these results suggest that increased expression of Pgp after rmCHI may reduce the brain accumulation of therapeutic drugs that are Pgp substrates. It is plausible that including a Pgp inhibitor with a candidate therapeutic agent may be an effective approach to treat the pathophysiology of rmCHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Vita
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - John B Redell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark E Maynard
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond J Grill
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke: A look into treatment mechanism and therapeutic potential. J Neurol 2020; 268:4095-4107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Ruppert KA, Prabhakara KS, Toledano-Furman NE, Udtha S, Arceneaux AQ, Park H, Dao A, Cox CS, Olson SD. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for acute and sub-acute TBI. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233263. [PMID: 32453741 PMCID: PMC7250455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the U.S., approximately 1.7 million people suffer traumatic brain injury each year, with many enduring long-term consequences and significant medical and rehabilitation costs. The primary injury causes physical damage to neurons, glia, fiber tracts and microvasculature, which is then followed by secondary injury, consisting of pathophysiological mechanisms including an immune response, inflammation, edema, excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, and cell death. Most attempts at intervention focus on protection, repair or regeneration, with regenerative medicine becoming an intensively studied area over the past decade. The use of stem cells has been studied in many disease and injury models, using stem cells from a variety of sources and applications. In this study, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were administered at early (3 days) and delayed (14 days) time points after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in rats. Animals were routinely assessed for neurological and vestibulomotor deficits, and at 32 days post-injury, brain tissue was processed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to analyze neuroinflammation. Treatment with HB-adMSC at either 3d or 14d after injury resulted in significant improvements in neurocognitive outcome and a change in neuroinflammation one month after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Ruppert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Karthik S. Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Naama E. Toledano-Furman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sanjna Udtha
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Austin Q. Arceneaux
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - An Dao
- Hope Biosciences, Sugarland, TX, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Scott D. Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pinho AG, Cibrão JR, Silva NA, Monteiro S, Salgado AJ. Cell Secretome: Basic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities for CNS Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E31. [PMID: 32093352 PMCID: PMC7169381 DOI: 10.3390/ph13020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cells, in particular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), stands as a promising therapy for trauma, stroke or neurodegenerative conditions such as spinal cord or traumatic brain injuries (SCI or TBI), ischemic stroke (IS), or Parkinson's disease (PD). Over the last few years, cell transplantation-based approaches have started to focus on the use of cell byproducts, with a strong emphasis on cell secretome. Having this in mind, the present review discusses the current state of the art of secretome-based therapy applications in different central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. For this purpose, the following topics are discussed: (1) What are the main cell secretome sources, composition, and associated collection techniques; (2) Possible differences of the therapeutic potential of the protein and vesicular fraction of the secretome; and (3) Impact of the cell secretome on CNS-related problems such as SCI, TBI, IS, and PD. With this, we aim to clarify some of the main questions that currently exist in the field of secretome-based therapies and consequently gain new knowledge that may help in the clinical application of secretome in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia G. Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge R. Cibrão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.G.P.); (J.R.C.); (N.A.S.); (S.M.)
- ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Xu C, Diao YF, Wang J, Liang J, Xu HH, Zhao ML, Zheng B, Luan Z, Wang JJ, Yang XP, Wei MG, Duan JH, Wang KQ, Chen C, Chen F, Ming D, Zhang S, Sun HT, Li XH. Intravenously Infusing the Secretome of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Neurological Functioning After Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:222-234. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun-Feng Diao
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Huan Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming-Liang Zhao
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuo Luan
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Surgery of Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi-Ping Yang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng-Guang Wei
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Hao Duan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Tao Sun
- Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurology, Characteristic Medical Center of PAPF, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Loring HS, Thompson PR. Emergence of SARM1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Wallerian-type Diseases. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 27:1-13. [PMID: 31761689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration is a neuronal death pathway that is triggered in response to injury or disease. Death was thought to occur passively until the discovery of a mouse strain, i.e., Wallerian degeneration slow (WLDS), which was resistant to degeneration. Given that the WLDS mouse encodes a gain-of-function fusion protein, its relevance to human disease was limited. The later discovery that SARM1 (sterile alpha and toll/interleukin receptor [TIR] motif-containing protein 1) promotes Wallerian degeneration suggested the existence of a pathway that might be targeted therapeutically. More recently, SARM1 was found to execute degeneration by hydrolyzing NAD+. Notably, SARM1 knockdown or knockout prevents neuron degeneration in response to a range of insults that lead to peripheral neuropathy, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease. Here, we discuss the role of SARM1 in Wallerian degeneration and the opportunities to target this enzyme therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Loring
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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13
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Srivastava AK, Prabhakara KS, Kota DJ, Bedi SS, Triolo F, Brown KS, Skiles ML, Brown HL, Cox CS, Olson SD. Human umbilical cord blood cells restore vascular integrity in injured rat brain and modulate inflammation in vitro. Regen Med 2019; 14:295-307. [PMID: 31074319 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Traumatic brain injury is a complex condition consisting of a mechanical injury with neurovascular disruption and inflammation with limited clinical interventions available. A growing number of studies report systemic delivery of human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) as a therapy for neural injuries. Materials & methods: HUCB cells from five donors were tested to improve blood-brain barrier integrity in a traumatic brain injury rat model at a dose of 2.5 × 107 cells/kg at 24 or 72 h postinjury and for immunomodulatory activity in vitro. Results & Conclusion: We observed that cells delivered 72 h postinjury significantly restored blood-brain barrier integrity. HUCB cells reduced the amount of TNF-α and IFN-γ released by activated primary rat splenocytes, which correlated with the expression of COX2 and IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Karthik S Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel J Kota
- Emory Personalized Immunotherapy Core Labs, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Supinder S Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fabio Triolo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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14
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Interleukin-1 in cerebrospinal fluid for evaluating the neurological outcome in traumatic brain injury. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181966. [PMID: 30898979 PMCID: PMC6465413 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with unfavorable outcomes secondary to injury from activation of the inflammatory cascade, the release of excitotoxic neurotransmitters, and changes in the reactivity of cerebral vessels, causing ischemia. Inflammation induced by TBI is complex, individual-specific, and associated with morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to discover the differentially expressed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins and identify which can improve the clinical outcomes in TBI patients. Methods In the present study, we reported 145 patients with TBI and found the change in patients’ leukocytes in serum and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in CSF, which strongly correlated with the neurological outcome. In terms of results of leukocytes in blood and IL-1 in CSF, we retained the patient’s CSF specimens and conducted a proteomic analysis. Results A total of 119 differentially expressed proteins were detected between samples of TBI and the normal, which were commonly expressed in all samples, indicating the differentially expressed proteins. When the patients’ Glasgow outcome score (GOS) improved, IL-1 was down-regulated, and when the patients’ GCS score deteriorated, IL-1 was up-regulated accompanied with the progression in TBI. Conclusion The differentially expressed proteins in CSF may be the novel therapeutic targets for TBI treatment. The leukocytes in blood samples and the IL-1 in CSF may be two important indicators for predicting the prognosis of TBI patients.
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15
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Gong B, Dong Y, He C, Jiang W, Shan Y, Zhou BY, Li W. Intravenous Transplants of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Protect the Rat Brain From Ischemia-Induced Damage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 28:595-603. [PMID: 30482485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival following cardiac arrest (CA) and subsequent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), to a great extent, depends on brain damage. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), as a source of paracrine growth factors and the capacity of neural differentiation may reduce this brain damage. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the protection of ADSCs to brain damage following CPR. METHODS Rats were divided into 3 groups, sham, CA, and ADSCs group. Rats in sham group went through sham surgery. Rats in CA group went through CA, CPR, and injection PBS (phosphate buffer saline). Rats in ADSCs group went through CA, CPR, and intravenous injection of ADSCs. Rats in sham group were sacrificed immediately after operation. At 24, 72, and 168 hours after return of spontaneous circulation operation, rats in CA and ADSCs group were randomly selected and sacrificed. Brain damage was evaluated by using Neurological Deficit Scale (NDS) score, hippocampal pathology, serum level of S100β, and apoptosis ratio of hippocampal neurons. Protein of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and IL-6 (interleukin-6) in the hippocampus were detected. RESULTS Compared with sham group, CA and ADSCs group showed a decrease in NDS score, an increased apoptosis ratio of hippocampal nerve cells, increased serum level of S100-β, and a significant increase in neuroprotective IL-6 and BDNF. In comparison to CA group, ADSCs group had a mild degree of brain damage and higher expression of IL-6 and BDNF. CONCLUSIONS In the acute stage of cerebral injury following CA, ADSCs might improve the prognosis of brain damage by stimulating the expression of neuroprotective IL-6 and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gong
- Department of Emergency, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Deparment of emergency, Hankou Branch of Central Theater General Hospital, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yongpin Dong
- Department of Emergency, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Emergency, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yi Shan
- Department of Emergency, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Betty Y Zhou
- Shenzhen Alpha-biotechnology Inc. Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Wenfang Li
- Department of Emergency, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
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16
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Carbonara M, Fossi F, Zoerle T, Ortolano F, Moro F, Pischiutta F, Zanier ER, Stocchetti N. Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells can Potentially Overcome Some Limitations of Previous Clinical Trials. Front Neurol 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30405517 PMCID: PMC6208094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the last 30 years several neuroprotective agents, attenuating the downstream molecular and cellular damaging events triggered by TBI, have been extensively studied. Even though many drugs have shown promising results in the pre-clinical stage, all have failed in large clinical trials. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may offer a promising new therapeutic intervention, with preclinical data showing protection of the injured brain. We selected three of the critical aspects identified as possible causes of clinical failure: the window of opportunity for drug administration, the double-edged contribution of mechanisms to damage and recovery, and the oft-neglected role of reparative mechanisms. For each aspect, we briefly summarized the limitations of previous trials and the potential advantages of a newer approach using MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbonara
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fossi
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ortolano
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplants, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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17
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EphrinB/EphB forward signaling in Müller cells causes apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells by increasing tumor necrosis factor alpha production in rat experimental glaucomatous model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:111. [PMID: 30355282 PMCID: PMC6201539 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It was previously shown that EphB/ephrinB reverse signaling in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is activated and involved in RGC apoptosis in a rat chronic ocular hypertension (COH) model. In the present work, we first show that ephrinB/EphB forward signaling was activated in COH retinas, and RGC apoptosis in COH retinas was reduced by PP2, an inhibitor of ephrinB/EphB forward signaling. We further demonstrate that treatment of cultured Müller cells with ephrinB1-Fc, an EphB1 activator, or intravitreal injection of ephrinB1-Fc in normal rats induced an increase in phosphorylated EphB levels in these cells, indicating the activation of ephrinB/EphB forward signaling, similar to those in COH retinas. The ephrinB1-Fc treatment did not induce Müller cell gliosis, as evidenced by unchanged GFAP expression, but significantly up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in Müller cells, thereby promoting RGC apoptosis. Production of TNF-α induced by the activation of ephrinB/EphB forward signaling was mediated by the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors, which was followed by a distinct PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, as pharmacological interference of each step of this pathway caused a reduction of TNF-α production, thus attenuating RGC apoptosis. Functional analysis of forward and reverse signaling in such a unique system, in which ephrin and Eph exist respectively in a glial element and a neuronal element, is of theoretical importance. Moreover, our results also raise a possibility that suppression of ephrinB/EphB forward signaling may be a new strategy for ameliorating RGC apoptosis in glaucoma.
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18
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Guo W, Imai S, Yang JL, Zou S, Li H, Xu H, Moudgil KD, Dubner R, Wei F, Ren K. NF-KappaB Pathway Is Involved in Bone Marrow Stromal Cell-Produced Pain Relief. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:49. [PMID: 30459569 PMCID: PMC6232783 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) produce long-lasting attenuation of pain hypersensitivity. This effect involves BMSC's ability to interact with the immune system and activation of the endogenous opioid receptors in the pain modulatory circuitry. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) protein complex is a key transcription factor that regulates gene expression involved in immunity. We tested the hypothesis that the NF-κB signaling plays a role in BMSC-induced pain relief. We focused on the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), a key structure in the descending pain modulatory pathway, that has been shown to play an important role in BMSC-produced antihyperalgesia. In Sprague-Dawley rats with a ligation injury of the masseter muscle tendon (TL), BMSCs (1.5 M/rat) from donor rats were infused i.v. at 1 week post-TL. P65 exhibited predominant neuronal localization in the RVM with scattered distribution in glial cells. At 1 week, but not 8 weeks after BMSC infusion, western blot and immunostaining showed that p65 of NF-κB was significantly increased in the RVM. Given that chemokine signaling is critical to BMSCs' pain-relieving effect, we further evaluated a role of chemokine signaling in p65 upregulation. Prior to infusion of BMSCs, we transduced BMSCs with Ccl4 shRNA, incubated BMSCs with RS 102895, a CCR2b antagonist, or maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist. The antagonism of chemokines significantly reduced BMSC-induced upregulation of p65, suggesting that upregulation of p65 was related to BMSCs' pain-relieving effect. We then tested the effect of a selective NF-κB activation inhibitor, BAY 11-7082. The mechanical hyperalgesia of the rat was assessed with the von Frey method. In the pre-treatment experiment, BAY 11-7082 (2.5 and 25 pmol) was injected into the RVM at 2 h prior to BMSC infusion. Pretreatment with BAY 11-7082 attenuated BMSCs' antihyperalgesia, but post-treatment at 5 weeks post-BMSC was not effective. On the contrary, in TL rats receiving BAY 11-7082 without BMSCs, TL-induced hyperalgesia was attenuated, consistent with dual roles of NF-κB in pain hypersensitivity and BMSC-produced pain relief. These results indicate that the NF-κB signaling pathway in the descending circuitry is involved in initiation of BMSC-produced behavioral antihyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Satoshi Imai
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jia-Le Yang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shiping Zou
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Huijuan Li
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huakun Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ronald Dubner
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine seeks to harness the potential of cell biology for tissue replacement therapies, which will restore lost tissue functionality. Controlling and enhancing tissue healing is not just a matter of cells, but also of molecules and mechanical forces. We first describe the main biological technologies to boost musculoskeletal healing, including bone marrow and subcutaneous fat-derived regenerative products, as well as platelet-rich plasma and conditioned media. We provide some information describing possible mechanisms of action. We performed a literature search up to January 2016 searching for clinical outcomes following the use of cell therapies for sports conditions, tendons, and joints. The safety and efficacy of cell therapies for tendon conditions was examined in nine studies involving undifferentiated and differentiated (skin fibroblasts, tenocytes) cells. A total of 54 studies investigated the effects of mesenchymal stem-cell (MSC) products for joint conditions including anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus, and chondral lesions as well as osteoarthritis. In 22 studies, cellular products were injected intra-articularly, whereas in 32 studies MSC products were implanted during surgical/arthroscopic procedures. The heterogeneity of clinical conditions, cellular products, and approaches for delivery/implantation make comparability difficult. MSC products appear safe in the short- and mid-term, but studies with a long follow-up are scarce. Although the current number of randomized clinical studies is low, stem-cell products may have therapeutic potential. However, these regenerative technologies still need to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Andia
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Pza Cruces 12, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Salerno School of Medicine and Dentistry, Salerno, Italy.,Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, England
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20
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Current understanding of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury and cell-based therapeutic opportunities. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:137-151. [PMID: 29764704 PMCID: PMC6034172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that TBI is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Despite improved supportive and rehabilitative care of TBI patients, unfortunately, all late phase clinical trials in TBI have yet to yield a safe and effective neuroprotective treatment. The disappointing clinical trials may be attributed to variability in treatment approaches and heterogeneity of the population of TBI patients as well as a race against time to prevent or reduce inexorable cell death. TBI is not just an acute event but a chronic disease. Among many mechanisms involved in secondary injury after TBI, emerging preclinical studies indicate that posttraumatic prolonged and progressive neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegeneration which may be treatable long after the initiating brain injury. This review provides an overview of recent understanding of neuroinflammation in TBI and preclinical cell-based therapies that target neuroinflammation and promote functional recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
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21
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Wilson JJ, Foyle KL, Foeng J, Norton T, McKenzie DR, Payne N, Bernard CC, McColl SR, Comerford I. Redirecting adult mesenchymal stromal cells to the brain: a new approach for treating CNS autoimmunity and neuroinflammation? Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:347-357. [PMID: 29377354 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells or stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to participate in tissue repair and are immunomodulatory in neuropathological settings. Given this, their potential use in developing a new generation of personalized therapies for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) will be explored. To effectively exert these effector functions, MSCs must first gain entry into damaged neural tissues, a process that has been demonstrated to be a limiting factor in their therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss approaches to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs by altering their intrinsic trafficking programs to effectively enter neuropathological sites. To this end, we explore the significant role of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules in directing cellular traffic to the inflamed CNS and the capacity of MSCs to adopt these molecular mechanisms to gain entry to this site. We postulate that understanding and exploiting these migratory mechanisms may be key to the development of cell-based therapies tailored to respond to the migratory cues unique to the nature and stage of progression of individual CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J Wilson
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kerrie L Foyle
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jade Foeng
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Todd Norton
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Duncan R McKenzie
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Natalie Payne
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Claude C Bernard
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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22
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Potter DR, Miyazawa BY, Gibb SL, Deng X, Togaratti PP, Croze RH, Srivastava AK, Trivedi A, Matthay M, Holcomb JB, Schreiber MA, Pati S. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate pulmonary vascular permeability and lung injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84:245-256. [PMID: 29251710 PMCID: PMC6378956 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to mitigate vascular permeability in hemorrhagic shock (HS) and trauma-induced brain and lung injury. Mechanistically, paracrine factors secreted from MSCs have been identified that can recapitulate many of the potent biologic effects of MSCs in animal models of disease. Interestingly, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), contain many of these key soluble factors, and have therapeutic potential independent of the parent cells. In this study we sought to determine whether MSC-derived EVs (MSC EVs) could recapitulate the beneficial therapeutic effects of MSCs on lung vascular permeability induced by HS in mice. METHODS Mesenchymal stem cell EVs were isolated from human bone marrow-derived MSCs by ultracentrifugation. A mouse model of fixed pressure HS was used to study the effects of shock, shock + MSCs and shock + MSC EVs on lung vascular endothelial permeability. Mice were administered MSCs, MSC EVs, or saline IV. Lung tissue was harvested and assayed for permeability, RhoA/Rac1 activation, and for differential phosphoprotein expression. In vitro, human lung microvascular cells junctional integrity was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and endothelial cell impedance assays. RESULTS Hemorrhagic shock-induced lung vascular permeability was significantly decreased by both MSC and MSC EV infusion. Phosphoprotein profiling of lung tissue revealed differential activation of proteins and pathways related to cytoskeletal rearrangement and regulation of vascular permeability by MSCs and MSC EVs. Lung tissue from treatment groups demonstrated decreased activation of the cytoskeletal GTPase RhoA. In vitro, human lung microvascular cells, MSC CM but not MSC-EVs prevented thrombin-induced endothelial cell permeability as measured by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing system and immunocytochemistry of VE-cadherin and actin. CONCLUSION Mesenchymal stem cells and MSC EVs modulate cytoskeletal signaling and attenuate lung vascular permeability after HS. Mesenchymal stem cell EVs may potentially be used as a novel "stem cell free" therapeutic to treat HS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Potter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Byron Y. Miyazawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stuart L. Gibb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Roxanne H. Croze
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Amit K. Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | - Shibani Pati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Corresponding author- , (415) 502-1634. Department of Laboratory Medicine, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE 760, San Francisco, CA 94143
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23
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Ruppert KA, Nguyen TT, Prabhakara KS, Toledano Furman NE, Srivastava AK, Harting MT, Cox CS, Olson SD. Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modify Microglial Response and Improve Clinical Outcomes in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:480. [PMID: 29323194 PMCID: PMC5764957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
No current clinical intervention can alter the course of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), or appreciably improve neurological outcome. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to modulate the injury sequelae of SCI largely via paracrine effects, although the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. One potential modality is through secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we investigate whether systemic administration of EVs isolated from human MSCs (MSCEv) has the potential to be efficacious as an alternative to cell-based therapy for SCI. Additionally, we investigate whether EVs isolated from human MSCs stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines have enhanced anti-inflammatory effects when administered after SCI. Immunohistochemistry supported the quantitative analysis, demonstrating a diminished inflammatory response with apparent astrocyte and microglia disorganization in cord tissue up to 10 mm caudal to the injury site. Locomotor recovery scores showed significant improvement among animals treated with MSCEv. Significant increases in mechanical sensitivity threshold were observed in animals treated with EVs from either naïve MSC (MSCEvwt) or stimulated MSC (MSCEv+), with a statistically significant increase in threshold for MSCEv+-treated animals when compared to those that received MSCEvwt. In conclusion, these data show that treatment of acute SCI with extracellular vesicles derived from human MSCs attenuates neuroinflammation and improves functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Ruppert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tin T Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karthik S Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naama E Toledano Furman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew T Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Hammadi AM, Al-Himyari FA. Intrathecal Injection of Peripherally Mobilized Blood Stem Cells to Treat Multiple Sclerosis. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2017; 15:147-149. [PMID: 28260456 DOI: 10.6002/ect.mesot2016.p26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 70 patients with worseningmultiple sclerosis despite pharmacologic treatment who were treated with several intrathecal injections of peripheral blood cells harvested by apheresis after granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment. Thirty-seven patients (52%) had a reduction of Expanded Disability Status Scale score; 10 patients had relapses, although these were milder than usual and more easily controlled by corticosteroids. Because mesenchymal cells increase in the peripheral blood after granulocyte-colony stimulating factor stimulation, a peripheral blood harvest seems easier and less costly than mesenchymal cell cultivation before injection. This seems to be a reasonable treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Li Q, Wang Y, Chen Y, Teng M, He J, Wang X, Kong F, Teng L, Wang D. Investigation of the immunomodulatory activity of Tricholoma matsutake mycelium in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4320-4326. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jackson ML, Srivastava AK, Cox CS. Preclinical progenitor cell therapy in traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. J Surg Res 2017. [PMID: 28624058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No treatment is available to reverse injury associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Progenitor cell therapies show promise in both preclinical and clinical studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of preclinical studies using progenitor cells to treat TBI. METHODS EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Review, Biosis, and Google Scholar were searched for articles using prespecified search strategies. Studies meeting inclusion criteria underwent data extraction. Analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 according to a fixed-effects model, and all studies underwent quality scoring. RESULTS Of 430 abstracts identified, 38 met inclusion criteria and underwent analysis. Average quality score was 4.32 of 8 possible points. No study achieved a perfect score. Lesion volume (LV) and neurologic severity score (NSS) outcomes favored cell treatment with standard mean difference (SMD) of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.64-1.09) and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.11-1.60), respectively. Rotarod and Morris water maze outcomes also favored treatment with improvements in SMD of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.02-0.65) and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.17-74), respectively. Although LV and NSS were robust to publication bias assessments, rotarod and Morris water maze tests were not. Heterogeneity (I2) ranged from 74%-85% among the analyses, indicating a high amount of heterogeneity among studies. Precision as a function of quality score showed a statistically significant increase in the size of the confidence interval as quality improved. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis study reveals an overall positive effect of progenitor cell therapies on LV and NSS with a trend toward improved motor function and spatial learning in different TBI animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Jackson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Hsuan YCY, Lin CH, Chang CP, Lin MT. Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for stroke, neural trauma, and heat stroke. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00526. [PMID: 27781140 PMCID: PMC5064338 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been reported to improve neurological function following neural injury. Many physiological and molecular mechanisms involving MSC therapy-related neuroprotection have been identified. METHODS A review is presented of articles that pertain to MSC therapy and diverse brain injuries including stroke, neural trauma, and heat stroke, which were identified using an electronic search (e.g., PubMed), emphasize mechanisms of MSC therapy-related neuroprotection. We aim to discuss neuroprotective mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of MSCs in treating stroke, neural trauma, and heatstroke. RESULTS MSC therapy is promising as a means of augmenting brain repair. Cell incorporation into the injured tissue is not a prerequisite for the beneficial effects exerted by MSCs. Paracrine signaling is believed to be the most important mediator of MSC therapy in brain injury. The multiple mechanisms of action of MSCs include enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, immunomodulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Microglia are the first source of the inflammatory cascade during brain injury. Cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, are significantly produced by microglia in the brain after experimental brain injury. The proinflammatory M1 phenotype of microglia is associated with tissue destruction, whereas the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of microglia facilitates repair and regeneration. MSC therapy may improve outcomes of ischemic stroke, neural trauma, and heatstroke by inhibiting the activity of M1 phenotype of microglia but augmenting the activity of M2 phenotype of microglia. CONCLUSION This review offers a testable platform for targeting microglial-mediated cytokines in clinical trials based upon the rational design of MSC therapy in the future. MSCs that are derived from the placenta provide a great choice for stem cell therapy. Although targeting the microglial activation is an important approach to reduce the burden of the injury, it is not the only one. This review focuses on this specific aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
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Henninger N, Bouley J, Sikoglu EM, An J, Moore CM, King JA, Bowser R, Freeman MR, Brown RH. Attenuated traumatic axonal injury and improved functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice lacking Sarm1. Brain 2016; 139:1094-105. [PMID: 26912636 PMCID: PMC5006226 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a critical, early event in many acute and chronic neurological disorders. It has been consistently observed after traumatic brain injury, but whether axon degeneration is a driver of traumatic brain injury remains unclear. Molecular pathways underlying the pathology of traumatic brain injury have not been defined, and there is no efficacious treatment for traumatic brain injury. Here we show that mice lacking the mouse Toll receptor adaptor Sarm1 (sterile α/Armadillo/Toll-Interleukin receptor homology domain protein) gene, a key mediator of Wallerian degeneration, demonstrate multiple improved traumatic brain injury-associated phenotypes after injury in a closed-head mild traumatic brain injury model. Sarm1(-/-) mice developed fewer β-amyloid precursor protein aggregates in axons of the corpus callosum after traumatic brain injury as compared to Sarm1(+/+) mice. Furthermore, mice lacking Sarm1 had reduced plasma concentrations of the phophorylated axonal neurofilament subunit H, indicating that axonal integrity is maintained after traumatic brain injury. Strikingly, whereas wild-type mice exibited a number of behavioural deficits after traumatic brain injury, we observed a strong, early preservation of neurological function in Sarm1(-/-) animals. Finally, using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy we found tissue signatures consistent with substantially preserved neuronal energy metabolism in Sarm1(-/-) mice compared to controls immediately following traumatic brain injury. Our results indicate that the SARM1-mediated prodegenerative pathway promotes pathogenesis in traumatic brain injury and suggest that anti-SARM1 therapeutics are a viable approach for preserving neurological function after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Henninger
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA 2 Department of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - James Bouley
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Elif M Sikoglu
- 2 Department of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jiyan An
- 3 Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Constance M Moore
- 2 Department of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA 4 Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jean A King
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA 2 Department of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA 4 Department of Radiology University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- 3 Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Marc R Freeman
- 5 Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Increased Understanding of Stem Cell Behavior in Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Disorders by Use of Noninvasive Cell Imaging. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6235687. [PMID: 26997958 PMCID: PMC4779824 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6235687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders are associated with cell-specific depletion in the human body. This imbalance in tissue homeostasis is in healthy individuals repaired by the presence of endogenous stem cells that can replace the lost cell type. However, in most disorders, a genetic origin or limited presence or exhaustion of stem cells impairs correct cell replacement. During the last 30 years, methods to readily isolate and expand stem cells have been developed and this resulted in a major change in the regenerative medicine field as it generates sufficient amount of cells for human transplantation applications. Furthermore, stem cells have been shown to release cytokines with beneficial effects for several diseases. At present however, clinical stem cell transplantations studies are struggling to demonstrate clinical efficacy despite promising preclinical results. Therefore, to allow stem cell therapy to achieve its full potential, more insight in their in vivo behavior has to be achieved. Different methods to noninvasively monitor these cells have been developed and are discussed. In some cases, stem cell monitoring even reached the clinical setting. We anticipate that by further exploring these imaging possibilities and unraveling their in vivo behavior further improvement in stem cell transplantations will be achieved.
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Aertker BM, Bedi S, Cox CS. Strategies for CNS repair following TBI. Exp Neurol 2016; 275 Pt 3:411-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gennai S, Monsel A, Hao Q, Liu J, Gudapati V, Barbier EL, Lee JW. Cell-based therapy for traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:203-12. [PMID: 26170348 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a major economic burden to hospitals in terms of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and utilization of intensive care units. Current guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injuries are primarily supportive, with an emphasis on surveillance (i.e. intracranial pressure) and preventive measures to reduce morbidity and mortality. There are no direct effective therapies available. Over the last fifteen years, pre-clinical studies in regenerative medicine utilizing cell-based therapy have generated enthusiasm as a possible treatment option for traumatic brain injury. In these studies, stem cells and progenitor cells were shown to migrate into the injured brain and proliferate, exerting protective effects through possible cell replacement, gene and protein transfer, and release of anti-inflammatory and growth factors. In this work, we reviewed the pathophysiological mechanisms of traumatic brain injury, the biological rationale for using stem cells and progenitor cells, and the results of clinical trials using cell-based therapy for traumatic brain injury. Although the benefits of cell-based therapy have been clearly demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, some questions remain regarding the biological mechanisms of repair and safety, dose, route and timing of cell delivery, which ultimately will determine its optimal clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gennai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - A Monsel
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Q Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - V Gudapati
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - E L Barbier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Unité Inserm U 836, La Tronche, France
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Rong JU, Wen Z, Rong WU, Zhichun F. Interaction between neural stem cells and bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells during differentiation. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:242-246. [PMID: 25798249 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their capacity to self-replicate or produce specific differentiated cell types, neural stem cells (NSCs) and bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are potential sources for cell transplantation therapies, particularly for neural injury. However, the interaction between NSCs and BMSCs during differentiation has not yet been defined. The interaction is believed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of cell therapy. In the present study, human NSCs and BMSCs were cultured and the Transwell co-culture system was used to observe the interplay between NSCs and BMSCs during differentiation. The results revealed that NSCs promoted BMSCs to differentiate into neurons and NSCs; whereas, BMSCs did not affect the differentiation of NSCs. Simultaneously, co-culture increased the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are secreted by NSCs and BMSCs. The present findings suggest that co-culture of NSCs and BMSCs can promote the differentiation and this process may be modulated by BDNF and NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Rong
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610091, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Wen
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610091, P.R. China
| | - W U Rong
- Neonatal Medical Center, Huaian Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical Academy, Huaian, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhichun
- Department of Neonatology, Bayi Children's Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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Mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-induced neuron recovery and anti-inflammation. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1336-44. [PMID: 24927715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS After ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, neurons in the penumbra surrounding regions of irreversible injury are vulnerable to delayed but progressive damage as a result of ischemia and hemin-induced neurotoxicity. There is no effective treatment to rescue such dying neurons. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for rescue of these damaged neurons. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and mechanism of MSC-induced neuro-regeneration and immune modulation. METHODS Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was used in our study. M17 neuronal cells were subjected to OGD stress then followed by co-culture with MSCs. Rescue effects were evaluated using proliferation and apoptosis assays. Cytokine assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to explore the underlying mechanism. Antibody and small molecule blocking experiments were also performed to further understand the mechanism. RESULTS We showed that M17 proliferation was significantly decreased and the rate of apoptosis increased after exposure to OGD. These effects could be alleviated via co-culture with MSCs. Tumor necrosis factor-α was found elevated after OGD stress and was back to normal levels after co-culture with MSCs. We believe these effects involve interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathways. DISCUSSION Our studies have shown that MSCs have anti-inflammatory properties and the capacity to rescue injured neurons.
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Hammadi AA, Marino A, Farhan S. Clinical response of 277 patients with spinal cord injury to stem cell therapy in iraq. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 5:76-8. [PMID: 24298358 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Spinal cord injury is a common neurological problem secondary to car accidents, war injuries and other causes, it may lead to varying degrees of neurological disablement, and apart from physiotherapy there is no available treatment to regain neurological function loss. Our aim is to find a new method using autologous hematopoietic stem cells to gain some of the neurologic functions lost after spinal cord injury. METHODS AND RESULTS 277 patients suffering from spinal cord injury were submitted to an intrathecally treatment with peripheral stem cells. The cells were harvested from the peripheral blood after a treatment with G-CSF and then concentrated to 4∼ 6 ml. 43% of the patients improved; ASIA score shifted from A to B in 88 and from A to C in 32. The best results were achieved in patients treated within one year from the injury. CONCLUSIONS Since mesenchymal cells increase in the peripheral blood after G-CSF stimulation, a peripheral blood harvest seems easier and cheaper than mesenchymal cell cultivation prior to injection. It seems reasonable treatment for spinal cord injury.
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Hammadi AMA, Marino A, Farhan S. Clinical outcome of 50 progressive multiple sclerosis patients treated with cellular therapy in iraq. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 4:113-5. [PMID: 24298343 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multiple Sclerosis is a disease characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord, with associated inflammatory cell infiltrates, reactive gliosis, and axonal degeneration. It typically presents in young adults with episodic neurologic dysfunction, our aim is to find new simple method to treat multiple sclerosis by hematopoietic stem cells derived from peripheral blood. METHODS AND RESULTS 50 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis worsening despite pharmacological treatment were treated by means of several intrathecal injections of peripheral blood cells harvested by aphaeresis after G-CSF(granulocyte colony stimulating factor) treatment. 24 patients (48% ) had a reduction of EDSS score. 8 patients had a relapse, but it was milder than usual and more easily controlled by cortisone. CONCLUSIONS Since mesenchymal cells increase in the peripheral blood after G-CSF stimulation, a peripheral blood harvest seems easier and cheaper than mesenchymal cells cultivation prior to the injection. It seems a reasonable treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Dollé JP, Barminko J, Veruva S, Moure C, Schloss R, Yarmush ML. REVERSAL OF FIBRONECTIN-INDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL DEGENERATION WITH ENCAPSULATED MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS. NANO LIFE 2013; 3:1350004. [PMID: 29725486 PMCID: PMC5929141 DOI: 10.1142/s1793984413500049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can promote tissue protection following injury, in part by modulating inflammatory cell responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential tissue protective properties of encapsulated MSCs (eMSC) in an organotypic injury model induced by fibronectin culture. MSC were encapsulated in alginate beads containing a network of nanopores, which segregate the cells from the extracapsular milieu, while still permitting diffusion into and out of the capsule. An increase in blood brain barrier permeability during pathological conditions permits the influx of blood plasma constituents that can be quite harmful to surrounding tissues. In particular, increased concentrations of fibronectin have been shown in a number of diseases and CNS traumas, co-localizing in areas of activated microglia. We observed over a 14-day period, a consistent increase in OHC degradation in the presence of fibronectin measured by a significant decrease in slice area, the breakdown in OHC pyramidal layers, and consistent cell death over the culture period. Microglial ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) expression remained elevated throughout the culture period with the majority found within the pyramidal layers. When eMSC were added to the cultures, a significant decrease in OHC degradation was observed as reflected by a reduction in OHC area shrinkage and in the amount of cell death. In the presence of eMSC, pyramidal layer structure was maintained and axonal extension from the periphery of the OHCs was observed. Therefore, MSC, delivered in a nanoporous alginate matrix, can modulate responses to injury by reversing fibronectin-induced OHC degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Dollé
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey Barminko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Sai Veruva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Casey Moure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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De Vocht N, Praet J, Reekmans K, Le Blon D, Hoornaert C, Daans J, Berneman Z, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Tackling the physiological barriers for successful mesenchymal stem cell transplantation into the central nervous system. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:101. [PMID: 23998480 PMCID: PMC3854758 DOI: 10.1186/scrt312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade a lot of research has been performed towards the therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. MSCs have shown to be beneficial in different preclinical studies of central nervous system (CNS) disorders due to their immunomodulatory properties and their capacity to secrete various growth factors. Nevertheless, most of the transplanted cells die within the first hours after transplantation and induce a neuroinflammatory response. In order to increase the efficacy of MSC transplantation, it is thus imperative to completely characterise the mechanisms mediating neuroinflammation and cell death following MSC transplantation into the CNS. Consequently, different components of these cell death- and neuroinflammation-inducing pathways can be targeted in an attempt to improve the therapeutic potential of MSCs for CNS disorders.
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Xia GN, Zou Y, Wang YC, Xia QJ, Lu BT, Wang TH, Qi JG. Neural Stem Cells Grafts Decrease Neural Apoptosis Associated with Caspase-7 Downregulation and BDNF Upregulation in Rats Following Spinal Cord Hemisection. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:1013-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Stone LL, Grande A, Low WC. Neural repair and neuroprotection with stem cells in ischemic stroke. Brain Sci 2013; 3:599-614. [PMID: 24961416 PMCID: PMC4061842 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been touted as a potential source of cells for repair in regenerative medicine. When transplanted into the central nervous system, stem cells have been shown to differentiate into neurons and glia. Recent studies, however, have also revealed neuroprotective properties of stem cells. These studies suggest that various types of stem cells are able to protect against the loss of neurons in conditions of ischemic brain injury. In this article, we discuss the use of stem cells for ischemic stroke and the parameters under which neuroprotection can occur in the translation of stem cell therapy to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Stone
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Andy Grande
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Turtzo LC, Budde MD, Gold EM, Lewis BK, Janes L, Yarnell A, Grunberg NE, Watson W, Frank JA. The evolution of traumatic brain injury in a rat focal contusion model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:468-479. [PMID: 23225324 PMCID: PMC3596464 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Serial MRI facilitates the in vivo analysis of the intra- and intersubject evolution of traumatic brain injury lesions. Despite the availability of MRI, the natural history of experimental focal contusion lesions in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) rat model has not been well described. We performed CCI on rats and MRI during the acute to chronic stages of cerebral injury to investigate the time course of changes in the brain. Female Wistar rats underwent CCI of their left motor cortex with a flat impact tip driven by an electromagnetic piston. In vivo MRI was performed at 7 T serially over 6 weeks post-CCI. The appearances of CCI-induced lesions and lesion-associated cortical volumes were variable on MRI, with the percentage change in cortical volume of the CCI ipsilateral side relative to the contralateral side ranging from 18% within 2 h of injury on day 0 to a peak of 35% on day 1, and a trough of -28% by week 5/6, with an average standard deviation of ± 14% at any given time point. In contrast, the percentage change in cortical volume of the ipsilateral side relative to the contralateral side in control rats was not significant (1 ± 2%). Hemorrhagic conversion within and surrounding the CCI lesion occurred between days 2 and 9 in 45% of rats, with no hemorrhage noted on the initial scan. Furthermore, hemorrhage and hemosiderin within the lesion were positive for Prussian blue and highly autofluorescent on histological examination. Although some variation in injuries may be technique related, the divergence of similar lesions between initial and final scans demonstrates the inherent biological variability of the CCI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Christine Turtzo
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D. Budde
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric M. Gold
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bobbi K. Lewis
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Janes
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela Yarnell
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil E. Grunberg
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Watson
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph A. Frank
- Frank Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Aizman I, McGrogan M, Case CC. Quantitative microplate assay for studying mesenchymal stromal cell-induced neuropoiesis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:223-32. [PMID: 23430693 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanting mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) or their derivatives in a neurodegenerative environment is believed to be beneficial because of the trophic support, migratory guidance, and neurogenic stimuli they provide. There is a growing need for in vitro models of mesenchymal-neural cell interactions to enable identification of mediators of the MSC activity and quantitative assessment of neuropoietic potency of MSC preparations. Here, we characterize a microplate-format coculture system in which primary embryonic rat cortex cells are directly cocultured with human MSCs on cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) in the absence of exogenous growth factors. In this system, expression levels of the rat neural stem/early progenitor marker nestin, as well as neuronal and astrocytic markers, directly depended on MSC dose, whereas an oligodendrogenic marker exhibited a biphasic MSC-dose response, as measured using species-specific quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in total cell lysates and confirmed using immunostaining. Both neural cell proliferation and differentiation contributed to the MSC-mediated neuropoiesis. ECM's heparan sulfate proteoglycans were essential for the growth of the nestin-positive cell population. Neutralization studies showed that MSC-derived fibroblast growth factor 2 was a major and diffusible inducer of rat nestin, whereas MSC-derived bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), particularly, BMP4, were astrogenesis mediators, predominantly acting in a coculture setting. This system enables analysis of multifactorial MSC-neural cell interactions and can be used for elucidating the neuropoietic potency of MSCs and their derivative preparations.
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Nery AA, Nascimento IC, Glaser T, Bassaneze V, Krieger JE, Ulrich H. Human mesenchymal stem cells: from immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to clinical applications. Cytometry A 2012; 83:48-61. [PMID: 23027703 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern medicine will unequivocally include regenerative medicine as a major breakthrough in the re-establishment of damaged or lost tissues due to degenerative diseases or injury. In this scenario, millions of patients worldwide can have their quality of life improved by stem cell implantation coupled with endogenous secretion or administration of survival and differentiation promoting factors. Large efforts, relying mostly on flow cytometry and imaging techniques, have been put into cell isolation, immunophenotyping, and studies of differentiation properties of stem cells of diverse origins. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are particularly relevant for therapy due to their simplicity of isolation. A minimal phenotypic pattern for the identification of MSCs cells requires them to be immunopositive for CD73, CD90, and CD105 expression, while being negative for CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR and other surface markers. MSCs identified by their cell surface marker expression pattern can be readily purified from patient's bone marrow and adipose tissues. Following expansion and/or predifferentiation into a desired tissue type, stem cells can be reimplanted for tissue repair in the same patient, virtually eliminating rejection problems. Transplantation of MSCs is subject of almost 200 clinical trials to cure and treat a very broad range of conditions, including bone, heart, and neurodegenerative diseases. Immediate or medium term improvements of clinical symptoms have been reported as results of many clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Nery
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Proksch S, Steinberg T, Stampf S, Schwarz U, Hellwig E, Tomakidi P. Crosstalk on cell behavior in interactive cocultures of hMSCs with various oral cell types. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2601-10. [PMID: 22881458 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When prospectively applied for regenerative therapies, human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) interact with the locally residing host cells. With respect to the developmentally particular origin of oral cells, little is known about the putatively discriminative behavioral responses of hMSCs in interaction with various oral cell types, including human alveolar bone osteoblasts (hOAs), periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLs), and gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). To assess the crosstalk between hMSCs and oral cells, interactive cocultures were established by combining well-characterized hMSCs with hOAs, hPDLs, or hGFs, and the behavioral hMSC aspects, that is, proliferation and gene expression, were measured by employing a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction, while apoptosis was quantified by in situ cell death detection kit. hMSCs expressed the typical antigen spectrum lacking CD34, CD45, CD14, CD19, and HLA-DR, while expressing CD73, CD90, and CD105, and could successfully be transformed into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Monocultured control hMSCs proliferated readily, whereas a general reduction of BrdU-labeled cells was observed in cocultures. Globally, upon extending time periods, interactive coculture combinations of hMSCs with hOAs reduced both osteogenic gene and stem cell marker transcription in hMSCs, a phenomenon appearing less pronounced by combining hMSCs with hPDLs, such that the observed effects in terms of proliferation and gene expression followed the same ranking: hOAs>hGFs>hPDLs. Vice versa, in interactive hMSC cocultures, the cell survival rate was significantly increased, irrespective from the combined coculture cell counterpart. Our results show for the first time that behavior of hMSCs reflected by proliferation and gene expression was governed by interaction with various oral cells in a cell-type-discriminative manner. In addition, hMSC coculture restrains apoptosis, such that influences on cell behavior appear as a crosstalk. In summary, interactive cocultures render the basis for a prospective prediction of mutual cell behavior in hMSC-based oral tissue regeneration disclosing that oral cells shift hMSC behavior from proliferation to differentiation and apoptosis-repressing features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Proksch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital, University Freiburg Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Bi Y, Gong M, Jiang W, Wei X, Li T, Chen J. Mesenchymal stromal cell neuroprotection of hydrogen peroxide -challenged pheochromocytoma cells through reducing apoptosis and releasing cytokines. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:954-66. [PMID: 22687189 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.688946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Immunoregulation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is more efficient at restoring biologic function of injured tissue than transdifferentiation during transplantation. However, the exact mechanisms and characteristics of MSC regarding immunomodulation are still unknown, especially in the damaged niche after hypoxic-ischemic insult. We investigated the anti-apoptotic actions of MSC against the neurotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. METHODS To mimic hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in vivo, a relatively high H(2)O(2) concentration and short period were used to treat PC12 cells. MSC were co-cultured directly with the injured PC12 cells, and 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4,5-dimethylthiazoly)-3-(4-sulfophenyl)tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS), lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitric oxide (NO) assays, intracellular Ca(2+) and resting membrane potential (RMP) were analyzed. Apoptotic-associated genes and cytokine releases were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS After exposure to H(2)O(2), the viability of PC12 cells was significantly decreased, while the levels of LDH and NO increased, resulting in intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation and cell apoptosis. Co-culture of MSC with the H(2)O(2)-treated PC12 cells sustained viability of the PC12 cells, reduced LDH levels and NO release, and improved Ca(2+) influx and cell apoptosis. The injured PC12 cells exhibited lower RMP following co-culture with MSC compared with the injured PC12 cells alone. The mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 were up-regulated and caspase-3 levels down-regulated in the MSC co-culture groups. The release of interleukin (IL)-10 was gradually reduced by co-cultured MSC, while the release of IL-6 was sharply increased following MSC co-culture. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that MSC have neuroprotective effects on suppressing cell apoptosis via regulation of the H(2)O(2)-impaired microenvironment, partly through IL-6 and IL-10 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Nemeth K, Wilson T, Rada B, Parmelee A, Mayer B, Buzas E, Falus A, Key S, Masszi T, Karpati S, Mezey E. Characterization and function of histamine receptors in human bone marrow stromal cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:222-31. [PMID: 22045589 DOI: 10.1002/stem.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are several clinical trials worldwide using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as a cellular therapy to modulate immune responses in patients suffering from various inflammatory conditions. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this modulatory effect could help us design better, more effective protocols to treat immune mediated diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that human BMSCs express H1, H2, and H4 histamine receptors and they respond to histamine stimulation with an increased interleukin 6 (IL-6) production both in vitro and in vivo. Using different receptor antagonists, we pinpointed the importance of the H1 histamine receptor, while Western blot analysis and application of various mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors highlighted the role of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase kinases in the observed effect. When BMSCs were pretreated with either histamine or degranulated human mast cells, they exhibited an enhanced IL-6-dependent antiapoptotic effect on neutrophil granulocytes. Based on these observations, it is likely that introduction of BMSCs into a histamine-rich environment (such as any allergic setting) or pretreatment of these cells with synthetic histamine could have a significant modulatory effect on the therapeutic potential of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Nemeth
- National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Sun YX, Dai DK, Liu R, Wang T, Luo CL, Bao HJ, Yang R, Feng XY, Qin ZH, Chen XP, Tao LY. Therapeutic effect of SN50, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB, in treatment of TBI in mice. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:345-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Current therapies in ischemic stroke. Part B. Future candidates in stroke therapy and experimental studies. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:671-84. [PMID: 22405898 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke still remains a major healthcare problem. The growing understanding of the mechanism of cell death in ischemia leads to new approaches in stroke treatment. The aim of neuroprotection is to reduce the post-stroke impairment and the overall costs that are accompanied in patients with severe disability. Despite encouraging data from experimental animal models, almost all neuroprotective therapies have, to date, not been established in clinical routine. In this part B of our review on stroke therapies we provide an overview on future candidates in stroke therapy and neuroprotective agents that are under investigation.
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48
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Steiner B, Roch M, Holtkamp N, Kurtz A. Systemically administered human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem home into peripheral organs but do not induce neuroprotective effects in the MCAo-mouse model for cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2012; 513:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Soler R, Füllhase C, Hanson A, Campeau L, Santos C, Andersson KE. Stem cell therapy ameliorates bladder dysfunction in an animal model of Parkinson disease. J Urol 2012; 187:1491-7. [PMID: 22341818 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different cell based therapies have been tested, focusing on motor function. We evaluated the effect of human amniotic fluid stem cells and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (ALLCELLS, Emeryville, California) on bladder dysfunction in a rat model of Parkinson disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A nigrostriatal lesion was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in 96 athymic nude female rats divided into 3 treatment groups. After 2 weeks the groups were injected with human amniotic fluid stem cells, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and vehicle for sham treatment, respectively. At 3, 7, 14 and 28 days the bladder function of 8 rats per group was analyzed by conscious cystometry. Brains were extracted for immunostaining. RESULTS The nigrostriatal lesion caused bladder dysfunction, which was consistent in sham treated animals throughout the study. Several cystometric parameters improved 14 days after human amniotic fluid stem cell or bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell injection, concomitant with the presence of human stem cells in the brain. At 14 days only a few cells were observed in a more caudal and lateral position. At 28 days the functional improvement subsided and human stem cells were no longer seen. Human stem cell injection improved the survival of dopaminergic neurons until 14 days. Human stem cells expressed superoxide dismutase-2 and seemed to modulate the expression of interleukin-6 and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor by host cells. CONCLUSIONS Cell therapy with human amniotic fluid stem cells and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells temporarily ameliorated bladder dysfunction in a Parkinson disease model. In contrast to integration, cells may act on the injured environment via cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Soler
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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50
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Wang E, Gao J, Yang Q, Parsley MO, Dunn TJ, Zhang L, DeWitt DS, Denner L, Prough DS, Wu P. Molecular mechanisms underlying effects of neural stem cells against traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:295-312. [PMID: 22077363 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) improves functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previously we demonstrated that human NSCs (hNSCs) via releasing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), preserved cognitive function in rats following parasagittal fluid percussion. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we report that NSC grafts significantly reduce TBI-induced axonal injury in the fimbria and other brain regions by blocking abnormal accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP). A preliminary mass spectrometry proteomics study revealed the opposite effects of TBI and NSCs on many of the cytoskeletal proteins in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the main stress fiber component. Further, Western blot and immunostaining studies confirmed that TBI significantly increased the expression of α-SMA in hippocampal neurons, whereas NSC grafts counteracted the effect of TBI. In an in vitro model, rapid stretch injury significantly shortened lengths of axons and dendrites, increased the expression of both APP and α-SMA, and induced actin aggregation, effects offset by GDNF treatment. These GDNF protective effects were reversed by a GDNF-neutralizing antibody or a specific calcineurin inhibitor, and were mimicked by a specific Rho inhibitor. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that hNSC grafts and treatment with GDNF acutely reduce traumatic axonal injury and promote neurite outgrowth. Possible mechanisms underlying GDNF-mediated neurite protection include balancing the activity of calcineurin, whereas GDNF-induced neurite outgrowth may result from the reduction of the abnormal α-SMA expression and actin aggregation via blocking Rho signals. Our study also suggests the necessity of further exploring the roles of α-SMA in the central nervous system (CNS), which may lead to a new avenue to facilitate recovery after TBI and other injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University Of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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