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Islam SMM, Siddik MAB, Sørensen M, Brinchmann MF, Thompson KD, Francis DS, Vatsos IN. Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109625. [PMID: 38740231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish, including their intestines, gills, and skin, are constantly exposed to various environmental threats, such as water quality fluctuations, pollutants, and pathogens. However, various cells and microbiota closely associated with these surfaces work in tandem to create a functional protective barrier against these conditions. Recent research has shown that incorporating specific feed ingredients into fish diets can significantly boost their mucosal and general immune response. Among the various ingredients being investigated, insect meal has emerged as one of the most promising options, owing to its high protein content and immunomodulatory properties. By positively influencing the structure and function of mucosal surfaces, insect meal (IM) has the potential to enhance the overall immune status of fish. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of incorporating IM into aquafeed as a feed ingredient for augmenting the mucosal immune response of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ioannis N Vatsos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway.
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Ruschioni S, Duca D, Tulli F, Zarantoniello M, Cardinaletti G, Corsi L, Olivotto I, Basili D, Naspetti S, Truzzi C, Isidoro N, Riolo P. Evaluation of Growth Performance and Environmental Impact of Hermetia illucens Larvae Reared on Coffee Silverskins Enriched with Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana Microalgae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:609. [PMID: 38396577 PMCID: PMC10886010 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens is a promising insect due to its ability to convert low-value substrates as food chain by-products into highly nutritious feed. Its feeding and nutrition are important issues. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different substrates consisting of coffee silverskin, a by-product of the roasting process, enriched with different inclusions of microalgae (5%, 10%, 20%, and 25%), Schizochytrium limacinum, and Isochrysis galbana, combined with the assessment of environmental sustainability by LCA. In general, the addition of microalgae led to an increase in larval growth performance due to the higher content of protein and lipids, although S. limacinum showed the best results with respect to larvae fed with coffee silverskin enriched with I. galbana. A higher prepupal weight was observed in larvae fed with 10%, 20%, and 25% S. limacinum; shorter development times in larvae fed with 25% of both S. limacinum and I. galbana; and a higher growth rate in larvae fed with 25% S. limacinum. The 10% S. limacinum inclusion was only slightly different from the higher inclusions. Furthermore, 10% of S. limacinum achieved the best waste reduction index. The greater the inclusion of microalgae, the greater the environmental impact of larval production. Therefore, the addition of 10% S. limacinum appears to be the best compromise for larval rearing, especially considering that a higher inclusion of microalgae did not yield additional benefits in terms of the nutritional value of H. illucens prepupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Daniele Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Danilo Basili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simona Naspetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
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Pascon G, Daniso E, Cardinaletti G, Messina M, Campagnolo F, Zuccaccia D, Tulli F. Postprandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): genes expression, enzymatic activity and blood biochemistry as a practical tool for nutritional studies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111559. [PMID: 38052346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial kinetics of genes expression of gastric (chitinase, pepsinogen) and intestinal (alkaline phosphatase, maltase) digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters (peptide transporter 1, sodium-glucose transporter 1), Brush Border Membrane (BBM) enzymes activity (alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, maltase, saccharase) and blood biochemistry (triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, albumin, glucose, amino acids) through NMR spectroscopy, were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a commercial aquafeed. For this purpose, fish were starved 72 h and digestive tract and blood were sampled before the meal and at 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after feeding (T0, T1.5, T3, T6, T9, T12 and T24). The postprandial kinetic showed that the expression of the genes involved in digestion and nutrient transport, the activity of BBM enzymes, and the presence of metabolites in blood were stimulated in different ways by the presence of feed in the digestive tract. The expression of most genes peaked 3 h after meal except gastric pepsinogen and maltase in distal intestine that peaked at T9 and T12, respectively. The activity of BBM enzymes were stimulated differently based on the intestine tract. The plasma proteins level increased from T1.5 until T9, while the other blood parameters unvariated during the postprandial period. This study supplied useful information about the physiological effects a single meal as a potential tool for planning nutritional studies involving the digestive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pascon
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - E Daniso
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - G Cardinaletti
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - M Messina
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Campagnolo
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - D Zuccaccia
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Tulli
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy.
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Sankappa NM, Lange MD, Yildirim-Aksoy M, Eljack R, Kucuktas H, Beck BH, Abernathy JW. Transcriptome analysis and immune gene expression of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) fed diets with inclusion of frass from black soldier fly larvae. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1330368. [PMID: 38264328 PMCID: PMC10803510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1330368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The larval waste, exoskeleton shedding, and leftover feed components of the black soldier fly and its larvae make up the by-product known as frass. In this study, we subjected channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to a 10-week feeding trial to assess how different dietary amounts of frass inclusion would affect both systemic and mucosal tissue gene expression, especially in regard to growth and immune-related genes. Fish were divided in quadruplicate aquaria, and five experimental diets comprising 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 g of frass per kilogram of feed were fed twice daily. At the end of the trial, liver, head kidney, gill, and intestine samples were collected for gene expression analyses. First, liver and intestine samples from fish fed with a no frass inclusion diet (control), low-frass (50 g/kg) inclusion diet, or a high-frass (300 g/kg) inclusion diet were subjected to Illumina RNA sequencing to determine global differential gene expression among diet groups. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included the upregulation of growth-related genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and myostatin, as well as innate immune receptors and effector molecules such as toll-like receptor 5, apolipoprotein A1, C-type lectin, and lysozyme. Based on the initial screenings of low/high frass using RNA sequencing, a more thorough evaluation of immune gene expression of all tissues sampled, and all levels of frass inclusion, was further conducted. Using targeted quantitative PCR panels for both innate and adaptive immune genes from channel catfish, differential expression of genes was identified, which included innate receptors (TLR1, TLR5, TLR9, and TLR20A), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β type a, IL-1β type b, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNFα), chemokines (CFC3 and CFD), and hepcidin in both systemic (liver and head kidney) and mucosal (gill and intestine) tissues. Overall, frass from black soldier fly larvae inclusion in formulated diets was found to alter global gene expression and activate innate and adaptive immunity in channel catfish, which has the potential to support disease resistance in this species in addition to demonstrated growth benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Muliya Sankappa
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Miles D. Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Mediha Yildirim-Aksoy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rashida Eljack
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Huseyin Kucuktas
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Dexter, NM, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jason W. Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
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Lin H, Liang X, Han F, Luo X, Li E. Growth, Biochemical Characteristics, Flesh Quality, and Gut Microbiota of the Pacific White Shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei) Fed a Defatted Superworm ( Zophobas atratus) Larvae Meal. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:8627246. [PMID: 37457792 PMCID: PMC10349680 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8627246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of defatted superworm (Zophobas atratus) larvae meal (DBWLM) as an alternative protein ingredient for juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were characterized by replacing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% fish meal (DBWLM0, DBWLM15, DBWLM30, DBWLM45, DBWLM60, and DBWLM75, respectively) with DBWLM on a w/w basis and feeding them to juvenile shrimp (0.34 ± 0.04 g) for 56 days. The results showed that the replacement of up to 75% fish meal by DBWLM had no negative effect on the growth performance of P. vannamei. The survival of shrimp in the DBWLM30 group was the highest, and the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, condition factor, and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter in the DBWLM15 group were the highest. The substitution of DBWLM for fish meal significantly increased the elasticity of flesh, improved the total content of umami amino acids in flesh (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine), promoted lipid metabolism in shrimp, and reduced serum lipid levels. With the increase in DBWLM level, serum acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase activity, and intestinal inflammatory gene expression (IGF-1 and IL-6) were inhibited, malondialdehyde content decreased, and total antioxidant capacity level and superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly. Histological sections of the hepatopancreas showed that when 60% or more fish meal was replaced, the hepatopancreas atrophied and had irregular lumen distortion, but the cell membrane was not damaged. Microbiome analysis showed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes increased and the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased in the DBWLM replacement group, and it was rich in "metabolism"-related functional pathways. It is worth mentioning that the expression of amino-acid-related enzymes was upregulated in the DBWLM15 and DBWLM30 groups, and the DBWLM75 group inhibited the biosynthesis of steroids and hormones. To conclude, the replacement of 15%-45% fish meal with DBWLM can result in better growth and immune status, improved meat elasticity, and reduced inflammation in P. vannamei. However, it is recommended that the replacement level should not exceed 60%, otherwise it will cause atrophy of hepatopancreas cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Fenglu Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xiaolong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Erchao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Alvanou MV, Kyriakoudi A, Makri V, Lattos A, Feidantsis K, Papadopoulos DK, Georgoulis I, Apostolidis AP, Michaelidis B, Mourtzinos I, Asimaki A, Karapanagiotidis IT, Giantsis IA. Effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal on growth performance, whole-body chemical composition, and fatty acid profile of Pontastacus leptodactylus juveniles. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1156394. [PMID: 37051021 PMCID: PMC10083249 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1156394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater crayfish are considered as aquatic products of high quality and high nutritional value. The increasing demand has led to populations reduction in several locations throughout their range. Thus, the development of appropriate rearing conditions is considered necessary, among which, optimization of their diet is a basic part. Towards this direction, in the present study, a 98-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary fishmeal substitution by Hermetia illucens meal on Pontastacus leptodactylus juveniles kept under laboratory conditions. Insect meals represent an environmentally friendly alternative solution, considered as a high-value feed source, rich in nutrients such as protein and fat. Three dietary regimens were utilized with a fishmeal-based without Hermetia meal (HM) defined as the control diet (HM0), and two diets, the first with 50% (HM50) and the second with 100% (HM100) of fishmeal substitution by HM, respectively. Growth performance, whole-body composition, and fatty acid profiles of individuals were studied in the different treatments. At the end of the feeding trial, statistically significant differences were observed in the mean survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain (WG) values. More specifically, animals fed with HM-based diets had higher mean SR, while the control group performed better regarding FCR and SGR. The HM inclusion in the diet significantly altered the whole-body chemical composition of the crayfish signifying a different metabolic utilization compared to fishmeal (FM). The fatty acid analysis revealed that 16:0 (palmitic acid) was the predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA), 18:1ω9 (oleic acid) was found to be the main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), while 18:2ω6 (linoleic acid) represented the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) followed by C20:3 cis ω3 (cis-11-14-17-eicosatrienoate) and C22:6 cis ω3 (cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic) fatty acids. The inclusion of dietary HM significantly reduced the contents of ∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs and ∑ω6 fatty acids, as well as those of C22:6 cis ω3 and increased the ω6/ω3 and hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratios in the body. In parallel with improvements in balanced diets and in culture conditions that need to be optimised for rearing of freshwater crayfish, our study provides new data that enlighten the suitability of insect meals in the nutrition of P. leptodactylus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Alvanou
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kyriakoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Makri
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Georgoulis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos P. Apostolidis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Adamantia Asimaki
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
- *Correspondence: Ioannis A. Giantsis,
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Influence of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Dietary Inclusion on Growth Performance, Gut Histological Traits and Stress Parameters in Sparus aurata. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030339. [PMID: 36766228 PMCID: PMC9913394 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provided new data and knowledge on the potential use of Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) as a new sustainable ingredient for Sparus aurata diet. The effect of HIM dietary inclusion on fish growth performance, stress indicators and gut histology was studied. For 131 days, 312 fish were fed a basal diet containing fishmeal as animal protein source, and three diets containing 25%, 35% and 50% HIM as a partial replacement for fishmeal. The main findings indicated that fishmeal can be replaced by HIM up to 110 g/kg of substitution (35% of inclusion in diet) without negative effects on growth performance, stress parameters or histological traits of the posterior gut tract, and with positive effects (p < 0.05) on the histological and morphometric characteristics of the anterior gut tract. At the same time, the results showed that the effect of Hermetia illucens meal at 50% inclusion level caused morphometric and histopathological alterations in the anterior gut tract of seabream. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggested that the dietary inclusion level of HIM35 was the most tolerated by fish showing the best gut morphometric parameters and histological conditions, with fewer signs of inflammation, as well as good nutritional and health status.
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Ratti S, Zarantoniello M, Chemello G, Giammarino M, Palermo FA, Cocci P, Mosconi G, Tignani MV, Pascon G, Cardinaletti G, Pacetti D, Nartea A, Parisi G, Riolo P, Belloni A, Olivotto I. Spirulina-enriched Substrate to Rear Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Prepupae as Alternative Aquafeed Ingredient for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Possible Effects on Zootechnical Performances, Gut and Liver Health Status, and Fillet Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13010173. [PMID: 36611781 PMCID: PMC9818012 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an organic substrate (coffee silverskin) enriched with spirulina (Arthrospira platensis; 15% w/w), as a source of lipids and bioactive molecules, was used to rear the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae. Three grossly isonitrogenous, isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic experimental diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles were then produced: a control diet (HM0) mostly including fish meal and fish oil, and two other test diets named HM3 and HM20, in which 3 or 20% of the marine ingredients were substituted with full fat black soldier fly prepupae meal (HM), respectively. Experimental diets were provided for 6 weeks, and at the end of the trial the physiological responses and marketable traits of the fish were investigated using a multidisciplinary approach. Generally, all test diets were well accepted, and fish growth, gut and liver health status, and marketable characteristics were not impaired by the experimental diets. However, an increased immuno-related gene expression along with a slight reduction of fillet redness and yellowness was evident in fish from the HM20 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Miriam Giammarino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Tignani
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Pascon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Deborah Pacetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ancuta Nartea
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Belloni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-220-4643
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9
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Effect of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on lipid and glucose metabolism of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1674-1688. [PMID: 34814963 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSF) on haemolymph biochemical indicators, muscle metabolites as well as the lipid and glucose metabolism of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four diets were formulated in which the control diet contained 25 % of fishmeal (FM) and 10 % (BSF10), 20 % (BSF20), and 30 % (BSF30) of FM protein were replaced with BSF. Four hundred and eighty shrimp (0·88 ± 0·00 g) were distributed to four groups of three replicates and fed for 7 weeks. Results showed that growth performance of shrimp fed BSF30 significantly decreased compared with those fed FM, but there was no significant difference in survival among groups. The whole shrimp crude lipid content, haemolymph TAG and total cholesterol were decreased with the increasing BSF inclusion. The results of metabolomics showed that the metabolite patterns of shrimp fed different diets were altered, with significant changes in metabolites related to lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism as well as TCA cycle. The mRNA expressions of hk, pfk, pk, pepck, ampk, mcd, cpt-1 and scd1 in hepatopancreas were downregulated in shrimp fed BSF30, but mRNA expression of acc1 was upregulated. Unlike BSF30, the mRNA expressions of fas, cpt-1, fbp and 6pgd in hepatopancreas were upregulated in shrimp fed BSF20. This study indicates that BSF20 diet promoted lipid synthesis and lipolysis, while BSF30 diet weakened β-oxidation and glycolysis as well as affected the unsaturated fatty acids synthesis, which may affect the growth performance and body composition of shrimp.
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Growth and Welfare of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Graded Levels of Insect and Poultry By-Product Meals in Fishmeal-Free Diets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131698. [PMID: 35804596 PMCID: PMC9264821 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and welfare of rainbow trout (ibw 54 g) fed isoproteic (42%), isolipidic (24%), fishmeal-free diets (CV) over 13 weeks. The diets consisted of plant-protein replacement with graded levels (10, 30, 60%) of protein from poultry by-product (PBM) and black soldier fly H. illucens pupae (BSFM) meals, either singly or in combination. A fishmeal-based diet was also tested (CF). Nitrogen retention improved with moderate or high levels of dietary PBM and BSFM relative to CV (p < 0.05). Gut brush border enzyme activity was poorly affected by the diets. Gastric chitinase was up-regulated after high BSFM feeding (p < 0.05). The gut peptide and amino acid transport genes were differently regulated by protein source and level. Serum cortisol was unaffected, and the changes in metabolites stayed within the physiological range. High PBM and high BSFM lowered the leukocyte respiratory burst activity and increased the lysozyme activity compared to CV (p < 0.05). The BSFM and PBM both significantly changed the relative percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate to high PBM and BSFM inclusions in fishmeal-free diets, either singly or in combination, improved gut function and nutrient retention, resulting in better growth performance and the good welfare of the rainbow trout.
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Li X, Qin C, Fang Z, Sun X, Shi H, Wang Q, Zhao H. Replacing Dietary Fish Meal with Defatted Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal Affected Growth, Digestive Physiology and Muscle Quality of Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Front Physiol 2022; 13:855957. [PMID: 35492617 PMCID: PMC9043493 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.855957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For solving the global shortage of fish meal (FM) supplies from fisheries, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has become a new protein alternative in aquatic feeds. The present study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of defatted H. illucens larvae meal (DBLM) on growth, serum biochemical parameters, digestive function, and muscle quality of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). The feeding experiment consisted of five experimental diets: a control diet based on FM protein (H0) and four DBLM diets, substituting 25% (H25), 50% (H50), 75% (H75), and 100% (H100) of FM. C. semilaevis (initial weight 563.48 ± 22.81 g) were randomly allocated over five treatments in quadruplicate. After 65 days of feeding, the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly higher in H0 and H25 groups with less feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI). The concentrations of serum ALT, TG, T-CHO, ALB, and GLO and their ratio (i.e., A/G) in the H25 group were also significantly higher than those in the other DBLM diet-feeding groups. The digestive enzyme activities first increased (from 25% to 75%) and then decreased (from 75%) with the increased level of DBLM in diets. Meanwhile, there were significant improvements in the thickness of the intestinal longitudinal muscle (LM), circular muscle (CM), columnar epithelium (CE), and lamina propria (LP) in H25 C. semilaevis compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The fish from the other DBLM diets groups presented significant reductions in the thicknesses of LM, CM, CE, and LP, as well as the length of microvilli (ML) in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). However, the substitution of FM increased up to 50% would result in intestinal structural damage. Moreover, the proximate compositions, antioxidant and water holding capacity, and muscular structures of C. semilaevis fillets were all significantly affected after substituting 25% FM with DBLM (p < 0.05). Except for the dry matter, moisture, ash, crude fat, and protein contents were significantly higher in H25 C. semilaevis muscles. The SOD activity in the H0 group was significantly lower than that in the H25 group. The CAT activity in C. semilaevis muscles prominently reduced along with the increase in DBLM content in feeding diets (p < 0.05). The water holding capacity of C. semilaevis fillets was best in the H25 group. In summary, the optimum proportion of DBLM with FM for feeding C. semilaevis may be around 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Li
- Department of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanjie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fang
- Department of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyue Shi
- Department of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingkui Wang
- Department of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Qingkui Wang, ; Honghao Zhao,
| | - Honghao Zhao
- Department of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Qingkui Wang, ; Honghao Zhao,
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Fishmeal Replacement with Hermetia illucens Meal in Aquafeeds: Effects on Zebrafish Growth Performances, Intestinal Morphometry, and Enzymology. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fishmeal (FM) is still the most important protein source in aquafeeds. However, due to the reduction of wild fish stocks used for FM production, its manufacturing it is now unsustainable. Insect meal represents a valid alternative to FM, due to the low carbon footprint of its production and its high nutritional value. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentials of replacing FM with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal (HIM) in aquafeeds, using zebrafish as the animal model. Four diets were formulated with increasing HIM/FM replacement rate (the control diet contained 20% FM). Mortality rates, growth performances, and feed consumptions were measured, and fish intestine samples were collected for histological and enzymatic analysis. After 49 days, all groups almost tripled their initial body weight (cumulative body weight gain ranged between 143.9 and 155.2 mg), and no statistically significant differences among treatments were observed in relation to growth performances and histological traits. Contrarily, trypsin, alkaline phosphatases, and alpha amylase–glucoamylase activities were significantly reduced when the FM replacement rate was increased. In conclusion, HIM may represent an alternative to FM, since no adverse effects were observed when it was included up to 20% in the zebrafish diet, even when replacing 100% of the FM.
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Gewaily MS, Abdo SE, Moustafa EM, AbdEl-kader MF, Abd El-Razek IM, El-Sharnouby M, Alkafafy M, Raza SHA, El Basuini MF, Van Doan H, Dawood MAO. Dietary Synbiotics Can Help Relieve the Impacts of Deltamethrin Toxicity of Nile Tilapia Reared at Low Temperatures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1790. [PMID: 34203916 PMCID: PMC8232581 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal water temperature for the normal growth of Nile tilapia is between 26 and 28 °C, and the toxicity of pesticides is strongly related to water temperature. An alternate approach to augmenting the resistance of fish to ambient water toxicity and low water temperature via synbiotic feeding was proposed. In this study, fish were allocated into four groups with 10 fish in each replicate, where they were fed a basal diet or synbiotics (550 mg/kg) and kept at a suboptimal water temperature (21 ± 2 °C). The prepared diets were fed to Nile tilapia for 30 days with or without deltamethrin (DMT) ambient exposure (15 μg/L). The groups were named control (basal diet without DMT toxicity), DMT (basal diet with DMT toxicity), synbiotic (synbiotics without DMT toxicity), and DMT + synbiotic (synbiotics with DMT toxicity). The results displayed upregulated transcription of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and interferon (IFN-γ) genes caused by DMT exposure and synbiotic feeding when compared with the controls. Moreover, HSP70 and CASP3 genes displayed increased transcription caused by DMT exposure without synbiotic feeding. However, fish fed with synbiotics showed downregulated HSP70 and CASP3 gene expressions. The transcription of IL-1β and IL-8 genes were also decreased by DMT exposure, while fish fed synbiotics showed upregulated levels. DMT exposure resulted in irregular histopathological features in gills, intestine, spleen, and liver tissues, while fish fed synbiotics showed regular, normal, and protected histopathological images. Our results indicated that dietary synbiotics ameliorated histopathological damages in DMT-exposed tilapia through alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as enhancing the immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S. Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Safaa E. Abdo
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Eman M. Moustafa
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Marwa F. AbdEl-kader
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Sakha Aquaculture Research Unit, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, A.R.C., Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim M. Abd El-Razek
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt; (I.M.A.E.-R.); (M.A.O.D.)
| | - Mohamed El-Sharnouby
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.-S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.-S.); (M.A.)
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Mohammed F. El Basuini
- Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, South Sinai 46618, Egypt;
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt; (I.M.A.E.-R.); (M.A.O.D.)
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Replacing Maize Grain with Ancient Wheat Lines By-Products in Organic Laying Hens’ Diet Affects Intestinal Morphology and Enzymatic Activity. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of replacement of maize grain with ancient wheat by-products on intestinal morphometry and enzymatic activity in laying hens was studied. Eighty hens were divided into two groups (40 each, 8 replicates, 5 hens/replicate) fed two isoproteic and isoenergetic diets. In the treated group, part of the maize was replaced by a mix of ancient grains (AGs) middling, in a 50:50 ratio of Triticum aestivum L. var. spelta (spelt) and Triticum durum dicoccum L. (emmer wheat). The AG diet affected the weight of all the large intestine tracts, decreasing the weight of caeca (p < 0.01) and increasing those of colon (p < 0.01), rectum and cloaca (p < 0.05). Villus height in the AG group was higher (p < 0.01) than the control for the duodenum and jejunum, while for the ileum, the control group showed the highest values (p < 0.01). The submucosa thickness was higher (p < 0.01) in the control group for the duodenum and ileum, while the jejunum for the AG group showed the highest (p < 0.05) submucosa thickness. The crypts depth was higher (p < 0.01) in the control group for the duodenum and ileum. Enzyme activity was enhanced by AGs (p < 0.01) in the duodenum. Regarding the jejunum, sucrase-isomaltase and alkaline phosphatase had higher activity (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) in the AG group. In the ileum, sucrase-isomaltase showed higher activity (p < 0.01) in the control group, while alkaline phosphatase showed the highest values (p < 0.05) in the AG group. Overall, results suggested that the dietary inclusion of AGs exerted positive effects in hens, showing an improved intestinal function.
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Caimi C, Biasato I, Chemello G, Oddon SB, Lussiana C, Malfatto VM, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Schiavone A, Gai F, Trocino A, Brugiapaglia A, Renna M, Gasco L. Dietary inclusion of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:50. [PMID: 33858519 PMCID: PMC8050899 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent investigations highlighted that Hermetia illucens (BSF) larva meal can be a valuable alternative protein source for aquafeed production. In this study, in substitution of fishmeal, we used increasing inclusion levels of a partially defatted BSF larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and we evaluated the related implications in terms of growth performance, physical characteristics, proximate and fatty acid (FA) compositions of the fillets, gut and liver histology, and diet digestibility. In a 131-day trial, 576 fish (100.1 ± 9.29 g) were randomly allotted to 24 tanks (24 fish/tank, 4 replicates/treatment). Six experimental diets were produced to have partial replacement of fishmeal (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) by increasing levels of BSF meal (0% [BSF0], 3% [BSF3], 6% [BSF6], 9% [BSF9], 12% [BSF12] and 15% [BSF15] on as fed basis, respectively). Results No differences were observed among the treatments for all the considered growth performance parameters. The viscero and hepato-somatic indexes showed significant differences among the treatments, with the highest values observed in the BSF15 group. No differences were recorded in terms of fillet’s physical characteristics, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents. Total saturated and monounsaturated FA increased, while polyunsaturated FA (particularly n-3 FA) decreased while increasing the HI meal inclusion in the diet. Histopathology of liver and gut was not affected, whereas, in posterior gut, villi were higher in BSF6 and BSF9 compared to BSF3 fish. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE and gross energy did not vary among the treatments. Conclusions These results suggest that a partially defatted BSF meal could be included up to 15% in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout with no adverse effects on growth performance, fillet’s physical characteristics, gut and liver health, and diet digestibility. On the contrary, the fillet FA composition worsened while increasing the level of BSF meal in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Sara Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Carola Lussiana
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Vanda Maria Malfatto
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.,Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Angela Trocino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alberto Brugiapaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Manuela Renna
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae and Prepupae Defatted Meals in Diets for Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030720. [PMID: 33800826 PMCID: PMC7999764 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aquaculture accounts for 52% of the world’s production of fish for human consumption and its growth relies on finding new alternative protein sources to fishmeal to use in aquafeeds. To make fish feed more sustainable, insects have emerged as valuable alternatives due to their high nutritional value. In this context, black soldier fly (BSF) meals have been used to replace, partially or totally, fishmeal in aquafeeds. However, due to relevant nutritional peculiarities of BSF developmental stages, it is crucial to understand how they can affect fish growth performance and health status. In this study, we evaluated the effects of total dietary replacement of fishmeal with defatted BSF larvae and prepupae meals on the growth performance of zebrafish from larva, through adult stages, in a 60-day feeding trial. Moreover, the effects of the two BSF meals on the expression of genes involved in growth, stress- and immune- responses, as well as hydrolysis of chitin were investigated. Overall, our results showed the beneficial role of defatted BSF meals in zebrafish diet, especially regarding prepupae meal, suggesting that black soldier fly meals could totally replace fishmeal without negatively affecting growth and wellness of zebrafish. Abstract The black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens is receiving increasing attention as a sustainable fishmeal alternative protein source for aquaculture. To date, no studies have explored the effects of fishmeal replacement with BSF V instar larvae or prepupae meals due to their peculiar nutritional properties on fish performances. This study investigated the effects of 100% replacement of fishmeal (control diet) with defatted BSF meals (V instar larvae and prepupae meals, treatments) on growth performance and welfare of zebrafish (Danio rerio), from larvae to adults, in a 60-day feeding trial. Following the inclusion of BSF meals, the expression of key genes involved in growth (igf1, igf2, mstnb, myod1, myog, myf5), hydrolysis of chitin (chia.2, chia.3, chia.5), immune- (il1b, il6, tnfα), and stress- (hsp70 and nr3c1) responses, as assessed by qPCR, was modulated in all of the molecular pathways, except for the stress response. Overall, our findings showed that both BSF meals can totally replace fishmeal without adverse impacts on adult zebrafish growth parameters (final total and standard length, final body weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate) and welfare, with BSF prepupae meal inducing the most beneficial effects, thus suggesting their potential application to meet fish requirements in aquaculture.
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Zarantoniello M, Bortoletti M, Olivotto I, Ratti S, Poltronieri C, Negrato E, Caberlotto S, Radaelli G, Bertotto D. Salinity, Temperature and Ammonia Acute Stress Response in Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Juveniles: A Multidisciplinary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E97. [PMID: 33419050 PMCID: PMC7825456 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acute response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles exposed to temperature, salinity and ammonia stress. Radioimmunoassay was used to evaluate cortisol levels, whereas insulin-like growth factors (igf1 and igf2), myostatin (mstn), heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) and glucocorticoid receptor (gr) gene expression was assessed trough Real-Time PCR. The presence and localization of IGF-I and HSP70 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. In all the stress conditions, a significant increase in cortisol levels was observed reaching higher values in the thermic and chemical stress groups. Regarding fish growth markers, igf1 gene expression was significantly higher only in fish subjected to heat shock stress while, at 60 min, igf2 gene expression was significantly lower in all the stressed groups. Temperature and ammonia changes resulted in a higher mstn gene expression. Molecular analyses on stress response evidenced a time dependent increase in hsp70 gene expression, that was significantly higher at 60 min in fish exposed to heat shock and chemical stress. Furthermore, the same experimental groups were characterized by a significantly higher gr gene expression respect to the control one. Immunostaining for IGF-I and HSP70 antibodies was observed in skin, gills, liver, and digestive system of gilthead seabream juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Martina Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Carlo Poltronieri
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Elena Negrato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Stefano Caberlotto
- Valle Ca’ Zuliani Società Agricola Srl, I-34074 Monfalcone, Gorizia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
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Giannetto A, Oliva S, Riolo K, Savastano D, Parrino V, Cappello T, Maisano M, Fasulo S, Mauceri A. Waste Valorization via Hermetia Illucens to Produce Protein-Rich Biomass for Feed: Insight into the Critical Nutrient Taurine. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091710. [PMID: 32967279 PMCID: PMC7552637 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have been recognized as sustainable alternative sources of nutrients for food and feed. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is a particularly promising species for its great potential in the waste valorization to produce, during the bioconversion process, high-value fat and proteins that currently represent a valuable source for fish feed. The present study aims to evaluate the efficiency to use substrate proteins in two different BSF developmental stages as sustainable biotechnological tools for vegetable waste management. We provide insights into the nutritional values of both V instar larvae and prepupae in terms of valuable amino acids with special focus on taurine, a crucial nutrient for fish. Moreover, we cloned four key genes from BSF involved in the taurine biosynthesis pathway, 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase (Hiado), cysteine dioxygenase (Hicdo), cysteine sulfonate decarboxylase (Hicsad), and glutamate decarboxylase (Higad). The gene expression analysis in larvae and prepupae by qPCR showed development-specific profiles suggesting they influence the taurine content during BSF development. These findings showed peculiar phenotypes in larvae and prepupae that can be selected for different biotechnological applications as sustainable source of relevant amino acids and taurine to support the increasing demand for animal feed and aquafeed in the next decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Oliva
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Vincenzo Parrino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Maisano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Salvatore Fasulo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Angela Mauceri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.O.); (K.R.); (V.P.); (T.C.); (M.M.); (S.F.); (A.M.)
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Randazzo B, Zarantoniello M, Gioacchini G, Giorgini E, Truzzi C, Notarstefano V, Cardinaletti G, Huyen KT, Carnevali O, Olivotto I. Can Insect-Based Diets Affect Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Reproduction? A Multidisciplinary Study. Zebrafish 2020; 17:287-304. [PMID: 32857683 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) meal is considered an alternative, emerging, and sustainable ingredient for aquafeed formulation. However, results on fish physiological responses are still fragmentary and often controversial, and no data are available on the effect of insect meal-based diets on fish reproduction. On this regard, zebrafish, with its relatively short life cycle, represents an ideal experimental model to explore this topic. In this study, female zebrafish were fed for 12 months on a control diet based on fish meal (FM) and fish oil and two experimental diets with full-fat BSF (Hermetia illucens) prepupae meal inclusion, to replace 25% and 50% of FM (BSF25 and BSF50). All diets were isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isoenergetic. The effects of these two experimental diets on female's reproduction were investigated through a multidisciplinary approach, including the evaluation of growth, gonadosomatic index, spawned/fertilized eggs and hatching rate, adult female carcass and fertilized egg fatty acid composition, histological analysis of the ovary, spectroscopic macromolecular composition of class IV oocytes, and expression of genes involved in fish lipid metabolism in the liver. Results showed that while fish were perfectly able to cope with a 25% insect meal dietary inclusion, a 50% inclusion level caused the overexpression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, a general reduction in the number of spawned eggs, and differences in the frequency rate of previtellogenic oocytes, class III, IV, oocytes and postovulatory follicles and atretic oocytes, in the macromolecular composition of class IV oocytes, and in the fatty acid composition of the fertilized eggs, respect to control and 25% group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Kieu Thi Huyen
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Zarantoniello M, Randazzo B, Gioacchini G, Truzzi C, Giorgini E, Riolo P, Gioia G, Bertolucci C, Osimani A, Cardinaletti G, Lucon-Xiccato T, Milanović V, Annibaldi A, Tulli F, Notarstefano V, Ruschioni S, Clementi F, Olivotto I. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) physiological and behavioural responses to insect-based diets: a multidisciplinary approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10648. [PMID: 32606335 PMCID: PMC7326965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) meal is considered as an alternative, emerging and sustainable ingredient for aquafeed production. However, results on fish physiological responses are still fragmentary and often controversial, while no studies are available on fish behavior in response to these new diets. The present work represents the first comprehensive multidisciplinary study aimed to investigate zebrafish physiological and behavioural responses to BSF-based diets. Five experimental diets characterized by increasing inclusion levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respect to fish meal) of full fat BSF prepupae meal were tested during a 2-months feeding trial. Prepupae were cultured on coffee silverskin growth substrate enriched with a 10% Schizochytrium sp. to improve insects’ fatty acids profile. The responses of zebrafish were assayed through biometric, histological, gas chromatographic, microbiological, spectroscopic, molecular and behavioural analyses. Results evidenced that BSF-based diets affected fish fatty acid composition, while behavioural tests did not show differences among groups. Specifically, a 50% BSF inclusion level diet represented the best compromise between ingredient sustainability and proper fish growth and welfare. Fish fed with higher BSF inclusions (75 and 100%) showed hepatic steatosis, microbiota modification, higher lipid content, fatty acid modification and higher expression of immune response markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Mikołajczak Z, Rawski M, Mazurkiewicz J, Kierończyk B, Józefiak D. The Effect of Hydrolyzed Insect Meals in Sea Trout Fingerling ( Salmo trutta m. trutta) Diets on Growth Performance, Microbiota and Biochemical Blood Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061031. [PMID: 32545777 PMCID: PMC7341494 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The replacement of fishmeal by environmentally sustainable alternative meals has been one of the targets in aquaculture in recent decades. A number of factors support the use of insect meals, as a group of products characterized by high crude protein and crude fat content, in fish nutrition. Insects are readily accepted by a number of fish species, and they are part of the natural diet of omnivorous and carnivorous species. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of hydrolyzed Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio meals as a partial replacement for fishmeal in sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta) diets on growth performance, feed utilization, organosomatic indices, serum biochemistry, gut histology, and microbiota. In the present study, insect meals inclusion did not cause any adverse impacts on growth performance, feed utilization or gut histomorphology. However, an effect on the organosomatic indices, serum biochemistry, and microbiota was observed. In conclusion, hydrolyzed T. molitor and Z. morio meals seem to be promising alternative protein sources for sea trout nutrition. Abstract The present study is the first introduction of hydrolyzed superworm meal in sea trout nutrition. It was conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion in the diet of hydrolyzed insect meals as a partial replacement for fishmeal on growth performance, feed utilization, organosomatic indices, serum biochemical parameters, gut histomorphology, and microbiota composition of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta). The experiment was performed on 225 sea trout fingerlings distributed into three groups (3 tanks/treatment, 25 fish/tank). The control diet was fishmeal-based. In the experimental groups, 10% of hydrolyzed mealworm (TMD) and superworm (ZMD) meals were included. The protein efficiency ratio was lower in the TMD and ZMD. Higher organosomatic indices and liver lipid contents were found in the group fed ZMD. The ZMD increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, and decreased levels of alkaline phosphatase. The Aeromonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. populations decreased in the ZMD. The concentrations of the Carnobacterium spp. decreased in the ZMD and TMD, as did that of the Lactobacillus group in the TMD. In conclusion, insect meals may be an alternative protein source in sea trout nutrition, as they yield satisfying growth performance and have the capability to modulate biochemical blood parameters and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (D.J.)
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Institute of Zoology, Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Zoology, Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
- Correspondence: (Z.M.); (D.J.)
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Truzzi C, Annibaldi A, Girolametti F, Giovannini L, Riolo P, Ruschioni S, Olivotto I, Illuminati S. A Chemically Safe Way to Produce Insect Biomass for Possible Application in Feed and Food Production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2121. [PMID: 32209995 PMCID: PMC7142791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI, Diptera, Stratiomydae) has great potential as a food and feed ingredient in the European Union (EU). The production of insects as livestock feed or as food ingredients requires strict monitoring of the content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the growth substrate, to meet the security requirements. This study aims to investigate the presence of PTEs, like cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and nickel, in HI prepupae and in their growth substrates based on coffee roasting by-product and microalgae Schizochytrium sp. and Isochrysis sp. Analyses were carried out via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Cd, Pb, Ni, and As, and via Direct Mercury Analyzer for Hg. All element concentrations found in growth substrates were below the legal limit of undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC). Elements concentrations in HI prepupae were in the range (mg kg-1 wet weight) of 0.072 to 0.084 for Cd, 0.018 to 0.026 for Pb, 0.010 to 0.032 for Hg, 0.036 to 0.047 for As, and 0.18 to 0.76 for Ni. Even if HI prepupae accumulated Cd, Pb, and Hg, our results indicated that the risk of exposure to PTEs from HI prepupae consumption is relatively low and in compliance with EU regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (L.G.); (I.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (L.G.); (I.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Federico Girolametti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (L.G.); (I.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Leonardo Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (L.G.); (I.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (L.G.); (I.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Silvia Illuminati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (L.G.); (I.O.); (S.I.)
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Caimi C, Gasco L, Biasato I, Malfatto V, Varello K, Prearo M, Pastorino P, Bona MC, Francese DR, Schiavone A, Elia AC, Dörr AJM, Gai F. Could Dietary Black Soldier Fly Meal Inclusion Affect the Liver and Intestinal Histological Traits and the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Siberian Sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii) Juveniles? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E155. [PMID: 31963360 PMCID: PMC7022867 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The trial investigates if a highly defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal (H) at two dietary inclusion levels and a vegetable protein based diet (VEG) influences the normal gut and liver histology and the oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon juveniles. Fish were fed four diets: one control diet (H0) containing 70% of fishmeal (FM), two diets including 18.5% (H185) and 37.5% (H375) of highly defatted H in substitution for 25% and 50% of FM, and one vegetable protein based diet (VEG). At the end of a growth trial, 12 fish per treatment were sacrificed by over-anaesthesia to collect 12 liver and 5 distal intestine samples for histological analyses, as well as 12 liver and kidney samples for biochemical analyses. The H and VEG diets did not significantly affect the histology of liver and distal intestine, but alterations of the oxidative stress biomarkers were detected at the highest inclusion level of H (37.5%). In order to avoid unfavorable effects on the fish health, an inclusion level up to 18.5% of H is recommended for Siberian sturgeon juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Vanda Malfatto
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Katia Varello
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Maria Cristina Bona
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Danila Raffaella Francese
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.C.E.); (A.J.M.D.)
| | - Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.C.E.); (A.J.M.D.)
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
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Giannetto A, Oliva S, Ceccon Lanes CF, de Araújo Pedron F, Savastano D, Baviera C, Parrino V, Lo Paro G, Spanò NC, Cappello T, Maisano M, Mauceri A, Fasulo S. Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomydae) larvae and prepupae: Biomass production, fatty acid profile and expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism. J Biotechnol 2020; 307:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Truzzi C, Giorgini E, Annibaldi A, Antonucci M, Illuminati S, Scarponi G, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Conti C, Zarantoniello M, Cipriani R, Olivotto I. Fatty acids profile of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): Influence of feeding substrate based on coffee-waste silverskin enriched with microalgae. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Osimani A, Milanović V, Roncolini A, Riolo P, Ruschioni S, Isidoro N, Loreto N, Franciosi E, Tuohy K, Olivotto I, Zarantoniello M, Cardinali F, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Clementi F. Hermetia illucens in diets for zebrafish (Danio rerio): A study of bacterial diversity by using PCR-DGGE and metagenomic sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225956. [PMID: 31821372 PMCID: PMC6903733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present research, bacterial diversity was studied during a 6-month feeding trial utilizing zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed Hermetia illucens reared on different substrates with an emphasis on fish gut bacterial diversity. A polyphasic approach based on viable counting, PCR-DGGE and metagenomic 16S rRNA gene amplicon target sequencing was applied. Two different H. illucens groups were reared on coffee by-products (C) or a mixture of vegetables (S). Viable counts showed a wide variability based on substrate. PCR-DGGE and Illumina sequencing allowed the major and minor bacterial taxa to be detected. Both samples of larvae and their frass reared on the S substrate showed the highest richness and evenness of bacterial communities, whereas zebrafish (ZHC) fed H. illucens reared on substrate C and zebrafish (ZHS) fed H. illucens reared on substrate S had the lowest bacterial richness and evenness. A stimulating effect of bioactive compounds from coffee by-products on the occurrence of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostoccaceae in H. illucens reared on substrate C has been hypothesized. Zebrafish gut samples originating from the two feeding trials showed complex microbial patterns in which Actinobacteria and Alteromonadales were always detected, irrespective of the diet used. Enterobacteriaceae in fish guts were more abundant in ZHS than in ZHC, thus suggesting an influence of the bioactive compounds (chlorogenic and caffeic acids) in the substrate on Enterobacteriaceae in fish guts. ZHC showed a higher abundance of Clostridia than did ZHS, which was likely explained by stimulating activity on the bacteria in this class by the bioactive compounds contained in H. illucens reared on substrate C. An influence of the microbiota of H. illucens or insect-derived bioactive compounds on the gut microbiota of zebrafish has been suggested. The presence of bacteria consistently associated with zebrafish guts has been found irrespective of the diet, thus attesting to the likely stability of the core fish microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nino Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Franciosi
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department (DQAN), Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department (DQAN), Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Truzzi C, Illuminati S, Girolametti F, Antonucci M, Scarponi G, Ruschioni S, Riolo P, Annibaldi A. Influence of Feeding Substrates on the Presence of Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) in Larvae of Tenebrio molitor: Risk Assessment for Human Consumption. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234815. [PMID: 31801191 PMCID: PMC6926516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are particularly suitable as novel food for the human consumption; nevertheless, there are some potential safety risks linked with insect consumption. In this study we investigated the presence of Cd, Pb, Ni, As, Hg in new feeding substrates coming from solid residues generated by olive fruits processing, called olive-pomace, and their influence on the metal content in larvae of T. molitor. Morover, bioaccumulation factor and the mercury-selenium balance were evaluated. Analyses were carried out via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Cd, Pb, Ni, As and Se, and via Direct Mercury Analyzer for Hg. All metal concentrations found in feeding substrates were below the legal limit of undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC). Concentrations in larvae were in the range (mg kg-1 wet weight): Cd 0.008-0.016, Pb 0.063-0.079, Ni 0.03-0.63, As 0.021-0.023, Hg 0.12 × 10-3-0.49 × 10-3, and Se 0.057-0.085. Statistically significant correlation between metal content in feeding substrates and in larvae was evidenced only for Hg, which bioaccumulates. Se protects from mercury toxicity, with a Selenium Health Benefit Value (HVBSe) of > 0. Overall, our results indicate that the risk of exposure to metals from consumption of mealworm larvae is relatively low and in compliance with European Union regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (M.A.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (S.I)
| | - Silvia Illuminati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (M.A.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (S.I)
| | - Federico Girolametti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (M.A.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Matteo Antonucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (M.A.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Scarponi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (M.A.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (P.R.)
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.G.); (M.A.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
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Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, Alaru AO, Mwangi DM, Githinji M, Subramanian S, Fiaboe KKM, Ekesi S, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Effect of Dietary Replacement of Fishmeal by Insect Meal on Growth Performance, Blood Profiles and Economics of Growing Pigs in Kenya. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100705. [PMID: 31546995 PMCID: PMC6826664 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pig keeping is an important source of income but the high cost of fishmeal (FM), which is the main protein source in animal feeds, has hindered the sector from realizing its full potential. As an alternative, we investigated the suitability of a meal derived from black soldier fly larvae (BSFLM) as a protein source. Pigs were fed different diet types: Control (no BSFLM: 0% (T0)), 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100) replacement of FM by BSFLM. Average daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the replacement of FM by BSFLM. Red or white blood cell parameters did not differ among diets, except for neutrophil counts, which were higher at T75 and T100 compared to T0. At T25, T75 and T100, pigs had lower platelet counts compared to pigs fed T0 and T50. Dietary BSFLM inclusion did not influence blood cholesterol levels. The cost–benefit ratio and return on investment were similar across diets. Our study shows that BSFLM is a suitable and cost-effective alternative to FM in pig feeds. Abstract Pig production is one of the fastest growing livestock sectors. Development of this sector is hampered by rapidly increasing costs of fishmeal (FM), which is a common protein source in animal feeds. Here, we explored the potential of substituting FM with black soldier fly larval meal (BSFLM) on growth and blood parameters of pigs as well as economic aspects. At weaning, 40 hybrid pigs, i.e., crossbreeds of purebred Large White and Landrace were randomly assigned to five iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic dietary treatments: Control (0% BSFLM and 100% FM (T0)), and FM replaced at 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100) with BSFLM. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for the whole trial. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters, the cost–benefit ratio (CBR) and return on investment (RoI) were evaluated. No significant effect of diet type was observed on feed intake and daily weight gain. Red or white blood cell indices did not differ among diets. Pigs fed T25, T75 and T100, had lower platelet counts compared to T0 and T50. Dietary inclusion of BSFLM did not affect blood total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein. CBR and RoI were similar for the various diets. In conclusion, BSFLM is a suitable and cost-effective alternative to fishmeal in feed for growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaphan Y Chia
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Isaac M Osuga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
| | - Alphonce O Alaru
- Non-Ruminant Research Institute (NRI), Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Naivasha 20117, Kenya.
| | - David M Mwangi
- Non-Ruminant Research Institute (NRI). Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Kakamega 50100, Kenya.
| | - Macdonald Githinji
- Non-Ruminant Research Institute (NRI), Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Naivasha 20117, Kenya.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), BP 2008 (Messa), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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The Utilization of Full-Fat Insect Meal in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Nutrition: The Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Tract Histomorphology. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A 71-day-long experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of 20% Hermetia illucens (HI) meal; Tenebrio molitor (TM) meal; Gryllodes sigillatus (GS) meal; and Blatta lateralis (BL) meal in comparison to a control diet without any insect-based materials that used fish meal as the main source of protein. A total of 1950 rainbow trout juveniles (53.39 ± 3.74 g) were used. The formulated diets were isonitrogenous (45%) and isoenergetic (10 MJ kg−1). The inclusion of a full-fat insect meal did not affect the survival rate during the experimental period. The growth performance was significantly improved in the BL and TM treatments, while in the HI treatment was not affected. However, the GS treatment had a negative effect on the growth performance. The villus height decreased in the TM and GS treatment groups and increased in the BL diet group. The total number of bacteria increased in all insect meal diet groups. The results of the experiment show that B. lateralis, T. molitor and H. illucens full-fat meals can be used as a partial fish meal replacement without negative effects on survival or growth performance parameters. Moreover, full-fat insect meals may be considered as a protein source and a functional feed component that may positively affect the histomorphological structure of the fish gastrointestinal tract and stimulate the expansion of beneficial bacterial populations in the gut.
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30
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Housefly (Musca domestica) Larvae Preparations after Removing the Hydrophobic Fraction Are Effective Alternatives to Fish Meal in Aquaculture Feed for Red Seabream (Pagrus major). FISHES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes4030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insects are an attractive alternative to fish meal (FM) as a sustainable protein source in aquaculture feed that does not negatively impact the marine ecosystem. Despite housefly (Musca domestica) larvae having adequacy of amino acid profiles, they have sometimes been reported to be inferior to FM, especially for marine carnivorous fish species. Here, we report that the removal of the hydrophobic fractions from housefly larvae enables significant replacement of FM in the diet of the red seabream (Pagrus major). In a feeding trial, housefly (HF) larvae that had the hydrophobic fraction removed as a complete substitution for 70% FM produced satisfactory growth. However, HF larvae that were supplemented with the hydrophobic fraction resulted in significant growth reduction. Growth recovery was incomplete by supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to undefatted HF larvae, being equivalent to that of fatty acid content with a control diet. Moreover, fish with a dietary intake of catechol identified from the hydrophobic fraction of the HF showed growth reduction and morphological alterations in the intestine. Our findings indicate that the hydrophobic fraction from HF larvae contains a negative factor for fish growth and eliminating the fraction from HF larvae is thought to be an important process for sustainable aquaculture.
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Carnevali O, Santobuono M, Forner-Piquer I, Randazzo B, Mylonas CC, Ancillai D, Giorgini E, Maradonna F. Dietary diisononylphthalate contamination induces hepatic stress: a multidisciplinary investigation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) liver. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2361-2373. [PMID: 31230093 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, adult gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were exposed for 21 days to Di-iso-nonylphthalte (DiNP at 15 and 1500 μg kg-1 bw day-1) via the diet. This plastic additive has been recently introduced to replace the di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, the toxicity of which has been demonstrated conclusively both in vivo and in vitro trials. An analysis of a set of biomarkers involved in stress and immune response provides evidence of hepatic toxicity by DiNP in the present study. Both hsp70 and gr mRNA levels were upregulated significantly by DiNP, while plasma cortisol increased only in fish fed with the lowest DiNP dose. The oxidative stress markers g6pdh, glut red, gpx1 and CAT were upregulated by DiNP; gst mRNA was induced by the high dose and gck mRNA was downregulated significantly by the low dose. The mRNA levels of genes involved in the immune response, such as pla2, 5-lox, tnfa and cox2, were upregulated significantly only by the high dose of DiNP, while il1 mRNA increases in both doses. These molecular evidences were complemented with features obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIRI) analysis regarding the hepatic distribution of the main biological macromolecules. The FTIRI analysis showed an alteration of biochemical composition in DiNP samples. In particular, the low dose of DiNP induced an increase of saturated and unsaturated lipids and phosphorylated proteins, and a decrease of glycogen levels. The levels of caspase did not change significantly in the study, suggesting that DiNP does not activate apoptosis. Finally, the results also suggested the onset of hepatic oxidative stress and the activation of immune response, adding new knowledge to the already described hepatic DiNP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Santobuono
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Constantinos C Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Daniele Ancillai
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Zarantoniello M, Randazzo B, Truzzi C, Giorgini E, Marcellucci C, Vargas-Abúndez JA, Zimbelli A, Annibaldi A, Parisi G, Tulli F, Riolo P, Olivotto I. A six-months study on Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) based diets in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8598. [PMID: 31197206 PMCID: PMC6565691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive fish farming relies on the use of feeds based on fish meal and oil as optimal ingredients; however, further development of the aquaculture sector needs new, nutritious and sustainable ingredients. According to the concept of circular economy, insects represent good candidates as aquafeed ingredients since they can be cultured through environmental-friendly, cost-effective farming processes, on by-products/wastes, and many studies have recently been published about their inclusion in fish feed. However, information about the physiological effects of insect-based diets over the whole life cycle of fish is presently missing. At this regard, the present study investigated, for the first time, the effects of Black Soldier Fly based diets (25 and 50% fish meal substitution) administration for a six months period in zebrafish (Danio rerio), from larvae to adults. A multidisciplinary approach, including biometric, biochemical, histological, spectroscopic and molecular analyses was applied. Aside a general reduction in fish growth and lipid steatosis, six-months feeding on Black Soldier Fly based diets did not show major negative effects on zebrafish. Gut histological analysis on intestine samples did not show signs of inflammation and both stress markers and immune response markers did not show significant differences among the experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudia Marcellucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jorge Arturo Vargas-Abúndez
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Zimbelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DISPAA), Università di Firenze, via delle Cascine 5, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine, via Sondrio, 2, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Effects of Graded Dietary Inclusion Level of Full-Fat Hermetia illucens Prepupae Meal in Practical Diets for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050251. [PMID: 31108939 PMCID: PMC6562532 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The sustainability of fish production is mainly driven by the protein source used in aquafeeds. In conventional fish feed, protein sources are mostly vegetable ingredients and fishmeal. The present study explored the potential use of full-fat Hermetia illucens prepupae meal (H) replacing 0% (H0), 25% (H25), and 50% (H50) conventional ingredients in practical diets for rainbow trout. No significant differences in growth were observed in all experimental groups, while in fish fed the H50 diet both hepatic and intestinal alterations were detected. In addition, in the same fish group, genes related to stress and immune-response were significantly up-regulated. The results obtained so far highlighted an overall physiological adaptation of fish to the dietary manipulation, suggesting an adverse effect of full-fat H at the highest inclusion level. Abstract This study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion levels of full-fat Hermetia illucens prepupae meal (H) on growth and gastrointestinal integrity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A 98-day study was conducted using triplicate groups of trout (initial body weight, 137 ± 10.5 g) kept in 1-m3 tanks in a flow-through well water system. Three dietary treatments were prepared: one based on fishmeal and purified protein-rich vegetable ingredients (H0), and two experimental diets including graded levels of H meal (25% and 50%, referred to as H25 and H50, respectively). At the end of the feeding trial, no differences were observed in growth performance and plasma metabolite levels, with the biometric data confirmed by the liver expression of the genes involved in somatic growth regulation (igf1 and mstn1a). In the H50 group, a three-fold up regulation of liver hsp70 was observed. An activation of the stress/immune response (il-10, tnf-α, and tlr-5) was observed in medium intestine in the H25 and H50 groups (p < 0.05) together with a villi length reduction detected through histological analyses. Liver histology and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIRI) spectroscopy highlighted an increase in lipid deposition. These findings suggest that caution should be taken into account when 50% replacement of conventional ingredients with H is selected.
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