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Lee F, Gallo MV, Schell LM, Jennings J, Lawrence DA, On The Environment ATF. Exposure of Akwesasne Mohawk women to polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene is associated with increased serum levels of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:597-613. [PMID: 37335069 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2226685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) were reported to influence immunological activity. As endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), these pollutants may disrupt normal thyroid function and act as catalysts for development of autoimmune thyroid disease by directly and indirectly affecting levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs). Native American communities are disproportionately exposed to harmful toxicants and are at an increased risk of developing an autoimmune disease. The aim of this study was to determine the association between POPs and TPOAbs in serum obtained from Native American women. This assessment was used to measure whether increased risk of autoimmune thyroid disease occurred as a result of exposure to POPs. Data were collected from 183 Akwesasne Mohawk women, 21-38 years of age, between 2009 and 2013. Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the association between toxicant exposure and levels of TPOAbs. In multiple logistic regression analyses, exposure to PCB congener 33 was related to elevated risk of individuals possessing above normal levels of TPOAbs. Further, HCB was associated with more than 2-fold higher risk of possessing above normal levels of TPOAbs compared to women with normal levels of TPOAbs. p,p'-DDE was not associated with TPOAb levels within this study. Exposure to PCB congener 33 and HCB was correlated with above normal levels of TPOAbs, a marker of autoimmune thyroid disease. Additional investigations are needed to establish the causes and factors surrounding autoimmune thyroid disease which are multiple and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lee
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Mia V Gallo
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence M Schell
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Julia Jennings
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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Kim MJ, Choi S, Kim S, Lee I, Moon MK, Choi K, Park J, Cho YH, Kwon YM, Yoo J, Cheon GJ, Park YJ. Sex, menopause, and age differences in the associations of persistent organic pollutants with thyroid hormones, thyroxine-binding globulin, and peripheral deiodinase activity: A cross-sectional study of the general Korean adult population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113143. [PMID: 35364044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can disrupt the thyroid hormone system in humans. We assessed the associations of several POPs with serum thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone, and investigated the modulating effects of sex, menopausal status, and age on these associations, in a subgroup of the adult population (n = 1250) from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey. PCB105 and PCB118 were negatively associated with total T4 in premenopausal females and males aged <50, whereas the associations were insignificant in other groups. PCB180, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT showed positive associations with total T3 in postmenopausal females; however, among males aged ≥50, PCB118, PCB138, and p,p'-DDE showed negative associations with total T3. The effects of exposure to multiple POPs were examined in multi-factor analyses. Factor 2 comprised PCB52, hexachlorobenzene, and BDE-47 was associated with an increase in free T4 in premenopausal females (β = 0.015, p = 0.024), while Factor 1, which contained most POPs, was associated with a change in total T3 in postmenopausal females (β = 0.032, p = 0.040) and males aged ≥50 (β = -0.039, p = 0.023). Changes in total T4 or total T3 could be explained by differences in thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and peripheral deiodinase activity (GD). Negative associations of TBG with PCB105 in premenopausal females and PCB153 in males aged <50 may mediate the effect of decreasing total T4. PCB180, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and Factor 1 were positively associated with GD, which is consistent with an increased total T3 in postmenopausal females. PCB118 was negatively associated with GD and total T3 in males aged ≥50. BDE-47 and β-hexachlorocyclohexane were associated with thyroid autoantibodies in premenopausal females and males aged <50. Our observations suggest that the thyroid-disrupting effects of POPs may differ by sex, sex hormonal status, and age, and may be mediated by TBG and GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyong Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.
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Mondal T, Loffredo CA, Trnovec T, Palkovicova Murinova L, Noreen Z, Nnanabu T, Conka K, Drobna B, Ghosh S. Gene expression signatures in PCB-exposed Slovak children in relation to their environmental exposures and socio-physical characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:60531-60541. [PMID: 35420343 PMCID: PMC9427901 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our previous gene expression studies in a PCB-exposed cohort of young children in Slovakia revealed that early-life exposures to PCBs and other organochlorine compounds were associated with significant alterations across several pathogenetic pathways. The present study was undertaken to further explore the high-throughput qRT-PCR-based gene expression effects by using TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) for selected genes in a sample of 55 children from the cohort. We analyzed the transcriptional changes of 11 genes in relation to PCB and organochlorine pesticide exposure levels (including DDT, DDE, HCH, and HCB), and to BMI and ethnicity in this cohort. The results indicated an overall downregulation of expression of these genes. Maximum downregulation (in fold change) was observed in the ENTPD3 gene, and the minimum level of downregulation was in CYP2D6. As per our multinomial regression model study, downregulation of LEPR gene was significantly directly correlated with all the exposure variables. Downregulation of APC, ARNT, CYP2D6, LEPR, LRP12, and MYC genes was directly correlated with BMI (kg/m2) of the individuals. Gender-specific differences in gene expression were observed in CYP2D6 (p-value 0.0001) and LEPR (p-value 0.028), while downregulation of CYP2D6 (p-value 0.01), LEPR (p-value 0.02), LRP12 (p-value 0.04), and MYC (p-value 0.02) genes was consistently observed in Roma children compared to Caucasians. The investigation of such health disparities must be emphasized in future research, together with interventions to reduce the health consequences of PCB exposures. In this context, we emphasize the importance of biomarker-based approaches to future research on genetic susceptibility to the effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | | | - Tomas Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubica Palkovicova Murinova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zarish Noreen
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Nnanabu
- Departments of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Kamil Conka
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Beata Drobna
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Somiranjan Ghosh
- Departments of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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Ebdrup NH, Knudsen UB, Schullehner J, Arendt LH, Liew Z, Lyngsø J, Bay B, Clemmensen PJ, Sigsgaard T, Hansen B, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Nitrate in Drinking Water and Time to Pregnancy or Medically Assisted Reproduction in Women and Men: A Nationwide Cohort Study in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Clin Epidemiol 2022; 14:475-487. [PMID: 35444467 PMCID: PMC9014114 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s354926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose No studies have investigated if drinking water nitrate affects human fecundity. Experimental studies point at detrimental effects on fetal development and on female and male reproduction. This cohort study aimed to explore if female and male preconception and long-term exposure to nitrate in drinking water was associated with fecundability measured as time to pregnancy (TTP) or use of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) treatment. Methods The study population consisted of pregnant women recruited in their first trimester in 1996–2002 to the Danish National Birth Cohort. Preconception drinking-water nitrate exposure was estimated for the pregnant women (89,109 pregnancies), and long-term drinking water nitrate exposure was estimated from adolescence to conception for the pregnant women (77,474 pregnancies) and their male partners (62,000 pregnancies) by linkage to the national drinking water quality-monitoring database Jupiter. Difference in risk of TTP >12 months or use of MAR treatment between five exposure categories and log-transformed continuous models of preconception and long-term nitrate in drinking water were estimated. Binominal regression models for risk ratios (RR) were adjusted for age, occupation, education, population density, and lifestyle factors. Results Nitrate in drinking water (median preconception exposure: 1.9 mg/L; median long-term exposure: 3.3 mg/L) was not associated with TTP >12 months or use of MAR treatment, neither in the categorical nor in the continuous models. Conclusion We found no association between preconception or long-term exposure to drinking water nitrate and fecundability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninna Hinchely Ebdrup
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Horsens Regional Hospital, Horsens, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: Ninna Hinchely Ebdrup, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Horsens Regional Hospital, Regionshospitalet Horsens, Sundvej 30, Horsens, 8700, Denmark, Tel +4528472111, Email
| | - Ulla Breth Knudsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Horsens Regional Hospital, Horsens, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Linn Håkonsen Arendt
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julie Lyngsø
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Bay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Horsens Regional Hospital, Horsens, Denmark
- Maigaard Fertility Clinic, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Pleić N, Zemunik T. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6521. [PMID: 34204586 PMCID: PMC8234807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene-environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (N.P.)
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Zaccarelli-Marino MA, Alessi R, Balderi TZ, Martins MAG. Association between the Occurrence of Primary Hypothyroidism and the Exposure of the Population Near to Industrial Pollutants in São Paulo State, Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183464. [PMID: 31540358 PMCID: PMC6765954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Environmental agents interfere with thyroid function at multiple levels. This study was to investigate the association between pollutant concentrations and the primary hypothyroidism (PH) occurrence odds in residents living in the Capuava Petrochemical Complex (CPC) influence area. Methods: This area was evaluated with the combination of the AERMOD dispersion model with the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) meteorological model (2016). The concentration of atmospheric pollutants were analyzed in 2017 using meteorological data on the period from 2005 to 2009, correlating this data with the research done in 2003 to 2005. A home-based questionnaire was applied to evaluate 2004 residents, of both sexes, aged from 8 to 72 years, based on their proximity to the industrial areas; were select residents with PH. Results: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations presented the highest correlations between the PH odds and pollutant concentrations. Conclusion: Air pollution associated with the presence of the CPC is an important environmental factor contributing to the development of PH in the nearby population. As the first study showing this association in Brazil, research should be continued to better understand the mechanisms and to find ways to compensate for or remedy to avoid health impacts in future populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudá Alessi
- Internal Medicine Department, ABC Medical School Foundation, Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
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Ward MH, Jones RR, Brender JD, de Kok TM, Weyer PJ, Nolan BT, Villanueva CM, van Breda SG. Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1557. [PMID: 30041450 PMCID: PMC6068531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate levels in our water resources have increased in many areas of the world largely due to applications of inorganic fertilizer and animal manure in agricultural areas. The regulatory limit for nitrate in public drinking water supplies was set to protect against infant methemoglobinemia, but other health effects were not considered. Risk of specific cancers and birth defects may be increased when nitrate is ingested under conditions that increase formation of N-nitroso compounds. We previously reviewed epidemiologic studies before 2005 of nitrate intake from drinking water and cancer, adverse reproductive outcomes and other health effects. Since that review, more than 30 epidemiologic studies have evaluated drinking water nitrate and these outcomes. The most common endpoints studied were colorectal cancer, bladder, and breast cancer (three studies each), and thyroid disease (four studies). Considering all studies, the strongest evidence for a relationship between drinking water nitrate ingestion and adverse health outcomes (besides methemoglobinemia) is for colorectal cancer, thyroid disease, and neural tube defects. Many studies observed increased risk with ingestion of water nitrate levels that were below regulatory limits. Future studies of these and other health outcomes should include improved exposure assessment and accurate characterization of individual factors that affect endogenous nitrosation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr. Room 6E138, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr. Room 6E138, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Jean D Brender
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, School of Public Health, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Weyer
- The Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, The University of Iowa, 455 Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Bernard T Nolan
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, National Water Quality Program, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Simone G van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Ghosh S, Loffredo CA, Mitra PS, Trnovec T, Palkovicova Murinova L, Sovcikova E, Hoffman EP, Makambi KH, Dutta SK. PCB exposure and potential future cancer incidence in Slovak children: an assessment from molecular finger printing by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) derived from experimental and epidemiological investigations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16493-16507. [PMID: 29143255 PMCID: PMC5953777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The risk of cancer due to PCB exposure in humans is highly debated. In eastern Slovakia, high exposure of the population to organochlorines (especially PCBs) was associated with various disease and disorder pathways, viz., endocrine disruption, metabolic disorder & diabetes, and cancer, thereby disturbing several cellular processes, including protein synthesis, stress response, and apoptosis. We have evaluated a Slovak cohort (45-month children, at lower and higher levels of PCB exposure from the environment) for disease and disorder development to develop early disease cancer biomarkers that could shed new light on possible mechanisms for the genesis of cancers under such chemical exposures, and identify potential avenues for prevention.Microarray studies of global gene expression were conducted from the 45-month-old children on the Affymetrix platform followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) to associate the affected genes with their mechanistic pathways. High-throughput qRT-PCR TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) was performed to further validate the selected genes on the whole blood cells of the most highly exposed children from the study cohort (n = 71). TP53, MYC, BCL2, and LRP12 differential gene expressions suggested strong relationships between potential future tumor promotion and PCB exposure in Slovak children. The IPA analysis further detected the most important signaling pathways, including molecular mechanism of cancers, prostate cancer signaling, ovarian cancer signaling, P53 signaling, oncostatin M signaling, and their respective functions (viz., prostate cancer, breast cancer, progression of tumor, growth of tumor, and non-Hodgkin's disease). The results suggest that PCB exposures, even at the early age of these children, may have lifelong consequences for the future development of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somiranjan Ghosh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Departments of Oncology and of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Partha S Mitra
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Tomas Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubica Palkovicova Murinova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Sovcikova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Kepher H Makambi
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sisir K Dutta
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
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Benson K, Yang E, Dutton N, Sjodin A, Rosenbaum PF, Pavuk M. Polychlorinated biphenyls, indicators of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies in the Anniston Community Health Survey I (ACHS-I). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:156-165. [PMID: 29268174 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined associations between serum concentrations of 35 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, pesticides, and indicators of thyroid function in participants of the Anniston Community Health Survey (ACHS). Study subjects lived in the vicinity of a former PCB production facility and had PCB concentrations 2 to 3 times higher than similar age and race groups from the general population. We investigated associations among serum levels of thyroid hormones (thyroxin [T4], free thyroxin [fT4], triiodothyronine [T3], thyroid stimulation hormone [TSH]) and auto-antibodies (thyroglobulin antibody [TgAb] or thyroperoxidase antibody [TPOAb]) and combined indicators of thyroid function with the sum of PCBs, varying PCB groups, individual PCB congeners, and 8 pesticides. Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for log10 transformed total lipids, age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, and family history of thyroid disease. We also performed analyses stratified by ethnicity and sex. Linear regression showed inverse associations between TT3 and thyroid-like PCBs (sum of PCBs 28, 52, 74, 101, 105, and 118; p = .0004), two pesticides (hexachlorobenzene, and pp'-DDE), and individual congeners (PCBs 74, 105). Null associations were observed between PCBs, pesticides, TSH, TT4, and fT4. Logistic regression analyses did not provide support for TT3 findings and found no association with other thyroid hormones, antibodies, or combined indicator of thyroid function. These results suggest there is little evidence that these chemicals have any major clinical effect on thyroid function in this highly PCB exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Benson
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric Yang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), USA
| | - Nina Dutton
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), USA
| | - Andreas Sjodin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paula F Rosenbaum
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Marian Pavuk
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Oskarsson A, Parent-Massin D, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, van den Brandt P, Fortes C, Merino L, Toldrà F, Arcella D, Christodoulidou A, Barrucci F, Garcia A, Pizzo F, Battacchi D, Younes M. Re-evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04787. [PMID: 32625505 PMCID: PMC7010087 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) when used as food additives. The current acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for nitrate of 3.7 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day were established by the SCF (1997) and JECFA (2002). The available data did not indicate genotoxic potential for sodium and potassium nitrate. The carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were negative. The Panel considered the derivation of an ADI for nitrate based on the formation of methaemoglobin, following the conversion of nitrate, excreted in the saliva, to nitrite. However, there were large variations in the data on the nitrate-to-nitrite conversion in the saliva in humans. Therefore, the Panel considered that it was not possible to derive a single value of the ADI from the available data. The Panel noticed that even using the highest nitrate-to-nitrite conversion factor the methaemoglobin levels produced due to nitrite obtained from this conversion would not be clinically significant and would result to a theoretically estimated endogenous N-nitroso compounds (ENOC) production at levels which would be of low concern. Hence, and despite the uncertainty associated with the ADI established by the SCF, the Panel concluded that currently there was insufficient evidence to withdraw this ADI. The exposure to nitrate solely from its use as a food additive was estimated to be less than 5% of the overall exposure to nitrate in food based on a refined estimated exposure scenario. This exposure did not exceed the current ADI (SCF, 1997). However, if all sources of exposure to dietary nitrate are considered (food additive, natural presence and contamination), the ADI would be exceeded for all age groups at the mean and the highest exposure.
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Drozd VM, Branovan I, Shiglik N, Lushchyk ML, Platonova TY, Pashkevich VI, Kudelsky AV, Shimanskaya I, Danilova LI, Biko J, Reiners C. Effect of nitrates in drinking water on the prevalence of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases: a literature review and post-Chernobyl research experience in Belarus. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716060074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Benvenga S, Vigo MT, Metro D, Granese R, Vita R, Le Donne M. Type of fish consumed and thyroid autoimmunity in pregnancy and postpartum. Endocrine 2016; 52:120-9. [PMID: 26306774 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fish consumption or supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids was reported to cure and/or prevent autoimmune and nonautoimmune disorders. Serum positivity for thyroid autoantibodies is a predictive marker of postpartum thyroiditis and postpartum depression. We hypothesized that stable consumption of the omega-3-rich oily fish was associated with a more favorable profile of serum thyroid antibodies throughout pregnancy and early postpartum compared with stable consumption of swordfish, a predator that concentrates pollutants. We prospectively measured serum thyroglobulin antibodies and thyroperoxidase antibodies in pregnancy (first, second trimesters) and postpartum (day 4), in 236 thyroid disease-free, nonsmoker Caucasian women with stable dietary habits. We did not measure thyroid autoantibodies prior to pregnancy. Women were divided into groups A (n = 48; swordfish), B (n = 52; oily fish), C (n = 68; swordfish + other fish, not necessarily oily fish), and D (n = 68; fish other than swordfish and oily fish). Major endpoints were positivity rates and serum concentrations of the two autoantibodies. We resorted to previous studies for the estimated content of fatty acids and microelements in the consumed fish. Positivity rates and serum concentrations of both antibodies were the greatest in group A and the lowest in group B (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 to < 0.001, respectively). Relationship between monthly fish consumption and serum concentrations of either antibody was direct in group A but inverse in group B. The estimated content of omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumed by group B was the greatest (P < 0.001 vs. any other group). These data reinforce recommendations that pregnant women should avoid consuming swordfish and indicate consumption of oily fish as a favorable alternative. Because thyroid autoantibodies are markers of autoimmune-related postpartum problems, our data suggest a dietary prophylaxis of such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina School of Medicine, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
- Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina School of Medicine, Messina, Italy
- Interdepartmental Program of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology & Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital Policlinico G. Martino, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Vigo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina School of Medicine, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Metro
- Department of Biomedical & Morphological and Functional Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, Padiglione H, 4 piano, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Granese
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecology, Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina School of Medicine, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina School of Medicine, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Le Donne
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecology, Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina School of Medicine, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
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Benvenga S, Antonelli A, Vita R. Thyroid nodules and thyroid autoimmunity in the context of environmental pollution. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2015; 16:319-40. [PMID: 26825072 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that in most industrialized countries autoimmune disorders, including chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, are increasing. This increase parallels the one regarding differentiated thyroid cancer, the increment of which is mainly due to the papillary histotype. A number of studies have pointed to an association between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and differentiated thyroid cancer. The upward trend of these two thyroid diseases is sustained by certain environmental factors, such as polluting substances acting as endocrine disrupting chemicals. Herein we will review the experimental and clinical literature that highlights the effects of environmental and occupational exposure to polluting chemicals in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease or differentiated thyroid cancer. Stakeholders, starting from policymarkers, should become more sensitive to the consequences for the thyroid resulting from exposure to EDC. Indeed, the economic burden resulting from such consequences has not been quantified thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Padiglione H, 4 piano, via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
- Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina School of Medicine, Messina, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Program of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico G. Martino, Padiglione H, 4 piano, via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
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14
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Abstract
Increasing quantities of evidence-based data incriminate a large number of environmental pollutants for toxic effects on the thyroid. Among the many chemical contaminants, halogenated organochlorines and pesticides variably affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and disrupt thyroid function. PCBs and their metabolites and PBDEs bind to thyroid transport proteins, such as transthyretin, displace thyroxine, and disrupt thyroid function. Meanwhile, at the molecular level, PCB congeners may activate phosphorylation of Akt, p-Akt, and forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) protein resulting in inhibition of the natrium/iodide symporter. Given therefore the growing concern developing around these multiple toxic chemicals today invading numerous environments and their long-term deleterious effects not only on the thyroid but also on general health, we strongly advocate their strict regulation and, moreover, their gradual reduction. A good degree of "lateral thinking", we feel, will lead to a use of chemicals that will enhance life while concurrently carefully protecting the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H Duntas
- Evgenidion Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Thyroid Section, University of Athens, 20 Papadiamantopoulou Str., 10520, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikos Stathatos
- Department of Medicine, Thyroid Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Drozd VM, Saenko VA, Brenner AV, Drozdovitch V, Pashkevich VI, Kudelsky AV, Demidchik YE, Branovan I, Shiglik N, Rogounovitch TI, Yamashita S, Biko J, Reiners C. Major Factors Affecting Incidence of Childhood Thyroid Cancer in Belarus after the Chernobyl Accident: Do Nitrates in Drinking Water Play a Role? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137226. [PMID: 26397978 PMCID: PMC4580601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major health consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident in 1986 was a dramatic increase in incidence of thyroid cancer among those who were aged less than 18 years at the time of the accident. This increase has been directly linked in several analytic epidemiological studies to iodine-131 (131I) thyroid doses received from the accident. However, there remains limited understanding of factors that modify the 131I-related risk. Focusing on post-Chernobyl pediatric thyroid cancer in Belarus, we reviewed evidence of the effects of radiation, thyroid screening, and iodine deficiency on regional differences in incidence rates of thyroid cancer. We also reviewed current evidence on content of nitrate in groundwater and thyroid cancer risk drawing attention to high levels of nitrates in open well water in several contaminated regions of Belarus, i.e. Gomel and Brest, related to the usage of nitrogen fertilizers. In this hypothesis generating study, based on ecological data and biological plausibility, we suggest that nitrate pollution may modify the radiation-related risk of thyroid cancer contributing to regional differences in rates of pediatric thyroid cancer in Belarus. Analytic epidemiological studies designed to evaluate joint effect of nitrate content in groundwater and radiation present a promising avenue of research and may provide useful insights into etiology of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina M. Drozd
- The International fund “Help for patients with radiation-induced thyroid cancer “Arnica”, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Endocrinology, Belarusian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir A. Saenko
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Alina V. Brenner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Drozdovitch
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vasilii I. Pashkevich
- Laboratory of Hydrogeology and Hydroecology, Institute for Nature Management of the National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anatoliy V. Kudelsky
- Laboratory of Hydrogeology and Hydroecology, Institute for Nature Management of the National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yuri E. Demidchik
- Department of Oncology, Belarusian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Igor Branovan
- Project Chernobyl, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolay Shiglik
- Project Chernobyl, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Tatiana I. Rogounovitch
- Department of Global Health, Medicine and Welfare, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yamashita
- Department of Radiation Molecular Epidemiology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Johannes Biko
- The International fund “Help for patients with radiation-induced thyroid cancer “Arnica”, Minsk, Belarus
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Nuclear Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Reiners
- The International fund “Help for patients with radiation-induced thyroid cancer “Arnica”, Minsk, Belarus
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Nuclear Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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16
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Mehrnejat N, Yazdanpanah H, Fadaei Nobari R, Hashemipour M, Maracy M, Moafi M, Mousavian Z. Spatial Analysis of Neonatal Congenital Hypothyroidism and Nitrate as an Environmental Pollutant in Isfahan Province During 2010-2013. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:76. [PMID: 26425331 PMCID: PMC4564903 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.162952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid absorption of iodine could be encumbered by nitrate drinking water when it is transported to the fetal thyroid gland. Therefore, nitrate potentially causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH) due to thyroid dysfunction. In this study, we have not only aimed at spatial determination of CH distribution and nitrate concentration (NC) existing in drinking water, but also we intended to evaluate the probable impact of nitrate on CH incidence. METHODS Annual average of nitrate in drinking-water as well as number of CH infants diagnosed through the screening program were applied to determine the incidence ratio of the disease for each town (from 2010 to 2013). Afterward, Arc GIS 9.3 was used to draw choropleth maps with quantile classification. Data were entered into SPSS 16.0 and Excel 2010 software. Finally, linear regression was applied for data analysis. RESULTS The incidence rate of CH (considering transient and permanent cases) was about one in every 413 births. Khansar, Golpaygan, Naein, and Ardestan had the highest incidence rate of CH respectively. On the other hand, Tiran, Dehaghan, Khansar, and Fereydan had the highest level of nitrate drinking water. There was a strong relationship between the NC and incidence of CH in Khansar; however, this relationship was not significant (P = 0.392) in Isfahan province. CONCLUSIONS Since there was not a significant relationship between NC in drinking-water and incidence of CH through linear regression analysis, more studies should be implemented to confirm or refute our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Mehrnejat
- Department of Physical Geography, School of Geography and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojatollah Yazdanpanah
- Department of Physical Geography, School of Geography and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Fadaei Nobari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University Of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moafi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavian
- Department of Environmental Health, Expert of Environmental Health Engineering, Environmental Health Unit, Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Ghosh S, Mitra PS, Loffredo CA, Trnovec T, Murinova L, Sovcikova E, Ghimbovschi S, Zang S, Hoffman EP, Dutta SK. Transcriptional profiling and biological pathway analysis of human equivalence PCB exposure in vitro: indicator of disease and disorder development in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:202-16. [PMID: 25725301 PMCID: PMC4739739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our earlier gene-expression studies with a Slovak PCBs-exposed population have revealed possible disease and disorder development in accordance with epidemiological studies. The present investigation aimed to develop an in vitro model system that can provide an indication of disrupted biological pathways associated with developing future diseases, well in advance of the clinical manifestations that may take years to appear in the actual human exposure scenario. METHODS We used human Primary Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and exposed them to a mixture of human equivalence levels of PCBs (PCB-118, -138, -153, -170, -180) as found in the PCBs-exposed Slovak population. The microarray studies of global gene expression were conducted on the Affymetrix platform using Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array along with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to associate the affected genes with their mechanistic pathways. High-throughput qRT-PCR Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA) was done to further validate the selected 6 differentially expressed genes of our interest, viz., ARNT, CYP2D6, LEPR, LRP12, RRAD, TP53, with a small population validation sample (n=71). RESULTS Overall, we revealed a discreet gene expression profile in the experimental model that resembled the diseases and disorders observed in PCBs-exposed population studies. The disease pathways included endocrine system disorders, genetic disorders, metabolic diseases, developmental disorders, and cancers, strongly consistent with the evidence from epidemiological studies. INTERPRETATION These gene finger prints could lead to the identification of populations and subgroups at high risk for disease, and can pose as early disease biomarkers well ahead of time, before the actual disease becomes visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somiranjan Ghosh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Partha S Mitra
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Department of Oncology & Department of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Tomas Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubica Murinova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Sovcikova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Svetlana Ghimbovschi
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Shizhu Zang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Sisir K Dutta
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Industrial chemical contaminants have a variable impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, this depending both on their class and on confounding factors. Today, mounting evidence is pointing to the role of environmental factors, and specifically EDCs, in the current distressing upsurge in the incidence of thyroid disease. The unease is warranted. These substances, which are nowadays rife in our environments (including in foodstuffs), have been shown to interfere with thyroid hormone action, biosynthesis, and metabolism, resulting in disruption of tissue homeostasis and/or thyroid function. Importantly, based on the concept of the "nonmonotonic dose-response curve", the relationship between dose and effect has often been found to be nonlinear. Thus, small doses can induce unpredictable, adverse effects, one case being polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), of which congener(s) may centrally inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, or dissociate thyroid receptor and selectively affect thyroid hormone signaling and action. This means that PCBs can act as agonists or antagonists at the receptor level, underlining the complexity of the interaction. This review highlights the multifold activity of chemicals demonstrated to cause thyroid disruption. It also represents a call to action among clinicians to undertake systematic monitoring of thyroid function and registering of the classes of EDs and additionally urges broader scientific collaborations to clarify these chemicals' molecular mechanisms of action, substances whose prevalence in our environments is disrupting not only the thyroid but all life on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H Duntas
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 20, 11520, Athens, Greece,
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19
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Chovancová J, Drobná B, Fabišiková A, Conka K, Wimmerová S, Pavuk M. Polychlorinated biphenyls and selected organochlorine pesticides in serum of Slovak population from industrial and non-industrial areas. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:7643-7653. [PMID: 25098899 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs No. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) and organochlorine pesticides (HCB, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) in 121 blood serum specimens collected from non-occupationally exposed adults living in contaminated and comparison areas were determined using high-resolution gas chromatography/electron capture detection (HRGC/ECD). The sum of the serum concentrations of the three most abundant PCB congeners (No. 138, 153 and 180) found in participants (N = 81) living in industrial areas near incinerators, metallurgical and chemical plants (Krompachy, Kosice, Nemecka and Sala) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in participants living in villages and towns without known sources causing persistent organic pollutant (POP) contamination (N = 40). Similarly, significant differences were observed for p,p'-DDE (p < 0.0001) and p,p'-DDT (p < 0.002). However, a Mann-Whitney U test between groups showed that the difference for HCB was not statistically significant (p = 0.089). Age was positively correlated with the sum of PCBs (No. 138, 153 and 180), HCB and the sum of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT (p < 0.01 for all).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Chovancová
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovak Republic,
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20
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Abstract
Genetic and a large number of environmental non-iodine-related factors play a role in the cause of nodular goitre. Most evidence for the influence of genetic and environmental factors in the cause of goitre is from cross-sectional, population-based studies. Only a few studies have included prospective data on risk factors for nodular goitre, although few prospective data are available on the effect of iodine and tobacco smoking on goitre development. Goitre is not one single phenotype. Many epidemiological studies do not distinguish diffuse from nodular goitre, as the investigated parameter is often thyroid volume or frequency with increased thyroid volume. Moreover, information on the presence and effect of gene-environment, gene-gene, and environment-environment effect modifications is limited. Thus, firm conclusions about the relative contributions and causality of the investigated risk factors should be made with caution. Smoking seems to be an established risk factor for nodular goitre, possibly with effect modification from iodine intake, as the risk associated with smoking is smaller or absent in areas with sufficient iodine intake. The use of oral contraceptives might have protective effects against goitre, and childbirth is an increased risk factor for goitre in areas with non-optimal iodine intake. Insulin resistance is a recently investigated risk factor, and the risk of goitre may be reversible with metformin treatment. Iodine remains the major environmental risk factor for nodular goitre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Knudsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Heiberg Brix
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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21
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Sarhan MAA, Shati AA, Elsaid FG. Biochemical and molecular studies on the possible influence of the Brassica oleracea and Beta vulgaris extracts to mitigate the effect of food preservatives and food chemical colorants on albino rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 21:342-54. [PMID: 25183945 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biochemical influence of broccoli and beet extracts on selected individual additives NaNO2 or sunset yellow treated rats, in addition to the gene expression of some antioxidant enzymes. Forty-two male rats were assigned to seven groups of six rats in each group. The control group was fed a diet without an additive for four weeks. Group (2) received NaNO2, groups (3) received NaNO2 co-administered with broccoli extract (4) NaNO2 co-administered with beet extracts, Group (5) received sunset yellow, Group (6) received sunset yellow co-administered with broccoli extract, and Group (7) received sunset yellow co-administered with beet extract, for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood, liver, kidney, and brain samples were taken for biochemical and/or molecular analysis. The mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes was determined by reversing transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The obtained results revealed that rats co-administered with beet or broccoli extracts had a significant decrease in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, urea, total lipids, and triglycerides, as well as a significant increase in reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, compared to the normal control group. Oral administration of NaNO2 or sunset yellow caused a significant increase in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, urea, total lipids, and triglycerides, as well as a significant decrease in GSH, GSH-px, and SOD compared to the positive group. In conclusion, this study showed that broccoli and beet extracts have a protective effect against NaNO2 or sunset yellow in rat treated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A A Sarhan
- Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Shati
- Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahmy G Elsaid
- Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia ; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Freire C, Koifman RJ, Sarcinelli PN, Simões Rosa AC, Clapauch R, Koifman S. Long-term exposure to organochlorine pesticides and thyroid status in adults in a heavily contaminated area in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 127:7-15. [PMID: 24183346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine (OC) pesticides are endocrine disruptors altering the thyroid hormonal system. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between exposure to OC pesticides and thyroid status in adults from a rural area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, heavily contaminated with OC pesticides. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 303 men and 305 women >14 years old. Concentrations of 19 OC pesticides and levels of free thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin (TgAg) antibodies were analyzed in serum samples. Associations between OC pesticides concentrations and values of biochemical thyroid parameters were determined using multivariate regression models stratified by gender. Prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and the presence of TPOAb antibodies were higher than those described for euthyroid populations elsewhere. After adjusting for confounders, total T3 levels were associated with lower concentrations of endosulphan 2 in men and with higher alpha-chlordane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulphan 2, and methoxychlor in women. Levels of free T4 showed inverse association with beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p'-DDT in men, and were positively associated with hexachlorobenzene (HCB), heptachlor, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT in women. TSH levels were associated with higher beta-HCH in men. A positive association was observed between exposure methoxychlor in males and presence of TPOAb, but no association with TPOAb was found in women. These results suggest that OC pesticides can affect the thyroid system through gender-specific mechanisms that may differ among compounds. Further detailed investigations and health monitoring should be warranted for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Freire
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Goldner WS, Sandler DP, Yu F, Shostrom V, Hoppin JA, Kamel F, LeVan TD. Hypothyroidism and pesticide use among male private pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55:1171-8. [PMID: 24064777 PMCID: PMC3795845 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31829b290b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the association between thyroid disease and use of insecticides, herbicides, and fumigants/fungicides in male applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. METHODS We examined the association between use of 50 specific pesticides and self-reported hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and "other" thyroid disease among 22,246 male pesticide applicators. RESULTS There was increased odds of hypothyroidism with ever use of the herbicides 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4,5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-propionic acid), alachlor, dicamba, and petroleum oil. Hypothyroidism was also associated with ever use of eight insecticides: organochlorines chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), heptachlor, lindane, and toxaphene; organophosphates diazinon and malathion; and the carbamate carbofuran. Exposure-response analysis showed increasing odds with increasing level of exposure for the herbicides alachlor and 2,4-D and the insecticides aldrin, chlordane, DDT, lindane, and parathion. CONCLUSION There is an association between hypothyroidism and specific herbicides and insecticides in male applicators, similar to previous results for spouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S. Goldner
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198
| | - Valerie Shostrom
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198
| | - Jane A. Hoppin
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Freya Kamel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Tricia D. LeVan
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105
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Trnovec T, Jusko TA, Šovčíková E, Lancz K, Chovancová J, Patayová H, Palkovičová L, Drobná B, Langer P, Van den Berg M, Dedik L, Wimmerová S. Relative effect potency estimates of dioxin-like activity for dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like PCBs in adults based on two thyroid outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:886-92. [PMID: 23665575 PMCID: PMC3734489 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) are an important component in the risk assessment of dioxin-like human exposures. At present, this concept is based mainly on in vivo animal experiments using oral dosage. Consequently, the current human TEFs derived from mammalian experiments are applicable only for exposure situations in which oral ingestion occurs. Nevertheless, these "intake" TEFs are commonly-but incorrectly-used by regulatory authorities to calculate "systemic" toxic equivalents (TEQs) based on human blood and tissue concentrations, which are used as biomarkers for either exposure or effect. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine relative effect potencies (REPs) for systemic human concentrations of dioxin-like mixture components using thyroid volume or serum free thyroxine (FT4) concentration as the outcomes of interest. METHODS We used a benchmark concentration and a regression-based approach to compare the strength of association between each dioxin-like compound and the thyroid end points in 320 adults residing in an organochlorine-polluted area of eastern Slovakia. RESULTS REPs calculated from thyroid volume and FT4 were similar. The regression coefficient (β)-derived REP data from thyroid volume and FT4 level were correlated with the World Health Organization (WHO) TEF values (Spearman r = 0.69, p = 0.01 and r = 0.62, p = 0.03, respectively). The calculated REPs were mostly within the minimum and maximum values for in vivo REPs derived by other investigators. CONCLUSIONS Our REPs calculated from thyroid end points realistically reflect human exposure scenarios because they are based on chronic, low-dose human exposures and on biomarkers reflecting body burden. Compared with previous results, our REPs suggest higher sensitivity to the effects of dioxin-like compounds.
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Persky V, Piorkowski J, Turyk M, Freels S, Chatterton R, Dimos J, Bradlow HL, Chary LK, Burse V, Unterman T, Sepkovic DW, McCann K. Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure, diabetes and endogenous hormones: a cross-sectional study in men previously employed at a capacitor manufacturing plant. Environ Health 2012; 11:57. [PMID: 22931295 PMCID: PMC3476446 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown associations of diabetes and endogenous hormones with exposure to a wide variety of organochlorines. We have previously reported positive associations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and inverse associations of selected steroid hormones with diabetes in postmenopausal women previously employed in a capacitor manufacturing plant. METHODS This paper examines associations of PCBs with diabetes and endogenous hormones in 63 men previously employed at the same plant who in 1996 underwent surveys of their exposure and medical history and collection of bloods and urine for measurements of PCBs, lipids, liver function, hematologic markers and endogenous hormones. RESULTS PCB exposure was positively associated with diabetes and age and inversely associated with thyroid stimulating hormone and triiodothyronine-uptake. History of diabetes was significantly related to total PCBs and all PCB functional groupings, but not to quarters worked and job score, after control for potential confounders. None of the exposures were related to insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in non-diabetic men. CONCLUSIONS Associations of PCBs with specific endogenous hormones differ in some respects from previous findings in postmenopausal women employed at the capacitor plant. Results from this study, however, do confirm previous reports relating PCB exposure to diabetes and suggest that these associations are not mediated by measured endogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Persky
- University of Illinois, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Julie Piorkowski
- University of Illinois, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mary Turyk
- University of Illinois, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sally Freels
- University of Illinois, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Robert Chatterton
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 N. Fairbanks Court, Olson Pavilion 8-408, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - John Dimos
- University of Illinois, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - H Leon Bradlow
- Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA
| | - Lin Kaatz Chary
- University of Illinois, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Virlyn Burse
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 2971 Clairmont Road NE, Suite 450, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329, USA
| | - Terry Unterman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Chicago, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Daniel W Sepkovic
- Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA
| | - Kenneth McCann
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, 525 West Jefferson St, Springfield, IL, 62761, USA
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Zaccarelli-Marino MA. Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Industrial Areas in Brazil: A 15-Year Survey. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1012-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mitra PS, Ghosh S, Zang S, Sonneborn D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Trnovec T, Palkovicova L, Sovcikova E, Ghimbovschi S, Hoffman E, Dutta SK. Analysis of the toxicogenomic effects of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Slovakian girls: correlations between gene expression and disease risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 39:188-99. [PMID: 22208759 PMCID: PMC3259908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment is not uniform throughout the world, and these contaminants contain many structurally different lipophilic compounds. In a well-defined study cohort in the Slovak Republic, the POP chemicals present in the peripheral blood of exposed children were chemically analyzed. The chemical analysis data revealed that the relative concentration and profile of structurally different organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloro-ethane (p,p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), may vary from individual to individual, even within the same exposure area. These chemicals can be broadly classified into two groups. The first group, the PCB congeners, primarily originated from industrial compounds and their byproducts. The second group of compounds originated from or was commonly used in the agricultural sector (e.g., DDT, HCB). The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the two POP exposure profiles on gene expression. For the study population, we selected pre-pubertal girls (mean age of 46.2±1.4 months) with high POP concentrations in their blood (>75% tile of total POP) and classified them in the high 'PCB' group when the total PCB concentration was significantly higher than the total concentration of other POP components and in the 'Other Than PCB' (OTP) group, when the total PCB concentration was significantly lower than the concentration of the other major POP constituents. A matched control group of girls (<25% tile of total POP) was selected for comparison purpose (n=5 per group). Our aims were to determine whether there were any common effects of high POP exposure at a toxicogenomic level and to investigate how exposure may affect physiological functions of the children in two different exposure scenarios. Global gene expression analysis using a microarray (Affymetrix Gene Chip Human genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array) platform was conducted on the total RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the girls. The results were analyzed by Partek GS, Louis, MI, which identified twelve genes (ATAD2B, BIVM, CD96, CXorf39, CYTH1 ETNK1, FAM13A, HIRA, INO80B, ODG1, RAD23B, and TSGA14) and two unidentified probe sets, as regulated differentially in both the PCB and OTP groups against the control group. The qRT-PCR method was used to validate the microarray results. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software package identified the possible molecular impairments and disease risks associated with each gene set. Connective tissue disorders, genetic disorders, skeletal muscular disorders and neurological diseases were associated with the 12 common genes. The data therefore identified the potential molecular effects of POP exposure on a genomic level. This report underscores the importance of further study to validate the results in a random population and to evaluate the use of the identified genes as biomarkers for POP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shizhu Zang
- Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dean Sonneborn
- University of California Davis, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Hoffman
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sisir K. Dutta
- Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Corresponding Author: 415 College Street, NW, Room 335, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC 20059, TEL: +1(202)-806-6942; FAX: +1(202) 806-5138;
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Langer P. The impacts of organochlorines and other persistent pollutants on thyroid and metabolic health. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:497-518. [PMID: 20797403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of thyroid and metabolic disorders has been repeatedly observed in the population living in the area of eastern Slovakia highly polluted by a mixture of PCBs, DDE and HCB since about 50 years ago. Among thyroid disorders, increase of thyroid volume as measured by ultrasound volumetry may be suggested as one of notable findings which appeared possibly related to increased OCs levels and to autoimmunity signs (e.g. positive thyroperoxidase antibodies in blood and/or hypoechogenicity image obtained by ultrasound), while some participation of individual susceptibility and also of immunogenic effect of OCs and iodine in this iodine replete country cannot be excluded. Another notable finding has been the increase of blood FT4 and TT3 positively related to high PCBs level. Such increased FT4 level has been found associated with TSH level in hyperthyroid range in about 2% of examined population from polluted area. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmune disorders strongly supported the assumption on impaired immune system and thus also on presumably increased prevalence of other autoimmune disorders in highly exposed population. In addition, markedly increased prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes significantly related to major OCs (PCBs, DDE and HCB) levels and accompanied by increasing level of cholesterol and triglycerides has been observed. The observations also suggested a role of prenatal exposure to OCs in the development of several adverse health signs (e.g. increased prevalence of thyroid antibodies, impaired fasting glucose level, increased thyroid volume, decreased thymus volume, decreased neurobehavioral performance, increased hearing and dental disorders) in young generation born to highly exposed mothers in polluted area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Langer
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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The Epidemiology of Environmental Perchlorate Exposure and Thyroid Function: A Comprehensive Review. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:653-60. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181e31955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ukropec J, Radikova Z, Huckova M, Koska J, Kocan A, Sebokova E, Drobna B, Trnovec T, Susienkova K, Labudova V, Gasperikova D, Langer P, Klimes I. High prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in a population exposed to high levels of an organochlorine cocktail. Diabetologia 2010; 53:899-906. [PMID: 20182860 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A heavily polluted area of Eastern Slovakia was targeted by the PCBRISK cross-sectional survey to search for possible links between environmental pollution and both prediabetes and diabetes. METHODS Associations of serum levels of five persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloro-ethane (p,p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), with prediabetes and diabetes were investigated in 2,047 adults. Diabetes and prediabetes were diagnosed by fasting plasma glucose in all participants and by OGTT in 1,220 compliant participants. RESULTS Our population was stratified in terms of individual POPs quintiles and associations between environmental pollution, prediabetes and diabetes were investigated. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes increased in a dose-dependent manner, with individuals in upper quintiles of individual POPs showing striking increases in prevalence of prediabetes as shown by OR and 95% CI for PCBs (2.74; 1.92-3.90), DDE (1.86; 1.17-2.95), DDT (2.48; 1.77-3.48), HCB (1.86; 1.7-2.95) and beta-HCH (1.97; 1.28-3.04). Interestingly, unlike PCBs, DDT and DDE, increased levels of HCB and beta-HCH seemed not to be associated with increased prevalence of diabetes. Nevertheless, individuals in the 5th quintile of the variable expressing the cumulative effect of all five POPs (sum of orders) had a more than tripled prevalence of prediabetes and more than six times higher prevalence of diabetes when compared with the 1st referent quintile. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Increasing serum concentrations of individual POPs considerably increased prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in a dose-dependent manner. Interaction of industrial and agricultural pollutants in increasing prevalence of prediabetes or diabetes is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ukropec
- Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology (an EU Centre of Excellence) Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Langer P, Kocan A, Tajtáková M, Susienková K, Rádiková Z, Koska J, Ksinantová L, Imrich R, Hucková M, Drobná B, Gasperíková D, Trnovec T, Klimes I. Multiple adverse thyroid and metabolic health signs in the population from the area heavily polluted by organochlorine cocktail (PCB, DDE, HCB, dioxin). Thyroid Res 2009; 2:3. [PMID: 19335881 PMCID: PMC2679721 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several our previous studies showed associations of increasing blood level of persistent organochlorinated pollutants (POPs) with individual thyroid and metabolic adverse health signs in subjects from heavily polluted area (POLL) compared to these from the area of background pollution (BCGR). In this study we present increasing number of subjects with multiple adverse signs positively associated with blood level of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which is used as a marker of other POPs cocktail. Methods In a total of 2046 adults (834 males and 1212 females; age range 21–75) from POLL and BCGR the serum level of major POPs such as of 15 most abundant PCBs congeners, dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was estimated by high resolution gas chromatography. In addition, the data on thyroid volume by ultrasound and body mass index were obtained and serum level of thyroperoxidase and thyrotropin receptor antibodies as well as that of free thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, thyroglobulin, fasting glucose and insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides was measured. Thus, a total of 13 adverse signs were defined and the interrelations between PCBs level and increasing number of subjects with increasing number of adverse signs were evaluated. Results Because of high correlation between major POPs (PCB, DDE and HCB), for this purpose the level of PCBs was considered as a marker also for the presence of DDE and HCB. Thus, if all data obtained from 2046 subjects were stratified according to quintiles of PCBs level, highly significant increase was found (p < 0.02 to 0.0000 by chi-sqauare) for the frequency of 8 among 13 signs, while the increase of one additional sign was slightly above significance limit and that in 4 other was not significant. Also the number of subjects with multiple adverse signs was significantly higher in POLL than in BCGR. For instance, in BCGR area (1038 subjects; median PCB level of 744 ng/g and 5%–95% range of 423 – 1329 ng/g serum lipids) there were 84 (8.1%) cases with 6 or 7 adverse health signs, while in POLL area (1008 subjects; median PCB level of 1892 ng/g; 5%–95% range of 685 – 9016 ng/g) the prevalence of respective cases was twice as high (195 cases = 19.3%; p < 0.001 by chi-square). For the subjects with the same PCB levels, but with 8 or 9 adverse signs the respective values were 22/1038 (2.1%) vs. 54/1008 (5.3%; p < 0.001). Conclusion Significantly higher accumulation of adverse signs in subjects with high POPs level was found in POLL thus supporting the conclusion that POPs appear to increase the prevalence of several subclinical and overt thyroid and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Langer
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Chiappini F, Alvarez L, Lux-Lantos V, Randi AS, Kleiman de Pisarev DL. Hexachlorobenzene Triggers Apoptosis in Rat Thyroid Follicular Cells. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:301-10. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Talsness CE. Overview of toxicological aspects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a flame-retardant additive in several consumer products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 108:158-167. [PMID: 18949835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants due to their long half-life and widespread use as flame retardants in several consumer products, including plastics. In addition to other actions, these compounds are characterized as thyroid hormone disruptors. Thyroid hormones affect the function of nearly all tissues via their effects on cellular metabolism and the essential roles they play in differentiation and growth. Interference with thyroid hormone homeostasis by these environmental compounds, therefore, has the potential to impact development and every system in the body. Their presence in human breast milk is particularly troubling due to exposure of nursing children. The last trimester of pregnancy up to 2 years of age corresponds to a time of rapid neurodevelopment and represents a period of vulnerability to environmental insults. Rodent studies indicate that PBDEs may act as developmental neurotoxicants and effects on the reproductive system have been reported as well. Concerns exist regarding possible impacts of exposure, in particular ones which occur during development, on human health. This paper is part of a series of articles regarding contaminants in plastic and provides an overview regarding PBDEs, a class of flame-retardant additives to plastic. PBDEs possess a similar structure to the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) previously used as lubricants in electrical generators and transformers until production was prohibited approximately 25 years ago. Parallels between the two compounds will be briefly made and in particular, as more epidemiological studies on PCBs are available than on PBDEs, a few examples concerning thyroid homeostasis, cognitive function and sexually dimorphic behavior in humans will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Talsness
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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