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Makhanthisa TI, Guarido MM, Kemp A, Weyer J, Rostal MK, Karesh WB, Thompson PN. Characterization of mosquito host-biting networks of potential Rift Valley fever virus vectors in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:341. [PMID: 39138532 PMCID: PMC11323694 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus with serious implications for livestock health, human health, and the economy in Africa, and is suspected to be endemic in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. The vectors of RVFV in this area are poorly known, although several species, such as Aedes (Neomelaniconion) mcintoshi, Aedes (Neomelaniconion) circumluteolus, Aedes (Aedimorphus) durbanensis, and Culex (Lasioconops) poicilipes may be involved. The aim of the study was to determine the vertebrate blood meal sources of potential RVFV mosquito vectors in north-eastern KZN and to characterize the host-biting network. METHODS Blood-fed mosquitoes were collected monthly from November 2019 to February 2023 using a backpack aspirator, CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light traps and tent traps, in the vicinity of water bodies and livestock farming households. The mosquitoes were morphologically identified. DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes and used as templates to amplify the vertebrate cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplicons were sequenced and queried in GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data systems to identify the vertebrate blood meal sources and confirm mosquito identifications. All mosquitoes were screened for RVFV using real time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RESULTS We identified the mammalian (88.8%) and avian (11.3%) blood meal sources from 409 blood-fed mosquitoes. Aedes circumluteolus (n = 128) made up the largest proportion of collected mosquitoes. Cattle (n = 195) and nyala (n = 61) were the most frequent domestic and wild hosts, respectively. Bipartite network analysis showed that the rural network consisted of more host-biting interactions than the reserve network. All mosquitoes tested negative for RVFV. CONCLUSIONS Several mosquito species, including Ae. circumluteolus, and vertebrate host species, including cattle and nyala, could play a central role in RVFV transmission. Future research in this region should focus on these species to better understand RVFV amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takalani I Makhanthisa
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Milehna M Guarido
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Alan Kemp
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Peter N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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Becquart P, Bohou Kombila L, Mebaley TN, Paupy C, Garcia D, Nesi N, Olive MM, Vanhomwegen J, Boundenga L, Mombo IM, Piro-Mégy C, Fritz M, Lenguiya LH, Ar Gouilh M, Leroy EM, N’Dilimabaka N, Cêtre-Sossah C, Maganga GD. Evidence for circulation of Rift Valley fever virus in wildlife and domestic animals in a forest environment in Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011756. [PMID: 38427694 PMCID: PMC10936825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) that can infect domestic and wild animals. Although the RVFV transmission cycle has been well documented across Africa in savanna ecosystems, little is known about its transmission in tropical rainforest settings, particularly in Central Africa. We therefore conducted a survey in northeastern Gabon to assess RVFV circulation among wild and domestic animals. Among 163 wildlife samples tested using RVFV-specific RT-qPCR, four ruminants belonging to subfamily Cephalophinae were detected positive. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four RVFV sequences clustered together with a virus isolated in Namibia within the well-structured Egyptian clade. A cross-sectional survey conducted on sheep, goats and dogs living in villages within the same area determined the IgG RVFV-specific antibody prevalence using cELISA. Out of the 306 small ruminants tested (214 goats, 92 sheep), an overall antibody prevalence of 15.4% (95% CI [11.5-19.9]) was observed with a higher rate in goats than in sheep (20.1% versus 3.3%). RVFV-specific antibodies were detected in a single dog out of the 26 tested. Neither age, sex of domestic animals nor season was found to be significant risk factors of RVFV occurrence. Our findings highlight sylvatic circulation of RVFV for the first time in Gabon. These results stress the need to develop adequate surveillance plan measures to better control the public health threat of RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Becquart
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Telstar Ndong Mebaley
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Déborah Garcia
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Nesi
- INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, department of virology, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Camille Piro-Mégy
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Fritz
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, department of virology, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine N’Dilimabaka
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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Coradduzza E, Scarpa F, Rocchigiani AM, Cacciotto C, Lostia G, Fiori MS, Rodriguez Valera Y, De Pascali AM, Brandolini M, Azzena I, Locci C, Casu M, Bechere R, Pintus D, Ligios C, Scagliarini A, Sanna D, Puggioni G. The Global Evolutionary History of Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats Revealed by Whole Genomes Data. Viruses 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38275968 PMCID: PMC10820850 DOI: 10.3390/v16010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (Poxviridae family). It is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (CE) that is an economically detrimental disease affecting small ruminants globally. Contagious ecthyma outbreaks are usually reported in intensive breeding of sheep and goats but they have also been reported in wildlife species. Notably, ORFV can infect humans, leading to a zoonotic disease. This study aims to elucidate the global evolutionary history of ORFV genomes in sheep and goats, including the first genomes from Central America in the analyses. In comparison to the last study on ORFV whole genomes, the database now includes 11 more sheep and goat genomes, representing an increase of 42%. The analysis of such a broader database made it possible to obtain a fine molecular dating of the coalescent time for ORFV S and G genomes, further highlighting the genetic structuring between sheep and goat genomes and corroborating their emergence in the latter half of 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Maria Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giada Lostia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Mariangela Stefania Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Locci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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Xu Y, Wang X, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wang F, Zhang L. Natural hosts and animal models for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1258172. [PMID: 37929288 PMCID: PMC10621046 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1258172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-transmitted arbovirus, presenting a serious threat to humans and animals. Susceptible hosts are of great significance for the prevention of RVFV. Appropriate animal models are helpful to better understand the onset and development of diseases, as well as the control measures and vaccine research. This review focuses on the role of animal hosts in the maintenance of the virus, and summarizes the host range of RVFV. We list some common animal models in the process of RVFV research, which would provide some important insights into the prevention and treatment of RVFV, as well as the study of Rift Valley fever (RVF) pathogenesis and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yixuan Zhou
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Laboratory Animal and Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Ebogo‐Belobo JT, Kenmoe S, Abanda NN, Bowo‐Ngandji A, Mbaga DS, Magoudjou‐Pekam JN, Kame‐Ngasse GI, Tchatchouang S, Menkem EZ, Okobalemba EA, Noura EA, Meta‐Djomsi D, Maïdadi‐Foudi M, Kenfack‐Zanguim J, Kenfack‐Momo R, Kengne‐Nde C, Esemu SN, Mbacham WF, Sadeuh‐Mba SA, Ndip L, Njouom R. Contemporary epidemiological data of Rift Valley fever virus in humans, mosquitoes and other animal species in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2309-2328. [PMID: 37548116 PMCID: PMC10508527 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe zoonotic mosquito-borne disease that represents an important threat to human and animal health, with major public health and socioeconomic impacts. This disease is endemic throughout many African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to determine the RVF prevalence in humans, mosquitoes and other animal species in Africa. The review also provides contemporary data on RVF case fatality rate (CFR) in humans. In this systematic review with meta-analysis, a comprehensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus databases from January 2000 to June 2022 to identify relevant studies. Pooled CFR and prevalence estimates were calculated using the random-effects model. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed, and the I2 -statistic was used to investigate a potential source of heterogeneity. A total of 205 articles were included in the final analysis. The overall RVF CFR in humans was found to be 27.5% [95% CI = 8.0-52.5]. The overall pooled prevalence was 7.8% [95% CI = 6.2-9.6] in humans and 9.3% [95% CI = 8.1-10.6] in animals, respectively. The RVF prevalence in individual mosquitoes ranged from 0.0% to 25%. Subgroup analysis showed substantial heterogeneity with respect to geographical regions and human categories. The study shows that there is a correspondingly similar prevalence of RVF in human and animals; however, human CFR is much higher than the observed prevalence. The lack of a surveillance programme and the fact that this virus has subclinical circulation in animals and humans could explain these observations. The implementation of a One Health approach for RVF surveillance and control would be of great interest for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Thierry Ebogo‐Belobo
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority PathologiesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Ngu Njei Abanda
- Virology DepartmentCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
| | - Arnol Bowo‐Ngandji
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Donatien Serge Mbaga
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Ginette Irma Kame‐Ngasse
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority PathologiesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | | | | | | | - Efietngab Atembeh Noura
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority PathologiesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | - Dowbiss Meta‐Djomsi
- Research Centre on Emerging and Re‐Emerging DiseasesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | - Martin Maïdadi‐Foudi
- Research Centre on Emerging and Re‐Emerging DiseasesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack‐Momo
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne‐Nde
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research UnitNational AIDS Control CommitteeYaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Serge Alain Sadeuh‐Mba
- Virology DepartmentCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
- Maryland Department of AgricultureSalisbury Animal Health LaboratorySalisburyMarylandUSA
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology DepartmentCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
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6
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Rift Valley fever, Mauritania, 2020: Lessons from a one health approach. One Health 2022; 15:100413. [PMID: 36277109 PMCID: PMC9582547 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) occurred in Mauritania from September to November 2020, involving 78 reported human cases and 186 reported animal cases. Eleven out of the 13 regions of the country were affected by the epidemic, with the highest number of both human and animal cases in Tagant, Assaba and Brakna regions. The most affected animal species in this outbreak was camels, followed by small ruminants. Among the 10 mosquito species caught, 7 species, Culex poicilipes, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. antennatus, Cx. univitattus, Aedes vexans, Mansonia africana and Ma. uniformis, are known to be involved in the transmission of RVF virus. Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial NSs gene revealed close proximity between the human/animal Mauritania 2020 viral strains and the Mauritania 2015/Niger 2016 strains, suggesting re-emergence of the RVF virus in the country since the last reported outbreak in 2015. New outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Mauritania in 2020, 78 human and 186 animal reported cases. Eleven regions of the country were affected by the epidemic, with the highest number of human and animal cases in Tagant, Assaba and Brakna regions. The most affected animal species were dromedaries followed by small ruminants. Close proximity of the human/animal Mauritania 2020 viral strains with the Mauritania 2015/Niger 2016 strains based on NSs phylogenetic analysis
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Stoek F, Rissmann M, Ulrich R, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Black rats (Rattus rattus) as potential reservoir hosts for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus: Experimental infection results in viral replication and shedding without clinical manifestation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1307-1318. [PMID: 33794070 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne virus that can cause severe disease in ruminants and humans. Epidemics occur mainly after heavy rainfall, which leads to a significant increase in the occurrence of RVFV-transmitting mosquitoes. During inter-epidemic periods, the virus is assumed to be maintained between mosquitoes, susceptible livestock and yet unknown wildlife. The widespread rodent Rattus rattus (black rat) has been suspected to be involved in RVFV maintenance. In order to elucidate its susceptibility and thus its possible role in the transmission cycle of the virus, an experimental infection study was performed. Black rats were subcutaneously infected with highly virulent RVFV strain 35/74 and euthanized on days 3, 14 and 28 post-infection. Additional black rats served as non-infected contact animals. The infected black rats showed high susceptibility to RVFV infection. Generation of RVFV-neutralizing antibodies was found, and the rats developed viraemias lasting up to 17 days. Viral RNA was found in tissues until the last day of the experiment. However, neither a clinical manifestation nor virus-induced histopathological lesions were observed in any rat. These findings indicate the persistence of RVFV in black rats without affecting the animals. In contact animals, no evidence of horizontal RVFV transmission was found, although the co-housed infected rats showed oral, rectal and conjunctival RVFV shedding. Results of this study point to an involvement of black rats in the RVFV transmission cycle, and further studies are needed to investigate their potential role in the maintenance of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Stoek
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary-Pathology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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8
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Troupin C, Ellis I, Doukouré B, Camara A, Keita M, Kagbadouno M, Bart JM, Diallo R, Lacôte S, Marianneau P, Groschup MH, Tordo N. Seroprevalence of brucellosis, Q fever and Rift Valley fever in domestic ruminants in Guinea in 2017-2019. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:64. [PMID: 35120506 PMCID: PMC8815129 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis, Q fever and Rift Valley fever are considered as Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs) leading to socioeconomic losses in livestock globally, and particularly in developing countries of Africa where they are under-reported. In this study, we evaluated the seroprevalence of these 3 zoonotic diseases in domestic ruminants in Guinea from 2017 to 2019. A total of 1357 sera, sampled from 463 cattle, 408 goats and 486 sheep, were collected in 17 Guinean prefectures and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Cattle was the species with highest seroprevalence (5 to 20-fold higher than in small ruminants) for the three diseases. The seroprevalence of brucellosis, mostly focused in Western Guinea, was 11.0% (51 of 463) in cattle, 0.4% (2 in 486) in sheep while no specific antibodies were found in goats. Q fever, widespread across the country, was the most frequently detected zoonosis with a mean seroprevalence of 20.5% (95 in 463), 4.4% (18 in 408) and 2.3% (11 in 486) in cattle, goats and sheep, respectively. The mean seroprevalence of RVF was 16.4% (76 in 463) in cattle, 1.0% (4 in 408) in goats and 1.0% (5 in 486) in sheep. Among the samples 19.3% were seropositive for at least one of the three NZDs, 2.5% showed specific antibodies against at least two pathogens and 4 cattle (0.8%) were seropositive for all three pathogens. In cattle, adults over 3-years old and females presented a higher antibody seroprevalence for the three diseases, in congruence with putative exposure risk. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the circulation of these three zoonotic pathogens in Guinea and highlights the need for implementing a syndromic surveillance of ruminant abortions by the Guinean veterinary authorities as well as for the screening of the human population at risk (veterinarians, breeders, slaughterers) in a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Troupin
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea
- Present address: Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Alimou Camara
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Moustapha Keita
- Institut Supérieur Des Sciences Et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Dalaba, Guinea
| | - Moise Kagbadouno
- Programme National de Lutte Contre La Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Umr Intertryp Ird-Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ramadan Diallo
- Laboratoire Central de Diagnostic Vétérinaire, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea.
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9
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Near-Complete Genome Sequence of Ndumu Virus from Garissa, Kenya, 1997. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0055121. [PMID: 34435864 PMCID: PMC8388543 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00551-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a nearly complete genome sequence of Ndumu virus (NDUV) identified using a metagenomics approach. The sequence was derived from a viral isolate obtained from a bovine calf following a diagnostic investigation of the 1997 to 1998 Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak in the Garissa District of northeastern Kenya.
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10
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Rissmann M, Lenk M, Stoek F, Szentiks CA, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Replication of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Amphibian and Reptile-Derived Cell Lines. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060681. [PMID: 34072763 PMCID: PMC8228813 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus, which has led to devastating epidemics in African countries and on the Arabian Peninsula. Results of in-vivo, in-vitro and field studies suggested that amphibians and reptiles may play a role as reservoir hosts of RVFV, promoting its maintenance during inter-epidemic periods. To elucidate this hypothesis, we examined two newly established reptile-derived cell lines (Egyptian cobra and Chinese pond turtle) and five previously generated reptile- and amphibian-derived cell lines for their replicative capacity for three low- and high-pathogenic RVFV strains. At different time points after infection, viral loads (TCID50), genome loads and the presence of intracellular viral antigen (immunofluorescence) were assessed. Additionally, the influence of temperatures on the replication was examined. Except for one cell line (read-eared slider), all seven cell lines were infected by all three RVFV strains. Two different terrapin-derived cell lines (Common box turtle, Chinese pond turtle) were highly susceptible. A temperature-dependent replication of RVFV was detected for both amphibian and reptile cells. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate the general permissiveness of amphibian and reptile cell lines to RVFV and propose a potential involvement of terrapins in the virus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (M.R.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Franziska Stoek
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (M.R.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Claudia A. Szentiks
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (M.R.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (M.R.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Tchouassi DP, Torto B, Sang R, Riginos C, Ezenwa VO. Large herbivore loss has complex effects on mosquito ecology and vector-borne disease risk. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2503-2513. [PMID: 33170555 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss of biodiversity can affect transmission of infectious diseases in at least two ways: by altering host and vector abundance or by influencing host and vector behaviour. We used a large herbivore exclusion experiment to investigate the effects of wildlife loss on the abundance and feeding behaviour of mosquito vectors and to explore consequences for vector-borne disease transmission. Large herbivore loss affected both mosquito abundance and blood-feeding behaviour. For Aedes mcintoshi, the dominant mosquito species in our study and a primary vector of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), abundance decreased with large herbivore loss, while blood feeding on humans increased. Despite an elevated human biting rate in the absence of large herbivores, we estimated that the potential for RVFV transmission to humans doubles in the presence of large herbivores. These results demonstrate that multiple effects of biodiversity loss on vectors can lead to counterintuitive outcomes for human disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Rissmann M, Kley N, Ulrich R, Stoek F, Balkema-Buschmann A, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111206. [PMID: 33114178 PMCID: PMC7690770 DOI: 10.3390/v12111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne zoonotic pathogen, which is endemic in Africa, causing large epidemics, characterized by severe diseases in ruminants but also in humans. As in vitro and field investigations proposed amphibians and reptiles to potentially play a role in the enzootic amplification of the virus, we experimentally infected African common toads and common agamas with two RVFV strains. Lymph or sera, as well as oral, cutaneous and anal swabs were collected from the challenged animals to investigate seroconversion, viremia and virus shedding. Furthermore, groups of animals were euthanized 3, 10 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) to examine viral loads in different tissues during the infection. Our data show for the first time that toads are refractory to RVFV infection, showing neither seroconversion, viremia, shedding nor tissue manifestation. In contrast, all agamas challenged with the RVFV strain ZH501 carried virus genomes in the spleens at 3 dpi, but the animals displayed neither viremia nor virus shedding. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that amphibians are not susceptible and reptiles are only susceptible to a low extent to RVFV, indicating that both species play, if at all, rather a subordinate role in the RVF virus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Nils Kley
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Stoek
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1163
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13
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Mbotha D, Hoppenheit A, Lindahl J, Bett B, Grace D, Lutomiah J, Pieper L, Kairu-Wanyoike S, Clausen PH. Relative Distribution, Diversity, and Bloodmeal Sources of Mosquitoes and Known Vectors of Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus in Three Differing Ecosystems in Bura, Tana River County, Kenya. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:365-373. [PMID: 31990632 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental modifications disturb the equilibrium of mosquito populations, altering the risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquito distribution, diversity, and bloodmeal sources were examined to compare Rift Valley fever (RVF) risk among irrigated, riverine, and pastoral ecosystems in Bura, Tana River County, Kenya, between September 2014 and June 2015. Thirty-eight households and 21 irrigation fields were selected for the study. Mosquitoes were trapped with carbon dioxide-impregnated CDC traps, one trap per household and three traps per irrigated field, and morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. Host DNA was extracted from engorged females and cytochrome b genes amplified by PCR to identify sources of bloodmeals. A total of 21,015 mosquitoes were collected; 5742 within households in the 3 ecosystems and 15,273 within irrigated fields. Mosquitoes collected within irrigated fields belonged to 8 genera and 37 species, while those from households within the irrigation scheme belonged to 6 genera and 29 species. Collections from riverine and pastoral households belonged to five and four genera, respectively. The most abundant genera in the irrigated fields were Aedes (21%) and Mansonia (22%), while Anopheles (43%) was the most abundant within households. Most mosquitoes in riverine and pastoral households belonged to Anopheles (76%) and Aedes (65%) genera, respectively. Seasonal variation driven by rainfall was evidenced by spikes in mosquito numbers within irrigated and riverine ecosystems. Host species identification revealed that goats and humans were the main sources of bloodmeal. There was an overall increase in mosquito abundance and diversity as a result of the presence of the irrigated ecosystem in this county, and an increased availability of highly RVF-susceptible hosts as a result of the establishment and concentration of residential areas, promoting potential vector-host contacts. These results highlight the impact of anthropogenic changes on mosquito ecology, potentially heightening the risk of transmission and maintenance of RVF in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mbotha
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antje Hoppenheit
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Food Safety and Zoonoses, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joel Lutomiah
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura Pieper
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peter-Henning Clausen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Yared S, Gebresilassie A, Abbasi I, Aklilu E, Kirstein OD, Balkew M, Brown AS, Clouse RM, Warburg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T. A molecular analysis of sand fly blood meals in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of northwestern Ethiopia reveals a complex host-vector system. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02132. [PMID: 31384683 PMCID: PMC6661399 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, or “kala-azar”) is a major cause of disability and death, especially in East Africa. Its vectors, sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), are poorly controlled and guarded against in these regions, owing in part to a lack of understanding about their feeding behavior. Methods A total of 746 freshly fed female sand flies were collected in five population centers in Kafta Humera (northwestern Ethiopia), where VL is endemic. Flies were collected from habitats that ranged from inside houses to open fields, using light traps and sticky traps. Sources of sand fly blood meals were identified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and DNA amplification with reverse-line blot analysis (PCR-RLB); 632 specimens were screened using ELISA, 408 of which had identifiable blood meals, and 114 were screened using PCR-RLB, 53 of which yielded identifications. Fly species determinations were based on morphology, and those specimens subjected to PCR-RLB were also screened for Leishmania parasites using conventional PCR to amplify the nuclear marker ITS1 (internal transcribed spacer 1) with Leishmania-specific primers. Results More than three-fourths of all sand flies collected were Phlebotomus orientalis, and the remaining portion was comprised of nine other species. Nearly two-thirds of P. orientalis specimens were collected at village peripheries. The most common blood source for all flies was donkey (33.9% of all identifications), followed by cow (24.2%), human (17.6%), dog (11.8%), and goat or sheep (8.6%); mixtures of blood meals from different sources were found in 28.2% of all flies screened. Unidentified blood meals, presumably from wildlife, not domestic animals, were significantly higher in farm fields. Leishmania parasites were not detected in any of the 114 flies screened, not surprising given an expected infection rate of 1–5 out of 1,000. Meals that included a mixture of human and cow blood were significantly more frequent relative to all cow meals than human blood meals were to non-cow meals, suggesting a zoopotentiative interaction between cows and humans in this system. Conclusions Habitat and host preferences of sand fly vectors in Kafta Humera confirmed the finding of previous reports that the main vector in the region, Phlebotomus orientalis, is a highly opportunistic feeder that prefers large animals and is most commonly found at village peripheries. These results were similar to those of a previous study conducted in a nearby region (Tahtay Adiabo), except for the role of cattle on the prevalence of human blood meals. Preliminary examinations of blood meal data from different settings point to the need for additional surveys and field experiments to understand the role of livestock on biting risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Yared
- Department of Biology, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebresilassie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ibrahim Abbasi
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Institute for Medical Research, The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Essayas Aklilu
- Department of Biology, Mada Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Oscar D Kirstein
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Institute for Medical Research, The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) Vector Link Project, Ethiopia
| | - Adam S Brown
- Harvard University, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronald M Clouse
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alon Warburg
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Institute for Medical Research, The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Gebre-Michael
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Nyaruaba R, Mwaliko C, Mwau M, Mousa S, Wei H. Arboviruses in the East African Community partner states: a review of medically important mosquito-borne Arboviruses. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:209-228. [PMID: 31664886 PMCID: PMC6882432 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1678939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases, including arbovirus-related diseases, make up a large proportion of infectious disease cases worldwide, causing a serious global public health burden with over 700,000 deaths annually. Mosquito-borne arbovirus outbreaks can range from global to regional. In the East African Community (EAC) region, these viruses have caused a series of emerging and reemerging infectious disease outbreaks. Member states in the EAC share a lot in common including regional trade and transport, some of the factors highlighted to be the cause of mosquito-borne arbovirus disease outbreaks worldwide. In this review, characteristics of 24 mosquito-borne arboviruses indigenous to the EAC are reviewed, including lesser or poorly understood viruses, like Batai virus (BATV) and Ndumu virus (NDUV), which may escape their origins under perfect conditions to establish a foothold in new geographical locations. Factors that may influence the future spread of these viruses within the EAC are addressed. With the continued development observed in the EAC, strategies should be developed by the Community in improving mosquito and mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Nyaruaba
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International college, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International college, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Busia, Kenya
| | - Samar Mousa
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International college, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Karungu S, Atoni E, Ogalo J, Mwaliko C, Agwanda B, Yuan Z, Hu X. Mosquitoes of Etiological Concern in Kenya and Possible Control Strategies. INSECTS 2019; 10:E173. [PMID: 31208124 PMCID: PMC6627689 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kenya is among the most affected tropical countries with pathogen transmitting Culicidae vectors. For decades, insect vectors have contributed to the emergence and distribution of viral and parasitic pathogens. Outbreaks and diseases have a great impact on a country's economy, as resources that would otherwise be used for developmental projects are redirected to curb hospitalization cases and manage outbreaks. Infected invasive mosquito species have been shown to increasingly cross both local and global boarders due to the presence of increased environmental changes, trade, and tourism. In Kenya, there have been several mosquito-borne disease outbreaks such as the recent outbreaks along the coast of Kenya, involving chikungunya and dengue. This certainly calls for the implementation of strategies aimed at strengthening integrated vector management programs. In this review, we look at mosquitoes of public health concern in Kenya, while highlighting the pathogens they have been linked with over the years and across various regions. In addition, the major strategies that have previously been used in mosquito control and what more could be done to reduce or combat the menace caused by these hematophagous vectors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Joseph Ogalo
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Zhu S, Zimmerman D, Deem SL. A Review of Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:356-377. [PMID: 31140075 PMCID: PMC7087575 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary, or one-humped, camels Camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability for camels to act as a point source or vector for disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and a growth in the interface with wildlife as camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that the majority of publications (65%) focused on Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), brucellosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Rift Valley fever. The high fatality from MERS outbreaks during 2012-2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are just as important to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. In this review, we provide an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zhu
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Niare S, Tandina F, Davoust B, Doumbo O, Raoult D, Parola P, Almeras L. Accurate identification of Anopheles gambiae Giles trophic preferences by MALDI-TOF MS. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:410-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Reeves LE, Gillett-Kaufman JL, Kawahara AY, Kaufman PE. Barcoding blood meals: New vertebrate-specific primer sets for assigning taxonomic identities to host DNA from mosquito blood meals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006767. [PMID: 30161128 PMCID: PMC6135518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission dynamics of mosquito-vectored pathogens are, in part, mediated by mosquito host-feeding patterns. These patterns are elucidated using blood meal analysis, a collection of serological and molecular techniques that determine the taxonomic identities of the host animals from which blood meals are derived. Modern blood meal analyses rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and bioinformatic comparisons of blood meal DNA sequences to reference databases. Ideally, primers used in blood meal analysis PCRs amplify templates from a taxonomically diverse range of vertebrates, produce a short amplicon, and avoid co-amplification of non-target templates. Few primer sets that fit these requirements are available for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, the species identification marker with the highest taxonomic coverage in reference databases. Here, we present new primer sets designed to amplify fragments of the DNA barcoding region of the vertebrate COI gene, while avoiding co-amplification of mosquito templates, without multiplexed or nested PCR. Primers were validated using host vertebrate DNA templates from mosquito blood meals of known origin, representing all terrestrial vertebrate classes, and field-collected mosquito blood meals of unknown origin. We found that the primers were generally effective in amplifying vertebrate host, but not mosquito DNA templates. Applied to the sample of unknown mosquito blood meals, > 98% (60/61) of blood meals samples were reliably identified, demonstrating the feasibility of identifying mosquito hosts with the new primers. These primers are beneficial in that they can be used to amplify COI templates from a diverse range of vertebrate hosts using standard PCR, thereby streamlining the process of identifying the hosts of mosquitoes, and could be applied to next generation DNA sequencing and metabarcoding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E. Reeves
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Mugasa CM, Villinger J, Gitau J, Ndungu N, Marc Ciosi, Masiga D. Morphological re-description and molecular identification of Tabanidae (Diptera) in East Africa. Zookeys 2018; 769:117-144. [PMID: 29988760 PMCID: PMC6030178 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.769.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biting flies of the family Tabanidae are important vectors of human and animal diseases across continents. However, records of Africa tabanids are fragmentary and mostly cursory. To improve identification, documentation and description of Tabanidae in East Africa, a baseline survey for the identification and description of Tabanidae in three eastern African countries was conducted. Tabanids from various locations in Uganda (Wakiso District), Tanzania (Tarangire National Park) and Kenya (Shimba Hills National Reserve, Muhaka, Nguruman) were collected. In Uganda, octenol baited F-traps were used to target tabanids, while NG2G traps baited with cow urine and acetone were employed in Kenya and Tanzania. The tabanids were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Morphologically, five genera (Ancala, Tabanus, Atylotus, Chrysops and Haematopota) and fourteen species of the Tabanidae were identified. Among the 14 species identified, six belonged to the genus Tabanus of which two (T. donaldsoni and T. guineensis) had not been described before in East Africa. The greatest diversity of tabanid species were collected from the Shimba Hills National Reserve, while collections from Uganda (around the shores of Lake Victoria) had the fewest number of species. However, the Ancala genus was found in Uganda, but not in Kenya or Tanzania. Maximum likelihood phylogenies of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) genes sequenced in this study show definite concordance with morphological species identifications, except for Atylotus. This survey will be critical to building a complete checklist of Tabanidae prevalent in the region, expanding knowledge of these important vectors of human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Mugasa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Biosecurity Biotechnical Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Gitau
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nelly Ndungu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marc Ciosi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Braack L, Gouveia de Almeida AP, Cornel AJ, Swanepoel R, de Jager C. Mosquito-borne arboviruses of African origin: review of key viruses and vectors. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:29. [PMID: 29316963 PMCID: PMC5759361 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Key aspects of 36 mosquito-borne arboviruses indigenous to Africa are summarized, including lesser or poorly-known viruses which, like Zika, may have the potential to escape current sylvatic cycling to achieve greater geographical distribution and medical importance. Major vectors are indicated as well as reservoir hosts, where known. A series of current and future risk factors is addressed. It is apparent that Africa has been the source of most of the major mosquito-borne viruses of medical importance that currently constitute serious global public health threats, but that there are several other viruses with potential for international challenge. The conclusion reached is that increased human population growth in decades ahead coupled with increased international travel and trade is likely to sustain and increase the threat of further geographical spread of current and new arboviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Braack
- School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - A Paulo Gouveia de Almeida
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anthony J Cornel
- School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Entomology and Nematology, Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Kearney Agricultural Center, UC Davis, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ogola E, Villinger J, Mabuka D, Omondi D, Orindi B, Mutunga J, Owino V, Masiga DK. Composition of Anopheles mosquitoes, their blood-meal hosts, and Plasmodium falciparum infection rates in three islands with disparate bed net coverage in Lake Victoria, Kenya. Malar J 2017; 16:360. [PMID: 28886724 PMCID: PMC5591540 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small islands serve as potential malaria reservoirs through which new infections might come to the mainland and may be important targets in malaria elimination efforts. This study investigated malaria vector species diversity, blood-meal hosts, Plasmodium infection rates, and long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) coverage on Mageta, Magare and Ngodhe Islands of Lake Victoria in western Kenya, a region where extensive vector control is implemented on the mainland. Results From trapping for six consecutive nights per month (November 2012 to March 2015) using CDC light traps, pyrethrum spray catches and backpack aspiration, 1868 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected. Based on their cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and intergenic spacer region PCR and sequencing, Anopheles gambiae s.l. (68.52%), Anopheles coustani (19.81%) and Anopheles funestus s.l. (11.67%) mosquitoes were differentiated. The mean abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes per building per trap was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Mageta than in Magare and Ngodhe. Mageta was also the most populated island (n = 6487) with low LLIN coverage of 62.35% compared to Ngodhe (n = 484; 88.31%) and Magare (n = 250; 98.59%). Overall, 416 (22.27%) engorged Anopheles mosquitoes were analysed, of which 41 tested positive for Plasmodium falciparum infection by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis of 18S rRNA and cytochrome b PCR products. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates were 10.00, 11.76, 0, and 18.75% among blood-fed An. gambiae s.s. (n = 320), Anopheles arabiensis (n = 51), An. funestus s.s. (n = 29), and An. coustani (n = 16), respectively. Based on HRM analysis of vertebrate cytochrome b, 16S rRNA and COI PCR products, humans (72.36%) were the prominent blood-meal hosts of malaria vectors, but 20.91% of blood-meals were from non-human vertebrate hosts. Conclusions These findings demonstrate high Plasmodium infection rates among the primary malaria vectors An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis, as well as in An. coustani for the first time in the region, and that non-human blood-meal sources play an important role in their ecology. Further, the higher Anopheles mosquito abundances on the only low LLIN coverage island of Mageta suggests that high LLIN coverage has been effective in reducing malaria vector populations on Magare and Ngodhe Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University Njoro Campus, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Danspaid Mabuka
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - David Omondi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University Njoro Campus, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Benedict Orindi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - James Mutunga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Vincent Owino
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University Njoro Campus, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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Sang R, Lutomiah J, Said M, Makio A, Koka H, Koskei E, Nyunja A, Owaka S, Matoke-Muhia D, Bukachi S, Lindahl J, Grace D, Bett B. Effects of Irrigation and Rainfall on the Population Dynamics of Rift Valley Fever and Other Arbovirus Mosquito Vectors in the Epidemic-Prone Tana River County, Kenya. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:460-470. [PMID: 28011732 PMCID: PMC5850818 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that is found in most regions of sub-Saharan Africa, and it affects humans, livestock, and some wild ungulates. Outbreaks are precipitated by an abundance of mosquito vectors associated with heavy persistent rainfall with flooding. We determined the impact of flood-irrigation farming and the effect of environmental parameters on the ecology and densities of primary and secondary vectors of the RVF virus (RVFV) in an RVF-epidemic hotspot in the Tana River Basin, Kenya. Mosquito sampling was conducted in farms and villages (settlements) in an irrigated and a neighboring nonirrigated site (Murukani). Overall, a significantly higher number of mosquitoes were collected in farms in the irrigation scheme compared with villages in the same area (P < 0.001), or farms (P < 0.001), and villages (P = 0.03) in Murukani. In particular, key primary vectors of RVFV, Aedes mcintoshi Marks and Aedes ochraceous Theobald, were more prevalent in the farms compared with villages in the irrigation scheme (P = 0.001) both during the dry and the wet seasons. Similarly, there was a greater abundance of secondary vectors, particularly Culex univittatus Theobald and Culex pipiens (L.) in the irrigation scheme than in the Murukani area. Rainfall and humidity were positively correlated with mosquito densities, particularly the primary vectors. Adult floodwater mosquitoes and Mansonia spp. were collected indoors; immatures of Ae. mcintoshi and secondary vectors were collected in the irrigation drainage canals, whereas those of Ae. ochraceous and Aedes sudanensis Theobald were missing from these water bodies. In conclusion, irrigation in RVF endemic areas provides conducive resting and breeding conditions for vectors of RVFV and other endemic arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sang
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - J Lutomiah
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - M Said
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
| | - A Makio
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - H Koka
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - E Koskei
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - A Nyunja
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - S Owaka
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - D Matoke-Muhia
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - S Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30079-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Lindahl
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
| | - D Grace
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
| | - B Bett
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
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Evans MV, Dallas TA, Han BA, Murdock CC, Drake JM. Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors. eLife 2017; 6:e22053. [PMID: 28244371 PMCID: PMC5342824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Evans
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Tad A Dallas
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
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Tchouassi DP, Okiro ROK, Sang R, Cohnstaedt LW, McVey DS, Torto B. Mosquito host choices on livestock amplifiers of Rift Valley fever virus in Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:184. [PMID: 27036889 PMCID: PMC4815150 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal hosts may vary in their attraction and acceptability as components of the host location process for assessing preference, and biting rates of vectors and risk of exposure to pathogens. However, these parameters remain poorly understood for mosquito vectors of the Rift Valley fever (RVF), an arboviral disease, and for a community of mosquitoes. Methods Using three known livestock amplifiers of RVF virus including sheep, goat and cattle as bait in enclosure traps, we investigated the host-feeding patterns for a community of mosquitoes in Naivasha, an endemic area of Rift Valley fever (RVF), in a longitudinal study for six months (June–November 2015). We estimated the incidence rate ratios (IRR) where mosquitoes chose cow over the other livestock hosts by comparing their attraction (total number collected) and engorgement rate (proportion freshly blood-fed) on these hosts. Results Overall, significant differences were observed in host preference parameters for attraction (F2,15 = 4.1314, P = 0.037) and engorgement (F2,15 = 6.24, P = 0.01) with cow consistently attracting about 3-fold as many mosquitoes as those engorged on sheep (attraction: IRR = 2.9, 95 % CI 1.24–7.96; engorgement: IRR = 3.2, 95 % CI = 1.38–7.38) or goat (attraction: IRR = 2.7, 95 % CI 1.18–7.16; engorgement: IRR = 3.28, 95 % CI 1.47–7.53). However, there was no difference between the attraction elicited by sheep and goat (IRR = 1.08; 95 % CI 0.35–3.33 or engorgement rate (IRR = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.36–2.57). Conclusion Despite the overall attractive pattern to feed preferentially on cows, the engorgement rate was clearly independent of the number attracted for certain mosquito species, notably among the flood water Aedes spp., largely incriminated previously as primary vectors of RVF. Our findings suggest that insecticide treated cattle (ITC) can be exploited in enclosure traps as contact bait in the monitoring and control of disease-causing mosquitoes in RVF endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Robinson O K Okiro
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- United States Department for Agriculture - Agricultural Research Station (USDA-ARS), Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, KS, USA
| | - David Scott McVey
- United States Department for Agriculture - Agricultural Research Station (USDA-ARS), Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502, KS, USA
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ndiaye EH, Fall G, Gaye A, Bob NS, Talla C, Diagne CT, Diallo D, B A Y, Dia I, Kohl A, Sall AA, Diallo M. Vector competence of Aedes vexans (Meigen), Culex poicilipes (Theobald) and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say from Senegal for West and East African lineages of Rift Valley fever virus. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:94. [PMID: 26897521 PMCID: PMC4761212 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic pathogen. In Senegal, RVFV was first isolated in 1974 from Aedes dalzieli (Theobald) and thereafter from Ae. fowleri (de Charmoy), Ae. ochraceus Theobald, Ae. vexans (Meigen), Culex poicilipes (Theobald), Mansonia africana (Theobald) and Ma. uniformis (Theobald). However, the vector competence of these local species has never been demonstrated making hypothetical the transmission cycle proposed for West Africa based on serological data and mosquito isolates. METHODS Aedes vexans and Cx. poicilipes, two common mosquito species most frequently associated with RVFV in Senegal, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, the most common domestic species, were assessed after oral feeding with three RVFV strains of the West and East/central African lineages. Fully engorged mosquitoes (420 Ae. vexans, 563 Cx. quinquefasciatus and 380 Cx. poicilipes) were maintained at 27 ± 1 °C and 70-80% relative humidity. The saliva, legs/wings and bodies were tested individually for the RVFV genome using real-time RT-PCR at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days post exposure (dpe) to estimate the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Genotypic characterisation of the 3 strains used were performed to identify factors underlying the different patterns of transmission. RESULTS The infection rates varied between 30.0-85.0% for Ae. vexans, 3.3-27% for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 8.3-46.7% for Cx. poicilipes, and the dissemination rates varied between 10.5-37% for Ae. vexans, 9.5-28.6% for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 3.0-40.9% for Cx. poicilipes. However only the East African lineage was transmitted, with transmission rates varying between 13.3-33.3% in Ae. vexans, 50% in Cx. quinquefasciatus and 11.1% in Cx. poicilipes. Culex mosquitoes were less susceptible to infection than Ae. vexans. Compared to other strains, amino acid variation in the NSs M segment proteins of the East African RVFV lineage human-derived strain SH172805, might explain the differences in transmission potential. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that all the species tested were competent for RVFV with a significant more important role of Ae. vexans compared to Culex species and a highest potential of the East African lineage to be transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Ndiaye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal. .,Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Gamou Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres hémorragiques, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal. .,Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ndeye Sakha Bob
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres hémorragiques, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Cheikh Talla
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal. .,Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Yamar B A
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres hémorragiques, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
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Linthicum KJ, Britch SC, Anyamba A. Rift Valley Fever: An Emerging Mosquito-Borne Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:395-415. [PMID: 26982443 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF), an emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic infectious viral disease caused by the RVF virus (RVFV) (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus), presents significant threats to global public health and agriculture in Africa and the Middle East. RVFV is listed as a select agent with significant potential for international spread and use in bioterrorism. RVFV has caused large, devastating periodic epizootics and epidemics in Africa over the past ∼60 years, with severe economic and nutritional impacts on humans from illness and livestock loss. In the past 15 years alone, RVFV caused tens of thousands of human cases, hundreds of human deaths, and more than 100,000 domestic animal deaths. Cattle, sheep, goats, and camels are particularly susceptible to RVF and serve as amplifying hosts for the virus. This review highlights recent research on RVF, focusing on vectors and their ecology, transmission dynamics, and use of environmental and climate data to predict disease outbreaks. Important directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Linthicum
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida 32608; ,
| | - Seth C Britch
- USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida 32608; ,
| | - Assaf Anyamba
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR)/Universities Space Research Association (USRA) at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771;
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Mansfield KL, Banyard AC, McElhinney L, Johnson N, Horton DL, Hernández-Triana LM, Fooks AR. Rift Valley fever virus: A review of diagnosis and vaccination, and implications for emergence in Europe. Vaccine 2015; 33:5520-5531. [PMID: 26296499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus, and is the causative agent of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease characterised by an increased incidence of abortion or foetal malformation in ruminants. Infection in humans can also lead to clinical manifestations that in severe cases cause encephalitis or haemorrhagic fever. The virus is endemic throughout much of the African continent. However, the emergence of RVFV in the Middle East, northern Egypt and the Comoros Archipelago has highlighted that the geographical range of RVFV may be increasing, and has led to the concern that an incursion into Europe may occur. At present, there is a limited range of veterinary vaccines available for use in endemic areas, and there is no licensed human vaccine. In this review, the methods available for diagnosis of RVFV infection, the current status of vaccine development and possible implications for RVFV emergence in Europe, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lorraine McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniel L Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Luis M Hernández-Triana
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
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Omondi D, Masiga DK, Ajamma YU, Fielding BC, Njoroge L, Villinger J. Unraveling Host-Vector-Arbovirus Interactions by Two-Gene High Resolution Melting Mosquito Bloodmeal Analysis in a Kenyan Wildlife-Livestock Interface. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134375. [PMID: 26230507 PMCID: PMC4521840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-feeding patterns of mosquitoes are directly linked to the spread of pathogens that they transmit. Efficient identification of arthropod vector bloodmeal hosts can identify the diversity of vertebrate species potentially involved in disease transmission cycles. While molecular bloodmeal analyses rely on sequencing of cytochrome b (cyt b) or cytochrome oxidase 1 gene PCR products, recently developed bloodmeal host identification based on high resolution melting (HRM) analyses of cyt b PCR products is more cost-effective. To resolve the diverse vertebrate hosts that mosquitoes may potentially feed on in sub-Saharan Africa, we utilized HRM profiles of both cyt b and 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Among 445 blood-fed Aedeomyia, Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, and Mimomyia mosquitoes from Kenya’s Lake Victoria and Lake Baringo regions where many mosquito-transmitted pathogens are endemic, we identified 33 bloodmeal hosts including humans, eight domestic animal species, six peridomestic animal species and 18 wildlife species. This resolution of vertebrate host species was only possible by comparing profiles of both cyt b and 16S markers, as melting profiles of some pairs of species were similar for either marker but not both. We identified mixed bloodmeals in a Culex pipiens from Mbita that had fed on a goat and a human and in two Mansonia africana mosquitoes from Baringo that each had fed on a rodent (Arvicanthis niloticus) in addition to a human or baboon. We further detected Sindbis and Bunyamwera viruses in blood-fed mosquito homogenates by Vero cell culture and RT-PCR in Culex, Aedeomyia, Anopheles and Mansonia mosquitoes from Baringo that had fed on humans and livestock. The observed mosquito feeding on both arbovirus amplifying hosts (including sheep and goats) and possible arbovirus reservoirs (birds, porcupine, baboons, rodents) informs arbovirus disease epidemiology and vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Omondi
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Disease (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Daniel K. Masiga
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Disease (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yvonne Ukamaka Ajamma
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Disease (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Burtram C. Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Laban Njoroge
- Invertebrates Zoology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Disease (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Gadisa E, Tsegaw T, Abera A, Elnaiem DE, den Boer M, Aseffa A, Jorge A. Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:381. [PMID: 26187584 PMCID: PMC4506599 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, Kala-azar) is one of the growing public health challenges in Ethiopia with over 3.2 million people at risk and estimated up to 4000 new cases per year. Historically, VL was known as the diseases of the lowlanders; in the lower and upper Kola agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia. The 2005–07 out breaks in highlands of Libo Kemkem and Fogera, in the Woina Degas, that affected thousands and claimed the life of hundreds misdiagnosed as drug resistance malaria marked that VL is no more the problem of the lowlanders. The Kola (lower and upper) and the Woina Dega are the most productive agroecological zones, supporting both the ongoing and planned expansions of large or small scale agriculture and/or agriculture based industries. Thus, the (re)emergence of VL is not only a public health and social problem but also have a direct implication on the country’s economy and further development. Thus is high time for its control and/or elimination. Yet, the available data seem incomplete to plan for a cost-effective and efficient VL control strategy: there is a need to update data on vector behaviour in specific ecosystems and the roles of domestic animals need to be ascertained. The effectiveness and social acceptability of available vector control tools need be evaluated. There is a need for identifying animal reservoir(s), or establish the absence of zoonosis in Ethiopia. The planning of prevention of (re)emergence and spread of VL to areas adjacent to endemic foci need be supported with information from spatio-temporal mapping. In affected communities, available data showed that their knowledge about VL is generally very low. Thus, well designed studies to identify risk factors, as well as better tools for social mobilization with the understanding of their knowledge, aptitude and practice towards VL are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teshome Tsegaw
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dia-Eldin Elnaiem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore (for KalaCORE consortium), 1Backbone Rd, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | | | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alvar Jorge
- Visceral Leishmaniasis Program, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gaudreault NN, Indran SV, Bryant PK, Richt JA, Wilson WC. Comparison of Rift Valley fever virus replication in North American livestock and wildlife cell lines. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:664. [PMID: 26175725 PMCID: PMC4485352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes disease outbreaks across Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, resulting in high morbidity and mortality among young domestic livestock, frequent abortions in pregnant animals, and potentially severe or fatal disease in humans. The possibility of RVFV spreading to the United States or other countries worldwide is of significant concern to animal and public health, livestock production, and trade. The mechanism for persistence of RVFV during inter-epidemic periods may be through mosquito transovarial transmission and/or by means of a wildlife reservoir. Field investigations in endemic areas and previous in vivo studies have demonstrated that RVFV can infect a wide range of animals, including indigenous wild ruminants of Africa. Yet no predominant wildlife reservoir has been identified, and gaps in our knowledge of RVFV permissive hosts still remain. In North America, domestic goats, sheep, and cattle are susceptible hosts for RVFV and several competent vectors exist. Wild ruminants such as deer might serve as a virus reservoir and given their abundance, wide distribution, and overlap with livestock farms and human populated areas could represent an important risk factor. The objective of this study was to assess a variety of cell lines derived from North American livestock and wildlife for susceptibility and permissiveness to RVFV. Results of this study suggest that RVFV could potentially replicate in native deer species such as white-tailed deer, and possibly a wide range of non-ruminant animals. This work serves to guide and support future animal model studies and risk model assessment regarding this high-consequence zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Gaudreault
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sabarish V Indran
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - P K Bryant
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Manhattan, KS, USA
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Lutomiah J, Ongus J, Linthicum KJ, Sang R. Natural vertical transmission of ndumu virus in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes collected as larvae. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:1091-1095. [PMID: 25276943 DOI: 10.1603/me14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ndumu virus (NDUV) is a member of the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus. In Kenya, the virus has been isolated from a range of mosquito species but has not been associated with human or animal morbidity. Little is know about the transmission dynamics or vertebrate reservoirs of this virus. NDUV was isolated from two pools of female Culex pipiens mosquitoes, IJR37 (n = 18) and IJR73 (n = 3), which were collected as larvae on 15 April 2013 from two dambos near the village of Marey, Ijara District, Garissa County, Kenya, and reared to adults and identified to species. These results represent the first field evidence of vertical transmission of NDUV among mosquitoes.
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