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Pabon A, Bhupana JN, Wong CO. Crosstalk between degradation and bioenergetics: how autophagy and endolysosomal processes regulate energy production. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:671-681. [PMID: 38886933 PMCID: PMC11433889 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelid Pabon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ching-On Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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2
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Cai R, Bai P, Quan M, Ding Y, Wei W, Liu C, Yang A, Xiong Z, Li G, Li B, Deng Y, Tian R, Zhao YG, Wu C, Sun Y. Migfilin promotes autophagic flux through direct interaction with SNAP29 and Vamp8. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202312119. [PMID: 39283311 PMCID: PMC11404564 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202312119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a crucial role in cancer cell survival by facilitating the elimination of detrimental cellular components and the recycling of nutrients. Understanding the molecular regulation of autophagy is critical for developing interventional approaches for cancer therapy. In this study, we report that migfilin, a focal adhesion protein, plays a novel role in promoting autophagy by increasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. We found that migfilin is associated with SNAP29 and Vamp8, thereby facilitating Stx17-SNAP29-Vamp8 SNARE complex assembly. Depletion of migfilin disrupted the formation of the SNAP29-mediated SNARE complex, which consequently blocked the autophagosome-lysosome fusion, ultimately suppressing cancer cell growth. Restoration of the SNARE complex formation rescued migfilin-deficiency-induced autophagic flux defects. Finally, we found depletion of migfilin inhibited cancer cell proliferation. SNARE complex reassembly successfully reversed migfilin-deficiency-induced inhibition of cancer cell growth. Taken together, our study uncovers a new function of migfilin as an autophagy-regulatory protein and suggests that targeting the migfilin-SNARE assembly could provide a promising therapeutic approach to alleviate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwei Cai
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Panzhu Bai
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Quan
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanyan Ding
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengmin Liu
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aihua Yang
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zailin Xiong
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guizhen Li
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binbin Li
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruijun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan G Zhao
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of System Biology, School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, China
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3
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Huang KC, Gomes C, Shiga Y, Belforte N, VanderWall KB, Lavekar SS, Fligor CM, Harkin J, Hetzer SM, Patil SV, Di Polo A, Meyer JS. Acquisition of neurodegenerative features in isogenic OPTN(E50K) human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells associated with autophagy disruption and mTORC1 signaling reduction. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:164. [PMID: 39425218 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to derive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has led to numerous advances in the field of retinal research, with great potential for the use of hPSC-derived RGCs for studies of human retinal development, in vitro disease modeling, drug discovery, as well as their potential use for cell replacement therapeutics. Of all these possibilities, the use of hPSC-derived RGCs as a human-relevant platform for in vitro disease modeling has received the greatest attention, due to the translational relevance as well as the immediacy with which results may be obtained compared to more complex applications like cell replacement. While several studies to date have focused upon the use of hPSC-derived RGCs with genetic variants associated with glaucoma or other optic neuropathies, many of these have largely described cellular phenotypes with only limited advancement into exploring dysfunctional cellular pathways as a consequence of the disease-associated gene variants. Thus, to further advance this field of research, in the current study we leveraged an isogenic hPSC model with a glaucoma-associated mutation in the Optineurin (OPTN) protein, which plays a prominent role in autophagy. We identified an impairment of autophagic-lysosomal degradation and decreased mTORC1 signaling via activation of the stress sensor AMPK, along with subsequent neurodegeneration in OPTN(E50K) RGCs differentiated from hPSCs, and have further validated some of these findings in a mouse model of ocular hypertension. Pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 in hPSC-derived RGCs recapitulated disease-related neurodegenerative phenotypes in otherwise healthy RGCs, while the mTOR-independent induction of autophagy reduced protein accumulation and restored neurite outgrowth in diseased OPTN(E50K) RGCs. Taken together, these results highlighted that autophagy disruption resulted in increased autophagic demand which was associated with downregulated signaling through mTORC1, contributing to the degeneration of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Chieh Huang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cátia Gomes
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kirstin B VanderWall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sailee S Lavekar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Clarisse M Fligor
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jade Harkin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shelby M Hetzer
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shruti V Patil
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason S Meyer
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Malik JA, Zafar MA, Singh S, Nanda S, Bashir H, Das DK, Lamba T, Khan MA, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. From defense to dysfunction: Autophagy's dual role in disease pathophysiology. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 981:176856. [PMID: 39068979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental pillar of cellular resilience, indispensable for maintaining cellular health and vitality. It coordinates the meticulous breakdown of cytoplasmic macromolecules as a guardian of cell metabolism, genomic integrity, and survival. In the complex play of biological warfare, autophagy emerges as a firm defender, bravely confronting various pathogenic, infectious, and cancerous adversaries. Nevertheless, its role transcends mere defense, wielding both protective and harmful effects in the complex landscape of disease pathogenesis. From the onslaught of infectious outbreaks to the devious progression of chronic lifestyle disorders, autophagy emerges as a central protagonist, convolutedly shaping the trajectory of cellular health and disease progression. In this article, we embark on a journey into the complicated web of molecular and immunological mechanisms that govern autophagy's profound influence over disease. Our focus sharpens on dissecting the impact of various autophagy-associated proteins on the kaleidoscope of immune responses, spanning the spectrum from infectious outbreaks to chronic lifestyle ailments. Through this voyage of discovery, we unveil the vast potential of autophagy as a therapeutic linchpin, offering tantalizing prospects for targeted interventions and innovative treatment modalities that promise to transform the landscape of disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Mohammad Adeel Zafar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India; Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160016, India; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sidhanta Nanda
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160016, India
| | - Deepjyoti Kumar Das
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160016, India
| | - Taruna Lamba
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Mohammad Affan Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, 140055, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India.
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Norell PN, Campisi D, Mohan J, Wollert T. Biogenesis of omegasomes and autophagosomes in mammalian autophagy. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20240015. [PMID: 39392358 DOI: 10.1042/bst20240015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis by promoting the degradation of damaged or superfluous cytoplasmic material. A hallmark of autophagy is the generation of membrane cisternae that sequester autophagic cargo. Expansion of these structures allows cargo to be engulfed in a highly selective and exclusive manner. Cytotoxic stress or starvation induces the formation of autophagosomes that sequester bulk cytoplasm instead of selected cargo. This rather nonselective pathway is essential for maintaining vital cellular functions during adverse conditions and is thus a major stress response pathway. Both selective and nonselective autophagy rely on the same molecular machinery. However, due to the different nature of cargo to be sequestered, the involved molecular mechanisms are fundamentally different. Although intense research over the past decades has advanced our understanding of autophagy, fundamental questions remain to be addressed. This review will focus on molecular principles and open questions regarding the formation of omegasomes and phagophores in nonselective mammalian autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puck N Norell
- Membrane Biochemistry and Transport, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniele Campisi
- Membrane Biochemistry and Transport, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jagan Mohan
- Membrane Biochemistry and Transport, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Wollert
- Membrane Biochemistry and Transport, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
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6
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Pimentel JM, Zhou JY, Wu GS. Autophagy and cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2024:217285. [PMID: 39395780 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that sequesters cytoplasmic components in double-membrane vesicles known as autophagosomes, which are degraded upon fusion with lysosomes. This pathway maintains the integrity of proteins and organelles while providing energy and nutrients to cells, particularly under nutrient deprivation. Deregulation of autophagy can cause genomic instability, low protein quality, and DNA damage, all of which can contribute to cancer. Autophagy can also be overactivated in cancer cells to aid in cancer cell survival and drug resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that autophagy has functions beyond cargo degradation, including roles in tumor immunity and cancer stem cell survival. Additionally, autophagy can also influence the tumor microenvironment. This feature warrants further investigation of the role of autophagy in cancer, in which autophagy manipulation can improve cancer therapies, including cancer immunotherapy. This review discusses recent findings on the regulation of autophagy and its role in cancer therapy and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Pimentel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093; Institutional Research Academic Career Development Award Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Jun Ying Zhou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
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7
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Loo J, Gunasekaran G, Tan JK, Goon JA. Elucidating the effective age for dietary restriction and the key metabolites involved. Exp Gerontol 2024; 197:112601. [PMID: 39362416 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan in various species, but its effect at different ages, especially when started later, is unclear. This study used Caenorhabditis elegans to explore the impact of DR at different ages. Worms were divided into control and DR groups, with daily survival monitored. To confirm the occurrence of DR, the expression of DR-sensitive genes namely acdh-1, pyk-1, pck-2 and cts-1 were determined using RT-qPCR. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to observe the changes in metabolites affected by DR. The results indicated that young worms subjected to mild DR displayed the longest lifespan, highlighting the effectiveness of initiating DR at a young age. Increased expression of acdh-1 and pck-2 suggests activation of beta-oxidation and gluconeogenesis, while decreased cts-1 expression indicates a reduced citric acid cycle, further supporting the observed effects of DR in these worms. Metabolomic results indicated that DR decreased the activity of mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) and the synthesis of amino acids namely leucine, tyrosine and tryptophan to conserve energy for cell repair and survival. DR also decreased levels of N-acetyl-L-methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) in methionine metabolism, thereby promoting autophagy, reducing inflammation, and facilitating the removal of damaged cells and proteins. In conclusion, initiating dietary restriction early in life extends the lifespan by modulating amino acid metabolism and enhancing the autophagy pathway, thereby maintaining cellular wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazween Loo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Geetha Gunasekaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jen Kit Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jo Aan Goon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Yang Q, Yong X, Chen X, Huang R, Wang X, Xu Z, Chen W. LINC00941 is a diagnostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma and promotes tumorigenesis through cell autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e70076. [PMID: 39392103 PMCID: PMC11467743 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.70076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a lethal malignancy. There is mounting evidence indicating that lncRNAs are crucial players with dual roles as both biomarkers and regulators across various cancers. It was reported that LINC00941 plays a cancer-promoting role in NSCLC. However, its impact on tumour autophagy remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed a risk assessment model and identified an autophagy-related lncRNA LINC00941, which has independent predictive and early diagnostic potential. Using RT-qPCR analysis, we confirmed the upregulation of LINC00941 in tumour tissues and cell lines of human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Functional assays, such as CCK8, colony formation and xenograft models, demonstrated the cancer-promoting activity of LINC00941 both in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis using Western blotting analysis, mRFP-GFP-LC3 double fluorescence lentivirus vector and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that the knockdown of LINC00941 triggered autophagy. These results indicate that knockdown of LINC00941 induces autophagy and impairs the proliferation of LUAD. Therefore, we propose LINC00941 as an independent biomarker for early diagnosis as well as a therapeutic target in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Xi Yong
- Department of Vascular SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongChina
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine CollegeNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongChina
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Materia MedicalNorth Sichuan Medical collegeNanchongChina
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine CollegeNorth Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchongChina
| | - Zhengmin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Materia MedicalNorth Sichuan Medical collegeNanchongChina
- Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases Key Laboratory of Nanchong CityNanchongChina
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Basic Medical SciencesChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
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Kudo Y, Nakamura K, Tsuzuki H, Hirota K, Kawai M, Takaya D, Fukuzawa K, Honma T, Yoshino Y, Nakamura M, Shiota M, Fujimoto N, Ikari A, Endo S. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the treatment efficacy for castration-resistant prostate cancer by inhibiting autophagy through Atg4B inhibition. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 760:110135. [PMID: 39181384 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy induction in cancer is involved in cancer progression and the acquisition of resistance to anticancer agents. Therefore, autophagy is considered a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. In this study, we found that long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have inhibitory effects on Atg4B, which is essential for autophagosome formation, through screening based on the pharmacophore of 21f, a recently developed Atg4B inhibitor. Among these fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, exhibited the most potent Atg4B inhibitory activity. DHA inhibited autophagy induced by androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) in LNCaP and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells and significantly increased apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of DHA on resistance to ARSI by establishing darolutamide-resistant prostate cancer 22Rv1 (22Rv1/Dar) cells, which had developed resistance to darolutamide, a novel ARSI. At baseline, 22Rv1/Dar cells showed a higher autophagy level than parental 22Rv1 cells. DHA significantly suppressed Dar-induced autophagy and sensitized 22Rv1/Dar cells by inducing apoptotic cell death through mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that DHA supplementation may improve prostate cancer therapy with ARSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Kudo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kana Nakamura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Honoka Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hirota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Mina Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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10
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Sankar DS, Kaeser-Pebernard S, Vionnet C, Favre S, de Oliveira Marchioro L, Pillet B, Zhou J, Stumpe M, Kovacs WJ, Kressler D, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Dengjel J. The ULK1 effector BAG2 regulates autophagy initiation by modulating AMBRA1 localization. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114689. [PMID: 39207901 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy initiation is regulated by the ULK1 kinase complex. To gain insights into functions of the holo-complex, we generated a deep interactome by combining affinity purification- and proximity labeling-mass spectrometry of all four complex members: ULK1, ATG13, ATG101, and RB1CC1/FIP200. Under starvation conditions, the ULK1 complex interacts with several protein and lipid kinases and phosphatases, implying the formation of a signalosome. Interestingly, several selective autophagy receptors also interact with ULK1, indicating the activation of selective autophagy pathways by nutrient starvation. One effector of the ULK1 complex is the HSC/HSP70 co-chaperone BAG2, which regulates the subcellular localization of the VPS34 lipid kinase complex member AMBRA1. Depending on the nutritional status, BAG2 has opposing roles. In growth conditions, the unphosphorylated form of BAG2 sequesters AMBRA1, attenuating autophagy induction. In starvation conditions, ULK1 phosphorylates BAG2 on Ser31, which supports the recruitment of AMBRA1 to the ER membrane, positively affecting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Vionnet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Favre
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lais de Oliveira Marchioro
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Pillet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jianwen Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Werner Josef Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Kressler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jӧrn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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11
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Deater M, Lloyd RE. TDRD3 functions as a selective autophagy receptor with dual roles in autophagy and modulation of stress granule stability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.22.614367. [PMID: 39345463 PMCID: PMC11430058 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.22.614367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Tudor Domain Containing 3 (TDRD3) is a methylarginine-reader protein that functions as a scaffold in the nucleus facilitating transcription, however TDRD3 is also recruited to stress granules (SGs) during the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) although its function therein remains largely unknown. We previously showed that TDRD3 is a novel antiviral restriction factor that is cleaved by virus 2A protease, and plays complex modulatory roles in both interferon and inflammatory signaling during stress and enterovirus infections. Here we have found that TDRD3 contains structural motifs similar to known selective autophagy receptors such as p62/SQSTM1, sharing ubiquitin associated domains (UBA) and LC3 interacting regions (LIR) that anchor cargo destined for autophagosomes to activated LC3 protein coating autophagosome membranes. This is of interest since enteroviruses hijack autophagy machinery to facilitate formation of viral replication factories, virus assembly and egress from the infected cell. Here we explored possible roles of TDRD3 in autophagy, hypothesizing that TDRD3 may function as a specialized selective autophagy receptor. We found that KO of TDRD3 in HeLa cells significantly reduces starvation induced autophagy, while its reintroduction restores it in a dose-dependent manner. Autophagy receptors are degraded during autophagy and expression levels decrease during this time. We found that TDRD3 levels decrease to the same extent as the autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1 during autophagy, indicating autophagy-targeted turnover in that role. Knockout of TDRD3 or G3BP1 did not make significant changes in overall cell localization of LC3B or p62/SQSTM1, but did result in greater concentration of Lamp2 phagosome marker for phagosomes and phagolysosomes. To test the potential roles of TDRD3 in autophagic processes, we created a series of deletion mutants of TDRD3 lacking either UBA domain or the various LIR motifs that are predicted to interact with LC3B. Microscopic examination of starved cells expressing these variants of TDRD3 showed ΔLIR-TDRD3 had defects in colocalization with LC3B or Lamp2. Further, super resolution microscopy revealed ring structures with TDRD3 interfacing with p62/SQSTM1. In examination of arsenite induced stress granules we found recruitment of TDRD3 variants disrupted normally tight SG condensation, altered the decay rate of SGs upon release from stress and the kinetics of SG formation. We found evidence that the LIR3 motif on TDRD3 is involved in TDRD3 interaction with LC3B in coIP experiments, colocalization studies, and that this motif plays a key role in TDRD3 recruitment to SGs and SG resolution. Overall, these data support a functional role of TDRD3 in selective autophagy in a mode similar to p62/SQSTM1, with specific roles in SG stability and turnover. Enterovirus cleavage of TDRD3 likely affects both antiviral and autophagic responses that the virus controls for replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Deater
- Department of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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12
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Amari C, Carletti M, Yan S, Michaud M, Salvaing J. Lipid droplets degradation mechanisms from microalgae to mammals, a comparative overview. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00216-5. [PMID: 39299537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles composed of a hydrophobic core (mostly triacylglycerols and steryl esters) delineated by a lipid monolayer and found throughout the tree of life. LDs were seen for a long time as simple energy storage organelles but recent works highlighted their versatile roles in several fundamental cellular processes, particularly during stress response. LDs biogenesis occurs in the ER and their number and size can be dynamically regulated depending on their function, e.g. during development or stress. Understanding their biogenesis and degradation mechanisms is thus essential to better apprehend their roles. LDs degradation can occur in the cytosol by lipolysis or after their internalization into lytic compartments (e.g. vacuoles or lysosomes) using diverse mechanisms that depend on the considered organism, tissue, developmental stage or environmental condition. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the different LDs degradation pathways in several main phyla of model organisms, unicellular or pluricellular, photosynthetic or not (budding yeast, mammals, land plants and microalgae). We highlight the conservation of the main degradation pathways throughout evolution, but also the differences between organisms, or inside an organism between different organs. Finally, we discuss how this comparison can help to shed light on relationships between LDs degradation pathways and LDs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chems Amari
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France; Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marta Carletti
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Siqi Yan
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Salvaing
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Aux Energies Alternatives, IRIG, CEA-Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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13
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Saqirile, Deng Y, Li K, Yan W, Li K, Wang C. Gene Expression Regulation and the Signal Transduction of Programmed Cell Death. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:10264-10298. [PMID: 39329964 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death is of great significance in maintaining tissue homeostasis and bodily functions. With considerable research coming to the fore, it has been found that programmed cell death presents in multiple modalities in the body, which is not only limited to apoptosis, but also can be divided into autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, entosis, netosis, and other ways. Different forms of programmed cell death have disparate or analogous characteristics with each other, and their occurrence is accompanied by multiple signal transduction and the role of a myriad of regulatory factors. In recent years, scholars across the world have carried out considerable in-depth research on programmed cell death, and new forms of cell death are being discovered continually. Concomitantly, the mechanisms of intricate signaling pathways and regulators have been discovered. More critically, cancer cells tend to choose distinct ways to evade cell death, and different tumors adapt to different manners of death. Therefore, targeting the cell death network has been regarded as an effective tumor treatment strategy for a long time. The objective of our paper is to review the signaling pathways and gene regulation in several typical types of programmed cell death and their correlation with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqirile
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Yuxin Deng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Wenxin Yan
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Ke Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Changshan Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
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14
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Lorentzen KC, Prescott AR, Ganley IG. Artificial targeting of autophagy components to mitochondria reveals both conventional and unconventional mitophagy pathways. Autophagy 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39177530 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2395149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy enables lysosomal degradation of a diverse array of intracellular material. This process is essential for normal cellular function and its dysregulation is implicated in many diseases. Given this, there is much interest in understanding autophagic mechanisms of action in order to determine how it can be best targeted therapeutically. In mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria via autophagy, mitochondria first need to be primed with signals that allow the recruitment of the core autophagy machinery to drive the local formation of an autophagosome around the target mitochondrion. To determine how the recruitment of different core autophagy components can drive mitophagy, we took advantage of the mito-QC mitophagy assay (an outer mitochondrial membrane-localized tandem mCherry-GFP tag). By tagging autophagy proteins with an anti-mCherry (or anti-GFP) nanobody, we could recruit them to mitochondria and simultaneously monitor levels of mitophagy. We found that targeting ULK1, ATG16L1 and the different Atg8-family proteins was sufficient to induce mitophagy. Mitochondrial recruitment of ULK1 and the Atg8-family proteins induced a conventional mitophagy pathway, requiring RB1CC1/FIP200, PIK3C3/VPS34 activity and ATG5. Surprisingly, the mitophagy pathway upon recruitment of ATG16L1 proceeded independently of ATG5, although it still required RB1CC1 and PIK3C3/VPS34 activity. In this latter pathway, mitochondria were alternatively delivered to lysosomes via uptake into early endosomes.Abbreviation: aGFP: anti-GFP nanobody; amCh: anti-mCherry nanobody; ATG: autophagy related; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; AUTAC/AUTOTAC: autophagy-targeting chimera; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; COX4/COX IV: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4; DFP: deferiprone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; HSPD1/HSP60: heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HTRA2/OMI: HtrA serine peptidase 2; IB: immunoblotting; IF: immunofluorescence; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPA1: OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; OPTN: optineurin; (D)PBS: (Dulbecco's) phosphate-buffered saline; PD: Parkinson disease; PFA: paraformaldehyde; POI: protein of interest; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; RAB: RAB, member RAS oncogene family; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C Lorentzen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alan R Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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15
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Néel E, Chiritoiu-Butnaru M, Fargues W, Denus M, Colladant M, Filaquier A, Stewart SE, Lehmann S, Zurzolo C, Rubinsztein DC, Marin P, Parmentier ML, Villeneuve J. The endolysosomal system in conventional and unconventional protein secretion. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202404152. [PMID: 39133205 PMCID: PMC11318669 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202404152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most secreted proteins are transported through the "conventional" endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus exocytic route for their delivery to the cell surface and release into the extracellular space. Nonetheless, formative discoveries have underscored the existence of alternative or "unconventional" secretory routes, which play a crucial role in exporting a diverse array of cytosolic proteins outside the cell in response to intrinsic demands, external cues, and environmental changes. In this context, lysosomes emerge as dynamic organelles positioned at the crossroads of multiple intracellular trafficking pathways, endowed with the capacity to fuse with the plasma membrane and recognized for their key role in both conventional and unconventional protein secretion. The recent recognition of lysosomal transport and exocytosis in the unconventional secretion of cargo proteins provides new and promising insights into our understanding of numerous physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Néel
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | | | - William Fargues
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Denus
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Maëlle Colladant
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Aurore Filaquier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah E Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique-Plateforme de Protéomique Clinique, Université de Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS , Paris, France
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute , Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Parmentier
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , Montpellier, France
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16
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Martinez-Canton M, Galvan-Alvarez V, Gallego-Selles A, Gelabert-Rebato M, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Gonzalez-Henriquez JJ, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL. Activation of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in human skeletal muscle by high-intensity exercise in normoxia and hypoxia and after recovery with or without post-exercise ischemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 222:607-624. [PMID: 39009244 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the adaptive response to exercise and physiological skeletal muscle functionality. However, the mechanisms leading to the activation of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in human skeletal muscle in response to high-intensity exercise remain elusive. Our findings demonstrate that macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy are stimulated by high-intensity exercise in normoxia (PIO2: 143 mmHg) and severe acute hypoxia (PIO2: 73 mmHg) in healthy humans. High-intensity exercise induces macroautophagy initiation through AMPKα phosphorylation, which phosphorylates and activates ULK1. ULK1 phosphorylates BECN1 at Ser15, eliciting the dissociation of BECN1-BCL2 crucial for phagophore formation. Besides, high-intensity exercise elevates the LC3B-II:LC3B-I ratio, reduces total SQSTM1/p62 levels, and induces p-Ser349 SQSTM1/p62 phosphorylation, suggesting heightened autophagosome degradation. PHAF1/MYTHO, a novel macroautophagy biomarker, is highly upregulated in response to high-intensity exercise. The latter is accompanied by elevated LAMP2A expression, indicating chaperone-mediated autophagy activation regardless of post-exercise HSPA8/HSC70 downregulation. Despite increased glycolytic metabolism, severe acute hypoxia does not exacerbate the autophagy signaling response. Signaling changes revert within 1 min of recovery with free circulation, while the application of immediate post-exercise ischemia impedes recovery. Our study concludes that macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy pathways are strongly activated by high-intensity exercise, regardless of PO2, and that oxygenation is necessary to revert these signals to pre-exercise values. PHAF1/MYTHO emerges as a pivotal exercise-responsive autophagy marker positively associated with the LC3B-II:LC3B-I ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martinez-Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Gonzalez-Henriquez
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Lacombe A, Scorrano L. The interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy: From a key homeostatic mechanism to a driver of pathology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 161-162:1-19. [PMID: 38430721 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The complex relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy illustrates how two cellular housekeeping processes are intimately linked, illuminating fundamental principles of cellular homeostasis and shedding light on disparate pathological conditions including several neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review the basic tenets of mitochondrial dynamics i.e., the concerted balance between fusion and fission of the organelle, and its interplay with macroautophagy and selective mitochondrial autophagy, also dubbed mitophagy, in the maintenance of mitochondrial quality control and ultimately in cell viability. We illustrate how conditions of altered mitochondrial dynamics reverberate on autophagy and vice versa. Finally, we illustrate how altered interplay between these two key cellular processes participates in the pathogenesis of human disorders affecting multiple organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lacombe
- Dept. of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Dept. of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Zhang H, Ge G, Zhang W, Sun H, Liang X, Xia Y, Du J, Wu Z, Bai J, Yang H, Yang X, Zhou J, Xu Y, Geng D. PP2Ac Regulates Autophagy via Mediating mTORC1 and ULK1 During Osteoclastogenesis in the Subchondral Bone of Osteoarthritis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404080. [PMID: 39041921 PMCID: PMC11423161 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying abnormal osteoclastogenesis triggering subchondral bone remodeling in osteoarthritis (OA) is still unclear. Here, single-cell and bulk transcriptomics sequencing analyses are performed on GEO datasets to identify key molecules and validate them using knee joint tissues from OA patients and rat OA models. It is found that the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) is highly expressed during osteoclastogenesis in the early stage of OA and is correlated with autophagy. Knockdown or inhibition of PP2Ac weakened autophagy during osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, the ULK1 expression of the downstream genes is significantly increased when PP2Ac is knocked down. PP2Ac-mediated autophagy is dependent on ULK1 phosphorylation activity during osteoclastogenesis, which is associated with enhanced dephosphorylation of ULK1 Ser637 residue regulating at the post-translational level. Additionally, mTORC1 inhibition facilitated the expression level of PP2Ac during osteoclastogenesis. In animal OA models, decreasing the expression of PP2Ac ameliorated early OA progression. The findings suggest that PP2Ac is also a promising therapeutic target in early OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200080China
| | - Gaoran Ge
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Houyi Sun
- Department of OrthopedicsQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250063China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Jiacheng Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJeonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbuk54896South Korea
| | - Zerui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Department of OrthopedicsChangshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow UniversityChangshuJiangsu215501China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
- Department of Orthopedicsthe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui234000China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Xing Yang
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine CenterSuzhou Municipal HospitalNanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital242, Guangji RoadSuzhouJiangsu215008China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215006China
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19
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Mann G, Mora S, Adegoke OAJ. KIC (ketoisocaproic acid) and leucine have divergent effects on tissue insulin signaling but not on whole-body insulin sensitivity in rats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309324. [PMID: 39163364 PMCID: PMC11335129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids and their metabolites, the branched-chain ketoacids are increased in insulin resistance. Our previous studies showed that leucine and its metabolite KIC suppress insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes along with the activation of the S6K1-IRS-1 pathway. Because other tissue and fiber types can be differentially regulated by KIC, we analyzed the effect of KIC gavage on whole-body insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in vivo. We hypothesized that KIC gavage would reduce whole-body insulin sensitivity and increase S6K1-IRS-1 phosphorylation in various tissues and muscle fibers. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were starved for 24 hours and then gavaged with 0.75ml/100g of water, leucine (22.3g/L) or KIC (30g/L) twice, ten minutes apart. They were then euthanized at different time points post-gavage (0.5-3h), and muscle, liver, and heart tissues were dissected. Other sets of gavaged animals underwent an insulin tolerance test. Phosphorylation (ph) of S6K1 (Thr389), S6 (Ser235/6) and IRS-1 (Ser612) was increased at 30 minutes post leucine gavage in skeletal muscles irrespective of fiber type. Ph-S6 (Ser235/6) was also increased in liver and heart 30 minutes after leucine gavage. KIC gavage increased ph-S6 (Ser235/6) in the liver. Neither Leucine nor KIC influenced whole-body insulin tolerance, nor ph-Akt (Ser473) in skeletal muscle and heart. BCKD-E1 α abundance was highest in the heart and liver, while ph-BCKD-E1 α (Ser293) was higher in the gastrocnemius and EDL compared to the soleus. Our data suggests that only leucine activates the S6K1-IRS-1 signaling axis in skeletal muscle, liver and heart, while KIC only does so in the liver. The effect of leucine and KIC on the S6K1-IRS-1 signaling pathway is uncoupled from whole-body insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that KIC and leucine may not induce insulin resistance, and the contributions of other tissues may regulate whole-body insulin sensitivity in response to leucine/KIC gavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Mann
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Mora
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olasunkanmi A. John Adegoke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Zheng Y, Zha X, Zhang B, Elsabagh M, Wang H, Wang M, Zhang H. The interaction of ER stress and autophagy in trophoblasts: navigating pregnancy outcome†. Biol Reprod 2024; 111:292-311. [PMID: 38678504 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a complex and dynamic organelle that initiates unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress in response to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within its lumen. Autophagy is a paramount intracellular degradation system that facilitates the transportation of proteins, cytoplasmic components, and organelles to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation are two common complications of pregnancy associated with abnormal trophoblast differentiation and placental dysfunctions and have a major impact on fetal development and maternal health. The intricate interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy and their impact on pregnancy outcomes, through mediating trophoblast differentiation and placental development, has been highlighted in various reports. Autophagy controls trophoblast regulation through a variety of gene expressions and signaling pathways while excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers downstream apoptotic signaling, culminating in trophoblast apoptosis. This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of placental development and explores the underlying mechanisms of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation. In addition, this review will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, both individually and in their interplay, in mediating placental development and trophoblast differentiation, particularly highlighting their roles in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation development. This research seeks to the interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress and impaired autophagy in the placental trophoderm, offering novel insights into their contribution to pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Repubic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zha
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Repubic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Repubic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mabrouk Elsabagh
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, KafrelSheikh, Egypt
| | - Hongrong Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Repubic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Repubic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Science, Shihezi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Repubic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Jiang C, Tan X, Liu N, Yan P, Hou T, Wei W. Nutrient Sensing of mTORC1 signaling in cancer and aging. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 106-107:S1044-579X(24)00059-2. [PMID: 39153724 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is indispensable for preserving cellular and organismal homeostasis by balancing the anabolic and catabolic processes in response to various environmental cues, such as nutrients, growth factors, energy status, oxygen levels, and stress. Dysregulation of mTORC1 signaling is associated with the progression of many types of human disorders including cancer, age-related diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. The way mTORC1 senses various upstream signals and converts them into specific downstream responses remains a crucial question with significant impacts for our perception of the related physiological and pathological process. In this review, we discuss the recent molecular and functional insights into the nutrient sensing of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, along with the emerging role of deregulating nutrient-mTORC1 signaling in cancer and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiao Tan
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning Liu
- International Research Center for Food and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqiang Yan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tao Hou
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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22
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Nixon RA, Rubinsztein DC. Mechanisms of autophagy-lysosome dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00757-5. [PMID: 39107446 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-based degradative process used to recycle obsolete cellular constituents and eliminate damaged organelles and aggregate-prone proteins. Their postmitotic nature and extremely polarized morphologies make neurons particularly vulnerable to disruptions caused by autophagy-lysosomal defects, especially as the brain ages. Consequently, mutations in genes regulating autophagy and lysosomal functions cause a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the role of autophagy and lysosomes in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and frontotemporal dementia. We also consider the strong impact of cellular ageing on lysosomes and autophagy as a tipping point for the late-age emergence of related neurodegenerative disorders. Many of these diseases have primary defects in autophagy, for example affecting autophagosome formation, and in lysosomal functions, especially pH regulation and calcium homeostasis. We have aimed to provide an integrative framework for understanding the central importance of autophagic-lysosomal function in neuronal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Barnaba C, Broadbent DG, Kaminsky EG, Perez GI, Schmidt JC. AMPK regulates phagophore-to-autophagosome maturation. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309145. [PMID: 38775785 PMCID: PMC11110907 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important metabolic pathway that can non-selectively recycle cellular material or lead to targeted degradation of protein aggregates or damaged organelles. Autophagosome formation starts with autophagy factors accumulating on lipid vesicles containing ATG9. These phagophores attach to donor membranes, expand via ATG2-mediated lipid transfer, capture cargo, and mature into autophagosomes, ultimately fusing with lysosomes for their degradation. Autophagy can be activated by nutrient stress, for example, by a reduction in the cellular levels of amino acids. In contrast, how autophagy is regulated by low cellular ATP levels via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important therapeutic target, is less clear. Using live-cell imaging and an automated image analysis pipeline, we systematically dissect how nutrient starvation regulates autophagosome biogenesis. We demonstrate that glucose starvation downregulates autophagosome maturation by AMPK-mediated inhibition of phagophore tethering to donor membrane. Our results clarify AMPKs regulatory role in autophagy and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target to reduce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barnaba
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David G. Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emily G. Kaminsky
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gloria I. Perez
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jens C. Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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24
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Liu H, Su P, Li Y, Hoover A, Hu S, King SA, Zhao J, Guan JL, Chen SY, Zhao Y, Tan M, Wu X. VAMP2 controls murine epidermal differentiation and carcinogenesis by regulation of nucleophagy. Dev Cell 2024; 59:2005-2016.e4. [PMID: 38810653 PMCID: PMC11303110 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Differentiation of murine epidermal stem/progenitor cells involves the permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle, the synthesis of various protein and lipid components for the cornified envelope, and the controlled dissolution of cellular organelles and nuclei. Deregulated epidermal differentiation contributes to the development of various skin diseases, including skin cancers. With a genome-wide shRNA screen, we identified vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) as a critical factor involved in skin differentiation. Deletion of VAMP2 leads to aberrant skin stratification and enucleation in vivo. With quantitative proteomics, we further identified an autophagy protein, focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200), as a binding partner of VAMP2. Additionally, we showed that both VAMP2 and FIP200 are critical for murine keratinocyte enucleation and epidermal differentiation. Loss of VAMP2 or FIP200 enhances cutaneous carcinogenesis in vivo. Together, our findings identify important molecular mechanisms underlying epidermal differentiation and skin tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peihong Su
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alex Hoover
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie Hu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah A King
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yingming Zhao
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minjia Tan
- The Chemical Proteomics Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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25
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Izquierdo-Bermejo S, Chamorro B, Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Lobete M, López-Muñoz F, Marco-Contelles J, Oset-Gasque MJ. In Vitro Modulation of Autophagy by New Antioxidant Nitrones as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:946. [PMID: 39199193 PMCID: PMC11351736 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide, yet current therapeutic strategies remain limited. Among the neuropathological events underlying this disease are multiple cell death signaling cascades, including autophagy. Recent interest has focused on developing agents that target molecules involved in autophagy to modulate this process under pathological conditions. This study aimed to analyze the role of autophagy in cell death induced by an in vitro ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model and to determine whether nitrones, known for their neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, could modulate this process. We focused on key proteins involved in different phases of autophagy: HIF-1α, BNIP3, and BECN1 for induction and nucleation, LC3 for elongation, and p62 for degradation. Our findings confirmed that the IR model promotes autophagy, initially via HIF-1α activation. Additionally, the neuroprotective effect of three of the selected synthetic nitrones (quinolylnitrones QN6 and QN23, and homo-bis-nitrone HBN6) partially derives from their antiautophagic properties, demonstrated by a downregulation of the expression of molecular markers involved in various phases of autophagy. In contrast, the neuroprotective power of cholesteronitrone ChN2 seems to derive from its promoting effects on the initial phases of autophagy, which could potentially help inhibit other forms of cell death. These results underscore the importance of autophagy modulation in neuroprotection, highlighting the potential of inhibiting prodeath autophagy and promoting prosurvival autophagy as promising therapeutic approaches in treating ischemic stroke clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Izquierdo-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Chamorro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Martín-de-Saavedra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Lobete
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences—HM Hospitals, Camilo José Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- HM Hospitals Health Research Institute, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, “Hospital 12 de Octubre” Research Institute, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.I.-B.); (B.C.); (M.D.M.-d.-S.); (M.L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Zhu C, Zhang L, Ding X, Wu W, Zou J. Non-coding RNAs as regulators of autophagy in chondrocytes: Mechanisms and implications for osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102404. [PMID: 38971322 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease with multiple causative factors such as aging, mechanical injury, and obesity. Autophagy is a complex dynamic process that is involved in the degradation and modification of intracellular proteins and organelles under different pathophysiological conditions. Autophagy, as a cell survival mechanism under various stress conditions, plays a key role in regulating chondrocyte life cycle metabolism and cellular homeostasis. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are heterogeneous transcripts that do not possess protein-coding functions, but they can act as effective post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulators of gene and protein expression, thus participating in numerous fundamental biological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that ncRNAs, autophagy, and their crosstalk play crucial roles in OA pathogenesis. Therefore, we summarized the complex role of autophagy in OA chondrocytes and focused on the regulatory role of ncRNAs in OA-associated autophagy to elucidate the complex pathological mechanisms of the ncRNA-autophagy network in the development of OA, thus providing new research targets for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ding
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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27
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Zhang M, Wang Z, Zhao Q, Yang Q, Bai J, Yang C, Zhang ZR, Liu Y. USP20 deubiquitinates and stabilizes the reticulophagy receptor RETREG1/FAM134B to drive reticulophagy. Autophagy 2024; 20:1780-1797. [PMID: 38705724 PMCID: PMC11262213 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2347103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a hub for various cellular processes, and maintaining ER homeostasis is essential for cell function. Reticulophagy is a selective process that removes impaired ER subdomains through autophagy-mediatedlysosomal degradation. While the involvement of ubiquitination in autophagy regulation is well-established, its role in reticulophagy remains unclear. In this study, we screened deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) involved in reticulophagy and identified USP20 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 20) as a key regulator of reticulophagy under starvation conditions. USP20 specifically cleaves K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains on the reticulophagy receptor RETREG1/FAM134B (reticulophagy regulator 1), thereby stabilizing the substrate and promoting reticulophagy. Remarkably, despite lacking a transmembrane domain, USP20 is recruited to the ER through its interaction with VAPs (VAMP associated proteins). VAPs facilitate the recruitment of early autophagy proteins, including WIPI2 (WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2), to specific ER subdomains, where USP20 and RETREG1 are enriched. The recruitment of WIPI2 and other proteins in this process plays a crucial role in facilitating RETREG1-mediated reticulophagy in response to nutrient deprivation. These findings highlight the critical role of USP20 in maintaining ER homeostasis by deubiquitinating and stabilizing RETREG1 at distinct ER subdomains, where USP20 further recruits VAPs and promotes efficient reticulophagy.Abbreviations: ACTB actin beta; ADRB2 adrenoceptor beta 2; AMFR/gp78 autocrine motility factor receptor; ATG autophagy related; ATL3 atlastin GTPase 3; BafA1 bafilomycin A1; BECN1 beclin 1; CALCOCO1 calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 1; CCPG1 cell cycle progression 1; DAPI 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DTT dithiothreitol; DUB deubiquitinating enzyme; EBSS Earle's Balanced Salt Solution; FFAT two phenylalanines (FF) in an acidic tract; GABARAP GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GFP green fluorescent protein; HMGCR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; IL1B interleukin 1 beta; LIR LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3 microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PIK3C3/Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; RB1CC1/FIP200 RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RETREG1/FAM134B reticulophagy regulator 1; RFP red fluorescent protein; RHD reticulon homology domain; RIPK1 receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; RTN3L reticulon 3 long isoform; SEC61B SEC61 translocon subunit beta; SEC62 SEC62 homolog, preprotein translocation factor; SIM super-resolution structured illumination microscopy; SNAI2 snail family transcriptional repressor 2; SQSTM1/p62 sequestosome 1; STING1/MITA stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STX17 syntaxin 17; TEX264 testis expressed 264, ER-phagy receptor; TNF tumor necrosis factor; UB ubiquitin; ULK1 unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USP20 ubiquitin specific peptidase 20; USP33 ubiquitin specific peptidase 33; VAMP8 vesicle associated membrane protein 8; VAPs VAMP associated proteins; VMP1 vacuole membrane protein 1; WIPI2 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2; ZFYVE1/DFCP1 zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangshun Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyun Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiwei Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zai-Rong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Sen MG, Sanislav O, Fisher PR, Annesley SJ. The Multifaceted Interactions of Dictyostelium Atg1 with Mitochondrial Function, Endocytosis, Growth, and Development. Cells 2024; 13:1191. [PMID: 39056773 PMCID: PMC11274416 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative recycling process central to the maintenance of homeostasis in all eukaryotes. By ensuring the degradation of damaged mitochondria, it plays a key role in maintaining mitochondrial health and function. Of the highly conserved autophagy proteins, autophagy-related protein 1 (Atg1) is essential to the process. The involvement of these proteins in intracellular signalling pathways, including those involving mitochondrial function, are still being elucidated. Here the role of Atg1 was investigated in the simple model organism Dictyostelium discoideum using an atg1 null mutant and mutants overexpressing or antisense-inhibiting atg1. When evaluated against the well-characterised outcomes of mitochondrial dysfunction in this model, altered atg1 expression resulted in an unconventional set of phenotypic outcomes in growth, endocytosis, multicellular development, and mitochondrial homeostasis. The findings here show that Atg1 is involved in a tightly regulated signal transduction pathway coordinating energy-consuming processes such as cell growth and multicellular development, along with nutrient status and energy production. Furthermore, Atg1's effects on energy homeostasis indicate a peripheral ancillary role in the mitochondrial signalling network, with effects on energy balance rather than direct effects on electron transport chain function. Further research is required to tease out these complex networks. Nevertheless, this study adds further evidence to the theory that autophagy and mitochondrial signalling are not opposing but rather linked, yet strictly controlled, homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Jane Annesley
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne 3086, Australia; (M.G.S.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
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Selarka K, Shravage BV. Illuminating intercellular autophagy: A comprehensive review of cell non-autonomous autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 716:150024. [PMID: 38701555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Macro-autophagy (autophagy hereafter) is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that has long been recognized as an intracellular mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It involves the formation of a membraned structure called the autophagosome, which carries cargo that includes toxic protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles to the lysosome for degradation and recycling. Autophagy is primarily considered and studied as a cell-autonomous mechanism. However, recent studies have illuminated an underappreciated facet of autophagy, i.e., non-autonomously regulated autophagy. Non-autonomously regulated autophagy involves the degradation of autophagic components, including organelles, cargo, and signaling molecules, and is induced in neighboring cells by signals from primary adjacent or distant cells/tissues/organs. This review provides insight into the complex molecular mechanisms governing non-autonomously regulated autophagy, highlighting the dynamic interplay between cells within tissue/organ or distinct cell types in different tissues/organs. Emphasis is placed on modes of intercellular communication that include secreted molecules, including microRNAs, and their regulatory roles in orchestrating this phenomenon. Furthermore, we explore the multidimensional roles of non-autonomously regulated autophagy in various physiological contexts, spanning tissue development and aging, as well as its importance in diverse pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration. By studying the complexities of non-autonomously regulated autophagy, we hope to gain insights into the sophisticated intercellular dynamics within multicellular organisms, including mammals. These studies will uncover novel avenues for therapeutic intervention to modulate intercellular autophagic pathways in altered human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Selarka
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bhupendra V Shravage
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
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30
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Noh MR, Padanilam BJ. Cell death induced by acute renal injury: a perspective on the contributions of accidental and programmed cell death. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F4-F20. [PMID: 38660714 PMCID: PMC11390133 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00275.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of cell death in acute kidney injury (AKI) is linked to multiple factors including energy depletion, electrolyte imbalance, reactive oxygen species, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of several cell death pathway components. Since our review in 2003, discussing the relative contributions of apoptosis and necrosis, several other forms of cell death have been identified and are shown to contribute to AKI. Currently, these various forms of cell death can be fundamentally divided into accidental cell death and regulated or programmed cell death based on functional aspects. Several death initiator and effector molecules switch molecules that may act as signaling components triggering either death or protective mechanisms or alternate cell death pathways have been identified as part of the machinery. Intriguingly, several of these cell death pathways share components and signaling pathways suggesting complementary or compensatory functions. Thus, defining the cross talk between distinct cell death pathways and identifying the unique molecular effectors for each type of cell death may be required to develop novel strategies to prevent cell death. Furthermore, depending on the multiple forms of cell death simultaneously induced in different AKI settings, strategies for combination therapies that block multiple cell death pathways need to be developed to completely prevent injury, cell death, and renal function. This review highlights the various cell death pathways, cross talk, and interactions between different cell death modalities in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Noh
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
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31
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Wu HT, Wu BX, Fang ZX, Wu Z, Hou YY, Deng Y, Cui YK, Liu J. Lomitapide repurposing for treatment of malignancies: A promising direction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32998. [PMID: 38988566 PMCID: PMC11234027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of novel drugs from basic science to clinical practice requires several years, much effort, and cost. Drug repurposing can promote the utilization of clinical drugs in cancer therapy. Recent studies have shown the potential effects of lomitapide on treating malignancies, which is currently used for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. We systematically review possible functions and mechanisms of lomitapide as an anti-tumor compound, regarding the aspects of apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism of tumor cells, to support repurposing lomitapide for the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Bing-Xuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
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32
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Mir DA, Ma Z, Horrocks J, Rogers A. Stress-Induced Eukaryotic Translational Regulatory Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 8:1000277. [PMID: 39364184 PMCID: PMC11448810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic protein synthesis process entails intricate stages governed by diverse mechanisms to tightly regulate translation. Translational regulation during stress is pivotal for maintaining cellular homeostasis, ensuring the accurate expression of essential proteins is important for survival. This selective translational control mechanism is integral to cellular adaptation and resilience under adverse conditions. This review manuscript explores various mechanisms involved in selective translational regulation, focusing on mRNA-specific and global regulatory processes. Key aspects of translational control include translation initiation, which is often a rate-limiting step, and involves the formation of the eIF4F complex and recruitment of mRNA to ribosomes. Regulation of translation initiation factors, such as eIF4E, eIF4E2, and eIF2, through phosphorylation and interactions with binding proteins, modulates translation efficiency under stress conditions. This review also highlights the control of translation initiation through factors like the eIF4F complex and the ternary complex and also underscores the importance of eIF2α phosphorylation in stress granule formation and cellular stress responses. Additionally, the impact of amino acid deprivation, mTOR signaling, and ribosome biogenesis on translation regulation and cellular adaptation to stress is also discussed. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of translational regulation during stress provides insights into cellular adaptation mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for various diseases, offering valuable avenues for addressing conditions associated with dysregulated protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Ahmad Mir
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Maine, United States of America
| | - Zhengxin Ma
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jordan Horrocks
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Maine, United States of America
| | - Aric Rogers
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Maine, United States of America
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Fasana E, Fregno I, Galli C, Soldà T, Molinari M. ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation acts as failsafe mechanism upon ERAD dysfunction. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2773-2785. [PMID: 38773321 PMCID: PMC11169228 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) produces proteins destined to organelles of the endocytic and secretory pathways, the plasma membrane, and the extracellular space. While native proteins are transported to their intra- or extracellular site of activity, folding-defective polypeptides are retro-translocated across the ER membrane into the cytoplasm, poly-ubiquitylated and degraded by 26 S proteasomes in a process called ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Large misfolded polypeptides, such as polymers of alpha1 antitrypsin Z (ATZ) or mutant procollagens, fail to be dislocated across the ER membrane and instead enter ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathways. Here, we show that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ERAD components, such as the α1,2-mannosidase EDEM1 or the OS9 ERAD lectins triggers the delivery of the canonical ERAD clients Null Hong Kong (NHK) and BACE457Δ to degradative endolysosomes under control of the ER-phagy receptor FAM134B and the LC3 lipidation machinery. Our results reveal that ERAD dysfunction is compensated by the activation of FAM134B-driven ERLAD pathways that ensure efficient lysosomal clearance of orphan ERAD clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fasana
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Fregno
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Galli
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Soldà
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Wang J, Zou J, Shi Y, Zeng N, Guo D, Wang H, Zhao C, Luan F, Zhang X, Sun J. Traditional Chinese medicine and mitophagy: A novel approach for cardiovascular disease management. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155472. [PMID: 38461630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing an enormous economic burden on individuals and human society. Laboratory studies have identified several drugs that target mitophagy for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Only a few of these drugs have been successful in clinical trials, and most studies have been limited to animal and cellular models. Furthermore, conventional drugs used to treat CVD, such as antiplatelet agents, statins, and diuretics, often result in adverse effects on patients' cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory systems. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained significant attention for its unique theoretical basis and clinical efficacy in treating CVD. PURPOSE This paper systematically summarizes all the herbal compounds, extracts, and active monomers used to target mitophagy for the treatment of CVD in the last five years. It provides valuable information for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, pharmacologists, and clinicians developing herbal medicines with fewer side effects, as well as a useful reference for future mitophagy research. METHODS The search terms "cardiovascular disease," "mitophagy," "herbal preparations," "active monomers," and "cardiac disease pathogenesis" in combination with "natural products" and "diseases" were used to search for studies published in the past five years until January 2024. RESULTS Studies have shown that mitophagy plays a significant role in the progression and development of CVD, such as atherosclerosis (AS), heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI), cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia. Herbal compound preparations, crude extracts, and active monomers have shown potential as effective treatments for these conditions. These substances protect cardiomyocytes by inducing mitophagy, scavenging damaged mitochondria, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. They display notable efficacy in combating CVD. CONCLUSION TCM (including herbal compound preparations, extracts, and active monomers) can treat CVD through various pharmacological mechanisms and signaling pathways by inducing mitophagy. They represent a hotspot for future cardiovascular basic research and a promising candidate for the development of future cardiovascular drugs with fewer side effects and better therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dongyan Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - He Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fei Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Tedesco G, Santarosa M, Maestro R. Beyond self‑eating: Emerging autophagy‑independent functions for the autophagy molecules in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:57. [PMID: 38606507 PMCID: PMC11087037 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that controls organelle quality, removes misfolded or abnormally aggregated proteins and is part of the defense mechanisms against intracellular pathogens. Autophagy contributes to the suppression of tumor initiation by promoting genome stability, cellular integrity, redox balance and proteostasis. On the other hand, once a tumor is established, autophagy can support cancer cell survival and promote epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition. A growing number of molecules involved in autophagy have been identified. In addition to their key canonical activity, several of these molecules, such as ATG5, ATG12 and Beclin‑1, also exert autophagy‑independent functions in a variety of biological processes. The present review aimed to summarize autophagy‑independent functions of molecules of the autophagy machinery and how the activity of these molecules can influence signaling pathways that are deregulated in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tedesco
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I-33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Manuela Santarosa
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I-33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Roberta Maestro
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I-33081 Aviano, Italy
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Huang Y, Meng F, Zeng T, Thorne RF, He L, Zha Q, Li H, Liu H, Lang C, Xiong W, Pan S, Yin D, Wu M, Sun X, Liu L. IFRD1 promotes tumor cells "low-cost" survival under glutamine starvation via inhibiting histone H1.0 nucleophagy. Cell Discov 2024; 10:57. [PMID: 38802351 PMCID: PMC11130292 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamine addiction represents a metabolic vulnerability of cancer cells; however, effective therapeutic targeting of the pathways involved remains to be realized. Here, we disclose the critical role of interferon-related developmental regulator 1 (IFRD1) in the adaptive survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells during glutamine starvation. IFRD1 is induced under glutamine starvation to inhibit autophagy by promoting the proteasomal degradation of the key autophagy regulator ATG14 in a TRIM21-dependent manner. Conversely, targeting IFRD1 in the glutamine-deprived state increases autophagy flux, triggering cancer cell exhaustive death. This effect largely results from the nucleophilic degradation of histone H1.0 and the ensuing unchecked increases in ribosome and protein biosynthesis associated with globally enhanced chromatin accessibility. Intriguingly, IFRD1 depletion in preclinical HCC models synergizes with the treatment of the glutaminase-1 selective inhibitor CB-839 to potentiate the effect of limiting glutamine. Together, our findings reveal how IFRD1 supports the adaptive survival of cancer cells under glutamine starvation, further highlighting the potential of IFRD1 as a therapeutic target in anti-cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fanzheng Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Taofei Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rick Francis Thorne
- Translational Research Institute of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lifang He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingrui Zha
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hairui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chuandong Lang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wanxiang Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shixiang Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dalong Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Mian Wu
- Translational Research Institute of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Xuedan Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Centre for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Zhang XL, An ZY, Lu GJ, Zhang T, Liu CW, Liu MQ, Wei QX, Quan LH, Kang JD. MCT1-mediated transport of valeric acid promotes porcine preimplantation embryo development by improving mitochondrial function and inhibiting the autophagic AMPK-ULK1 pathway. Theriogenology 2024; 225:152-161. [PMID: 38805997 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Oocytes and embryos are highly sensitive to environmental stress in vivo and in vitro. During in vitro culture, many stressful conditions can affect embryo quality and viability, leading to adverse clinical outcomes such as abortion and congenital abnormalities. In this study, we found that valeric acid (VA) increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content, decreased the level of reactive oxygen species that the mitochondria generate, and thus improved mitochondrial function during early embryonic development in pigs. VA decreased expression of the autophagy-related factors LC3B and BECLIN1. Interestingly, VA inhibited expression of autophagy-associated phosphorylation-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), phosphorylation-UNC-51-like autophagy-activated kinase 1 (p-ULK1, Ser555), and ATG13, which reduced apoptosis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can signal through G-protein-coupled receptors on the cell membrane or enter the cell directly through transporters. We further show that the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) was necessary for the effects of VA on embryo quality, which provides a new molecular perspective of the pathway by which SCFAs affect embryos. Importantly, VA significantly inhibited the AMPK-ULK1 autophagic signaling pathway through MCT1, decreased apoptosis, increased expression of embryonic pluripotency genes, and improved embryo quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong An
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Gao-Jie Lu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Meng-Qi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Qing-Xin Wei
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Jin-Dan Kang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Transgenic Animal and Embryo Engineering, Yanji, 133002, China.
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Li R, Xue C, Pan Y, Li G, Huang Z, Xu J, Zhang J, Chen X, Hou L. Research on different compound combinations of Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula to reverse acute promyelocytic leukemia arsenic resistance by regulating autophagy through mTOR pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117778. [PMID: 38310990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In China, the Chinese patent drug Realgar-Indigo naturalis Formula (RIF) is utilized for the therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Comprising four traditional Chinese herb-Realgar, Indigo naturalis, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Pseudostellaria heterophylla-it notably includes tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide, indirubin, tanshinone IIa, and total saponins of Radix Pseudostellariae as its primary active components. Due to its arsenic content, RIF distinctly contributes to the therapy for APL. However, the challenge of arsenic resistance in APL patients complicates the clinical use of arsenic agents. Interestingly, RIF demonstrates a high remission rate in APL patients, suggesting that its efficacy is not significantly compromised by arsenic resistance. Yet, the current state of research on RIF's ability to reverse arsenic resistance remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the mechanism of different combinations of the compound of RIF in reversing arsenic resistance in APL. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study utilized the arsenic-resistant HL60-PMLA216V-RARα cell line to investigate the effects of various RIF compounds, namely tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (A), indirubin (I), tanshinone IIa (T), and total saponins of Radix Pseudostellariae (S). The assessment of cell viability, observation of cell morphology, and evaluation of cell apoptosis were performed. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential, changes in the levels of PMLA216V-RARα, apoptosis-related factors, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were examined, along with autophagy in all experimental groups. Meanwhile, we observed the changes about autophagy after blocking the PI3K or mTOR pathway. RESULTS Tanshinone IIa, indirubin and total saponins of Radix Pseudostellariae could enhance the effect of tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide down-regulating PMLA216V-RARα, and the mechanism was suggested to be related to inhibiting mTOR pathway to activate autophagy. CONCLUSIONS We illustrated that the synergistic effect of different compound combinations of RIF can regulate autophagy through the mTOR pathway, enhance cell apoptosis, and degrade arsenic-resistant PMLA216V-RARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibai Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100007, China; Department of Hematology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, 100091, China
| | - Chengyuan Xue
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100007, China
| | - Yiming Pan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100007, China
| | - Guangda Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100007, China
| | - Ziming Huang
- Department of Medical & Strategic Planning, Techpool Bio-Pharma Co., Ltd, 510520, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100007, China
| | - Jingfang Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 102488, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100007, China
| | - Li Hou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100007, China.
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Wei Y, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Sun J, Xu S, Di X, Ding X, Ding G. Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by autophagy. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240968. [PMID: 38799254 PMCID: PMC11117459 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a process that isolates intracellular components and fuses them with lysosomes for degradation, plays an important cytoprotective role by eliminating harmful intracellular substances and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells with the capacity for self-renewal that can give rise to a subset of tissues and therefore have potential in regenerative medicine. However, a variety of variables influence the biological activity of MSCs following their proliferation and transplantation in vitro. The regulation of autophagy in MSCs represents a possible mechanism that influences MSC differentiation properties under the right microenvironment, affecting their regenerative and therapeutic potential. However, a deeper understanding of exactly how autophagy is mobilized to function as well as clarifying the mechanisms by which autophagy promotes MSCs differentiation is still needed. Here, we review the current literature on the complex link between MSCs differentiation and autophagy induced by various extracellular or intracellular stimuli and the molecular targets that influence MSCs lineage determination, which may highlight the potential regulation of autophagy on MSCs' therapeutic capacity, and provide a broader perspective on the clinical application of MSCs in the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wei
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Zejun Zheng
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmeng Sun
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xinsheng Di
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoling Ding
- Clinical Competency Training Center, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Ding
- School of Stomatology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
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Tempes A, Bogusz K, Brzozowska A, Weslawski J, Macias M, Tkaczyk O, Orzoł K, Lew A, Calka-Kresa M, Bernas T, Szczepankiewicz AA, Mlostek M, Kumari S, Liszewska E, Machnicka K, Bakun M, Rubel T, Malik AR, Jaworski J. Autophagy initiation triggers p150 Glued-AP-2β interaction on the lysosomes and facilitates their transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:218. [PMID: 38758395 PMCID: PMC11101406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The endocytic adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) complex binds dynactin as part of its noncanonical function, which is necessary for dynein-driven autophagosome transport along microtubules in neuronal axons. The absence of this AP-2-dependent transport causes neuronal morphology simplification and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms that lead to formation of the AP-2-dynactin complex have not been studied to date. However, the inhibition of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) enhances the transport of newly formed autophagosomes by influencing the biogenesis and protein interactions of Rab-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP), another dynein cargo adaptor. We tested effects of mTORC1 inhibition on interactions between the AP-2 and dynactin complexes, with a focus on their two essential subunits, AP-2β and p150Glued. We found that the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin enhanced p150Glued-AP-2β complex formation in both neurons and non-neuronal cells. Additional analysis revealed that the p150Glued-AP-2β interaction was indirect and required integrity of the dynactin complex. In non-neuronal cells rapamycin-driven enhancement of the p150Glued-AP-2β interaction also required the presence of cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP-170), the activation of autophagy, and an undisturbed endolysosomal system. The rapamycin-dependent p150Glued-AP-2β interaction occurred on lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp-1)-positive organelles but without the need for autolysosome formation. Rapamycin treatment also increased the acidification and number of acidic organelles and increased speed of the long-distance retrograde movement of Lamp-1-positive organelles. Altogether, our results indicate that autophagy regulates the p150Glued-AP-2β interaction, possibly to coordinate sufficient motor-adaptor complex availability for effective lysosome transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tempes
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Bogusz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Brzozowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Weslawski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Macias
- Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Core Facility, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliver Tkaczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Orzoł
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Lew
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tytus Bernas
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Microscopy Facility, Department of Anatomy and Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Magdalena Mlostek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shiwani Kumari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Liszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Machnicka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bakun
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymon Rubel
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna R Malik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Group, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa St. 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena St. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
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Chen N, Hu H, Tang J, Zheng F, Guo Z, Lin X, Aschner M, Shao W, Yu G, Cai P, Chou WC, Wu S, Li H. LncRNA NR_030777 promotes mitophagy by targeting CDK1-related mitochondrial fission and ATG12 to attenuate paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123875. [PMID: 38548152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
With the evidence emerging that abnormal expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in onset of Parkinson's disease (PD), the role of NR_030777 contributing to this disease is of great interest. We recently found that a novel lncRNA "NR_030777" demonstrates protective effects on PQ-induced neurodegeneration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of NR_030777 in the regulation of mitochondrial fission and mitophagy involved in PQ-induced neuronal damage remain to be explored. NR_030777 brain conditional overexpressing mice as well as in vitro primary neuronal cells from cerebral cortex and Neuro2a cells were adopted. Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the expression levels of RNA and proteins. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pulldown experiment were used to evaluate the interaction of NR_030777 with its target proteins. NR_030777 and mitophagy were increased, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels recovered after NR_030777 overexpression upon PQ treatment. The overexpression and knockdown of NR_030777 unveiled that NR_030777 positively regulated mitophagy such as the upregulation of LC3B-II:I, ATG12-ATG5, p62 and NBR1. Moreover, the application of mdivi-1, a DRP-1 inhibitor, in combination with NR_030777 genetic modified cells unveiled that NR_030777 promoted DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Furthermore, NR_030777 were directly bound to CDK1 to increase p-DRP1 levels at the Ser616 site, leading to mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. On the other hand, NR_030777 acted directly on ATG12 within the ATG12-ATG5 complex in the 800-1400 nt region to modulate the membrane formation. Accordingly, NR_030777 deficiency in neuron cells compromised cell mitophagy. Finally, the above findings were confirmed using NR_030777-overexpressing mice. NR_030777 exerted a protective effect on PQ-exposed mice by enhancing mitophagy. Our data provide the first scientific evidence for the precise invention of PQ-induced PD. Our findings further propose a breakthrough for understanding the regulatory relationship between NR_030777, CDK1, ATG12 and mitophagy in PQ-induced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengzhou Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Department of Labor Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Hong Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jianping Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xinpei Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Wenya Shao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Guangxia Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Environmental and Global Health and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Siying Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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Mir DA, Ma Z, Horrocks J, Rogers AN. Stress-induced Eukaryotic Translational Regulatory Mechanisms. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2405.01664v1. [PMID: 38745702 PMCID: PMC11092689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic protein synthesis process entails intricate stages governed by diverse mechanisms to tightly regulate translation. Translational regulation during stress is pivotal for maintaining cellular homeostasis, ensuring the accurate expression of essential proteins crucial for survival. This selective translational control mechanism is integral to cellular adaptation and resilience under adverse conditions. This review manuscript explores various mechanisms involved in selective translational regulation, focusing on mRNA-specific and global regulatory processes. Key aspects of translational control include translation initiation, which is often a rate-limiting step, and involves the formation of the eIF4F complex and recruitment of mRNA to ribosomes. Regulation of translation initiation factors, such as eIF4E, eIF4E2, and eIF2, through phosphorylation and interactions with binding proteins, modulates translation efficiency under stress conditions. This review also highlights the control of translation initiation through factors like the eIF4F complex and the ternary complex and also underscores the importance of eIF2α phosphorylation in stress granule formation and cellular stress responses. Additionally, the impact of amino acid deprivation, mTOR signaling, and ribosome biogenesis on translation regulation and cellular adaptation to stress is also discussed. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of translational regulation during stress provides insights into cellular adaptation mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for various diseases, offering valuable avenues for addressing conditions associated with dysregulated protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Ahmad Mir
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | - Zhengxin Ma
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | - Jordan Horrocks
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | - Aric N Rogers
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
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Scepanovic G, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Should I shrink or should I grow: cell size changes in tissue morphogenesis. Genome 2024; 67:125-138. [PMID: 38198661 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cells change shape, move, divide, and die to sculpt tissues. Common to all these cell behaviours are cell size changes, which have recently emerged as key contributors to tissue morphogenesis. Cells can change their mass-the number of macromolecules they contain-or their volume-the space they encompass. Changes in cell mass and volume occur through different molecular mechanisms and at different timescales, slow for changes in mass and rapid for changes in volume. Therefore, changes in cell mass and cell volume, which are often linked, contribute to the development and shaping of tissues in different ways. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which cells can control and alter their size, and we discuss how changes in cell mass and volume contribute to tissue morphogenesis. The role that cell size control plays in developing embryos is only starting to be elucidated. Research on the signals that control cell size will illuminate our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Scepanovic
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Wang T, He M, Zhang X, Guo Z, Wang P, Long F. Deciphering the impact of circRNA-mediated autophagy on tumor therapeutic resistance: a novel perspective. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:60. [PMID: 38671354 PMCID: PMC11046940 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge in the pursuit of effective treatment strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have recently emerged as key regulators of various biological processes, including cancer progression and drug resistance. This review highlights the emerging role of circRNAs-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance, a cellular process that plays a dual role in cancer by promoting both cell survival and death. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs can modulate autophagy pathways, thereby influencing the response of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this context, the intricate interplay between circRNAs, autophagy, and therapeutic resistance is explored. Various mechanisms are discussed through which circRNAs can impact autophagy, including direct interactions with autophagy-related genes, modulation of signaling pathways, and cross-talk with other non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, the review delves into specific examples of how circRNA-mediated autophagy regulation can contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Understanding these intricate molecular interactions provides valuable insights into potential strategies for overcoming therapeutic resistance in cancer. Exploiting circRNAs as therapeutic targets or utilizing them as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers opens new avenues for developing personalized treatment approaches. In summary, this review underscores the importance of circRNA-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance and proposes future directions for research in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengjie He
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- Department of Clinical Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pinghan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Fangyi Long
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Schmid M, Fischer P, Engl M, Widder J, Kerschbaum-Gruber S, Slade D. The interplay between autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling and its implications for cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356369. [PMID: 38660307 PMCID: PMC11039819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets various cargos for degradation, including members of the cGAS-STING signaling cascade. cGAS-STING senses cytosolic double-stranded DNA and triggers an innate immune response through type I interferons. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating and fine-tuning cGAS-STING signaling. Reciprocally, cGAS-STING pathway members can actively induce canonical as well as various non-canonical forms of autophagy, establishing a regulatory network of feedback mechanisms that alter both the cGAS-STING and the autophagic pathway. The crosstalk between autophagy and the cGAS-STING pathway impacts a wide variety of cellular processes such as protection against pathogenic infections as well as signaling in neurodegenerative disease, autoinflammatory disease and cancer. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling, with a specific focus on the interactions between the two pathways and their importance for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Fischer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Engl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Biocenter PhD Program, a Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Widder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Kerschbaum-Gruber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Dea Slade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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Davoody S, Asgari Taei A, Khodabakhsh P, Dargahi L. mTOR signaling and Alzheimer's disease: What we know and where we are? CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14463. [PMID: 37721413 PMCID: PMC11017461 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great body of research done on Alzheimer's disease, the underlying mechanisms have not been vividly investigated. To date, the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles constitutes the hallmark of the disease; however, dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) seems to be significantly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease as well. mTOR, as a serine-threonine protein kinase, was previously known for controlling many cellular functions such as cell size, autophagy, and metabolism. In this regard, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) may leave anti-aging impacts by robustly inhibiting autophagy, a mechanism that inhibits the accumulation of damaged protein aggregate and dysfunctional organelles. Formation and aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-beta plaques seem to be significantly regulated by mTOR signaling. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and connection between mTOR signaling and AD may suggest conducting clinical trials assessing the efficacy of rapamycin, as an mTOR inhibitor drug, in managing AD or may help develop other medications. In this literature review, we aim to elaborate mTOR signaling network mainly in the brain, point to gaps of knowledge, and define how and in which ways mTOR signaling can be connected with AD pathogenesis and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Davoody
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of NeurophysiologyInstitute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Zhu Z, Ren W, Li S, Gao L, Zhi K. Functional significance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modification in regulating autophagy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107120. [PMID: 38417774 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a core molecular pathway that preserves cellular and organismal homeostasis. Being susceptible to nutrient availability and stress, eukaryotic cells recycle or degrade internal components via membrane transport pathways to provide sustainable biological molecules and energy sources. The dysregulation of this highly conserved physiological process has been strongly linked to human disease. Post-translational modification, a mechanism that regulates protein function, plays a crucial role in autophagy regulation. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modification (O-GlcNAcylation), a monosaccharide post-translational modification of intracellular proteins, is essential in nutritional and stress regulatory mechanisms. O-GlcNAcylation has emerged as an essential regulatory mechanism of autophagy. It regulates autophagy throughout its lifetime by targeting the core components of the autophagy regulatory network. This review provides an overview of the O-GlcNAcylation of autophagy-associated proteins and their regulation and function in the autophagy pathway. Therefore, this article may contribute to further understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc-regulated autophagy and provide new perspectives for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Shaoming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China.
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Allard C, Miralpeix C, López-Gambero AJ, Cota D. mTORC1 in energy expenditure: consequences for obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:239-251. [PMID: 38225400 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (sometimes referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; mTORC1) orchestrates cellular metabolism in response to environmental energy availability. As a result, at the organismal level, mTORC1 signalling regulates the intake, storage and use of energy by acting as a hub for the actions of nutrients and hormones, such as leptin and insulin, in different cell types. It is therefore unsurprising that deregulated mTORC1 signalling is associated with obesity. Strategies that increase energy expenditure offer therapeutic promise for the treatment of obesity. Here we review current evidence illustrating the critical role of mTORC1 signalling in the regulation of energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis through its various effects in neuronal circuits, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Understanding how mTORC1 signalling in one organ and cell type affects responses in other organs and cell types could be key to developing better, safer treatments targeting this pathway in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Allard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Daniela Cota
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
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49
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Zou T, Xie R, Huang S, Lu D, Liu J. Potential role of modulating autophagy levels in sensorineural hearing loss. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116115. [PMID: 38460910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Apoptosis and necrosis have been identified to play important roles in hearing loss, but they cannot account for all hearing loss. Autophagy, a cellular process responsible for cell self-degradation and reutilization, has emerged as a significant factor contributing to hearing loss, particularly in cases of autophagy deficiency. Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cell health by exerting cytoprotective and metabolically homeostatic effects in organisms. Consequently, modulating autophagy levels can profoundly impact the survival, death, and regeneration of cells in the inner ear, including hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Abnormal mitochondrial autophagy has been demonstrated in animal models of SNHL. These findings indicate the profound significance of comprehending autophagy while suggesting that our perspective on this cellular process holds promise for advancing the treatment of SNHL. Thus, this review aims to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of SNHL and the role of autophagy in the developmental processes of various cochlear structures, including the greater epithelial ridge (GER), SGNs, and the ribbon synapse. The pathogenic mechanisms of age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also known as presbycusis, and the latest research on autophagy are also discussed. Furthermore, we underscore recent findings on the modulation of autophagy in SNHL induced by ototoxic drugs. Additionally, we suggest further research that might illuminate the complete potential of autophagy in addressing SNHL, ultimately leading to the formulation of pioneering therapeutic strategies and approaches for the treatment of deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renwei Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renhe Hospital, Baoshan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sihan Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingkun Lu
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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50
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Sinha JK, Trisal A, Ghosh S, Gupta S, Singh KK, Han SS, Mahapatra M, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Bhaskar R, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Jha NK, Singh AK. Psychedelics for alzheimer's disease-related dementia: Unveiling therapeutic possibilities and pathways. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102211. [PMID: 38307424 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Psychedelics have traditionally been used for spiritual and recreational purposes, but recent developments in psychotherapy have highlighted their potential as therapeutic agents. These compounds, which act as potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) agonists, have been recognized for their ability to enhance neural plasticity through the activation of the serotoninergic and glutamatergic systems. However, the implications of these findings for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly dementia, have not been fully explored. In recent years, studies have revealed the modulatory and beneficial effects of psychedelics in the context of dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related dementia, which lacks a definitive cure. Psychedelics such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and Psilocybin have shown potential in mitigating the effects of this debilitating disease. These compounds not only target neurotransmitter imbalances but also act at the molecular level to modulate signalling pathways in AD, including the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signalling pathway and the subsequent activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and other autophagy regulators. Therefore, the controlled and dose-dependent administration of psychedelics represents a novel therapeutic intervention worth exploring and considering for the development of drugs for the treatment of AD-related dementia. In this article, we critically examined the literature that sheds light on the therapeutic possibilities and pathways of psychedelics for AD-related dementia. While this emerging field of research holds great promise, further studies are necessary to elucidate the long-term safety, efficacy, and optimal treatment protocols. Ultimately, the integration of psychedelics into the current treatment paradigm may provide a transformative approach for addressing the unmet needs of individuals living with AD-related dementia and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anchal Trisal
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida 201301, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Singh
- Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology (SCIT), Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, the Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, the Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Abomughayedh
- Pharmacy Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, the Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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