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Summers M, Russell B, Rajalingamgari P, Morsy M, Jahangir S, Gold A, Gades N, Wasif N, Singh VP. A safe method for rapid therapeutic pancreatic cooling. iScience 2024; 27:110790. [PMID: 39310763 PMCID: PMC11416498 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) has no targeted therapy. Previously, pancreatic cooling to 31°C-33°C and 24°C-27°C, respectively, ameliorated mild and severe AP in rats. Here, Yucatan pigs (40-50Kg) whose abdominal size and anatomy are like humans underwent pancreatic cooling. This was via a gastric cooling balloon placed endoscopically with catheters exteriorized on the abdominal wall. Laparoscopically placed wireless transmitters monitored pancreas tail, head, and urinary bladder temperatures. Controls included un-perfused water filled balloons, and sedation-only groups. Tap water perfusion (375 mL/min) over 1-month was well tolerated without sedation. Perfusion with ≤19°C water achieved pancreatic temperatures ≤32°C and perfusion at ≤10°C achieved ≤26°C in <90 min in sedated supine pigs, which normalized an hour after balloon evacuation. Bladder temperatures, behavioral, biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters were similar between groups. Therefore, rapid transgastric pancreatic cooling can be achieved safely in large animals with relevant anatomy like humans, warranting future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Summers
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Mahmoud Morsy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah Jahangir
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Adam Gold
- Gold Product Development, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Naomi Gades
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Nabil Wasif
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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2
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Zi Z, Rao Y. Discoveries of GPR39 as an evolutionarily conserved receptor for bile acids and of its involvement in biliary acute pancreatitis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0146. [PMID: 38306436 PMCID: PMC10836733 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Bile acids (BAs) were proposed to be a cause of AP nearly 170 years ago, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that two G protein-coupled receptors, GPR39 and GHSR, mediated cellular responses to BAs. Our results revealed GPR39 as an evolutionarily conserved receptor for BAs, particularly 3-O-sulfated lithocholic acids. In cultured cell lines, GPR39 is sufficient for BA-induced Ca2+ elevation. In pancreatic acinar cells, GPR39 mediated BA-induced Ca2+ elevation and necrosis. Furthermore, AP induced by BAs was significantly reduced in GPR39 knockout mice. Our findings provide in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating that GPR39 is necessary and sufficient to mediate BA signaling, highlighting its involvement in biliary AP pathogenesis, and suggesting it as a promising therapeutic target for biliary AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zi
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing (CIMR, Beijing) and the State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing (CIMR, Beijing) and the State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Chinese Institute of Brain Research Beijing and Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
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3
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Kiss L, Fűr G, Pisipati S, Rajalingamgari P, Ewald N, Singh V, Rakonczay Z. Mechanisms linking hypertriglyceridemia to acute pancreatitis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13916. [PMID: 36599412 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a metabolic disorder, defined when serum or plasma triglyceride concentration (seTG) is >1.7 mM. HTG can be categorized as mild to very severe groups based on the seTG value. The risk of acute pancreatitis (AP), a serious disease with high mortality and without specific therapy, increases with the degree of HTG. Furthermore, even mild or moderate HTG aggravates AP initiated by other important etiological factors, including alcohol or bile stone. This review briefly summarizes the pathophysiology of HTG, the epidemiology of HTG-induced AP and the clinically observed effects of HTG on the outcomes of AP. Our main focus is to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms linking HTG to AP. HTG is accompanied by an increased serum fatty acid (FA) concentration, and experimental results have demonstrated that these FAs have the most prominent role in causing the consequences of HTG during AP. FAs inhibit mitochondrial complexes in pancreatic acinar cells, induce pathological elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, cytokine release and tissue injury, and reduce the function of pancreatic ducts. Furthermore, high FA concentrations can induce respiratory, kidney, and cardiovascular failure in AP. All these effects may contribute to the observed increased AP severity and frequent organ failure in patients. Importantly, experimental results suggest that the reduction of FA production by lipase inhibitors can open up new therapeutic options of AP. Overall, investigating the pathophysiology of HTG-induced AP or AP in the presence of HTG and determining possible treatments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Fűr
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sailaja Pisipati
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Prasad Rajalingamgari
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Nils Ewald
- Institute for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Minden, Minden, Germany.,Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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4
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Evidence showing lipotoxicity worsens outcomes in covid-19 patients and insights about the underlying mechanisms. iScience 2022; 25:104322. [PMID: 35502320 PMCID: PMC9045865 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared three hospitalized patient cohorts and conducted mechanistic studies to determine if lipotoxicity worsens COVID-19. Cohort-1 (n = 30) compared COVID-19 patients dismissed home to those requiring intensive-care unit (ICU) transfer. Cohort-2 (n = 116) compared critically ill ICU patients with and without COVID-19. Cohort-3 (n = 3969) studied hypoalbuminemia and hypocalcemia’s impact on COVID-19 mortality. Patients requiring ICU transfer had higher serum albumin unbound linoleic acid (LA). Unbound fatty acids and LA were elevated in ICU transfers, COVID-19 ICU patients and ICU non-survivors. COVID-19 ICU patients (cohort-2) had greater serum lipase, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, organ failure and thrombotic events. Hypocalcemia and hypoalbuminemia independently associated with COVID-19 mortality in cohort-3. Experimentally, LA reacted with albumin, calcium and induced hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia in mice. Endothelial cells took up unbound LA, which depolarized their mitochondria. In mice, unbound LA increased DAMPs, cytokines, causing endothelial injury, organ failure and thrombosis. Therefore, excessive unbound LA in the circulation may worsen COVID-19 outcomes. Three cohorts of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with different severities were studied Severe COVID-19 increased serum linoleic acid (LA) and unbound fatty acid levels Endothelial cell uptake of unbound LA dose-dependently depolarized mitochondria Unbound LA increased cytokines, endothelial injury, organ failure and thrombosis
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El-Kurdi B, Khatua B, Rood C, Snozek C, Cartin-Ceba R, Singh VP. Mortality From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Increases With Unsaturated Fat and May Be Reduced by Early Calcium and Albumin Supplementation. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1015-1018.e4. [PMID: 32470338 PMCID: PMC7250771 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bara El-Kurdi
- Department of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | | | - Christopher Rood
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Christine Snozek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - Vijay P Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
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Thermodynamic interference with bile acid demicelleization reduces systemic entry and injury during cholestasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8462. [PMID: 32439972 PMCID: PMC7242474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA), with their large hydrophobic steroid nucleus and polar groups are amphipathic molecules. In bile, these exist as micelles above their critical micellar concentration (CMC). In blood at low concentrations, these exist as monomers, initiating cellular signals. This micellar to monomer transition may involve complex thermodynamic interactions between bile salts alone or with phospholipids, i.e. mixed micelles and the aqueous environment. We therefore went on to test if therapeutically relevant changes in temperature could influence micellar behavior of bile salts, and in turn whether this affected the biological responses in cells, and in vivo. Sodium taurocholate (STC) belongs to a major class of bile salts. STC has a CMC in the 5–8 mM range and its infusion into the pancreatic duct is commonly used to study pancreatitis. We thus studied micellar breakdown of STC using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), dynamic light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Under conditions relevant to the in vivo environment (pH 7.4, Na 0.15 M), ITC showed STC to have a U shaped reduction in micellar breakdown between 37 °C and 15 °C with a nadir at 25 °C approaching ≈90% inhibition. This temperature dependence paralleled pancreatic acinar injury induced by monomeric STC. Mixed micelles of STC and 1-palmitoyl, 2-oleyl phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid present in high proportions in bile, behaved similarly, with ≈75% reduction in micellar breakdown at 25 °C compared to 37 °C. In vivo pancreatic cooling to 25 °C reduced the increase in circulating BAs after infusion of 120 mM (5%) STC into the pancreatic duct, and duct ligation. Lower BA levels were associated with improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial damage, shock, lung injury and improved survival independent of pancreatic injury. Thus micellar breakdown of bile salts is essential for their entry into the systemic circulation, and thermodynamic interference with this may reduce their systemic entry and consequent injury during cholestasis, such as from biliary pancreatitis.
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Khatua B, Trivedi RN, Noel P, Patel K, Singh R, de Oliveira C, Trivedi S, Mishra V, Lowe M, Singh VP. Carboxyl Ester Lipase May Not Mediate Lipotoxic Injury during Severe Acute Pancreatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1226-1240. [PMID: 30954473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute lipolysis of visceral fat or circulating triglycerides may worsen acute pancreatitis (AP)-associated local and systemic injury. The pancreas expresses pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PNLIP), pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PNLIPRP2), and carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), which may leak into the visceral fat or systemic circulation during pancreatitis. We, thus, aimed to determine the pancreatic lipase(s) regulating lipotoxicity during AP. For this AP, associated fat necrosis was analyzed using Western blot analysis. Bile acid (using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) and fatty acid (using gas chromatography) concentrations were measured in human fat necrosis. The fat necrosis milieu was simulated in vitro using glyceryl trilinoleate because linoleic acid is increased in fat necrosis. Bile acid requirements to effectively hydrolyze glyceryl trilinoleate were studied using exogenous or overexpressed lipases. The renal cell line (HEK 293) was used to study lipotoxic injury. Because dual pancreatic lipase knockouts are lethal, exocrine parotid acini lacking lipases were used to verify the results. PNLIP, PNLIPRP2, and CEL were increased in fat necrosis. Although PNLIP and PNLIPRP2 were equipotent in inducing lipolysis and lipotoxic injury, CEL required bile acid concentrations higher than in human fat necrosis. The high bile acid requirements for effective lipolysis make CEL an unlikely mediator of lipotoxic injury in AP. It remains to be explored whether PNLIP or PNLIPRP2 worsens AP severity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ram N Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Pawan Noel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Krutika Patel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Vivek Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Mark Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vijay P Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
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8
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Williams JA. Cholecystokinin (CCK) Regulation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Physiological Actions and Signal Transduction Mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:535-564. [PMID: 30873601 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells synthesize and secrete about 20 digestive enzymes and ancillary proteins with the processes that match the supply of these enzymes to their need in digestion being regulated by a number of hormones (CCK, secretin and insulin), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and VIP) and growth factors (EGF and IGF). Of these regulators, one of the most important and best studied is the gastrointestinal hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, the acinar cell has become a model for seven transmembrane, heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptors to regulate multiple processes by distinct signal transduction cascades. In this review, we briefly describe the chemistry and physiology of CCK and then consider the major physiological effects of CCK on pancreatic acinar cells. The majority of the review is devoted to the physiologic signaling pathways activated by CCK receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins and the functions they affect. The pathways covered include the traditional second messenger pathways PLC-IP3-Ca2+ , DAG-PKC, and AC-cAMP-PKA/EPAC that primarily relate to secretion. Then there are the protein-protein interaction pathways Akt-mTOR-S6K, the three major MAPK pathways (ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK), and Ca2+ -calcineurin-NFAT pathways that primarily regulate non-secretory processes including biosynthesis and growth, and several miscellaneous pathways that include the Rho family small G proteins, PKD, FAK, and Src that may regulate both secretory and nonsecretory processes but are not as well understood. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:535-564, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Williams
- University of Michigan, Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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de Oliveira C, Khatua B, Bag A, El-Kurdi B, Patel K, Mishra V, Navina S, Singh VP. Multimodal Transgastric Local Pancreatic Hypothermia Reduces Severity of Acute Pancreatitis in Rats and Increases Survival. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:735-747.e10. [PMID: 30518512 PMCID: PMC6368865 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute pancreatitis (AP) of different etiologies is associated with the activation of different signaling pathways in pancreatic cells, posing challenges to the development of targeted therapies. We investigated whether local pancreatic hypothermia, without systemic hypothermia, could lessen the severity of AP induced by different methods in rats. METHODS A urethane balloon with 2 polyurethane tubes was placed inside the stomach of rats. AP was induced in Wistar rats by the administration of cerulein or glyceryl tri-linoleate (GTL). Then, cold water was infused into the balloon to cool the pancreas. Pancreatic temperatures were selected based on those found to decrease acinar cell injury. An un-perfused balloon was used as a control. Pancreatic and rectal temperatures were monitored, and an infrared lamp or heating pad was used to avoid generalized hypothermia. We collected blood, pancreas, kidney, and lung tissues and analyzed them by histology, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, cytokine and chemokine magnetic bead, and DNA damage assays. The effect of hypothermia on signaling pathways initiated by cerulein and GTL was studied in acinar cells. RESULTS Rats with pancreatic cooling developed less severe GTL-induced AP compared with rats that received the control balloon. In acinar cells, cooling decreased the lipolysis induced by GTL, increased the micellar form of its fatty acid, lowered the increase in cytosolic calcium, prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (by 70%-80%), and resulted in a 40%-50% decrease in the uptake of a fatty acid tracer. In rats with AP, cooling decreased pancreatic necrosis by 48%, decreased serum levels of cytokines and markers of cell damage, and decreased markers of lung and renal damage. Pancreatic cooling increased the proportions of rats surviving 6 hours after induction of AP (to 90%, from <10% of rats that received the control balloon). In rats with cerulein-induced AP, pancreatic cooling decreased pancreatic markers of apoptosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In rats with AP, transgastric local pancreatic hypothermia decreases pancreatic necrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and markers of pancreatitis severity and increases survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Biswajit Khatua
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Arup Bag
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bara El-Kurdi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Krutika Patel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sarah Navina
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Kostenko S, Heu CC, Yaron JR, Singh G, de Oliveira C, Muller WJ, Singh VP. c-Src regulates cargo transit via the Golgi in pancreatic acinar cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11903. [PMID: 30093675 PMCID: PMC6085363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocrine pancreatic acinar cell is unique for its rapid protein synthesis and packaging in zymogen granules (ZGs). However, while crucial to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, the signaling involved in the transit of proteins via the Golgi is poorly understood in these cells. Noting the evidence of c-Src in regulating transit of cargo via the Golgi in other systems, we explored this in acinar cells. Stimulation of ZG formation with dexamethasone activated Src and increased the Golgi area in acinar cells. c-Src localized to the microsomes of acinar cells on immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation. While other Src family members had no effect on the Golgi markers P115 and GM130, active c-Src increased the Golgi area these stained, extending them into the ER. Src inhibition reduced amylase staining outside the Golgi and increased it in a stack like Golgi morphology. In vivo pharmacologic inhibition or acinar specific genetic deletion of c-Src reduced ZG number and staining of amylase in ZGs along with increasing amylase retention in the microsomal fraction. Morphologically this was associated with smaller Golgi stacks, and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore the role c-Src regulated Golgi function, ZG formation and microsomal zymogen transit in acinar cells needs to be explored in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Kostenko
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Chan C Heu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Garima Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - William J Muller
- Goodman Cancer Research Center and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Vijay P Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
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11
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Nuche-Berenguer B, Ramos-Álvarez I, Jensen RT. Src kinases play a novel dual role in acute pancreatitis affecting severity but no role in stimulated enzyme secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1015-27. [PMID: 27033118 PMCID: PMC4935475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic acinar cells, the Src family of kinases (SFK) is involved in the activation of several signaling cascades that are implicated in mediating cellular processes (growth, cytoskeletal changes, apoptosis). However, the role of SFKs in various physiological responses such as enzyme secretion or in pathophysiological processes such as acute pancreatitis is either controversial, unknown, or incompletely understood. To address this, in this study, we investigated the role/mechanisms of SFKs in acute pancreatitis and enzyme release. Enzyme secretion was studied in rat dispersed pancreatic acini, in vitro acute-pancreatitis-like changes induced by supramaximal COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK). SFK involvement assessed using the chemical SFK inhibitor (PP2) with its inactive control, 4-amino-7-phenylpyrazol[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP3), under experimental conditions, markedly inhibiting SFK activation. In CCK-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells, activation occurred of trypsinogen, various MAP kinases (p42/44, JNK), transcription factors (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, nuclear factor-κB, activator protein-1), caspases (3, 8, and 9) inducing apoptosis, LDH release reflective of necrosis, and various chemokines secreted (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted). All were inhibited by PP2, not by PP3, except caspase activation leading to apoptosis, which was increased, and trypsin activation, which was unaffected, as was CCK-induced amylase release. These results demonstrate SFK activation is playing a dual role in acute pancreatitis, inhibiting apoptosis and promoting necrosis as well as chemokine/cytokine release inducing inflammation, leading to more severe disease, as well as not affecting secretion. Thus, our studies indicate that SFK is a key mediator of inflammation and pancreatic acinar cell death in acute pancreatitis, suggesting it could be a potential therapeutic target in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R. T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Torres-Cruz FM, Rodríguez-Cruz F, Escobar-Herrera J, Barragán-Andrade N, Basurto-Islas G, Ripova D, Ávila J, Garcia-Sierra F. Expression of Tau Produces Aberrant Plasma Membrane Blebbing in Glial Cells Through RhoA-ROCK-Dependent F-Actin Remodeling. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 52:463-82. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. Torres-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanny Rodríguez-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Escobar-Herrera
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Barragán-Andrade
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Ripova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Sierra
- Department of Cell Biology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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de Oliveira C, Patel K, Mishra V, Trivedi RN, Noel P, Singh A, Yaron JR, Singh VP. Characterization and Predictive Value of Near Infrared 2-Deoxyglucose Optical Imaging in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149073. [PMID: 26901564 PMCID: PMC4765766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studying the uptake of 2-deoxy glucose (2-DG) analogs such as 2-Deoxy-2-[18F] fluoroglucose (FDG) is a common approach to identify and monitor malignancies and more recently chronic inflammation. While pancreatitis is a common cause for false positive results in human studies on pancreatic cancer using FDG, the relevance of these findings to acute pancreatitis (AP) is unknown. FDG has a short half-life. Thus, with an aim to accurately characterize the metabolic demand of the pancreas during AP in real-time, we studied the uptake of the non-radioactive, near infrared fluorescence labelled 2-deoxyglucose analog, IRDye® 800CW 2-DG probe (NIR 2-DG; Li-Cor) during mild and severe biliary AP. Methods Wistar rats (300 g; 8–12/group) were administered NIR 2-DG (10 nM; I.V.). Mild and severe biliary AP were respectively induced by biliopancreatic duct ligation (DL) alone or along with infusing glyceryl trilinoleate (GTL; 50 μL/100 g) within 10 minutes of giving NIR 2-DG. Controls (CON) only received NIR 2-DG. Imaging was done every 5–10 minutes over 3 hrs. Average Radiant Efficiency [p/s/cm²/sr]/[μW/cm²] was measured over the pancreas using the IVIS 200 in-vivo imaging system (PerkinElmer) using the Living Image® software and verified in ex vivo pancreata. Blood amylase, lipase and pancreatic edema, necrosis were measured over the course of AP. Results NIR 2-DG uptake over the first hour was not influenced by AP induction. However, while the signal declined in controls and rats with mild AP, there was significantly higher retention of NIR 2-DG in the pancreas after 1 hour in those with GTL pancreatitis. The increase was > 3 fold over controls in the GTL group and was verified to be in the pancreas ex vivo. In vitro, pancreatic acini exposed to GTL had a similar increase in NIR 2-DG uptake which was followed by progressively worse acinar necrosis. Greater retention of NIR 2-DG in vivo was associated with worse pancreatic necrosis, reduced ATP concentrations and mortality, which were not predicted by the blood parameters. Conclusion In-vivo fluorescent imaging of a non-radioactive near infrared 2-DG optical probe can predict the AP severity early during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krutika Patel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ram N. Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Pawan Noel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Abhilasha Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Noel P, Patel K, Durgampudi C, Trivedi RN, de Oliveira C, Crowell MD, Pannala R, Lee K, Brand R, Chennat J, Slivka A, Papachristou GI, Khalid A, Whitcomb DC, DeLany JP, Cline RA, Acharya C, Jaligama D, Murad FM, Yadav D, Navina S, Singh VP. Peripancreatic fat necrosis worsens acute pancreatitis independent of pancreatic necrosis via unsaturated fatty acids increased in human pancreatic necrosis collections. Gut 2016; 65:100-11. [PMID: 25500204 PMCID: PMC4869971 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peripancreatic fat necrosis occurs frequently in necrotising pancreatitis. Distinguishing markers from mediators of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is important since targeting mediators may improve outcomes. We evaluated potential agents in human pancreatic necrotic collections (NCs), pseudocysts (PCs) and pancreatic cystic neoplasms and used pancreatic acini, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and an acute pancreatitis (AP) model to determine SAP mediators. METHODS We measured acinar and PBMC injury induced by agents increased in NCs and PCs. Outcomes of caerulein pancreatitis were studied in lean rats coadministered interleukin (IL)-1β and keratinocyte chemoattractant/growth-regulated oncogene, triolein alone or with the lipase inhibitor orlistat. RESULTS NCs had higher fatty acids, IL-8 and IL-1β versus other fluids. Lipolysis of unsaturated triglyceride and resulting unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) oleic and linoleic acids induced necro-apoptosis at less than half the concentration in NCs but other agents did not do so at more than two times these concentrations. Cytokine coadministration resulted in higher pancreatic and lung inflammation than caerulein alone, but only triolein coadministration caused peripancreatic fat stranding, higher cytokines, UFAs, multisystem organ failure (MSOF) and mortality in 97% animals, which were prevented by orlistat. CONCLUSIONS UFAs, IL-1β and IL-8 are elevated in NCs. However, UFAs generated via peripancreatic fat lipolysis causes worse inflammation and MSOF, converting mild AP to SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Noel
- Departments of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Krutika Patel
- Departments of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Chandra Durgampudi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pasavant, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ram N Trivedi
- Departments of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Rahul Pannala
- Departments of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Randall Brand
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Chennat
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Slivka
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Asif Khalid
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David C Whitcomb
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James P DeLany
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel A Cline
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chathur Acharya
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pasavant, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepthi Jaligama
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pasavant, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Faris M Murad
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Navina
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vijay P Singh
- Departments of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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15
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Khajah MA, Luqmani YA. Involvement of Membrane Blebbing in Immunological Disorders and Cancer. Med Princ Pract 2016; 25 Suppl 2:18-27. [PMID: 26488882 PMCID: PMC5588526 DOI: 10.1159/000441848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular blebbing is a unique form of dynamic protrusion emanating from the plasma membrane which can be either apoptotic or nonapoptotic in nature. Blebs have been observed in a wide variety of cell types and in response to multiple mechanical and chemical stimuli. They have been linked to various physiological and pathological processes including tumor motility and invasion, as well as to various immunological disorders. They can form and retract extremely rapidly in seconds or minutes, or slowly over hours or days. This review focuses on recent evidence regarding the role of blebbing in cell locomotion with particular emphasis on its role in tumor metastasis, indicating the role of specific causative molecules. The phenomenon of blebbing has been observed in endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells in response to brief exposure to extracellular alkaline pH, which leads to enhanced invasive capacity. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of cellular blebs could serve as a potential therapeutic option to control tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunus A. Luqmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- *Yunus A. Luqmani, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110 (Kuwait), E-Mail
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16
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Losa D, Köhler T, Bacchetta M, Saab JB, Frieden M, van Delden C, Chanson M. Airway Epithelial Cell Integrity Protects from Cytotoxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum-Sensing Signals. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:265-75. [PMID: 25562674 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0405oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions regulates airway epithelial cell homeostasis and maintains the epithelium host defense. Quorum-sensing molecules produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa coordinate the expression of virulence factors by this respiratory pathogen. These bacterial signals may also incidentally modulate mammalian airway epithelial cell responses to the pathogen, a process called interkingdom signaling. We investigated the interactions between the P. aeruginosa N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C12) quorum-sensing molecule and human airway epithelial cell gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). C12 degradation and its effects on cells were monitored in various airway epithelial cell models grown under nonpolarized and polarized conditions. Its concentration was further monitored in daily tracheal aspirates of colonized intubated patients. C12 rapidly altered epithelial integrity and decreased GJIC in nonpolarized airway epithelial cells, whereas other quorum-sensing molecules had no effect. The effects of C12 were dependent on [Ca(2+)]i and could be prevented by inhibitors of Src tyrosine family and Rho-associated protein kinases. In contrast, polarized airway cells grown on Transwell filters were protected from C12 except when undergoing repair after wounding. In vivo during colonization of intubated patients, C12 did not accumulate, but it paralleled bacterial densities. In vitro C12 degradation, a reaction catalyzed by intracellular paraoxonase 2 (PON2), was impaired in nonpolarized cells, whereas PON2 expression was increased during epithelial polarization. The cytotoxicity of C12 on nonpolarized epithelial cells, combined with its impaired degradation allowing its accumulation, provides an additional pathogenic mechanism for P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thilo Köhler
- 2 Service of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Marc Bacchetta
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III.,3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Bou Saab
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III.,3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maud Frieden
- 3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- 2 Service of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Marc Chanson
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III.,3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Alexandrova AY. Plasticity of tumor cell migration: acquisition of new properties or return to the past? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:947-63. [PMID: 25385021 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During tumor development cancer cells pass through several stages when cell morphology and migration abilities change remarkably. These stages are named epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-amoeboid transitions. The molecular mechanisms underlying cell motility are changing during these transitions. As result of transitions the cells acquire new characteristics and modes of motility. Cell migration becomes more independent from the environmental conditions, and thus cell dissemination becomes more aggressive, which leads to formation of distant metastases. In this review we discuss the characteristics of each of the transitions, cell morphology, and the specificity of cellular structures responsible for different modes of cell motility as well as molecular mechanisms regulating each transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Alexandrova
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we identified the protein kinases that play the most distinct roles in the occurrence of acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS Gene expression profile data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE3644). The sample was from caerulein-induced AP mice. The intersection of the differentially expressed genes in AP mice taken from a protein kinase database was obtained for screening of the protein kinase encoded genes that were differentially expressed. Database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery was used for the functional enrichment analysis. Kinase inhibitors that regulated these kinases were retrieved from PubMed through text mining. RESULTS Twenty-nine differentially expressed kinase encoded genes were identified through screening. The functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the functions of these genes were primarily enriched in "mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway," followed by "extracellular regulated protein kinases pathway," "neurotrophin signaling pathway," "adherens junction," and "gap junction." SRC and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were related to extracellular regulated protein kinases pathway and also related to adherens junction as well as gap junction. On the basis of the regulated kinases, the kinase inhibitors reported in the literature were classified into multiple groups. CONCLUSIONS EGFR and SRC may be coexpressed in AP. The kinase inhibitors working together in SRC and EGFR may play better efficacy in the treatment of AP.
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19
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Durgampudi C, Noel P, Patel K, Cline R, Trivedi RN, DeLany JP, Yadav D, Papachristou GI, Lee K, Acharya C, Jaligama D, Navina S, Murad F, Singh VP. Acute lipotoxicity regulates severity of biliary acute pancreatitis without affecting its initiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1773-84. [PMID: 24854864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obese patients have worse outcomes during acute pancreatitis (AP). Previous animal models of AP have found worse outcomes in obese rodents who may have a baseline proinflammatory state. Our aim was to study the role of acute lipolytic generation of fatty acids on local severity and systemic complications of AP. Human postpancreatitis necrotic collections were analyzed for unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and saturated fatty acids. A model of biliary AP was designed to replicate the human variables by intraductal injection of the triglyceride glyceryl trilinoleate alone or with the chemically distinct lipase inhibitors orlistat or cetilistat. Parameters of AP etiology and outcomes of local and systemic severity were measured. Patients with postpancreatitis necrotic collections were obese, and 13 of 15 had biliary AP. Postpancreatitis necrotic collections were enriched in UFAs. Intraductal glyceryl trilinoleate with or without the lipase inhibitors resulted in oil red O-positive areas, resembling intrapancreatic fat. Both lipase inhibitors reduced the glyceryl trilinoleate-induced increase in serum lipase, UFAs, pancreatic necrosis, serum inflammatory markers, systemic injury, and mortality but not serum alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, or amylase. We conclude that UFAs are enriched in human necrotic collections and acute UFA generation via lipolysis worsens pancreatic necrosis, systemic inflammation, and injury associated with severe AP. Inhibition of lipolysis reduces UFA generation and improves these outcomes of AP without interfering with its induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Durgampudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pasavant, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pawan Noel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Krutika Patel
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Rachel Cline
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ram N Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - James P DeLany
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kenneth Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chathur Acharya
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pasavant, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepthi Jaligama
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pasavant, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Navina
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Faris Murad
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vijay P Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
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20
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Cyclin G2 promotes hypoxia-driven local invasion of glioblastoma by orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1272-81. [PMID: 24339739 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental conditions such as hypoxia potentiate the local invasion of malignant tumors including glioblastomas by modulating signal transduction and protein modification, yet the mechanism by which hypoxia controls cytoskeletal dynamics to promote the local invasion is not well defined. Here, we show that cyclin G2 plays pivotal roles in the cytoskeletal dynamics in hypoxia-driven invasion by glioblastoma cells. Cyclin G2 is a hypoxia-induced and cytoskeleton-associated protein and is required for glioblastoma expansion. Mechanistically, cyclin G2 recruits cortactin to the juxtamembrane through its SH3 domain-binding motif and consequently promotes the restricted tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in concert with src. Moreover, cyclin G2 interacts with filamentous actin to facilitate the formation of membrane ruffles. In primary glioblastoma, cyclin G2 is abundantly expressed in severely hypoxic regions such as pseudopalisades, which consist of actively migrating glioma cells. Furthermore, we show the effectiveness of dasatinib against hypoxia-driven, cyclin G2-involved invasion in vitro and in vivo. Our findings elucidate the mechanism of cytoskeletal regulation by which severe hypoxia promotes the local invasion and may provide a therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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21
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Hypothermia slows sequential and parallel steps initiated during caerulein pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2014; 14:459-64. [PMID: 25459565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multiple deleterious signaling cascades are simultaneously activated in acute pancreatitis (AP), which may limit the success of pharmacologic approaches targeting a single step. We explored whether cooling acinar cells slows distinct steps initiated from a stimulus causing pancreatitis simultaneously, and the temperature range over which inhibition of such deleterious signaling occurs. METHODS Caerulein (100 nM) induced trypsinogen activation (TGA), CXCL1, CXCL2 mRNA levels, cell injury were studied at 37 °C, 34 °C, 31 °C, 29 °C and 25 °C in acinar cells. Trypsin, cathepsin B activities and cathepsin B mediated TGA were studied at 37 °C, 23 °C and 4 °C. RESULTS There was >80% reduction in TGA, CXCL1 and CXCL2 mRNA levels at 29 °C, and in cell injury at 34 °C, compared to those at 37 °C. Trypsin activity, cathepsin B activity and cathepsin B mediated TGA at 23 °C were respectively, 53%, 64% and 26% of that at 37 °C. Acinar cooling to 31 °C reduced LDH leakage even when cooling was initiated an hour after caerulein stimulation at 37 °C. CONCLUSIONS Hypothermia synergistically and simultaneously slows parallel and distinct signaling steps initiated by caerulein, thereby reducing TGA, upregulation of inflammatory mediators and acinar injury.
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22
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Olivares MJ, González-Jamett AM, Guerra MJ, Baez-Matus X, Haro-Acuña V, Martínez-Quiles N, Cárdenas AM. Src kinases regulate de novo actin polymerization during exocytosis in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99001. [PMID: 24901433 PMCID: PMC4047038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical actin network is dynamically rearranged during secretory processes. Nevertheless, it is unclear how de novo actin polymerization and the disruption of the preexisting actin network control transmitter release. Here we show that in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, both formation of new actin filaments and disruption of the preexisting cortical actin network are induced by Ca2+ concentrations that trigger exocytosis. These two processes appear to regulate different stages of exocytosis; whereas the inhibition of actin polymerization with the N-WASP inhibitor wiskostatin restricts fusion pore expansion, thus limiting the release of transmitters, the disruption of the cortical actin network with cytochalasin D increases the amount of transmitter released per event. Further, the Src kinase inhibitor PP2, and cSrc SH2 and SH3 domains also suppress Ca2+-dependent actin polymerization, and slow down fusion pore expansion without disturbing the cortical F-actin organization. Finally, the isolated SH3 domain of c-Src prevents both the disruption of the actin network and the increase in the quantal release induced by cytochalasin D. These findings support a model where a rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ triggers actin polymerization through a mechanism that involves Src kinases. The newly formed actin filaments would speed up the expansion of the initial fusion pore, whereas the preexisting actin network might control a different step of the exocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Olivares
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Arlek M. González-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María José Guerra
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ximena Baez-Matus
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Valentina Haro-Acuña
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Narcisa Martínez-Quiles
- Departamento de Microbiología (Inmunología), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Cárdenas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Mishra V, Cline R, Noel P, Karlsson J, Baty CJ, Orlichenko L, Patel K, Trivedi RN, Husain SZ, Acharya C, Durgampudi C, Stolz DB, Navina S, Singh VP. Src Dependent Pancreatic Acinar Injury Can Be Initiated Independent of an Increase in Cytosolic Calcium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66471. [PMID: 23824669 PMCID: PMC3688910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several deleterious intra-acinar phenomena are simultaneously triggered on initiating acute pancreatitis. These culminate in acinar injury or inflammatory mediator generation in vitro and parenchymal damage in vivo. Supraphysiologic caerulein is one such initiator which simultaneously activates numerous signaling pathways including non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as of the Src family. It also causes a sustained increase in cytosolic calcium- a player thought to be crucial in regulating deleterious phenomena. We have shown Src to be involved in caerulein induced actin remodeling, and caerulein induced changes in the Golgi and post-Golgi trafficking to be involved in trypsinogen activation, which initiates acinar cell injury. However, it remains unclear whether an increase in cytosolic calcium is necessary to initiate acinar injury or if injury can be initiated at basal cytosolic calcium levels by an alternate pathway. To study the interplay between tyrosine kinase signaling and calcium, we treated mouse pancreatic acinar cells with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate. We studied the effect of the clinically used Src inhibitor Dasatinib (BMS-354825) on pervanadate or caerulein induced changes in Src activation, trypsinogen activation, cell injury, upstream cytosolic calcium, actin and Golgi morphology. Pervanadate, like supraphysiologic caerulein, induced Src activation, redistribution of the F-actin from its normal location in the sub-apical area to the basolateral areas, and caused antegrade fragmentation of the Golgi. These changes, like those induced by supraphysiologic caerulein, were associated with trypsinogen activation and acinar injury, all of which were prevented by Dasatinib. Interestingly, however, pervanadate did not cause an increase in cytosolic calcium, and the caerulein induced increase in cytosolic calcium was not affected by Dasatinib. These findings suggest that intra-acinar deleterious phenomena may be initiated independent of an increase in cytosolic calcium. Other players resulting in acinar injury along with the Src family of tyrosine kinases remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mishra
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel Cline
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pawan Noel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jenny Karlsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Baty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lidiya Orlichenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Krutika Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ram Narayan Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sohail Z. Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chathur Acharya
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Passavant, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chandra Durgampudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Passavant, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah Navina
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Shea K, Xu L, Tobin G, Knapton A, Sharron S, Rouse R. Autophagy in pancreatic acinar cells in caerulein-treated mice: immunolocalization of related proteins and their potential as markers of pancreatitis. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:435-57. [PMID: 23640381 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313486967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced pancreatitis (DIP) is an underdiagnosed condition that lacks sensitive and specific biomarkers. To better understand the mechanisms of DIP and to identify potential tissue biomarkers, we studied experimental pancreatitis induced in male C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of caerulein (10 or 50 μg/kg) at 1-hr intervals for a total of 7 injections. Pancreata from caerulein-treated mice exhibited consistent acinar cell autophagy and apoptosis with infrequent necrosis. Kinetic assays for serum amylase and lipase also showed a dose-dependent increase. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-dNTP nick labeling (TUNEL) detected dose-dependent acinar cell apoptosis. By light microscopy, autophagy was characterized by the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes (ALs) within the cytoplasm of acinar cells. Immunohistochemical studies with specific antibodies for proteins related to autophagy and pancreatic stress were conducted to evaluate these proteins as potential biomarkers of pancreatitis. Western blots were used to confirm immunohistochemical results using pancreatic lysates from control and treated animals. Autophagy was identified as a contributing process in caerulein-induced pancreatitis and proteins previously associated with autophagy were upregulated following caerulein treatment. Autophagosomes and ALs were found to be a common pathway, in which cathepsins, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2, vacuole membrane protein 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), autophagy-related protein 9, Beclin1, and pancreatitis-associated proteins were simultaneously involved in response to caerulein stimulus. Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (Reg3γ), a pancreatic acute response protein, was dose-dependently induced in caerulein-treated mice and colocalized with the autophagosomal marker, LC3. This finding supports Reg3γ as a candidate biomarker for pancreatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshuai Zhang
- 1Division of Drug Safety Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to search for protein kinases that play a role in acute pancreatitis and analyze their potential connection with each other. METHODS Information of human protein kinases were collected in protein kinase database, and then a systematic search was performed using PubMed for studies addressing the association between these kinases and acute pancreatitis. Gene Ontology Annotations were used to build interactions network for acute pancreatitis-associated protein kinases. RESULTS A total of 570 human protein kinases were found, in which 28 kinases play a role in acute pancreatitis. Among the 28 kinases, RIPK1, JAK2, SRC, EGFR, FYN, MET, JAK1, TYK2, and MTOR were annotated in Gene Ontology database. A gene ontology interactions network was built to visualize the common biological process these kinases participated in. CONCLUSIONS This study provides observations that protein kinases participate in all the sequential events in the exocrine pancreas in acute pancreatitis and that protein kinases are potential therapeutical target for acute pancreatitis.
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Husain SZ, Orabi AI, Muili KA, Luo Y, Sarwar S, Mahmood SM, Wang D, Choo-Wing R, Singh VP, Parness J, Ananthanaravanan M, Bhandari V, Perides G. Ryanodine receptors contribute to bile acid-induced pathological calcium signaling and pancreatitis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1423-33. [PMID: 22517774 PMCID: PMC3774209 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00546.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biliary pancreatitis is the most common etiology for acute pancreatitis, yet its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Ca(2+) signals generated within the pancreatic acinar cell initiate the early phase of pancreatitis, and bile acids can elicit anomalous acinar cell intracellular Ca(2+) release. We previously demonstrated that Ca(2+) released via the intracellular Ca(2+) channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR), contributes to the aberrant Ca(2+) signal. In this study, we examined whether RyR inhibition protects against pathological Ca(2+) signals, acinar cell injury, and pancreatitis from bile acid exposure. The bile acid tauro-lithocholic acid-3-sulfate (TLCS) induced intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations at 50 μM and a peak-plateau signal at 500 μM, and only the latter induced acinar cell injury, as determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Pretreatment with the RyR inhibitors dantrolene or ryanodine converted the peak-plateau signal to a mostly oscillatory pattern (P < 0.05). They also reduced acinar cell LDH leakage, basolateral blebbing, and propidium iodide uptake (P < 0.05). In vivo, a single dose of dantrolene (5 mg/kg), given either 1 h before or 2 h after intraductal TLCS infusion, reduced the severity of pancreatitis down to the level of the control (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the severity of biliary pancreatitis may be ameliorated by the clinical use of RyR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
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Husain SZ, Orabi AI, Muili KA, Luo Y, Sarwar S, Mahmood SM, Wang D, Choo-Wing R, Singh VP, Parness J, Ananthanaravanan M, Bhandari V, Perides G. Ryanodine receptors contribute to bile acid-induced pathological calcium signaling and pancreatitis in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY. GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 22517774 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biliary pancreatitis is the most common etiology for acute pancreatitis, yet its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Ca(2+) signals generated within the pancreatic acinar cell initiate the early phase of pancreatitis, and bile acids can elicit anomalous acinar cell intracellular Ca(2+) release. We previously demonstrated that Ca(2+) released via the intracellular Ca(2+) channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR), contributes to the aberrant Ca(2+) signal. In this study, we examined whether RyR inhibition protects against pathological Ca(2+) signals, acinar cell injury, and pancreatitis from bile acid exposure. The bile acid tauro-lithocholic acid-3-sulfate (TLCS) induced intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations at 50 μM and a peak-plateau signal at 500 μM, and only the latter induced acinar cell injury, as determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Pretreatment with the RyR inhibitors dantrolene or ryanodine converted the peak-plateau signal to a mostly oscillatory pattern (P < 0.05). They also reduced acinar cell LDH leakage, basolateral blebbing, and propidium iodide uptake (P < 0.05). In vivo, a single dose of dantrolene (5 mg/kg), given either 1 h before or 2 h after intraductal TLCS infusion, reduced the severity of pancreatitis down to the level of the control (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the severity of biliary pancreatitis may be ameliorated by the clinical use of RyR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
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Navina S, Acharya C, DeLany JP, Orlichenko LS, Baty CJ, Shiva SS, Durgampudi C, Karlsson JM, Lee K, Bae KT, Furlan A, Behari J, Liu S, McHale T, Nichols L, Papachristou GI, Yadav D, Singh VP. Lipotoxicity causes multisystem organ failure and exacerbates acute pancreatitis in obesity. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:107ra110. [PMID: 22049070 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of adverse outcomes during acute critical illnesses such as burns, severe trauma, and acute pancreatitis. Although individuals with more body fat and higher serum cytokines and lipase are more likely to experience problems, the roles that these characteristics play are not clear. We used severe acute pancreatitis as a representative disease to investigate the effects of obesity on local organ function and systemic processes. In obese humans, we found that an increase in the volume of intrapancreatic adipocytes was associated with more extensive pancreatic necrosis during acute pancreatitis and that acute pancreatitis was associated with multisystem organ failure in obese individuals. In vitro studies of pancreatic acinar cells showed that unsaturated fatty acids were proinflammatory, releasing intracellular calcium, inhibiting mitochondrial complexes I and V, and causing necrosis. Saturated fatty acids had no such effects. Inhibition of lipolysis in obese (ob/ob) mice with induced pancreatitis prevented a rise in serum unsaturated fatty acids and prevented renal injury, lung injury, systemic inflammation, hypocalcemia, reduced pancreatic necrosis, and mortality. Thus, therapeutic approaches that target unsaturated fatty acid-mediated lipotoxicity may reduce adverse outcomes in obese patients with critical illnesses such as severe acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Navina
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Orlichenko L, Stolz DB, Noel P, Behari J, Liu S, Singh VP. ADP-ribosylation factor 1 protein regulates trypsinogen activation via organellar trafficking of procathepsin B protein and autophagic maturation in acute pancreatitis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24284-93. [PMID: 22570480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.328815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that autophagy might play a deleterious role in acute pancreatitis via intra-acinar activation of digestive enzymes. The prototype for this phenomenon is cathepsin B-mediated trypsin generation. To determine the organellar basis of this process, we investigated the subcellular distribution of the cathepsin B precursor, procathepsin B. We found that procathepsin B is enriched in Golgi-containing microsomes, suggesting a role for the ADP-ribosylation (ARF)-dependent trafficking of cathepsin B. Indeed, caerulein treatment increased processing of procathepsin B, whereas a known ARF inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) prevented this. Similar treatment did not affect processing of procathepsin L. BFA-mediated ARF1 inhibition resulted in reduced cathepsin B activity and consequently reduced trypsinogen activation. However, formation of light chain 3 (LC3-II) was not affected, suggesting that BFA did not prevent autophagy induction. Instead, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy showed that BFA arrested caerulein-induced autophagosomal maturation. Therefore, ARF1-dependent trafficking of procathepsin B and the maturation of autophagosomes results in cathepsin B-mediated trypsinogen activation induced by caerulein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Orlichenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Orlichenko LS, Behari J, Yeh TH, Liu S, Stolz DB, Saluja AK, Singh VP. Transcriptional regulation of CXC-ELR chemokines KC and MIP-2 in mouse pancreatic acini. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G867-76. [PMID: 20671197 PMCID: PMC2957341 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00177.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils and their chemoattractants, the CXC-ELR chemokines keratinocyte cytokine (KC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), play a critical role in pancreatitis. While acute pancreatitis is initiated in acinar cells, it is unclear if these are a source of CXC-ELR chemokines. KC and MIP-2 have NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) sites in their promoter regions. However, previous studies have shown increased basal and reduced caerulein-induced AP-1 activation in harvested pancreatic tissue in vitro, which limits interpreting the caerulein-induced response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that NF-κB silencing in acinar cells alone may not be sufficient to reduce inflammation in acute pancreatitis. Thus the aim of this study was to determine whether acinar cells are a source of KC and MIP-2 and to understand their transcriptional regulation. Primary overnight-cultured murine pancreatic acini were used after confirming their ability to replicate physiological and pathological acinar cell responses. Upstream signaling resulting in KC, MIP-2 upregulation was studied along with activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Cultured acini replicated critical responses to physiological and pathological caerulein concentrations. KC and MIP-2 mRNA levels increased in response to supramaximal but not to physiological caerulein doses. This upregulation was calcium and protein kinase C (PKC), but not cAMP, dependent. NF-κB inhibition completely prevented upregulation of KC but not MIP-2. Complete suppression of MIP-2 upregulation required dual inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1. Acinar cells are a likely source of KC and MIP-2 upregulation during pancreatitis. This upregulation is dependent on calcium and PKC. MIP-2 upregulation requires both NF-κB and AP-1 in these cells. Thus dual inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 may be a more successful strategy to reduce inflammation in pancreatitis than targeting NF-κB alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Donna B. Stolz
- 2Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Ashok K. Saluja
- 3Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review identifies and puts into context the recent articles which have advanced understanding of the functions of pancreatic acinar cells and the mechanisms by which these functions are regulated. RECENT FINDINGS Receptors present on acinar cells, particularly those for cholecystokinin and secretin, have been better characterized as to the molecular nature of the ligand-receptor interaction. Other reports have described the potential regulation of acinar cells by GLP-1 and cannabinoids. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling remains at the center of stimulus secretion coupling and its regulation has been further defined. Recent studies have identified specific channels mediating Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and influx across the plasma membrane. Work downstream of intracellular mediators has focused on molecular mechanisms of exocytosis particularly involving small G proteins, SNARE proteins and chaperone molecules. In addition to secretion, recent studies have further defined the regulation of pancreatic growth both in adaptive regulation to diet and hormones in the regeneration that occurs after pancreatic damage. Lineage tracing has been used to show the contribution of different cell types. The importance of specific amino acids as signaling molecules to activate the mTOR pathway is being elucidated. SUMMARY Understanding the mechanisms that regulate pancreatic acinar cell function is contributing to knowledge of normal pancreatic function and alterations in disease.
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Tamizhselvi R, Koh YH, Sun J, Zhang H, Bhatia M. Hydrogen sulfide induces ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil adhesion to caerulein-treated pancreatic acinar cells through NF-κB and Src-family kinases pathway. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1625-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Provençal M, Labbé D, Veitch R, Boivin D, Rivard GE, Sartelet H, Robitaille Y, Gingras D, Béliveau R. c-Met activation in medulloblastoma induces tissue factor expression and activity: effects on cell migration. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1089-96. [PMID: 19359592 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is a receptor tyrosine kinase that has recently emerged as an important contributor to human neoplasia. In physiological and pathological conditions, Met triggers various cellular functions related to cell proliferation, cell migration and the inhibition of apoptosis, and also regulates a genetic program leading to coagulation. Since medulloblastomas (MBs) express high levels of tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of blood coagulation, we therefore examined the link between Met and TF expression in these pediatric tumors. We observed that stimulation of the MB cell line DAOY with HGF led to a marked increase of TF expression and procoagulant activity, in agreement with analysis of clinical MB tumor specimens, in which tumors expressing high levels of Met also showed high levels of TF. The HGF-dependent increase in TF expression and activity required Src family kinases and led to the translocation of TF to actin-rich structures at the cell periphery, suggesting a role of the protein in cell migration. Accordingly, addition of physiological concentrations of the TF activator factor VIIa (FVII) to HGF-stimulated DAOY cells promoted a marked increase in the migratory potential of these cells. Overall, these results suggest that HGF-induced activation of the Met receptor results in TF expression by MB cells and that this event probably contribute to tumor proliferation by enabling the formation of a provisional fibrin matrix. In addition, TF-mediated non-hemostatic functions, such as migration toward FVIIa, may also play a central role in MB aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Provençal
- Laboratoire de médecine moléculaire, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Center-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Ammer AG, Weed SA. Cortactin branches out: roles in regulating protrusive actin dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:687-707. [PMID: 18615630 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the early 1990's, cortactin has emerged as a key signaling protein in many cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, endocytosis, and tumor invasion. While the list of cellular functions influenced by cortactin grows, the ability of cortactin to interact with and alter the cortical actin network is central to its role in regulating these processes. Recently, several advances have been made in our understanding of the interaction between actin and cortactin, providing insight into how these two proteins work together to provide a framework for normal and altered cellular function. This review examines how regulation of cortactin through post-translational modifications and interactions with multiple binding partners elicits changes in cortical actin cytoskeletal organization, impacting the regulation and formation of actin-rich motility structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gatesman Ammer
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9300, USA
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Abstract
Plasma membrane blebs are dynamic cytoskeleton-regulated cell protrusions that have been implicated in apoptosis, cytokinesis, and cell movement. Influencing Rho–guanosine triphosphatase activities and subsequent actomyosin dynamics appears to constitute a core component for bleb formation. In this paper, we discuss recent evidence in support of a central role of nonapoptotic membrane blebbing for cell migration and cancer cell invasion as well as advances in our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Based on these studies, we propose that in a physiological context, bleb-associated cell motility reflects a cell's response to reduced substratum adhesion. The importance of blebbing as a functional protrusion is underscored by the existence of multiple molecular mechanisms that govern actin-mediated bleb retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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