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Palominos MF, Calfún C, Nardocci G, Candia D, Torres-Paz J, Whitlock KE. The Olfactory Organ Is a Unique Site for Neutrophils in the Brain. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881702. [PMID: 35693773 PMCID: PMC9186071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate olfactory tract new neurons are continuously produced throughout life. It is widely believed that neurogenesis contributes to learning and memory and can be regulated by immune signaling molecules. Proteins originally identified in the immune system have subsequently been localized to the developing and adult nervous system. Previously, we have shown that olfactory imprinting, a specific type of long-term memory, is correlated with a transcriptional response in the olfactory organs that include up-regulation of genes associated with the immune system. To better understand the immune architecture of the olfactory organs we made use of cell-specific fluorescent reporter lines in dissected, intact adult brains of zebrafish to examine the association of the olfactory sensory neurons with neutrophils and blood-lymphatic vasculature. Surprisingly, the olfactory organs contained the only neutrophil populations observed in the brain; these neutrophils were localized in the neural epithelia and were associated with the extensive blood vasculature of the olfactory organs. Damage to the olfactory epithelia resulted in a rapid increase of neutrophils both within the olfactory organs as well as the central nervous system. Analysis of cell division during and after damage showed an increase in BrdU labeling in the neural epithelia and a subset of the neutrophils. Our results reveal a unique population of neutrophils in the olfactory organs that are associated with both the olfactory epithelia and the lymphatic vasculature suggesting a dual olfactory-immune function for this unique sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Palominos
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cristian Calfún
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danissa Candia
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jorge Torres-Paz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Kathleen E Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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2
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Whitlock KE, Palominos MF. The Olfactory Tract: Basis for Future Evolution in Response to Rapidly Changing Ecological Niches. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:831602. [PMID: 35309251 PMCID: PMC8927807 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.831602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the forebrain the olfactory sensory system is unique from other sensory systems both in the projections of the olfactory tract and the ongoing neurogenic potential, characteristics conserved across vertebrates. Olfaction plays a crucial role in behaviors such as mate choice, food selection, homing, escape from predators, among others. The olfactory forebrain is intimately associated with the limbic system, the region of the brain involved in learning, memory, and emotions through interactions with the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system. Previously thought to lack a limbic system, we now know that teleost fishes process emotions, have exceptional memories, and readily learn, behaviors that are often associated with olfactory cues. The association of neuromodulatory hormones, and more recently, the immune system, with odor cues underlies behaviors essential for maintenance and adaptation within natural ecological niches. Increasingly anthropogenic perturbations affecting ecosystems are impacting teleost fishes worldwide. Here we examine the role of the olfactory tract as the neural basis for the integration of environmental cues and resulting behaviors necessary for the regulation of biotic interactions that allow for future adaptation as the climate spins out of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Kathleen E. Whitlock
| | - M. Fernanda Palominos
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
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3
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Optogenetic Manipulation of Olfactory Responses in Transgenic Zebrafish: A Neurobiological and Behavioral Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137191. [PMID: 34281244 PMCID: PMC8269104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is an important neural system for survival and fundamental behaviors such as predator avoidance, food finding, memory formation, reproduction, and social communication. However, the neural circuits and pathways associated with the olfactory system in various behaviors are not fully understood. Recent advances in optogenetics, high-resolution in vivo imaging, and reconstructions of neuronal circuits have created new opportunities to understand such neural circuits. Here, we generated a transgenic zebrafish to manipulate olfactory signal optically, expressing the Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) under the control of the olfactory specific promoter, omp. We observed light-induced neuronal activity of olfactory system in the transgenic fish by examining c-fos expression, and a calcium indicator suggesting that blue light stimulation caused activation of olfactory neurons in a non-invasive manner. To examine whether the photo-activation of olfactory sensory neurons affect behavior of zebrafish larvae, we devised a behavioral choice paradigm and tested how zebrafish larvae choose between two conflicting sensory cues, an aversive odor or the naturally preferred phototaxis. We found that when the conflicting cues (the preferred light and aversive odor) were presented together simultaneously, zebrafish larvae swam away from the aversive odor. However, the transgenic fish with photo-activation were insensitive to the aversive odor and exhibited olfactory desensitization upon optical stimulation of ChR2. These results show that an aversive olfactory stimulus can override phototaxis, and that olfaction is important in decision making in zebrafish. This new transgenic model will be useful for the analysis of olfaction related behaviors and for the dissection of underlying neural circuits.
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4
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Lieggi C, Kalueff AV, Lawrence C, Collymore C. The Influence of Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Factors on Reproducibility and Replicability in Aquatic Animal Models. ILAR J 2020; 60:270-288. [PMID: 32400880 PMCID: PMC7743897 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The publication of reproducible, replicable, and translatable data in studies utilizing animal models is a scientific, practical, and ethical necessity. This requires careful planning and execution of experiments and accurate reporting of results. Recognition that numerous developmental, environmental, and test-related factors can affect experimental outcomes is essential for a quality study design. Factors commonly considered when designing studies utilizing aquatic animal species include strain, sex, or age of the animal; water quality; temperature; and acoustic and light conditions. However, in the aquatic environment, it is equally important to consider normal species behavior, group dynamics, stocking density, and environmental complexity, including tank design and structural enrichment. Here, we will outline normal species and social behavior of 2 commonly used aquatic species: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Xenopus (X. laevis and X. tropicalis). We also provide examples as to how these behaviors and the complexity of the tank environment can influence research results and provide general recommendations to assist with improvement of reproducibility and replicability, particularly as it pertains to behavior and environmental complexity, when utilizing these popular aquatic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lieggi
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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5
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Var SR, Byrd-Jacobs CA. Role of Macrophages and Microglia in Zebrafish Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4768. [PMID: 32635596 PMCID: PMC7369716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no treatment for recovery of human nerve function after damage to the central nervous system (CNS), and there are limited regenerative capabilities in the peripheral nervous system. Since fish are known for their regenerative abilities, understanding how these species modulate inflammatory processes following injury has potential translational importance for recovery from damage and disease. Many diseases and injuries involve the activation of innate immune cells to clear damaged cells. The resident immune cells of the CNS are microglia, the primary cells that respond to infection and injury, and their peripheral counterparts, macrophages. These cells serve as key modulators of development and plasticity and have been shown to be important in the repair and regeneration of structure and function after injury. Zebrafish are an emerging model for studying macrophages in regeneration after injury and microglia in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. These fish possess a high degree of neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and emotional/social behavioral resemblance with humans, serving as an ideal simulator for many pathologies. This review explores literature on macrophage and microglial involvement in facilitating regeneration. Understanding innate immune cell behavior following damage may help to develop novel methods for treating toxic and chronic inflammatory processes that are seen in trauma and disease.
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6
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Olender T, Jones TEM, Bruford E, Lancet D. A unified nomenclature for vertebrate olfactory receptors. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:42. [PMID: 32295537 PMCID: PMC7160942 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors with a crucial role in odor detection. A typical mammalian genome harbors ~ 1000 OR genes and pseudogenes; however, different gene duplication/deletion events have occurred in each species, resulting in complex orthology relationships. While the human OR nomenclature is widely accepted and based on phylogenetic classification into 18 families and further into subfamilies, for other mammals different and multiple nomenclature systems are currently in use, thus concealing important evolutionary and functional insights. RESULTS Here, we describe the Mutual Maximum Similarity (MMS) algorithm, a systematic classifier for assigning a human-centric nomenclature to any OR gene based on inter-species hierarchical pairwise similarities. MMS was applied to the OR repertoires of seven mammals and zebrafish. Altogether, we assigned symbols to 10,249 ORs. This nomenclature is supported by both phylogenetic and synteny analyses. The availability of a unified nomenclature provides a framework for diverse studies, where textual symbol comparison allows immediate identification of potential ortholog groups as well as species-specific expansions/deletions; for example, Or52e5 and Or52e5b represent a rat-specific duplication of OR52E5. Another example is the complete absence of OR subfamily OR6Z among primate OR symbols. In other mammals, OR6Z members are located in one genomic cluster, suggesting a large deletion in the great ape lineage. An additional 14 mammalian OR subfamilies are missing from the primate genomes. While in chimpanzee 87% of the symbols were identical to human symbols, this number decreased to ~ 50% in dog and cow and to ~ 30% in rodents, reflecting the adaptive changes of the OR gene superfamily across diverse ecological niches. Application of the proposed nomenclature to zebrafish revealed similarity to mammalian ORs that could not be detected from the current zebrafish olfactory receptor gene nomenclature. CONCLUSIONS We have consolidated a unified standard nomenclature system for the vertebrate OR superfamily. The new nomenclature system will be applied to cow, horse, dog and chimpanzee by the Vertebrate Gene Nomenclature Committee and its implementation is currently under consideration by other relevant species-specific nomenclature committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Tamsin E M Jones
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Elspeth Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Doron Lancet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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7
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Pilehvar A, Town RM, Blust R. The interactive effect of copper(II) and conspecific alarm substances on behavioural responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2019; 381:112452. [PMID: 31881231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants such as metal ions can have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms at the molecular, organismal and population levels. In the present work, we examined the interactive effect of Cu(II) and conspecific alarm substance on zebrafish behavioural responses utilizing the novel tank diving assay. To this end, 3 novel tank diving tests (on day 0, 3 and 10 of the experimental phase) were conducted on zebrafish in 4 experimental groups: (1) control: no Cu(II) and no alarm substance, (2) Cu(II) only: exposed to 0.78 μM Cu(II) (25 % of the 240 h LC50) in the home tank for 10 days, (3) alarm substance only: exposed to alarm substance for 6 min concomitant with behavioural testing, and (4) Cu(II) + alarm substance: exposed to 0.78 μM Cu(II) in the home tank for 10 days and treated with alarm substance for 6 min during the behavioural testing. Results showed robust habituation response of zebrafish. Exposure to Cu(II) did not affect the behavioural phenotypes of zebrafish in the novel tank diving test or habituation responses. Alarm substance treatment evoked strong anxiety-like behaviour. Finally, zebrafish in the Cu(II) + alarm substance group lost their sensitivity to alarm substance in repeated novel tank assays throughout the concomitant Cu(II) exposure; this observation is tentatively ascribed to Cu(II)-induced olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pilehvar
- Laboratory of Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Raewyn M Town
- Laboratory of Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Laboratory of Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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Olivares J, Schmachtenberg O. An update on anatomy and function of the teleost olfactory system. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7808. [PMID: 31579633 PMCID: PMC6768218 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of all extant vertebrates are teleost fishes. Although our knowledge about anatomy and function of their olfactory systems still lags behind that of mammals, recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have provided us with a wealth of novel information about the sense of smell in this important animal group. Its paired olfactory organs contain up to five types of olfactory receptor neurons expressing OR, TAAR, VR1- and VR2-class odorant receptors associated with individual transduction machineries. The different types of receptor neurons are preferentially tuned towards particular classes of odorants, that are associated with specific behaviors, such as feeding, mating or migration. We discuss the connections of the receptor neurons in the olfactory bulb, the differences in bulbar circuitry compared to mammals, and the characteristics of second order projections to telencephalic olfactory areas, considering the everted ontogeny of the teleost telencephalon. The review concludes with a brief overview of current theories about odor coding and the prominent neural oscillations observed in the teleost olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Olivares
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Universidad de Valparaíso, PhD Program in Neuroscience, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oliver Schmachtenberg
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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9
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Maximino C, do Carmo Silva RX, Dos Santos Campos K, de Oliveira JS, Rocha SP, Pyterson MP, Dos Santos Souza DP, Feitosa LM, Ikeda SR, Pimentel AFN, Ramos PNF, Costa BPD, Herculano AM, Rosemberg DB, Siqueira-Silva DH, Lima-Maximino M. Sensory ecology of ostariophysan alarm substances. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:274-286. [PMID: 30345536 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical communication of predation risk has evolved multiple times in fish species, with conspecific alarm substance (CAS) being the most well understood mechanism. CAS is released after epithelial damage, usually when prey fish are captured by a predator and elicits neurobehavioural adjustments in conspecifics which increase the probability of avoiding predation. As such, CAS is a partial predator stimulus, eliciting risk assessment-like and avoidance behaviours and disrupting the predation sequence. The present paper reviews the distribution and putative composition of CAS in fish and presents a model for the neural processing of these structures by the olfactory and the brain aversive systems. Applications of CAS in the behavioural neurosciences and neuropharmacology are also presented, exploiting the potential of model fish [e.g., zebrafish Danio rerio, guppies Poecilia reticulata, minnows Phoxinus phoxinus) in neurobehavioural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Nova Marabá, Brazil
| | - Rhayra X do Carmo Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Nova Marabá, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Kimberly Dos Santos Campos
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus VIII/Marabá, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Jeisiane S de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus VIII/Marabá, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Sueslene P Rocha
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus VIII/Marabá, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Maryana P Pyterson
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Nova Marabá, Brazil
| | - Dainara P Dos Santos Souza
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Nova Marabá, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Feitosa
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus VIII/Marabá, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Saulo R Ikeda
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus VIII/Marabá, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Ana F N Pimentel
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Nova Marabá, Brazil
| | - Pâmila N F Ramos
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus VIII/Marabá, Marabá, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - Cidade Universitária Paulo VI - Predio da Veterinária, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Bruna P D Costa
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Nova Marabá, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - Cidade Universitária Paulo VI - Predio da Veterinária, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Herculano
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratório de Neuropsicobiologia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Diógenes H Siqueira-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Nova Marabá, Brazil
| | - Monica Lima-Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus VIII/Marabá, Marabá, Brazil
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10
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Calvo-Ochoa E, Byrd-Jacobs CA. The Olfactory System of Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Neurotoxicity and Injury: Implications for Neuroplasticity and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071639. [PMID: 30986990 PMCID: PMC6480214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system, composed of the olfactory organs and the olfactory bulb, allows organisms to interact with their environment and through the detection of odor signals. Olfaction mediates behaviors pivotal for survival, such as feeding, mating, social behavior, and danger assessment. The olfactory organs are directly exposed to the milieu, and thus are particularly vulnerable to damage by environmental pollutants and toxicants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and surfactants, among others. Given the widespread occurrence of olfactory toxicants, there is a pressing need to understand the effects of these harmful compounds on olfactory function. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable model for studying human physiology, disease, and toxicity. Additionally, the anatomical components of the zebrafish olfactory system are similar to those of other vertebrates, and they present a remarkable degree of regeneration and neuroplasticity, making it an ideal model for the study of regeneration, reorganization and repair mechanisms following olfactory toxicant exposure. In this review, we focus on (1) the anatomical, morphological, and functional organization of the olfactory system of zebrafish; (2) the adverse effects of olfactory toxicants and injury to the olfactory organ; and (3) remodeling and repair neuroplasticity mechanisms following injury and degeneration by olfactory toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvo-Ochoa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA.
| | - Christine A Byrd-Jacobs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410, USA.
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11
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Blin M, Tine E, Meister L, Elipot Y, Bibliowicz J, Espinasa L, Rétaux S. Developmental evolution and developmental plasticity of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory skills in Mexican cavefish. Dev Biol 2018; 441:242-251. [PMID: 29709597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fish Astyanax mexicanus comes in two forms: the normal surface-dwelling (SF) and the blind depigmented cave-adapted (CF) morphs. Among many phenotypic differences, cavefish show enhanced olfactory sensitivity to detect amino-acid odors and they possess large olfactory sensory organs. Here, we questioned the relationship between the size of the olfactory organ and olfactory capacities. Comparing olfactory detection abilities of CF, SF and F1 hybrids with various olfactory epithelium (OE) sizes in behavioral tests, we concluded that OE size is not the only factor involved. Other possibilities were envisaged. First, olfactory behavior was tested in SF raised in the dark or after embryonic lens ablation, which leads to eye degeneration and mimics the CF condition. Both absence of visual function and absence of visual organs improved the SF olfactory detection capacities, without affecting the size of their OE. This suggested that developmental plasticity occurs between the visual and the olfactory modalities, and can be recruited in SF after visual deprivation. Second, the development of the olfactory epithelium was compared in SF and CF in their first month of life. Proliferation, cell death, neuronal lifespan, and olfactory progenitor cell cycling properties were identical in the two morphs. By contrast, the proportions of the three main olfactory sensory neurons subtypes (ciliated, microvillous and crypt) in their OE differed. OMP-positive ciliated neurons were more represented in SF, TRPC2-positive microvillous neurons were proportionately more abundant in CF, and S100-positive crypt cells were found in equal densities in the two morphs. Thus, general proliferative properties of olfactory progenitors are identical but neurogenic properties differ and lead to variations in the neuronal composition of the OE in SF and CF. Together, these experiments suggest that there are at least two components in the evolution of cavefish olfactory skills: (1) one part of eye-dependent developmental phenotypic plasticity, which does not depend on the size of the olfactory organ, and (2) one part of developmental evolution of the OE, which may stem from embryonic specification of olfactory neurons progenitor pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Blin
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eugène Tine
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lydvina Meister
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yannick Elipot
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan Bibliowicz
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luis Espinasa
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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The Nicotine-Evoked Locomotor Response: A Behavioral Paradigm for Toxicity Screening in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos and Eleutheroembryos Exposed to Methylmercury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154570. [PMID: 27123921 PMCID: PMC4849578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is an adaptation of the nicotine-evoked locomotor response (NLR) assay, which was originally utilized for phenotype-based neurotoxicity screening in zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish embryos do not exhibit spontaneous swimming until roughly 4 days post-fertilization (dpf), however, a robust swimming response can be induced as early as 36 hours post-fertilization (hpf) by means of acute nicotine exposure (30–240μM). Here, the NLR was tested as a tool for early detection of locomotor phenotypes in 36, 48 and 72 hpf mutant zebrafish embryos of the non-touch-responsive maco strain; this assay successfully discriminated mutant embryos from their non-mutant siblings. Then, methylmercury (MeHg) was used as a proof-of-concept neurotoxicant to test the effectiveness of the NLR assay as a screening tool in toxicology. The locomotor effects of MeHg were evaluated in 6 dpf wild type eleutheroembryos exposed to waterborne MeHg (0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.1μM). Afterwards, the NLR assay was tested in 48 hpf embryos subjected to the same MeHg exposure regimes. Embryos exposed to 0.01 and 0.03μM of MeHg exhibited significant increases in locomotion in both scenarios. These findings suggest that similar locomotor phenotypes observed in free swimming fish can be detected as early as 48 hpf, when locomotion is induced with nicotine.
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Stephenson JF. Keeping eyes peeled: guppies exposed to chemical alarm cue are more responsive to ambiguous visual cues. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016; 70:575-584. [PMID: 27069301 PMCID: PMC4788695 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Information received from the visual and chemical senses is qualitatively different. For prey species in aquatic environments, visual cues are spatially and temporally reliable but risky as the prey and predator must often be in close proximity. Chemical cues, by contrast, can be distorted by currents or linger and thus provide less reliable spatial and temporal information, but can be detected from a safe distance. Chemical cues are therefore often the first detected and may provide a context in which prey respond to subsequent ambiguous cues (“context hypothesis”). Depending on this context, early chemical cues may also alert prey to attend to imminent cues in other sensory modalities (“alerting hypothesis”). In the context of predation risk, for example, it is intuitive that individuals become more responsive to subsequent ambiguous cues across sensory modalities. Consistent with the context hypothesis, guppies, Poecilia reticulata, exposed to conspecific alarm cue reduced activity, a classic fright response among fish, in response to a water disturbance more than those exposed to cues of unharmed conspecifics or a water control. Despite this reduction in activity, guppies exposed to alarm cue were more attentive to visual cues than those exposed to the other chemical cues, as predicted by the alerting hypothesis. These responses contrasted with those of guppies exposed to chemical cues of undisturbed, unharmed conspecifics, which were relatively unaffected by the disturbance. This is the first study indicating that unambiguous cues detected by one sensory modality affect animal responses to subsequent ambiguous multimodal cues. Significance statement In moving water, chemical cues can be detected over longer distances than visual cues; they may therefore be detected first and alert animals to imminent visual cues. This effect is likely to be particularly important if these chemical cues are indicative of predation. I investigated how different chemical cues affect (1) guppy response to an ambiguous water disturbance and (2) their responsiveness to subsequent ambiguous visual cues. Guppies based their responses to ambiguous cues on the context implied by chemical cues: those exposed to chemical cues indicative of predation reduced activity, a classic fright response, but increased responsiveness to visual cues, relative to those exposed to control chemical cues. This is the first study to show that unambiguous cues detected by one sense affect animal responses to ambiguous cues detected by other senses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2076-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Stephenson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX UK ; Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment (ACE), ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Calfún C, Domínguez C, Pérez-Acle T, Whitlock KE. Changes in Olfactory Receptor Expression Are Correlated With Odor Exposure During Early Development in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chem Senses 2016; 41:301-12. [PMID: 26892307 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that exposure to phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) causes an increase in the expression of the transcription factor otx2 in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of juvenile zebrafish, and this change is correlated with the formation of an odor memory of PEA. Here, we show that the changes in otx2 expression are specific to βPEA: exposure to αPEA did not affect otx2 expression. We identified 34 olfactory receptors (ORs) representing 16 families on 4 different chromosomes as candidates for direct regulation of OR expression via Otx2. Subsequent in silico analysis uncovered Hnf3b binding sites closely associated with Otx2 binding sites in the regions flanking the ORs. Analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA-seq of OR expression in developing zebrafish exposed to different isoforms of PEA showed that a subset of ORs containing both Otx2/Hnf3b binding sites were downregulated only in βPEA-exposed juveniles and this change persisted through adult life. Localization of OR expression by in situ hybridization indicates the downregulation occurs at the level of RNA and not the number of cells expressing a given receptor. Finally, analysis of immediate early gene expression in the OE did not reveal changes in c-fos expression in response to either αPEA or βPEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Calfún
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 287, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Calixto Domínguez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 287, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile, Center for Bioinformatics and Genome Biology, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Santiago 7750000, Chile and
| | - Tomás Pérez-Acle
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 287, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile, Computational Biology Lab, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Kathleen E Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 287, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pasaje Harrington 269, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile,
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15
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Valdés J, Olivares J, Ponce D, Schmachtenberg O. Analysis of olfactory sensitivity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reveals their ability to detect lactic acid, pyruvic acid and four B vitamins. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:879-885. [PMID: 25864178 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid fishes like the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss have a highly developed olfactory sense that allows them to perceive some odorants at very low concentrations, such as certain amino acids and bile salts. Previous behavioral and electrophysiological studies in salmonids have shown strong responses to human skin odor. Because this stimulus represents a complex and heterogeneous mixture of components, we sought to determine which odorants contribute to the sensitive detection of human skin odor by salmonids. In vivo electroolfactogram recordings in O. mykiss revealed lactic acid, pyruvic acid and two B vitamins, thiamine and riboflavin, as novel, potent odorants which triggered responses at nanomolar concentrations. Two more B vitamins, nicotinic and pantothenic acid, were detected at micromolar concentrations. These compounds share important roles in cellular energy metabolism, supporting an original role in food search and feeding behavior of this species and most likely other fishes. The olfactory detection of B vitamins by salmonids represents a new paradigm in chemosensation, warranting further investigation in other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Valdés
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avda. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, 2360102, Valparaíso, Chile
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16
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Acid-sensing ion channel 2 (ASIC2) is selectively localized in the cilia of the non-sensory olfactory epithelium of adult zebrafish. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:59-68. [PMID: 25161120 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic channels play key roles in the sensory cells, such as transducing specific stimuli into electrical signals. The acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) family is voltage-insensitive, amiloride-sensitive, proton-gated cation channels involved in several sensory functions. ASIC2, in particular, has a dual function as mechano- and chemo-sensor. In this study, we explored the possible role of zebrafish ASIC2 in olfaction. RT-PCR, Western blot, chromogenic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, as well as ultrastructural analysis, were performed on the olfactory rosette of adult zebrafish. ASIC2 mRNA and protein were detected in homogenates of olfactory rosettes. Specific ASIC2 hybridization was observed in the luminal pole of the non-sensory epithelium, especially in the cilia basal bodies, and immunoreactivity for ASIC2 was restricted to the cilia of the non-sensory cells where it was co-localized with the cilia marker tubulin. ASIC2 expression was always absent in the olfactory cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time the expression of ASIC2 in the olfactory epithelium of adult zebrafish and suggest that it is not involved in olfaction. Since the cilium sense and transduce mechanical and chemical stimuli, ASIC2 expression in this location might be related to detection of aquatic environment pH variations or to detection of water movement through the nasal cavity.
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Pickart MA, Klee EW. Zebrafish approaches enhance the translational research tackle box. Transl Res 2014; 163:65-78. [PMID: 24269745 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been a workhorse for developmental biology and genetics. Concurrently, zebrafish have proved highly accessible and effective for translational research by providing a vertebrate animal model useful for gene discovery, disease modeling, chemical genetic screening, and other medically relevant studies. Key resources such as an annotated and complete genome sequence, and diverse tools for genetic manipulation continue to spur broad use of zebrafish. Thus, the purpose of this introductory review is to provide a window into the unique characteristics and diverse uses of zebrafish and to highlight in particular the increasing relevance of zebrafish as a translational animal model. This is accomplished by reviewing broad considerations of anatomic and physiological conservation, approaches for disease modeling and creation, general laboratory methods, genetic tools, genome conservation, and diverse opportunities for functional validation. Additional commentary throughout the review also guides the reader to the 4 new reviews found elsewhere in this special issue that showcase the many unique ways the zebrafish is improving understanding of renal regeneration, mitochondrial disease, dyslipidemia, and aging, for example. With many other possible approaches and a rapidly increasing number of medically relevant reports, zebrafish approaches enhance significantly the tools available for translational research and are actively improving the understanding of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric W Klee
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
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Morin C, de Souza Silva MA, Müller CP, Hardigan P, Spieler RE. Active avoidance learning in zebrafish (Danio rerio)--the role of sensory modality and inter-stimulus interval. Behav Brain Res 2013; 248:141-3. [PMID: 23603556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) promises to meet the growing need of a high throughput model in the fields of gerontological and neurobehavioral research by possessing highly conserved anatomy and physiology with vertebrates, while having low maintenance costs. Here we further explore the conditions of active avoidance learning in zebrafish. Two pairs of distinct aversive conditioning experiments using shuttle boxes were designed to compare the effects of sensory modality and conditioned-unconditioned stimulus interval (CS-US interval) upon memory formation and retention. We found that olfactory conditioning with phenylethyl alcohol as a CS was significantly more likely to produce a successful outcome than with a visual CS. Likewise a 10 s CS-US interval yielded significantly more successful memory formation than a 15 s interval. These conditions may further facilitate the use of zebrafish to explore the genetic and neuronal base of active avoidance learning and its neuropharmacological improvement.
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19
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Properties, projections, and tuning of teleost olfactory receptor neurons. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:451-64. [PMID: 23468224 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In many fishes, the olfactory sense participates in such vital processes as feeding, reproduction, orientation, and predator avoidance. In teleosts, these tasks are fulfilled by a single type of olfactory organ for odorant and pheromone detection, containing ciliated and microvillus receptor neurons, and olfactory crypt cells. Recently, progress was made in understanding crypt cell function with the discovery of a V1R-like odorant receptor expressed in this neuron, an analysis of crypt cell odorant tuning properties, and the dissection of crypt cell connectivity within the telecephalon. Here, we review recent findings on the molecular properties, functions, and associated neural pathways of the three types of teleost olfactory receptor neurons with special emphasis on the crypt cell, and evaluate their roles in the detection of food, social and sexual odorants.
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20
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Stephenson JF, Partridge JC, Whitlock KE. Food and Conspecific Chemical Cues Modify Visual Behavior of Zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish 2012; 9:68-73. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Stephenson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julian C. Partridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen E. Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Şişman T, Gür Ö, Doğan N, Özdal M, Algur ÖF, Ergon T. Single-cell protein as an alternative food for zebrafish, Danio rerio: a toxicological assessment. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:792-9. [PMID: 22514118 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712442711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell protein (SCP) refers to the dried cells of microorganisms. The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutrional characteristics and possible toxic effects of the SCP of Trichoderma harzianum. First, T. harzianum was grown on whey filtrate agar medium and the obtained SCP was analysed. It was rich in both total protein (34.21%) and ash (4.78%). Furthermore, the biomass contained all the essential amino acids, and the amino acid concentrations were very close to the FAO reference protein levels. Second, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to diluted SCP at various concentrations for 96 hours postfertilization (hpf). Compared with the control group, we did not observe any developmental abnormalities, delayed hatching, and lethal effects on zebrafish embryos (96 hpf) found in the SCP group. To test diet effects on spawning success and growth of embryos, adult zebrafish were fed on SCP and flake feed diets for 10 weeks. The number of laid eggs, wet weight and diameter of eggs, and the percentages of hatched eggs from fish fed the flake diet and SCP diet were not significantly different from each other. Also, larval length and weight were not significantly affected by diets. Finally, SCP did not cause any toxic effect on zebrafish adults and their offsprings and could be useful as fish food or food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Şişman
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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22
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23
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ZOU SQ, YIN W, YANG YP, CHEN L, HU B. The Ethology Application of Zebrafish in Neuroscience. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2008.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gumm JM, Snekser JL, Iovine MK. Fin-mutant female zebrafish (Danio rerio) exhibit differences in association preferences for male fin length. Behav Processes 2008; 80:35-8. [PMID: 18848866 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Females often choose to associate with males that have exaggerated traits. In fishes, this may reflect an overall preference for larger size in a potential mate. Female zebrafish (Danio rerio) prefer males with larger bodies but not longer fins. The availability of mutant and transgenic strains of zebrafish make this a unique model system in which to study the role of phenotypic variation in social and sexual behavior. We used mutant strains of zebrafish with truncated (short fin) and exaggerated (long fin) fins to further examine female preferences for fin length in dichotomous association tests. Wild type females showed no preferences between wild type males and short fin mutant males or between wild type males and long fin mutant males. short fin females also showed no preference for short fin males or wild type males while long fin females preferred to associate with long fin males over wild type males. These results suggest that the single gene long fin mutation that results in altered fin morphological may also be involved in a related female association preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Gumm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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25
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Recent papers on zebrafish and other aquarium fish models. Zebrafish 2008; 3:387-98. [PMID: 18377219 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2006.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Seven-month-old zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed four different diets to test the hypothesis that diet affects spawning success and resulting characteristics of eggs and offspring. The diets were: the recommended feeding regime for zebrafish (a mixture of Artemia, flake feed, and liver paste); Artemia; a flake feed; and a commercially available trout diet. The number of eggs laid and average egg diameter were significantly different as functions of male, female, and individual matings. Fish fed the flake diet produced significantly fewer eggs (mean, 116) than fish fed all other diets (means, 166-187). However, the percent hatch of eggs from fish fed the flake diet (62.5%) was significantly higher than from fish fed the trout diet (19.5%). The percentages of hatched eggs from fish fed the control diet (36.2%) or Artemia (35.6%) were not significantly different from each other or from fish fed the other two diets. Wet weight and diameter of eggs were not significantly affected by diet. Larval length was significantly higher from parents fed the flake diet (14.5 mm) compared to larvae from parents fed Artemia (13.7 mm). Length of larvae from fish fed the control or trout diets was intermediate and not significantly different from fish fed the flake diet or Artemia. Larval weight was not significantly affected by dietary treatment, but offspring from fish fed the flake diet were heavier than larvae from adults fed any of the other diets. Feeding adult zebrafish the flake diet alone resulted in more viable offspring and larger larvae and is a simpler feeding regime than the current recommendation. The authors recommend feeding adult zebrafish flake diets to satiation three times daily for maximum production of viable offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Markovich
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2061, USA
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Developing a sense of scents: plasticity in olfactory placode formation. Brain Res Bull 2007; 75:340-7. [PMID: 18331896 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sense organs of the vertebrate head arise predominantly from sensory placodes. The sensory placodes have traditionally been grouped as structures that share common developmental and evolutionary characteristics. In attempts to build a coherent model for development of all placodes, the fascinating differences that make placodes unique are often overlooked. Here I review olfactory placode development with special attention to the origin and cell movements that generate the olfactory placode, the derivatives of this sensory placode, and the degree to which it shows plasticity during development. Next, through comparison with adenohypophyseal, and lens placodes I suggest we revise our thinking and terminology for these anterior placodes, specifically by: (1) referring to the peripheral olfactory sensory system as neural ectoderm because it expresses the same series of genes involved in neural differentiation and differentiates in tandem with the olfactory bulb, and (2) grouping the anterior placodes with their corresponding central nervous system structures and emphasizing patterning mechanisms shared between placodes and these targets. Sensory systems did not arise independent of the central nervous system; they are part of a functional unit composed of peripheral sensory structures and their targets. By expanding our analyses of sensory system development to also include cell movements, gene expression and morphological changes observed in this functional unit, we will better understand the evolution of sensory structures.
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Matz CJ, Krone PH. Cell death, stress-responsive transgene activation, and deficits in the olfactory system of larval zebrafish following cadmium exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5143-8. [PMID: 17711236 DOI: 10.1021/es070452c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a well-described environmental pollutant known to have adverse effects in fish, including behavioral deficits. We have previously reported the development of an in vivo system that utilizes hsp70 gene activation as a measure of acute 3 h cadmium toxicity in whole living transgenic zebrafish larvae carrying a stably integrated hsp70-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene. Here, we report that activation of this transgene in olfactory epithelium of zebrafish larvae during 96 h sublethal Cd exposure is predictive of cadmium-induced cell death, altered histological and surface organization of the epithelium, and changes in olfactory dependent behavior. The transgene is first activated in the olfactory epithelium at concentrations below those giving rise to significant defects, but exhibits a more robust response following exposure to Cd at concentrations that begin to cause significant cell death, morphological alterations, and behavioral deficits. Further, the data show that Cd-induced olfactory deficits reported previously in juvenile and adult fish can also occur during larval stages of fish development, and that such behavioral deficits are closely associated with cell death and structural alterations in the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyn J Matz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Toxicology Group, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
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