1
|
Talsness CE, Penders J, Jansen EHJM, Damoiseaux J, Thijs C, Mommers M. Influence of vitamin D on key bacterial taxa in infant microbiota in the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188011. [PMID: 29121673 PMCID: PMC5679631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has immunomodulatory properties giving it the potential to affect microbial colonization of the intestinal tract. We investigated whether maternal vitamin D supplemention, maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, or direct supplementation of the infant influences key bacterial taxa within microbiota of one month old infants. Infant and maternal vitamin D supplement use was ascertained via questionnaires. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was determined at approximately the 36th week of pregnancy. In 913 one month old infants in the prospective KOALA Birth Cohort Study, fecal Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis group, Lactobacillus spp. and total bacteria were quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction assays targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences. The association between vitamin D exposure and prevalence or abundance of a specific bacterial group or species was analyzed using logistic or linear regression, respectively. There was a statistically significant negative linear trend between counts of Bifidobacterium spp. and levels of maternal vitamin D supplementation and maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D quintiles, respectively. In addition, a positive linear trend between quintile groups and B. fragilis group counts was observed. Lower counts of C. difficile were associated with vitamin D supplementation of breast fed infants whose mothers were more likely to adhere to an alternative lifestyle in terms of, e.g., dietary habits. These data suggest that vitamin D influences the abundance of several key bacterial taxa within the infant microbiota. Given that intestinal microbiotic homeostasis may be an important factor in the prevention of immune mediated diseases and that vitamin D status is a modifiable factor, further investigation of the impact of postnatal vitamin D supplementation should be conducted in older infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E. Talsness
- Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Eugène H. J. M. Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Carel Thijs
- Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Monique Mommers
- Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chahoud I, Talsness CE, Walter A, Grote K. Response to Dr. Francisco Paumgartten's letter to the Editor: "On the persistence of rat axial skeleton anomalies after birth". Reprod Toxicol 2016; 60:169-70. [PMID: 26923260 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Chahoud
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School Berlin,Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E Talsness
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School Berlin,Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Walter
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School Berlin,Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstanze Grote
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School Berlin,Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hobler C, Andrade AJM, Grande SW, Gericke C, Talsness CE, Appel KE, Chahoud I, Grote K. Sex-dependent aromatase activity in rat offspring after pre- and postnatal exposure to triphenyltin chloride. Toxicology 2010; 276:198-205. [PMID: 20708649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is an organotin compound (OTC) previously widely used as an antifouling agent in paints applied in the marine environment, a fungicide, and as an agricultural pesticide. In female aquatic invertebrates, certain OTCs induce the so-called imposex, an abnormal induction of male sex characteristics. OTC-induced environmental endocrine disruption also occurs in fish and mammals and a number of in vivo and in vitro studies have argued that OTCs may act through inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. In vivo studies supporting the aromatase inhibition hypothesis in mammals are lacking. Recently, the causal relationship between inhibition of aromatase and imposex was questioned, suggesting aromatase independent mechanisms of action for this phenomenon. We conducted a comprehensive investigation to identify the most sensitive window of exposure to TPTCl and to examine the effects of pre- and postnatal exposure on postnatal development in rats. The results on brain and gonadal aromatase activity obtained from offspring of dams exposed to 2 mg TPTCl/kg bw are reported here. Female and male offspring rats were exposed to 2 mg TPTCl/kg bw/d in utero from gestation day 6 through lactation until weaning on PND 21, or from gestation day 6 until termination at adulthood. Male offspring were sacrificed from PND 58 and female offspring at first estrus after PND 58. Pre- and postnatal TPT exposure clearly affected brain and gonadal aromatase activity in a sex-dependent fashion. While brain aromatase activity was significantly increased on PND 21 and at adulthood in female offspring, male offspring exhibited a significant decrease in brain aromatase activity only at adulthood. Ovarian aromatase activity was unaffected at both time points investigated. In contrast, testicular aromatase activity was significantly increased in males on PND 21 and significantly decreased at adulthood independent from the duration of treatment. The results of the present study confirm our previously reported observations regarding sex-dependent differences in sexual development after TPT exposure with the male rat being more susceptible to disturbances through this endocrine active compound than the female. We conclude that TPT administered during the particularly vulnerable period of development can affect aromatase activity in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hobler
- Inst. of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Talsness CE, Andrade AJM, Kuriyama SN, Taylor JA, vom Saal FS. Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:2079-96. [PMID: 19528057 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Components used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), are detected in humans. In addition to their utility in plastics, an inadvertent characteristic of these chemicals is the ability to alter the endocrine system. Phthalates function as anti-androgens while the main action attributed to BPA is oestrogen-like activity. PBDE and TBBPA have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis while PBDEs also exhibit anti-androgen action. Experimental investigations in animals indicate a wide variety of effects associated with exposure to these compounds, causing concern regarding potential risk to human health. For example, the spectrum of effects following perinatal exposure of male rats to phthalates has remarkable similarities to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome in humans. Concentrations of BPA in the foetal mouse within the range of unconjugated BPA levels observed in human foetal blood have produced effects in animal experiments. Finally, thyroid hormones are essential for normal neurological development and reproductive function. Human body burdens of these chemicals are detected with high prevalence, and concentrations in young children, a group particularly sensitive to exogenous insults, are typically higher, indicating the need to decrease exposure to these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Talsness
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Flick B, Talsness CE, Jäckh R, Buesen R, Klug S. Embryotoxic potential of N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) and three of its metabolites using the rat whole embryo culture system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 237:154-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Grote K, Hobler C, Andrade AJ, Grande SW, Gericke C, Talsness CE, Appel KE, Chahoud I. Sex differences in effects on sexual development in rat offspring after pre- and postnatal exposure to triphenyltin chloride. Toxicology 2009; 260:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
7
|
Myers JP, vom Saal FS, Akingbemi BT, Arizono K, Belcher S, Colborn T, Chahoud I, Crain DA, Farabollini F, Guillette LJ, Hassold T, Ho SM, Hunt PA, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Kanno J, Laufer H, Marcus M, McLachlan JA, Nadal A, Oehlmann J, Olea N, Palanza P, Parmigiani S, Rubin BS, Schoenfelder G, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM, Talsness CE, Taylor JA, Vandenberg LN, Vandenbergh JG, Vogel S, Watson CS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT. Why public health agencies cannot depend on good laboratory practices as a criterion for selecting data: the case of bisphenol A. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117:309-15. [PMID: 19337501 PMCID: PMC2661896 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In their safety evaluations of bisphenol A (BPA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and a counterpart in Europe, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), have given special prominence to two industry-funded studies that adhered to standards defined by Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). These same agencies have given much less weight in risk assessments to a large number of independently replicated non-GLP studies conducted with government funding by the leading experts in various fields of science from around the world. OBJECTIVES We reviewed differences between industry-funded GLP studies of BPA conducted by commercial laboratories for regulatory purposes and non-GLP studies conducted in academic and government laboratories to identify hazards and molecular mechanisms mediating adverse effects. We examined the methods and results in the GLP studies that were pivotal in the draft decision of the U.S. FDA declaring BPA safe in relation to findings from studies that were competitive for U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, peer-reviewed for publication in leading journals, subject to independent replication, but rejected by the U.S. FDA for regulatory purposes. DISCUSSION Although the U.S. FDA and EFSA have deemed two industry-funded GLP studies of BPA to be superior to hundreds of studies funded by the U.S. NIH and NIH counterparts in other countries, the GLP studies on which the agencies based their decisions have serious conceptual and methodologic flaws. In addition, the U.S. FDA and EFSA have mistakenly assumed that GLP yields valid and reliable scientific findings (i.e., "good science"). Their rationale for favoring GLP studies over hundreds of publically funded studies ignores the central factor in determining the reliability and validity of scientific findings, namely, independent replication, and use of the most appropriate and sensitive state-of-the-art assays, neither of which is an expectation of industry-funded GLP research. CONCLUSIONS Public health decisions should be based on studies using appropriate protocols with appropriate controls and the most sensitive assays, not GLP. Relevant NIH-funded research using state-of-the-art techniques should play a prominent role in safety evaluations of chemicals.
Collapse
|
8
|
Talsness CE. Overview of toxicological aspects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a flame-retardant additive in several consumer products. Environ Res 2008; 108:158-167. [PMID: 18949835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants due to their long half-life and widespread use as flame retardants in several consumer products, including plastics. In addition to other actions, these compounds are characterized as thyroid hormone disruptors. Thyroid hormones affect the function of nearly all tissues via their effects on cellular metabolism and the essential roles they play in differentiation and growth. Interference with thyroid hormone homeostasis by these environmental compounds, therefore, has the potential to impact development and every system in the body. Their presence in human breast milk is particularly troubling due to exposure of nursing children. The last trimester of pregnancy up to 2 years of age corresponds to a time of rapid neurodevelopment and represents a period of vulnerability to environmental insults. Rodent studies indicate that PBDEs may act as developmental neurotoxicants and effects on the reproductive system have been reported as well. Concerns exist regarding possible impacts of exposure, in particular ones which occur during development, on human health. This paper is part of a series of articles regarding contaminants in plastic and provides an overview regarding PBDEs, a class of flame-retardant additives to plastic. PBDEs possess a similar structure to the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) previously used as lubricants in electrical generators and transformers until production was prohibited approximately 25 years ago. Parallels between the two compounds will be briefly made and in particular, as more epidemiological studies on PCBs are available than on PBDEs, a few examples concerning thyroid homeostasis, cognitive function and sexually dimorphic behavior in humans will be mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Talsness
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Talsness CE, Kuriyama SN, Sterner-Kock A, Schnitker P, Grande SW, Shakibaei M, Andrade A, Grote K, Chahoud I. In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:308-14. [PMID: 18335096 PMCID: PMC2265047 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are capable of disrupting thyroid hormone homeostasis. PBDE-47 (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) is one of the most abundant congeners found in human breast adipose tissue and maternal milk samples. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of developmental exposure to low doses of PBDE-47 on the female reproductive system. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were administered vehicle (peanut oil) or PBDE-47 [140 or 700 microg/kg body weight (bw)] on gestation day (GD) 6, or 5 mg 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)/L in the drinking water from GD7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. RESULTS In female offspring sacrificed on PND38, there was a significant decrease in ovarian weight after exposure to PTU or 140 microg/kg PBDE-47. Alterations in folliculogenesis were apparent: we observed a decrease in tertiary follicles and serum estradiol concentrations in the offspring exposed to either PTU or 700 microg/kg PBDE-47. PTU exposure also resulted in a decrease in primordial follicles. On PND100, persistent effects on the thyroid glands included histologic and morphometric changes after exposure to either PTU or PBDE-47. No relevant changes in reproductive indices were observed after mating the exposed F1 females with nontreated males. CONCLUSIONS Administration of PBDE-47 at doses relevant to human exposure led to changes in the rat female reproductive system and thyroid gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Talsness
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuriyama SN, Wanner A, Fidalgo-Neto AA, Talsness CE, Koerner W, Chahoud I. Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: Tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels. Toxicology 2007; 242:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
vom Saal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, Birnbaum LS, Crain DA, Eriksen M, Farabollini F, Guillette LJ, Hauser R, Heindel JJ, Ho SM, Hunt PA, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Kanno J, Keri RA, Knudsen KE, Laufer H, LeBlanc GA, Marcus M, McLachlan JA, Myers JP, Nadal A, Newbold RR, Olea N, Prins GS, Richter CA, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM, Talsness CE, Vandenbergh JG, Vandenberg LN, Walser-Kuntz DR, Watson CS, Welshons WV, Wetherill Y, Zoeller RT. Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:131-8. [PMID: 17768031 PMCID: PMC2967230 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benson T. Akingbemi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Scott M. Belcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - D. Andrew Crain
- Biology Department, Maryville College, Maryville, TN 37804, United States
| | - Marcus Eriksen
- Algalita Marine Research Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90034, United States
| | | | - Louis J. Guillette
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- National Institutes of Natural Science, Okazaki Institute For Integrative Bioscience Bioenvironmental Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Susan Jobling
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Jun Kanno
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ruth A. Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Hans Laufer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Gerald A. LeBlanc
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Michele Marcus
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - John A. McLachlan
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research, Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | | | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - Retha R. Newbold
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Nicolas Olea
- CIBERESP Hospital Clinico-University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | | | - Beverly S. Rubin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts Medical School, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Ana M. Soto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Chris E. Talsness
- Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - John G. Vandenbergh
- Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | | | - Cheryl S. Watson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Wade V. Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Yelena Wetherill
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Richter CA, Birnbaum LS, Farabollini F, Newbold RR, Rubin BS, Talsness CE, Vandenbergh JG, Walser-Kuntz DR, vom Saal FS. In vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:199-224. [PMID: 17683900 PMCID: PMC2151845 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Concern is mounting regarding the human health and environmental effects of bisphenol A (BPA), a high-production-volume chemical used in synthesis of plastics. We have reviewed the growing literature on effects of low doses of BPA, below 50 mg/(kg day), in laboratory exposures with mammalian model organisms. Many, but not all, effects of BPA are similar to effects seen in response to the model estrogens diethylstilbestrol and ethinylestradiol. For most effects, the potency of BPA is approximately 10-1000-fold less than that of diethylstilbestrol or ethinylestradiol. Based on our review of the literature, a consensus was reached regarding our level of confidence that particular outcomes occur in response to low dose BPA exposure. We are confident that adult exposure to BPA affects the male reproductive tract, and that long lasting, organizational effects in response to developmental exposure to BPA occur in the brain, the male reproductive system, and metabolic processes. We consider it likely, but requiring further confirmation, that adult exposure to BPA affects the brain, the female reproductive system, and the immune system, and that developmental effects occur in the female reproductive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Retha R. Newbold
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Beverly S. Rubin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Chris E. Talsness
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grote K, Hobler C, Andrade AJM, Grande SW, Gericke C, Talsness CE, Appel KE, Chahoud I. Effects of in utero and lactational exposure to triphenyltin chloride on pregnancy outcome and postnatal development in rat offspring. Toxicology 2007; 238:177-85. [PMID: 17644232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The organotin compound (OTC) triphenyltin (TPT) is used extensively as a herbicide, pesticide and fungicide in agriculture as well as, together with tributyltin (TBT), in marine antifouling paints. We studied the effects of in utero exposure to 2 or 6 mg triphenyltinchloride (TPTCl)/kgb.w. on pregnancy outcome and postnatal development in rat offspring. Gravid Wistar rats were treated per gavage from gestational day 6 until the end of lactation. In the 6 mg TPTCl dose group gestational mortality in dams as well as an increased incidence of anticipated and delayed parturition was observed. Furthermore, treatment resulted in a significant increase in perinatal mortality, a decrease in lactational body weight gain as well as in delayed physical maturation of offspring. Similarily, exposure to 2mg TPTCl/kgb.w. resulted in a significant increase in perinatal mortality and in delayed eye opening. Lactational body weight gain and other landmarks of physical maturation were unaffected in the low dose group. We conclude, that in utero exposure to TPTCl at the described dose levels severely affected pregnancy outcome and perinatal survival of offspring. These results were unexpected, as in two earlier studies with pubertal rats TPTCl at the same dose levels no signs of general toxicity were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Grote
- Inst. of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grande SW, Andrade AJM, Talsness CE, Grote K, Golombiewski A, Sterner-Kock A, Chahoud I. A dose–response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): Reproductive effects on adult female offspring rats. Toxicology 2007; 229:114-22. [PMID: 17098345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used in numerous consumer products, mainly imparting flexibility and durability to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based plastics. It is a known reproductive and developmental toxicant in male rodents. However, data regarding effects of DEHP on female reproductive health are particularly sparse. We performed an extensive dose-response study following developmental exposure to DEHP and evaluated the effects on adult female reproductive function. Two wide ranges of doses, low and high, were tested. Female Wistar rats were treated daily with DEHP and peanut oil (vehicle control) by gavage from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21. The low doses were: 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405 and 1.215mgDEHP/kg/bw/day and the high doses were: 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405mg DEHP/kg/bw/day. At the doses tested, no effects on organ (liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, thyroid, ovary and uterus) or body weights were detected. Female offspring presented a normal pattern of estrous cyclicity with no hormonal alterations (serum estradiol and progesterone). A statistically significant increase in tertiary atretic follicles was observed at the highest dose (405mgDEHP/kg/day). Morphometric analysis indicated that uterus and vagina luminal epithelial cell height were unaffected by treatment. An increase in the number of ovarian atretic tertiary follicles was the only effect observed in adult female offspring exposed in utero and during lactation to DEHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone W Grande
- Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Andrade AJM, Grande SW, Talsness CE, Gericke C, Grote K, Golombiewski A, Sterner-Kock A, Chahoud I. A dose response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): Reproductive effects on adult male offspring rats. Toxicology 2006; 228:85-97. [PMID: 16996189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive effects of in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in adult male offspring rats were investigated. The selected endpoints included reproductive organ weights, testicular function, hormonal status, sexual behaviour and fertility. Two wide ranges of doses, low and high, were tested. Female Wistar rats were treated daily with DEHP and peanut oil (vehicle control) by gavage from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21. The low-doses were 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405 and 1.215 mg DEHP/kg body weight (bw)/day, and the high-doses were 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 mg DEHP/kg bw/day. A reduction in daily sperm production of 19-25% in relation to control was observed in animals exposed to 15, 45, 135 and 405 mg/kg/day. Quantitation of specific cell types shows that the observed effects in daily sperm production are not related to changes in the number of Sertoli cells or their capability to support early stages spermatocytes. A low incidence of cryptorchidism was observed in DEHP exposed groups with a lowest observed adverse effect level of 5mg/kg/day. Serum testosterone concentration was similar to control at most doses but was significantly increased at 0.045, 0.405 and 405 mg DEHP/kg/day. In spite of this effect, the weight of seminal vesicle with coagulating glands was significantly reduced at 405 mg/kg/day. Testis, epididymis and prostate weights were similar among groups. Fertility and sexual behaviour were not affected by DEHP treatment at any dose. Overall, our results show that in utero and lactational DEHP exposure reduces daily sperm production and has the potential to induce reproductive tract abnormalities (of which cryptorchidism seems to be the most sensitive in our rat strain) in male offspring rats. The lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) for these effects were 15 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for this study can be set at 1.215 mg/kg/day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J M Andrade
- Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Garystrasse 5, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Andrade AJM, Grande SW, Talsness CE, Grote K, Chahoud I. A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP): non-monotonic dose-response and low dose effects on rat brain aromatase activity. Toxicology 2006; 227:185-92. [PMID: 16949715 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer which can act as an endocrine disruptor. It has been suggested that in addition to its antiandrogenic effects, DEHP may interfere with estrogen metabolism through suppression of aromatase enzyme activity. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and plays a critical role in brain sexual differentiation. We investigated the effects of two wide ranges of DEHP doses on brain aromatase activity of male and female rat offspring. Wistar rat dams were treated daily with DEHP and peanut oil (control) by gavage from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21 at doses of 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405 and 1.215mgDEHP/kgbodyweight(bw)/day (low doses) and at 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405mgDEHP/kgbw/day (high doses). Aromatase activity was determined in hypothalamic/preoptic area (HPOA) brain sections from male and female pups on postnatal days (PNDs) 1 and 22. In males on PND 1, aromatase activity was inhibited at low doses and increased at high doses resulting in a non-monotonic dose-response profile which resembled a J-shaped curve. Inhibition was statistically significant at 0.135 and 0.405mgDEHP/kg/day, while increased activity was observed at 15, 45 and 405mg/kg/day. In contrast to findings on PND 1, aromatase activity at weaning (PND 22) was more affected in females than in males. An increase in aromatase activity was observed at only one dose in males (0.405mg/kg/day) while an increase in activity was observed at all doses in the females except for 0.045 and 5mgDEHP/kg/day. Overall, these results indicate that males and females respond differently to DEHP not only in regard to the age at which effects are manifested, but also in the shape of the dose-response curve. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report biological effects of DEHP at doses that overlap with the estimated exposure of the general human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J M Andrade
- Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Andrade AJM, Grande SW, Talsness CE, Grote K, Golombiewski A, Sterner-Kock A, Chahoud I. A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): effects on androgenic status, developmental landmarks and testicular histology in male offspring rats. Toxicology 2006; 225:64-74. [PMID: 16806631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An extensive dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was conducted. A wide range of low and high DEHP doses were tested. Reproductive effects were evaluated on male offspring rats. Female Wistar rats were treated daily with DEHP and peanut oil by gavage from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21 at doses of 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405 and 1.215 mg DEHP/kg body weight (bw)/day (low doses) and at 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 mg DEHP/kg bw/day (high doses). Nipple retention and reduced anogenital distance, both sensitive markers of anti-androgenic effects during development, were only seen in males exposed to the highest dose (405 mg/kg/day). Delayed preputial separation was observed in animals exposed to 15 mg DEHP/kg/day and higher doses. Histopathological examination of the testis on postnatal days (PNDs) 1 and 22 revealed changes at 135 and 405 mg DEHP/kg/day. The most prominent finding on PND 1 was the presence of bi- and multinucleated gonocytes. On PND 22 signs of reduced germ cell differentiation in seminiferous tubules of exposed animals were observed. Testis weight on PND 22 was significantly increased at 5, 15, 45 and 135 mg/kg/day, an effect that qualitatively differs from exposure to higher doses. The current results show that DEHP acts as an anti-androgen at a high dose exposure (405 mg/kg/day). However, these results also indicate that other subtle developmental effects occur at lower DEHP doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J M Andrade
- Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grote K, Andrade AJM, Grande SW, Kuriyama SN, Talsness CE, Appel KE, Chahoud I. Effects of peripubertal exposure to triphenyltin on female sexual development of the rat. Toxicology 2006; 222:17-24. [PMID: 16464526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) belongs to the group of organotin compounds which have been shown to affect reproduction in mammals. It is used as a fungicide and antifouling agent and the main source of human exposure is via food. We studied the effects of 2 or 6 mg TPT/kg bw on female sexual development using a modification of the Rodent 20-Day Thyroid/Pubertal Female Assay. Moreover, the effect of TPT before the onset of puberty was investigated. Beginning at postnatal day (PND) 23 female Wistar rats were treated per gavage until either PND 33 or the first estrus after PND 53. A delay in the completion of vaginal opening (VO) was observed in the 6 mg TPT group, while the 2mg TPT group showed advanced VO. Significantly increased ovarian weights were observed in both treatment groups. Steroid hormone levels and ovarian aromatase activity were affected after exposure to 6 mg TPT/kg bw, while treatment with 2mg TPT/kg bw resulted in minor changes of these endpoints. We conclude that peripubertal exposure to 6 mg TPT/kg bw, and to a lesser extent to 2mg TPT/kg bw, affects female sexual development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Grote
- Inst. of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grande SW, Andrade AJM, Talsness CE, Grote K, Chahoud I. A Dose-Response Study Following In Utero and Lactational Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: Effects on Female Rat Reproductive Development. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:247-54. [PMID: 16476687 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates, a class of chemicals used as plasticizers, are economically important due to several industrial applications. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used phthalate plasticizer, and it has been described as a potent antiandrogen in males. We performed an extensive dose-response study following developmental exposure to DEHP and evaluated the effects on female reproductive development. Two wide ranges of doses that included dose levels relevant for human exposure as well as high doses typically used in toxicological studies were tested. Female Wistar rats were treated daily with DEHP and peanut oil (vehicle control) by gavage from gestation day 6 to lactation day 22. The low doses were 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405, and 1.215 mg DEHP/kg body weight (bw)/day, and the high doses were 5, 15, 45, 135, and 405 mg DEHP/kg bw/day. At the dose levels tested, no signs of maternal toxicity were observed. A significant delay in the age at vaginal opening (approximately 2 days) at 15 mg DEHP/kg bw/day and above, as well as a trend for a delay in the age at first estrus at 135 and 405 mg DEHP/kg bw/day (approximately 2 days), was observed. Liver enlargement (characteristic of phthalate exposure in rats) was limited to the 135- and 405-mg DEHP/kg bw/day doses. Anogenital distance and nipple development were unaffected. Based on the results of delayed pubertal onset, the no observed adverse effect level for female reproductive development may be set at 5 mg DEHP/kg bw/day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wichert Grande
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medical School Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lilienthal H, Hack A, Roth-Härer A, Grande SW, Talsness CE. Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:194-201. [PMID: 16451854 PMCID: PMC1367831 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in breast milk cause concern about possible developmental effects in nursed babies. Because previous studies in rats have indicated effects on sex steroids and sexually dimorphic behavior after maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), our goal in the present study was to determine if developmental exposure to 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) induces similar endocrine-mediated effects. Pregnant rats were exposed to vehicle or PBDE-99 (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight, daily during gestational days 10-18). For comparison, we also included a group exposed to the technical PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (30 mg/kg body weight, daily). PBDE exposure resulted in pronounced decreases in circulating sex steroids in male offspring at weaning and in adulthood. Female offspring were less affected. Anogenital distance was reduced in male offspring. Puberty onset was delayed in female offspring at the higher dose level, whereas a slight acceleration was detected in low-dose males. The number of primordial/primary ovarian follicles was reduced in females at the lower dose, whereas decline of secondary follicles was more pronounced at the higher dose. Sweet preference was dose-dependently increased in PBDE-exposed adult males, indicating a feminization of this sexually dimorphic behavior. Aroclor 1254 did not alter sweet preference and numbers of primordial/primary and secondary follicles but it did affect steroid concentrations in males and sexual development in both sexes. PBDE concentrations in tissues of dams and offspring were highest on gestational day 19. These results support the hypothesis that PBDEs are endocrine-active compounds and interfere with sexual development and sexually dimorphic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hellmuth Lilienthal
- Department of Neurobehavioral Toxicology, Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Talsness CE, Chahoud I. Commentary on "Cancer biology and hormesis: human tumor cell lines commonly display hormetic (biphasic) dose responses" by Edward J. Calabrese. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006; 35:599-601. [PMID: 16422397 DOI: 10.1080/10408440500246868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Talsness
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Talsness CE, Shakibaei M, Kuriyama SN, Grande SW, Sterner-Kock A, Schnitker P, de Souza C, Grote K, Chahoud I. Ultrastructural changes observed in rat ovaries following in utero and lactational exposure to low doses of a polybrominated flame retardant. Toxicol Lett 2005; 157:189-202. [PMID: 15917144 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics and electrical appliances, have been shown to interfere with thyroid homeostasis. We evaluated the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations (low doses) of 2,2',4, 4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on the female reproductive system. A single dose of either 60 microg or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (BW) was administered on gestation day 6 to gravid Wistar rats. A reference control was treated with 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) on gestation days 7-21. Ultrastructural changes compatible with altered mitochondrial morphology were observed in the ovaries of the F1 offspring. No statistically significant changes in ovarian follicle counts were observed. Mating of the F1 females with untreated males revealed resorption rates in the PBDE groups greater than the limits considered normal for our controls. External and skeletal anomalies were detected in offspring (F2) from two different dams (F1) with early developmental exposure to 300 microg PBDE-99/kg BW. Exposure to PBDE-99 resulted in female reproductive tract changes in the F1 generation which were apparent at adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Talsness
- Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Garystr. 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kuriyama SN, Talsness CE, Grote K, Chahoud I. Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:149-54. [PMID: 15687051 PMCID: PMC1277857 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In utero exposure to a single low dose of 2,2 ,4,4 ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) disrupts neurobehavioral development and causes permanent effects on the rat male reproductive system apparent in adulthood. PBDEs, a class of flame retardants, are widely used in every sector of modern life to prevent fire. They are persistent in the environment, and increasing levels of PBDEs have been found in biota and human breast milk. In the present study we assessed the effects of developmental exposure to one of the most persistent PBDE congeners (PBDE-99) on juvenile basal motor activity levels and adult male reproductive health. Wistar rat dams were treated by gavage on gestation day 6 with a single low dose of 60 or 300 microg PBDE-99/kg body weight (bw). In offspring, basal locomotor activity was evaluated on postnatal days 36 and 71, and reproductive performance was assessed in males at adulthood. The exposure to low-dose PBDE-99 during development caused hyperactivity in the offspring at both time points and permanently impaired spermatogenesis by the means of reduced sperm and spermatid counts. The doses used in this study (60 and 300 microg/kg bw) are relevant to human exposure levels, being approximately 6 and 29 times, respectively, higher than the highest level reported in human breast adipose tissue. This is the lowest dose of PBDE reported to date to have an in vivo toxic effect in rodents and supports the premise that low-dose studies should be encouraged for hazard identification of persistent environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio N Kuriyama
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Charité University Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grote K, Stahlschmidt B, Talsness CE, Gericke C, Appel KE, Chahoud I. Effects of organotin compounds on pubertal male rats. Toxicology 2004; 202:145-58. [PMID: 15337578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 05/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) induce effects in male and female reproductive organs of rodents. They also cause tumors in these organs and it is theorized that they result from endocrine disruption. We studied the effects of 40 mg methyltestosterone (MTT), 0.5 or 15 mg TBT and 2, 6 or 12 mg TPT/kg bw on the male sexual development using a modification of the Rodent 20-Day Thyroid/Pubertal Male Assay. Male Wistar rats were treated per gavage for 30 days beginning at 23 days of age. A delay in the completion of preputial separation was observed after administration of MTT and 15 mg/kg TBT. Changes in weights of one or more reproductive organs were observed in all treatment groups. Testosterone concentration was decreased in the MTT, the 15 mg TBT as well as in the 6 and 12 mg TPT groups. A decrease in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was observed in the MTT and 15 mg TBT groups while an increase was seen after exposure to 6 mg TPT/kg bw. We conclude that peripubertal exposure to 15 mg TBT and 6 mg TPT/kg bw clearly affected male sexual development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Grote
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medical School, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schönfelder G, Wittfoht W, Hopp H, Talsness CE, Paul M, Chahoud I. Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:A703-A707. [PMID: 12417499 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.021100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, is employed in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products. The suggestion that BPA, at amounts to which we are exposed, alters the reproductive organs of developing rodents has caused concern. At present, no information exists concerning the exposure of human pregnant women and their fetuses to BPA. We therefore investigated blood samples from mothers (n = 37) between weeks 32 and 41 of gestation. Afer the births, we also analyzed placental tissue and umbilical cord blood from the same subjects. We developed a novel chemical derivatization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method to analyze parent BPA at concentrations < 1 micro g/mL in plasma and tissues. Concentrations of BPA ranged from 0.3 to 18.9 ng/mL (median = 3.1 ng/mL) in maternal plasma, from 0.2 to 9.2 ng/mL (median = 2.3 ng/mL) in fetal plasma, and from 1.0 to 104.9 ng/g (median = 12.7 ng/g) in placental tissue. BPA blood concentrations were higher in male than in female fetuses. Here we demonstrate parent BPA in pregnant women and their fetuses. Exposure levels of parent BPA were found within a range typical of those used in recent animal studies and were shown to be toxic to reproductive organs of male and female offspring. We suggest that the range of BPA concentrations we measured may be related to sex differences in metabolization of parent BPA or variable maternal use of consumer products leaching BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Schönfelder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Freie Universität, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schönfelder G, Wittfoht W, Hopp H, Talsness CE, Paul M, Chahoud I. Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:A703-7. [PMID: 12417499 PMCID: PMC1241091 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.110-1241091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, is employed in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products. The suggestion that BPA, at amounts to which we are exposed, alters the reproductive organs of developing rodents has caused concern. At present, no information exists concerning the exposure of human pregnant women and their fetuses to BPA. We therefore investigated blood samples from mothers (n = 37) between weeks 32 and 41 of gestation. Afer the births, we also analyzed placental tissue and umbilical cord blood from the same subjects. We developed a novel chemical derivatization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method to analyze parent BPA at concentrations < 1 micro g/mL in plasma and tissues. Concentrations of BPA ranged from 0.3 to 18.9 ng/mL (median = 3.1 ng/mL) in maternal plasma, from 0.2 to 9.2 ng/mL (median = 2.3 ng/mL) in fetal plasma, and from 1.0 to 104.9 ng/g (median = 12.7 ng/g) in placental tissue. BPA blood concentrations were higher in male than in female fetuses. Here we demonstrate parent BPA in pregnant women and their fetuses. Exposure levels of parent BPA were found within a range typical of those used in recent animal studies and were shown to be toxic to reproductive organs of male and female offspring. We suggest that the range of BPA concentrations we measured may be related to sex differences in metabolization of parent BPA or variable maternal use of consumer products leaching BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Schönfelder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Freie Universität, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Solecki R, Bürgin H, Buschmann J, Clark R, Duverger M, Fialkowski O, Guittin P, Hazelden KP, Hellwig J, Hoffmann E, Hofmann T, Hübel U, Khalil S, Lingk W, Mantovani A, Moxon M, Müller S, Parkinson M, Paul M, Paumgartten F, Pfeil R, Platzek T, Rauch-Ernst M, Scheevelenbos A, Seed J, Talsness CE, Yasuda M, Younes M, Chahoud I. Harmonisation of rat fetal skeletal terminology and classification. Report of the Third Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology. Berlin, 14-16 September 2000. Reprod Toxicol 2001; 15:713-21. [PMID: 11738525 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(01)00179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The initial efforts of the Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV) and the Free University of Berlin to standardise terminology in the field of developmental toxicology began in 1995. Procedures were undertaken to harmonise the terminology used by the International Federation of Teratology Societies (IFTS) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). This article reflects these activities and is a report on the Third Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology held in September 2000. This Workshop served as a forum to discuss the results of a survey on the classification of skeletal anomalies that had been previously sent to scientists active in the field. Although high agreement was reached among the evaluators for several terms, the use of a number of terms was rather variable. Therefore, the discussions at the workshop among the experts from research institutions, regulatory agencies, and industry were mainly focussed on those terms for which there was disagreement and/or uncertainties and the possible reasons. Pictures provided by the participants for the illustration of "grey zone" anomalies constituted the basis for detailed discussions. In many of the cases with lower agreement, decisions were facilitated by the provision of the corresponding picture. The main reasons for lower agreement were imprecise terms, insufficient knowledge on postnatal consequences, theoretical terms that are unlikely to occur in isolation, and the possibility of observing a range of severity that might be decisive for the classification of either a malformation or variation. The attendees concluded that "grey-zone" anomalies will never disappear completely and that for the assessment, the grade of severity and/or the frequency of the observation can be decisive for the terminology chosen. A Joint IPCS/IFTS Project was proposed to further consensus of terminology and classification and to link these anomalies to pictures at different skeletal sites. In order to support the harmonisation of regulatory decisions, it was proposed to establish a "Clearinghouse" System under the umbrella of the IPCS. The Clearinghouse could be contacted either by the regulatory authorities or by any company to clarify their queries, particularly with regard to registration or authorisation processes. Finally, it was recommended to also carry out a similar survey on "soft tissue anomalies" and "external findings." The results of this survey will be discussed at a Joint IPCS/IFTS Workshop in Berlin in 2002.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Solecki
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liefeldt L, Schönfelder G, Böcker W, Hocher B, Talsness CE, Rettig R, Paul M. Transgenic rats expressing the human ET-2 gene: a model for the study of endothelin actions in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 1999; 77:565-74. [PMID: 10494802 DOI: 10.1007/s001099900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have characterized the endothelin peptides (ET-1, ET-2, ET-3) as strong vasoconstrictors which are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Whereas ET-1 and ET-3 have been characterized using a number of approaches, little is known about the function of ET-2. The aim of this study was to define the role of ET-2 in physiology and pathophysiology using a transgenic approach. Transgenic rats expressing a genomic construct of the human ET-2 gene were generated by microinjection of fertilized oocytes from Sprague-Dawley rats. Two transgenic lines were generated, and one line was further characterized in detail. Studies on mRNA expression demonstrated that the transgene is expressed predominantly in kidney, gastrointestinal tract, adrenal gland, lung, and brain. Plasma endothelin levels were elevated 2-fold, and big-endothelin levels were elevated 2.5-fold. Despite these alterations blood pressure in transgenic rats remained normal. Further analysis of transgenic animals revealed that endothelin receptors were not downregulated, and that infusion of exogenous human ET-2 results in an enhanced blood pressure response. These observations suggest the presence of counterregulatory mechanisms influencing the effects of endothelin on blood pressure. One of these mechanisms may involve the nitric oxide system since infusion of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase resulted in a greater blood pressure response than in non-transgenic littermates. Despite unchanged blood pressure, alterations were observed in organ development and function, namely of hearts and kidneys, indicating an interference between transgene expression and growth processes. Male rats seem to be more susceptible to endothelin actions. These data show that the elevation in endothelin-2 expression in this transgenic model does not induce hypertension but leads to changes at the end-organ level. Normotension is most likely due to compensatory mechanisms such as increased nitric oxide formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Liefeldt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hirsch AT, Talsness CE, Smith AD, Schunkert H, Ingelfinger JR, Dzau VJ. Differential effects of captopril and enalapril on tissue renin-angiotensin systems in experimental heart failure. Circulation 1992; 86:1566-74. [PMID: 1330361 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.86.5.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy elicits beneficial responses from patients with heart failure. We hypothesized that a major site of action of these drugs is tissue ACE and that ACE inhibitors might differ in their ability to inhibit tissue ACE. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of captopril and enalapril on blood pressure and renal function and on serum and tissue ACE activities in sham-operated rats and rats with heart failure induced by coronary artery ligation. METHODS AND RESULTS During short-term (1-week) treatment, captopril (200 mg.kg-1.day-1) and enalapril (25 mg.kg-1.day-1) elicited equipotent effects on blood pressure and inhibition of serum ACE activity (85%). The effects of long-term treatment (47 days) were then studied beginning 45 +/- 5 days after coronary ligation in four treatment groups: sham-operated, vehicle (n = 14); heart failure, vehicle (n = 10); heart failure, captopril (n = 8); and heart failure, enalapril rats (n = 7). During long-term treatment, captopril and enalapril caused comparable falls of 12-18 mm Hg in blood pressure (p < 0.01 compared with vehicle treatment). There was no change in urine volume or sodium or potassium excretion in vehicle- or captopril-treated heart failure rats; in contrast, enalapril-treated heart failure rats demonstrated 83% and 10% increases in urine volume and daily sodium excretion, respectively, compared with vehicle-treated rats (both p < or = 0.01). No significant changes in blood urea nitrogen or creatinine were observed with either treatment. Enalapril but not captopril elicited a significant decrease in serum and lung ACE activities. Captopril but not enalapril inhibited aortic ACE activity. Both agents caused a comparable inhibition of renal ACE activity. The magnitude of inhibition of renal ACE activity but not serum and vascular (aortic) ACE activities correlated with the long-term blood pressure response. Enalapril but not captopril normalized renal angiotensinogen expression; the magnitude of this effect correlated with the increase in daily urinary sodium excretion (r = -0.43; p < or = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that chronic treatment with these two agents elicits differential effects on tissue ACE activities and renal angiotensinogen regulation. The differential renal effects of these agents may be important in the treatment of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Hirsch
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schunkert H, Ingelfinger JR, Hirsch AT, Tang SS, Litwin SE, Talsness CE, Dzau VJ. Evidence for tissue-specific activation of renal angiotensinogen mRNA expression in chronic stable experimental heart failure. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1523-9. [PMID: 1401084 PMCID: PMC443199 DOI: 10.1172/jci116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to the pathophysiology of heart failure by the generation of angiotensin II at local sites within the kidneys. Angiotensin II may directly influence renal hemodynamics, glomerular contractility, and tubular sodium reabsorption, thereby promoting sodium and fluid retention in this syndrome. In the present study, we examined components of the circulating RAS as well as the intrarenal expressions of renin and angiotensinogen mRNA in rats with stable compensated heart failure (HF) 12 wk after experimental myocardial infarction. Renal angiotensinogen mRNA level in vehicle-treated HF rats increased 47%, as compared with sham control rats (P = 0.001). The increase in angiotensinogen mRNA levels was more pronounced in animals with medium (46%, P < 0.05) and large (66%, P < 0.05) infarcts than in those with small infarcts (31%, P = NS). There were no differences in liver angiotensinogen mRNA, circulating angiotensinogen, angiotensin II, plasma renin concentration (PRC), kidney renin content (KRC), and renal renin mRNA level between sham and HFv. In addition, in a separate group of rats with heart failure, we demonstrated that renal angiotensin II concentration increased twofold (P < 0.05) as compared with that of age-matched sham operated controls. A parallel group of heart failure rats (HFe, n = 11) was treated with enalapril (25 mg/kg per d) in drinking water for 6 wk before these measurements. Blood pressure decreased significantly during treatment (91 vs. 103 mm Hg, P < 0.05). Enalapril treatment in HF rats increased renin mRNA level (2.5-fold, P < 0.005), KRC (5.6-fold, P = 0.005), and PRC (15.5-fold, P < 0.005). The increase in renal angiotensinogen mRNA level observed in HFv rats was markedly attenuated in enalapril treated HF rats (P < 0.001), suggesting a positive feedback of angiotensin II on renal angiotensinogen synthesis. These findings demonstrate an activation of intrarenal RAS, but no changes in the circulating counterpart in this model of experimental heart failure, and they support the concept that the intrinsic renal RAS may contribute to the pathophysiology in this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Schunkert
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5246
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
In addition to the circulating renin-angiotensin system, recent data demonstrate the existence of tissue renin-angiotensin systems that may be important in cardiovascular homeostasis. However, the relative activities of the circulating and tissue renin-angiotensin systems have not been examined previously in pathophysiological states, such as congestive heart failure. The present study was performed to examine the status of plasma and tissue angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activities in compensated experimental heart failure induced by coronary artery ligation in the rat. Three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined: 1) nonoperated rats (NO, n = 5), 2) sham-operated rats (SO, n = 5), and 3) heart failure rats (HF, n = 11). Rats were studied an averaged of 85 days postoperatively. In HF animals, plasma renin concentration and serum ACE activities were not different compared with NO and SO control animals. Cardiac ACE activity was 50% greater in the right ventricle than the interventricular septum in NO and SO rats. Both right ventricular and interventricular septal ACE activity increased approximately twofold in HF animals as compared with NO and SO groups (p less than 0.05). In contrast, pulmonary, aortic, and renal ACE activities were not altered in HF rats compared with control animals. A positive correlation existed between the histopathological size of myocardial infarction and the level of right ventricular ACE activity (r = 0.75, p less than or equal to 0.05). Such a relation between infarct size and either serum or noncardiac tissue ACE activities was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Hirsch
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|