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Chuong C, Cereghino C, Rai P, Bates TA, Oberer M, Weger-Lucarelli J. Enhanced attenuation of chikungunya vaccines expressing antiviral cytokines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:59. [PMID: 38472211 PMCID: PMC10933427 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are vector-borne, medically relevant, positive-stranded RNA viruses that cause disease in animals and humans worldwide. Of this group, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most significant human pathogen, responsible for generating millions of infections leading to severe febrile illness and debilitating chronic joint pain. Currently, there are limited treatments to protect against alphavirus disease; thus, there is a tremendous need to generate safe and effective vaccines. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are cost-effective and potent immunization strategies capable of generating long-term protection in a single dose. However, LAVs often produce systemic viral replication, which can lead to unwanted post-vaccination side effects and pose a risk of reversion to a pathogenic phenotype and transmission to mosquitoes. Here, we utilized a chimeric infectious clone of CHIKV engineered with the domain C of the E2 gene of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) to express IFNγ and IL-21-two potent antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines-in order to improve the LAV's attenuation while maintaining immunogenicity. The IFNγ- and IL-21-expressing vaccine candidates were stable during passage and significantly attenuated post-vaccination, as mice experienced reduced footpad swelling with minimal systemic replication and dissemination capacity compared to the parental vaccine. Additionally, these candidates provided complete protection to mice challenged with WT CHIKV. Our dual attenuation strategy represents an innovative way to generate safe and effective alphavirus vaccines that could be applied to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chelsea Cereghino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tyler A Bates
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Megan Oberer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Vu TH, Hong Y, Heo J, Kang S, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Chicken miR-148a-3p regulates immune responses against AIV by targeting the MAPK signalling pathway and IFN-γ. Vet Res 2023; 54:110. [PMID: 37993949 PMCID: PMC10664352 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in the immune systems of host animals and play essential roles in several immune-related pathways. In the current study, we investigated the systemic biological function of the chicken miRNA gga-miR-148a-3p on immune responses in chicken lines resistant and susceptible to HPAIV-H5N1. We found that gga-miR-148a expression in the lung tissue of H5N1-resistant chickens was significantly downregulated during HPAIV-H5N1 infection. Overexpression of gga-miR-148a and a reporter construct with wild type or mutant IFN-γ, MAPK11, and TGF-β2 3' untranslated region (3' UTR)-luciferase in chicken fibroblasts showed that gga-miR-148a acted as a direct translational repressor of IFN-γ, MAPK11, and TGF-β2 by targeting their 3' UTRs. Furthermore, miR-148a directly and negatively influenced the expression of signalling molecules related to the MAPK signalling pathway, including MAPK11, TGF-β2, and Jun, and regulated antiviral responses through interferon-stimulated genes and MHC class I and class II genes by targeting IFN-γ. Downstream of the MAPK signalling pathway, several proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-β, and interferon-stimulated genes were downregulated by the overexpression of gga-miR-148a. Our data suggest that gga-miR-148a-3p is an important regulator of the MAPK signalling pathway and antiviral response. These findings improve our understanding of the biological functions of gga-miR-148a-3p, the mechanisms underlying the MAPK signalling pathway, and the antiviral response to HPAIV-H5N1 infection in chickens as well as the role of gga-miR-148a-3p in improving the overall performance of chicken immune responses for breeding disease-resistant chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hao Vu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubi Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5589089. [PMID: 35281470 PMCID: PMC8906126 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5589089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused relatively high mortality in patients, especially in those with concomitant diseases (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). In most of aforementioned comorbidities, the oxidative stress appears to be an important player in their pathogenesis. The direct cause of death in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is still far from being elucidated. Although some preliminary data suggests that the lung vasculature injury and the loss of the functioning part of pulmonary alveolar population are crucial, the precise mechanism is still unclear. On the other hand, at least two classes of medications used with some clinical benefits in COVID-19 treatment seem to have a major influence on ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) production. However, oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms in the antiviral immune response and innate immunity. Therefore, it would be of interest to summarize the data regarding the oxidative stress in severe COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms in severe COVID-19 based on available studies. We also present the role of ROS and RNS in other viral infections in humans and in animal models. Although reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play an important role in the innate antiviral immune response, in some situations, they might have a deleterious effect, e.g., in some coronaviral infections. The understanding of the redox mechanisms in severe COVID-19 disease may have an impact on its treatment.
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Banete A, Barilo J, Whittaker R, Basta S. The Activated Macrophage - A Tough Fortress for Virus Invasion: How Viruses Strike Back. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:803427. [PMID: 35087503 PMCID: PMC8787342 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.803427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) are innate immune cells with a variety of functional phenotypes depending on the cytokine microenvironment they reside in. Mφ exhibit distinct activation patterns that are found within a wide array of activation states ranging from the originally discovered classical pro-inflammatory (M1) to the anti-inflammatory (M2) with their multi-facades. M1 cells are induced by IFNγ + LPS, while M2 are further subdivided into M2a (IL-4), M2b (Immune Complex) and M2c (IL-10) based on their inducing stimuli. Not surprisingly, Mφ activation influences the outcome of viral infections as they produce cytokines that in turn activate cells of the adaptive immune system. Generally, activated M1 cells tend to restrict viral replication, however, influenza and HIV exploit inflammation to support their replication. Moreover, M2a polarization inhibits HIV replication at the post-integration level, while HCMV encoded hrIL-10 suppresses inflammatory reactions by facilitating M2c formation. Additionally, viruses such as LCMV and Lassa Virus directly suppress Mφ activation leading to viral chronicity. Here we review how Mφ activation affects viral infection and the strategies by which viruses manipulate Mφ polarization to benefit their own fitness. An understanding of these mechanisms is important for the development of novel immunotherapies that can sway Mφ phenotype to inhibit viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Banete
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Barilo
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Reese Whittaker
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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5
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Petrina M, Martin J, Basta S. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor has come of age: From a vaccine adjuvant to antiviral immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 59:101-110. [PMID: 33593661 PMCID: PMC8064670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GM-CSF acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a key growth factor produced by several immune cells such as macrophages and activated T cells. In this review, we discuss recent studies that point to the crucial role of GM-CSF in the immune response against infections. Upon induction, GM-CSF activates four main signalling networks including the JAK/STAT, PI3K, MAPK, and NFκB pathways. Many of these transduction pathways such as JAK/STAT signal via proteins commonly activated with other antiviral signalling cascades, such as those induced by IFNs. GM-CSF also helps defend against respiratory infections by regulating alveolar macrophage differentiation and enhancing innate immunity in the lungs. Here, we also summarize the numerous clinical trials that have taken advantage of GM-CSF's mechanistic attributes in immunotherapy. Moreover, we discuss how GM-CSF is used as an adjuvant in vaccines and how its activity is interfered with to reduce inflammation such as in the case of COVID-19. This review brings forth the current knowledge on the antiviral actions of GM-CSF, the associated signalling cascades, and its application in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petrina
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Martin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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Lavine KJ, Pinto AR, Epelman S, Kopecky BJ, Clemente-Casares X, Godwin J, Rosenthal N, Kovacic JC. The Macrophage in Cardiac Homeostasis and Disease: JACC Macrophage in CVD Series (Part 4). J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 72:2213-2230. [PMID: 30360829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are integral components of cardiac tissue and exert profound effects on the healthy and diseased heart. Paradigm shifting studies using advanced molecular techniques have revealed significant complexity within these macrophage populations that reside in the heart. In this final of a 4-part review series covering the macrophage in cardiovascular disease, the authors review the origins, dynamics, cell surface markers, and respective functions of each cardiac macrophage subset identified to date, including in the specific scenarios of myocarditis and after myocardial infarction. Looking ahead, a deeper understanding of the diverse and often dichotomous functions of cardiac macrophages will be essential for the development of targeted therapies to mitigate injury and orchestrate recovery of the diseased heart. Moreover, as macrophages are critical for cardiac healing, they are an emerging focus for therapeutic strategies aimed at minimizing cardiomyocyte death, ameliorating pathological cardiac remodeling, and for treating heart failure and after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory J Lavine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alexander R Pinto
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Slava Epelman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Kopecky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Godwin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine; Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production improves viral elimination in CVB3-infected myocardium in mice. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:533-538. [PMID: 30670775 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To find whether administration of hydrogen sulfide has interaction with coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) replication and spread. METHODS Six-week-old inbred male Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with CVB3. Mice were randomized to four groups (n = 10 for each group): group N (sham infection + vehicle), group C (virus + vehicle), group P (virus + DL-proparglygylcine (PAG)), and group S (virus + sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS)). PAG and NaHS were administered intraperitoneally daily and mice were killed on day 4 after viral inoculation. Serum specimens were obtained to assay tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) level, and heart specimens were harvested for histological examination, 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The ratio of heart-weight to body-weight and inflammatory scores showed no significant difference between infected groups. The circulatory and local concentrations of TNFα, nitric oxide synthase 2 messenger RNA, and protein were higher in group P, and were lower in group S compared to those in group C. Mice treated with PAG and NaHS had significantly lower and higher viral stocks than those inoculated with CVB3 only, respectively. CONCLUSION Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production contributed to viral clearance in acute viremia of CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Kang S, Brown HM, Hwang S. Direct Antiviral Mechanisms of Interferon-Gamma. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e33. [PMID: 30402328 PMCID: PMC6215902 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFNG) is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates both innate and adaptive immune networks; it is the most potent activator of macrophages and a signature cytokine of activated T lymphocytes. Though IFNG is now appreciated to have a multitude of roles in immune modulation and broad-spectrum pathogen defense, it was originally discovered, and named, as a secretory factor that interferes with viral replication. In contrast to the prototypical type I interferons produced by any cells upon viral infection, only specific subsets of immune cells can produce IFNG upon infection or stimulation with antigen or mitogen. Still, virtually all cells can respond to both types of interferons. This makes IFNG a versatile anti-microbial cytokine and also gives it a unique position in the antiviral defense system. The goal of this review is to highlight the direct antiviral mechanisms of IFNG, thereby clarifying its antiviral function in the effective control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Kang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hailey M. Brown
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Henke A, Jarasch N, Wutzler P. Coxsackievirus B3 vaccines: use as an expression vector for prevention of myocarditis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1557-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.10.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Miteva K, Van Linthout S, Volk HD, Tschöpe C. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells revisited in the context of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:353097. [PMID: 23853610 PMCID: PMC3703801 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is a common inflammatory cardiomyopathy, associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which can lead to chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies consistently support the application of cellular transplantation as a strategy to improve myocardial function. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate distinct paracrine effects supporting endogenous regeneration, but most important are their remarkable immunoregulatory properties. In this review, an overview of current knowledge on immunopathology in myocarditis will be given. Furthermore, current research regarding the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in the context of myocarditis will be discussed. Finally, the impact of MSC priming by the environment on their functionality and the advantages of systemic administration of MSCs under myocarditis are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Berlin, Germany
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Gillmaier N, Götz A, Schulz A, Eisenreich W, Goebel W. Metabolic responses of primary and transformed cells to intracellular Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52378. [PMID: 23285016 PMCID: PMC3528701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic response of host cells, in particular of primary mammalian cells, to bacterial infections is poorly understood. Here, we compare the carbon metabolism of primary mouse macrophages and of established J774A.1 cells upon Listeria monocytogenes infection using (13)C-labelled glucose or glutamine as carbon tracers. The (13)C-profiles of protein-derived amino acids from labelled host cells and intracellular L. monocytogenes identified active metabolic pathways in the different cell types. In the primary cells, infection with live L. monocytogenes increased glycolytic activity and enhanced flux of pyruvate into the TCA cycle via pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, while in J774A.1 cells the already high glycolytic and glutaminolytic activities hardly changed upon infection. The carbon metabolism of intracellular L. monocytogenes was similar in both host cells. Taken together, the data suggest that efficient listerial replication in the cytosol of the host cells mainly depends on the glycolytic activity of the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gillmaier
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Götz
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Anette Schulz
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Werner Goebel
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Miteva K, Haag M, Peng J, Savvatis K, Becher PM, Seifert M, Warstat K, Westermann D, Ringe J, Sittinger M, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C, Van Linthout S. Human cardiac-derived adherent proliferating cells reduce murine acute Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28513. [PMID: 22174827 PMCID: PMC3235117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. We recently isolated and identified novel cardiac-derived cells from human cardiac biopsies: cardiac-derived adherent proliferating cells (CAPs). They have similarities with mesenchymal stromal cells, which are known for their anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties. We explored whether CAPs application could be a novel strategy to improve acute Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis. Methodology/Principal Findings To evaluate the safety of our approach, we first analyzed the expression of the coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and the co-receptor CD55 on CAPs, which are both required for effective CVB3 infectivity. We could demonstrate that CAPs only minimally express both receptors, which translates to minimal CVB3 copy numbers, and without viral particle release after CVB3 infection. Co-culture of CAPs with CVB3-infected HL-1 cardiomyocytes resulted in a reduction of CVB3-induced HL-1 apoptosis and viral progeny release. In addition, CAPs reduced CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation. All CAPs-mediated protective effects were nitric oxide- and interleukin-10-dependent and required interferon-γ. In an acute murine model of CVB3-induced myocarditis, application of CAPs led to a decrease of cardiac apoptosis, cardiac CVB3 viral load and improved left ventricular contractility parameters. This was associated with a decline in cardiac mononuclear cell activity, an increase in T regulatory cells and T cell apoptosis, and an increase in left ventricular interleukin-10 and interferon-γ mRNA expression. Conclusions We conclude that CAPs are a unique type of cardiac-derived cells and promising tools to improve acute CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Haag
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kostas Savvatis
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Moritz Becher
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Seifert
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Warstat
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Kai JI, Huang WC, Tsai CC, Chang WT, Chen CL, Lin CF. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β indirectly facilitates interferon-γ-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and nitric oxide biosynthesis. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1522-30. [PMID: 20872791 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Either glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β or nuclear factor (NF)-κB regulates interferon (IFN)-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis; however, the inter-regulation between GSK-3β and NF-κB is unknown. We have previously shown that IFN-γ-activated GSK-3β negatively regulates Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP) 2 to facilitate Janus kinase (Jak) 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 activation. Because Jaks-IFN-inducible dsRNA-activated serine-threonine protein kinase (PKR) axis signaling is essential for IFN-γ-activation of NF-κB, in this study we investigate the potential mechanism for GSK-3β-facilitated NF-κB activation in IFN-γ-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Pharmacological inhibitors of GSK-3β or NF-κB signaling, such as the inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ) and IκBα, inhibited IFN-γ-induced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and thus NO biosynthesis. Inhibiting GSK-3β decreased IFN-γ-induced NF-κB phosphorylation (Ser536) and activation. The upstream regulators for GSK-3β activation, including okadaic acid-sensitive protein phosphatase and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, were also important for IFN-γ-induced IκBα phosphorylation (Ser32) and degradation. Under IFN-γ stimulation, Jak2-PKR axis signaling induced IκBα inactivation as well as iNOS/NO biosynthesis. It is notable that inhibiting GSK-3β caused SHP2-mediated dephosphorylation of PKR (Thr446), IKKβ (Ser180), and NF-κB (Ser536). Taken together, we provide the first evidence to demonstrate that GSK-3β indirectly facilitates IFN-γ-induced NF-κB activation by inhibiting SHP2, in turn activating the PKR-IKKβ-IκBα axis signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-In Kai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Jarasch-Althof N, Wiesener N, Schmidtke M, Wutzler P, Henke A. Antibody-dependent enhancement of coxsackievirus B3 infection of primary CD19+ B lymphocytes. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:369-76. [PMID: 20712481 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is associated with several different acute and chronic forms of human disease, including myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis. Moreover, CVB3 also infects immune cells like CD19+ B lymphocytes, but the viral uptake mechanism into these cells is not well understood. Therefore, primary murine and human CD19+ B cells were isolated by magnetic-activated cell separation technology and analyzed for virus receptor expression, antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection, and different cellular surface proteins, that might be involved in mechanisms of viral uptake. Western blot analysis of these cells revealed no significant expression of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor CAR. But incubation of CVB3 with serum dilutions, which exhibited binding but not neutralizing characteristics, increased viral uptake and replication significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Viral entry was reduced when Fc portions of immunoglobulins were blocked by protein A treatment. Moreover, the classical complement system rather than Fc-gamma-receptor-mediated mechanisms could be involved in viral uptake. Taken together, these data suggest an antibody-dependent enhancement of CVB3 infection of primary murine and human CD19+ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Jarasch-Althof
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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15
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Van Linthout S, Savvatis K, Miteva K, Peng J, Ringe J, Warstat K, Schmidt-Lucke C, Sittinger M, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Mesenchymal stem cells improve murine acute coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2010; 32:2168-78. [PMID: 21183501 PMCID: PMC3164101 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis, initially considered a sole immune-mediated disease, also results from a direct CVB3-mediated injury of the cardiomyocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have, besides immunomodulatory, also anti-apoptotic features. In view of clinical translation, we first analysed whether MSCs can be infected by CVB3. Next, we explored whether and how MSCs could reduce the direct CVB3-mediated cardiomyocyte injury and viral progeny release, in vitro, in the absence of immune cells. Finally, we investigated whether MSC application could improve murine acute CVB3-induced myocarditis. Methods and results Phase contrast pictures and MTS viability assay demonstrated that MSCs did not suffer from CVB3 infection 4–12–24–48 h after CVB3 infection. Coxsackievirus B3 RNA copy number decreased in this time frame, suggesting that no CVB3 replication took place. Co-culture of MSCs with CVB3-infected HL-1 cardiomyocytes resulted in a reduction of CVB3-induced HL-1 apoptosis, oxidative stress, intracellular viral particle production, and viral progeny release in a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent manner. Moreover, MSCs required priming via interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to exert their protective effects. In vivo, MSC application improved the contractility and relaxation parameters in CVB3-induced myocarditis, which was paralleled with a reduction in cardiac apoptosis, cardiomyocyte damage, left ventricular tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA expression, and cardiac mononuclear cell activation. Mesenchymal stem cells reduced the CVB3-induced CD4− and CD8− T cell activation in an NO-dependent way and required IFN-γ priming. Conclusion We conclude that MSCs improve murine acute CVB3-induced myocarditis via their anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties, which occur in an NO-dependent manner and require priming via IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
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Jäkel S, Kuckelkorn U, Szalay G, Plötz M, Textoris-Taube K, Opitz E, Klingel K, Stevanovic S, Kandolf R, Kotsch K, Stangl K, Kloetzel PM, Voigt A. Differential interferon responses enhance viral epitope generation by myocardial immunoproteasomes in murine enterovirus myocarditis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:510-8. [PMID: 19590042 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Murine models of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis mimic the divergent human disease course of cardiotropic viral infection, with host-specific outcomes ranging from complete recovery in resistant mice to chronic disease in susceptible hosts. To identify susceptibility factors that modulate the course of viral myocarditis, we show that type-I interferon (IFN) responses are considerably impaired in acute CVB3-induced myocarditis in susceptible mice, which have been linked to immunoproteasome (IP) formation. Here we report that in concurrence with distinctive type-I IFN kinetics, myocardial IP formation peaked early after infection in resistant mice and was postponed with maximum IP expression concomitant to massive inflammation and predominant type-II IFN responses in susceptible mice. IP activity is linked to a strong enhancement of antigenic viral peptide presentation. To investigate the impact of myocardial IPs in CVB3-induced myocarditis, we identified two novel CVB3 T cell epitopes, virus capsid protein 2 [285-293] and polymerase 3D [2170-2177]. Analysis of myocardial IPs in CVB3-induced myocarditis revealed that myocardial IP expression resulted in efficient epitope generation. As opposed to the susceptible host, myocardial IP expression at early stages of disease corresponded to enhanced CVB3 epitope generation in the hearts of resistant mice. We propose that this process may precondition the infected heart for adaptive immune responses. In conclusion, type-I IFN-induced myocardial IP activity at early stages coincides with less severe disease manifestation in CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jäkel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Biochemie CC2, Monbijoustrasse 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Chaturvedi UC, Nagar R. Nitric oxide in dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: necessity or nuisance? FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 56:9-24. [PMID: 19239490 PMCID: PMC7110348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in free radical research show that reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species, for example superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite, play an important role in the pathogenesis of different viral infections, including dengue virus. The pathogenic mechanism of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is complicated and is not clearly understood. The hallmarks of the dengue disease, the antibody-dependent enhancement, the shift from T-helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2 cytokine response and the cytokine tsunami resulting in vascular leakage can now be explained much better with the knowledge gained about NO and peroxynitrite. This paper makes an effort to present a synthesis of the current opinions to explain the pathogenesis of DHF/shock syndrome with NO on centre stage.
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18
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Jiang Z, Xu W, Li K, Yue Y, Xu L, Ye F, Xiong S. Remission of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis by in vivo Th2 polarization via hydrodynamics-based interleukin-4 gene transfer. J Gene Med 2008; 10:918-29. [PMID: 18512734 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of Th polarization was critical for the prevention of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induced myocarditis. In the present study, interleukin (IL)-4 was over-expressed by hydrodynamics-based gene transfection (HGT) to induce the in vivo Th2 bias and evaluate the influence of Th polarization on the pathogenesis of CVB3-myocaditis. METHODS IL-4 expressing plasmid was delivered into BALB/c mice by HGT after CVB3 infection. In vivo Th polarization was evaluated by detecting expression of Th1/Th2 cytokine, antibody isotype and Th related transcription factor, as well as the proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. The severity of myocarditis was assessed by weight loss, serological index of myocarditis, pathological feature, as well as survival rate. RESULTS HGT of IL-4 plasmid resulted in high-level and long-lasting expression of IL-4 in different organs, which rescued mice from severe heart inflammation and death. This may due to the induction of a Th2-bised immune response specified with decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma but increased expression of IL-10 and IL-4 in serum and heart tissue, more IL-4 but less IFN-gamma secreting splenic CD4+ T cells, an immunoglobulin G1 isotype switch, increased expression of GATA-3 and low proliferation of CD8+ T cells, without significant change of virus titer in heart tissue. CONCLUSIONS CVB3-induced myocarditis could be remitted through in vivo Th2 polarization, which has implications for our understanding of the role of Th2 population in immunity to CVB3 infection and for the development of new therapies for CVB3-myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Immunobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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19
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Abstract
Viral myocarditis is an elusive infection of the heart that is currently without an effective or definitive treatment. Viral myocarditis has a complex disease progression that can be divided into early, middle and late phases. Direct cytopathic injury, apoptosis, activation of the innate and adaptive immune system and cardiac remodeling have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. Novel treatment approaches are evolving at a rapid pace. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on current research focused on identifying potential treatment options for viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver & Health Sciences Center, The Children’s Hospital, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, B100 Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- Children’s National Medical Center/Children’s Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Carlin S Long
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado at Denver & Health Sciences Center, Box 0960, Denver Health Medical Center, 777 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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Henke A, Jarasch N, Martin U, Zell R, Wutzler P. Characterization of the Protective Capability of a Recombinant Coxsackievirus B3 Variant Expressing Interferon-γ. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:38-48. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Henke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Jarasch
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Martin
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Wutzler
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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21
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Henke A, Jarasch N, Martin U, Wegert J, Wildner A, Zell R, Wutzler P. Recombinant coxsackievirus vectors for prevention and therapy of virus-induced heart disease. Int J Med Microbiol 2008; 298:127-34. [PMID: 17897883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of human death and have been linked to many different risk factors. Among them, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), as a member of the enterovirus group, is one of the most important infectious agents of virus-induced myocarditis. Despite the fact that the molecular structure of this pathogen has been characterized very precisely, there is no virus-specific preventive or therapeutic procedure against CVB3-induced heart disease in clinical use today. A promising approach to prevent CVB3-caused myocarditis represents the mutation of the viral genome in a way that coding sequences of cytokines are integrated into the viral RNA. Recombinant cytokine-expressing CVB3 variants were established to increase the local cytokine concentration and to modulate TH1-/TH2-specific immune responses. Especially protective against CVB3-induced murine myocarditis is the application of an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-expressing recombinant coxsackievirus variant. The local and simultaneous expression of an immuno-relevant cytokine by the virus itself induces a strong and long-lasting immune response which protects laboratory animals against lethal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Henke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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22
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Chareonsirisuthigul T, Kalayanarooj S, Ubol S. Dengue virus (DENV) antibody-dependent enhancement of infection upregulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, but suppresses anti-DENV free radical and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, in THP-1 cells. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:365-375. [PMID: 17251552 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome is thought to be mediated by a variety of host factors. Enhancing antibodies are one of the key regulating molecules. These antibodies, via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, are able to facilitate dengue virus (DENV) growth in Fc-bearing host cells. The mechanism of ADE-enhanced DENV production is believed to be mediated through increasing the infected-cell mass. In the present work, the effect of ADE infection was explored further, focusing on the post-entry events of ADE infection. It was hypothesized that the higher virus production in ADE infection compared with DENV infection may be due to the ability of this infection pathway to suppress key antiviral molecules. Therefore, the influence of ADE infection on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6 and IL-10, was investigated and it was found that DENV infection via the Fc receptor-mediated pathway was able to suppress the transcription and translation of IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. In contrast, infection via this route facilitated expression and synthesis of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the ADE infection pathway also suppresses an innate anti-DENV mediator, nitric oxide radicals, by disrupting the transcription of the iNOS gene transcription factor, IRF-1, and blocking the activation of STAT-1. In conclusion, ADE infection not only facilitates the entry process, but also modifies innate and adaptive intracellular antiviral mechanisms, resulting in unrestricted DENV replication in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siripen Kalayanarooj
- WHO Collaborating Centre Case Management of Dengue/DHF/DSS, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Szalay G, Sauter M, Hald J, Weinzierl A, Kandolf R, Klingel K. Sustained nitric oxide synthesis contributes to immunopathology in ongoing myocarditis attributable to interleukin-10 disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 169:2085-93. [PMID: 17148671 PMCID: PMC1762471 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis is characterized by persistence of viral RNA and chronic inflammation primarily mediated by macrophages and T cells. Activated macrophages produce anti-viral effector molecules comprising reactive nitrogen intermediates; however, reactive nitrogen intermediates also contribute to host tissue damage. Controlled activation of macrophages depends on interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10. To evaluate mechanisms involved in CVB3-induced pathogenesis of myocarditis, we determined the relationship of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression with IFN-gamma and IL-10 secretion during CVB3 infection in different mouse strains. We found in susceptible A.BY/SnJ mice that develop ongoing myocarditis, a low and delayed IFN-gamma secretion and highly diminished IL-10 production compared with resistant C57BL/6 mice. Consequently, iNOS mRNA synthesis was delayed but clearly prolonged in susceptible mice. IL-10 gene-deficient mice confirmed the regulatory role of IL-10 in the outcome of CVB3 myocarditis. These mice did not establish a persistent cardiac infection and revealed IFN-gamma secretion kinetics similar to resistant mice but showed a slightly elongated cardiac iNOS mRNA expression resulting in extended myocarditis. We conclude that coordinated secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10 is crucial for the effective resolution of CVB3 myocarditis. Moreover, lack of regulatory IL-10 leads to uncontrolled iNOS mRNA production, thus contributing to ongoing myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Szalay
- Dept. of Molecular Pathology, Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tsuhako MH, Augusto O, Linares E, Dagli MLZ, Pereira CA. Association between nitric oxide synthesis and vaccination-acquired resistance to murine hepatitis virus by spf mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1534-41. [PMID: 17045921 PMCID: PMC7126187 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) produces a strain-dependent pattern of disease, with A/J and BALB/c mice being considered models of resistance and susceptibility, respectively. A role for nitric oxide in controlling infection remains debatable; thus, we monitored nitric oxide levels in blood and liver of immunized and nonimmunized spf mice during infection by electron paramagnetic resonance. In parallel, liver histology, virus titers, and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were monitored. Nitric oxide synthesis was barely detectable in BALB/c mice, which showed a progressive increase in virus titers and ALT activity. These animals died with a shorter survival time than A/J mice. The latter displayed a less severe infection and presented detectable levels of nitric oxide as nitrosyl complexes in blood and liver at 72 hpi. Immunized mice from both strains became resistant to MHV-3 and showed comparable levels of nitrosyl complexes in blood and liver at an early time (24 hpi). Thereafter, nitric oxide levels decreased but remained detectable in blood up to 96 hpi. Immunized mice were capable of clearing the virus and clearance was inhibited by administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Overall, the results support a role for nitric oxide in controlling MHV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Tsuhako
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Huber S, Sartini D. T cells expressing the Vgamma1 T-cell receptor enhance virus-neutralizing antibody response during coxsackievirus B3 infection of BALB/c mice: differences in male and female mice. Viral Immunol 2006; 18:730-9. [PMID: 16359239 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 infection causes severe cardiac inflammation in male but not female mice. CD3+ T cells and T cells expressing the Vgamma4 T cell receptor (TCR) predominate in the cardiac inflammatory cell infiltrate in infected male BALB/c mice. Infected females have mostly CD19+ (B lymphocyte) and Vgamma1+ cells. No significant differences in CD11b+ (monocyte) cells were observed between the sexes. Infected males showed a predominant CD4+Th1 (IFNgamma+) response, whereas females showed a predominant CD4+Th2 response. The importance of IFNgamma for myocarditis susceptibility and IL-4 for protection was confirmed using IFN-gamma-/- and IL-4-/- mice. Antibody depletion of Vgamma1+ cells augmented myocarditis susceptibility, whereas antibody depletion of Vgamma4+ cells was protective. Cardiac virus titers inversely correlated with virus neutralizing antibodies and showed that Vgamma1+ cells are important for virus neutralizing antibody response. IFNgamma affected the Vgamma4+ cell response in the heart, as IFNgamma-/- mice had few Vgamma4+ cells; but exogenous administration of recombinant IFNgamma to IFNgamma-/- mice restored myocarditis susceptibility, Th1 bias, and Vgamma4+ cell infiltration of the myocardium. These results demonstrate that two gammadelta+ T cell populations, Vgamma1+ and Vgamma4+, have different functions during myocarditis, in that Vgamma1+ cells promote humoral immunity and protection whereas Vgamma4+ cells are pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Huber
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont 05446, USA.
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Austin BA, Halford W, Silverman RH, Williams BRG, Carr DJJ. OAS and PKR are not required for the antiviral effect of Ad:IFN-gamma against acute HSV-1 in primary trigeminal ganglia cultures. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:220-5. [PMID: 16704298 PMCID: PMC1472294 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced antiviral pathways have been reported. Involved antiviral proteins include: Mx, RNase L/2',5'-OAS, and protein kinase R (PKR). Involvement of OAS and PKR in IFN-gamma-induced anti-herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) pathways has not been reported previously, but IFN-gamma induces OAS and PKR when other viruses invade the nervous system. The aim of the current study was to determine if the absence of intact OAS and PKR antiviral pathways affects the antiviral activity of IFN-gamma during acute HSV-1 infection within the trigeminal ganglia (TG). To investigate this, primary TG cultures were established using TGs removed from C57BL/6 (wild-type), RNase L knockout, and RNase L/PKR double knockout mice. Each dissociated TG was transduced with an adenoviral vector containing an IFN-gamma transgene or vector alone. Viral titers after HSV-1 infection of primary TG cell cultures were determined. Significant differences in viral titer for Ad:Null-transduced vs. Ad:IFN-gamma-tranduced TG were found in each genotype. However, the effectiveness of Ad:IFN-gamma was not reduced in the absence of both OAS and PKR pathways or OAS alone. Recombinant IFN-gamma also exhibited anti-HSV-1 activity. The effectiveness of the IFN-gamma transgene was lost in primary TG cells from IFN-gamma receptor knockout mice. The data suggest that novel anti-HSV-1 mechanisms are induced by IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Ann Austin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William Halford
- Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory, P.O. Box 173610, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Bryan R. G. Williams
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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