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Maejima I, Sato K. New aspects of a small GTPase RAB35 in brain development and function. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1971-1980. [PMID: 39254551 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, organelles in the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways actively exchange biological materials with each other through intracellular membrane trafficking, which is the process of transporting the cargo of proteins, lipids, and other molecules to appropriate compartments via transport vesicles or intermediates. These processes are strictly regulated by various small GTPases such as the RAS-like in rat brain (RAB) protein family, which is the largest subfamily of the RAS superfamily. Dysfunction of membrane trafficking affects tissue homeostasis and leads to a wide range of diseases, including neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand the physiological and pathological roles of RAB proteins in brain function. RAB35, a member of the RAB family, is an evolutionarily conserved protein in metazoans. A wide range of studies using cultured mammalian cells and model organisms have revealed that RAB35 mediates various processes such as cytokinesis, endocytic recycling, actin bundling, and cell migration. RAB35 is also involved in neurite outgrowth and turnover of synaptic vesicles. We generated brain-specific Rab35 knockout mice to study the physiological roles of RAB35 in brain development and function. These mice exhibited defects in anxiety-related behaviors and spatial memory. Strikingly, RAB35 is required for the precise positioning of pyramidal neurons during hippocampal development, and thereby for normal hippocampal lamination. In contrast, layer formation in the cerebral cortex occurred superficially, even in the absence of RAB35, suggesting a predominant role for RAB35 in hippocampal development rather than in cerebral cortex development. Recent studies have suggested an association between RAB35 and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of subcellular functions of RAB35. We also provide insights into the physiological role of RAB35 in mammalian brain development and function, and discuss the involvement of RAB35 dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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2
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Francis CR, Bell ML, Skripnichuk MM, Kushner EJ. Arf6 is required for endocytosis and filamentous actin assembly during angiogenesis in vitro. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12831. [PMID: 37750425 PMCID: PMC10688150 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocytosis is a process vital to angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. In pathologies where supraphysiological growth factor signaling underlies disease etiology, such as in diabetic retinopathy and solid tumors, strategies to limit chronic growth factor signaling by way of blunting endocytic processes have been shown to have tremendous clinical value. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that promotes the assembly of actin necessary for clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis. In its absence, growth factor signaling is greatly diminished, which has been shown to ameliorate pathological signaling input in diseased vasculature. However, it is less clear if there are bystander effects related to loss of Arf6 on angiogenic behaviors. Our goal was to provide an analysis of Arf6's function in angiogenic endothelium, focusing on its role in actin and endocytosis as well as sprouting morphogenesis. METHODS Primary endothelial cells were cultured in both 2D and 3D environments. Here, endothelial cells were fixed and stained for various proteins or transfected with fluorescently-tagged constructs for live-cell imaging. RESULTS We found that Arf6 localized to both filamentous actin and sites of endocytosis in two-dimensional culture. Loss of Arf6 distorted both apicobasal polarity and reduced the total cellular filamentous actin content, which may be the primary driver underlying gross sprouting dysmorphogenesis in its absence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that endothelial Arf6 is a potent mediator of both actin regulation and endocytosis and is required for proper sprout formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makenzie L. Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | | | - Erich J. Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
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3
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Margiotta A. Role of SNAREs and Rabs in Myelin Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119772. [PMID: 37298723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The myelin sheath is an insulating layer around the nerves of the brain and spinal cord which allows a fast and efficient nerve conduction. Myelin is made of protein and fatty substances and gives protection for the propagation of the electrical impulse. The myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The myelin sheath presents a highly organized structure and expands both radially and longitudinally, but in a different way and with a different composition. Myelin alterations determine the onset of several neuropathies, as the electrical signal can be slowed or stopped. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and ras (rat sarcoma)-associated binding proteins (rabs) have been proved to contribute to several aspects regarding the formation of myelin or dysmyelination. Here, I will describe the role of these proteins in regulating membrane trafficking and nerve conduction, myelin biogenesis and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Margiotta
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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4
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Maejima I, Hara T, Tsukamoto S, Koizumi H, Kawauchi T, Akuzawa T, Hirai R, Kobayashi H, Isobe I, Emoto K, Kosako H, Sato K. RAB35 is required for murine hippocampal development and functions by regulating neuronal cell distribution. Commun Biol 2023; 6:440. [PMID: 37085665 PMCID: PMC10121692 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RAB35 is a multifunctional small GTPase that regulates endocytic recycling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cytokinesis. However, its physiological functions in mammalian development remain unclear. Here, we generated Rab35-knockout mice and found that RAB35 is essential for early embryogenesis. Interestingly, brain-specific Rab35-knockout mice displayed severe defects in hippocampal lamination owing to impaired distribution of pyramidal neurons, although defects in cerebral cortex formation were not evident. In addition, Rab35-knockout mice exhibited defects in spatial memory and anxiety-related behaviors. Quantitative proteomics indicated that the loss of RAB35 significantly affected the levels of other RAB proteins associated with endocytic trafficking, as well as some neural cell adhesion molecules, such as contactin-2. Collectively, our findings revealed that RAB35 is required for precise neuronal distribution in the developing hippocampus by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules, thereby influencing spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Rika Hirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hisae Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Inoya Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
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5
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Francis CR, Bell ML, Skripnichuk MM, Kushner EJ. Arf6 Regulates Endocytosis and Angiogenesis by Promoting Filamentous Actin Assembly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529543. [PMID: 36865161 PMCID: PMC9980066 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a process vital to angiogenesis as well as general vascular homeostasis. In pathologies where supraphysiological growth factor signaling underlies disease etiology, such as in diabetic retinopathy and solid tumors, strategies to limit chronic growth factor signaling by way of CME have been shown to have tremendous clinical value. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that promotes the assembly of actin necessary for CME. In its absence, growth factor signaling is greatly diminished, which has been shown to ameliorate pathological signaling input in diseased vasculature. However, it is less clear if there are bystander effects related to loss of Arf6 on angiogenic behaviors. Our goal was to provide a analysis of Arf6’s function in angiogenic endothelium, focusing on its role in lumenogenesis as well as its relation to actin and CME. We found that Arf6 localized to both filamentous actin and sites of CME in 2-dimensional culture. Loss of Arf6 distorted both apicobasal polarity and reduced the total cellular filamentous actin content, and this may be the primary driver underlying gross dysmorphogenesis during angiogenic sprouting in its absence. Our findings highlight that endothelial Arf6 is a potent mediator of both actin regulation and CME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makenzie L. Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | | | - Erich J. Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
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6
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Cason SE, Holzbaur EL. Axonal transport of autophagosomes is regulated by dynein activators JIP3/JIP4 and ARF/RAB GTPases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.28.526044. [PMID: 36747648 PMCID: PMC9901177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.28.526044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal autophagosomes, "self-eating" degradative organelles, form at presynaptic sites in the distal axon and are transported to the soma to recycle their cargo. During transit, autophagic vacuoles (AVs) mature through fusion with lysosomes to acquire the enzymes necessary to breakdown their cargo. AV transport is driven primarily by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein in concert with dynactin and a series of activating adaptors that change depending on organelle maturation state. The transport of mature AVs is regulated by the scaffolding proteins JIP3 and JIP4, both of which activate dynein motility in vitro. AV transport is also regulated by ARF6 in a GTP-dependent fashion. While GTP-bound ARF6 promotes the formation of the JIP3/4-dynein-dynactin complex, RAB10 competes with the activity of this complex by increasing kinesin recruitment to axonal AVs and lysosomes. These interactions highlight the complex coordination of motors regulating organelle transport in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Cason
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania
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Schafer JB, Lucas ED, Dzieciatkowska M, Forward T, Tamburini BAJ. Programmed death ligand 1 intracellular interactions with STAT3 and focal adhesion protein Paxillin facilitate lymphatic endothelial cell remodeling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102694. [PMID: 36375639 PMCID: PMC9761386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) comprise lymphatic capillaries and vessels that guide immune cells to lymph nodes (LNs) and form the subcapsular sinus and cortical and medullary lymphatic structures of the LN. During an active immune response, the lymphatics remodel to accommodate the influx of immune cells from the tissue, but factors involved in remodeling are unclear. Here, we determined that a TSS motif within the cytoplasmic domain of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), expressed by LECs in the LN, participates in lymphatic remodeling. Mutation of the TSS motif to AAA does not affect surface expression of PD-L1, but instead causes defects in LN cortical and medullary lymphatic organization following immunostimulant, Poly I:C, administration in vivo. Supporting this observation, in vitro treatment of the LEC cell line, SVEC4-10, with cytokines TNFα and IFNα significantly impeded SVEC4-10 movement in the presence of the TSS-AAA cytoplasmic mutation. The cellular movement defects coincided with reduced F-actin polymerization, consistent with differences previously found in dendritic cells. Here, in addition to loss of actin polymerization, we define STAT3 and Paxillin as important PD-L1 binding partners. STAT3 and Paxillin were previously demonstrated to be important at focal adhesions for cellular motility. We further demonstrate the PD-L1 TSS-AAA motif mutation reduced the amount of pSTAT3 and Paxillin bound to PD-L1 both before and after exposure to TNFα and IFNα. Together, these findings highlight PD-L1 as an important component of a membrane complex that is involved in cellular motility, which leads to defects in lymphatic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathon B Schafer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tadg Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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8
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Francis CR, Kincross H, Kushner EJ. Rab35 governs apicobasal polarity through regulation of actin dynamics during sprouting angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5276. [PMID: 36075898 PMCID: PMC9458672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In early blood vessel development, trafficking programs, such as those using Rab GTPases, are tasked with delivering vesicular cargo with high spatiotemporal accuracy. However, the function of many Rab trafficking proteins remain ill-defined in endothelial tissue; therefore, their relevance to blood vessel development is unknown. Rab35 has been shown to play an enigmatic role in cellular behaviors which differs greatly between tissue-type and organism. Importantly, Rab35 has never been characterized for its potential contribution in sprouting angiogenesis; thus, our goal was to map Rab35’s primary function in angiogenesis. Our results demonstrate that Rab35 is critical for sprout formation; in its absence, apicobasal polarity is entirely lost in vitro and in vivo. To determine mechanism, we systematically explored established Rab35 effectors and show that none are operative in endothelial cells. However, we find that Rab35 partners with DENNd1c, an evolutionarily divergent guanine exchange factor, to localize to actin. Here, Rab35 regulates actin polymerization through limiting Rac1 and RhoA activity, which is required to set up proper apicobasal polarity during sprout formation. Our findings establish that Rab35 is a potent brake of actin remodeling during blood vessel development. The promiscuous GTPase Rab35 has been shown to be involved in many important cellular functions. In this article, Francis et al. illustrate how Rab35 acts as a critical brake to actin remodeling during sprouting angiogenesis and how it is necessary for proper blood vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Hayle Kincross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Erich J Kushner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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9
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Villagomez FR, Diaz-Valencia JD, Ovalle-García E, Antillón A, Ortega-Blake I, Romero-Ramírez H, Cerna-Cortes JF, Rosales-Reyes R, Santos-Argumedo L, Patiño-López G. TBC1D10C is a cytoskeletal functional linker that modulates cell spreading and phagocytosis in macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20946. [PMID: 34686741 PMCID: PMC8536695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell spreading and phagocytosis are notably regulated by small GTPases and GAP proteins. TBC1D10C is a dual inhibitory protein with GAP activity. In immune cells, TBC1D10C is one of the elements regulating lymphocyte activation. However, its specific role in macrophages remains unknown. Here, we show that TBC1D10C engages in functions dependent on the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane reorganization. Using ex vivo and in vitro assays, we found that elimination and overexpression of TBC1D10C modified the cytoskeletal architecture of macrophages by decreasing and increasing the spreading ability of these cells, respectively. In addition, TBC1D10C overexpression contributed to higher phagocytic activity against Burkholderia cenocepacia and to increased cell membrane tension. Furthermore, by performing in vitro and in silico analyses, we identified 27 TBC1D10C-interacting proteins, some of which were functionally classified as protein complexes involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Interestingly, we identified one unreported TBC1D10C-intrinsically disordered region (IDR) with biological potential at the cytoskeleton level. Our results demonstrate that TBC1D10C shapes macrophage activity by inducing reorganization of the cytoskeleton-plasma membrane in cell spreading and phagocytosis. We anticipate our results will be the basis for further studies focused on TBC1D10C. For example, the specific molecular mechanism in Burkholderia cenocepacia phagocytosis and functional analysis of TBC1D10C-IDR are needed to further understand its role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian R Villagomez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan D Diaz-Valencia
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Erasmo Ovalle-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Armando Antillón
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Iván Ortega-Blake
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Héctor Romero-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Jorge F Cerna-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rosales-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Microbiología e Inmunología Clínica, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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10
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Sampieri L, Funes Chabán M, Di Giusto P, Rozés-Salvador V, Alvarez C. CREB3L2 Modulates Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Cell Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:650338. [PMID: 34421533 PMCID: PMC8370844 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.650338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulates numerous cellular physiological processes, including growth, differentiation, and survival, and maintains the phenotype of several neuronal types. Most of these NGF-induced processes require adaptation of the secretory pathway since they involve extensive remodeling of membranes and protein redistribution along newly formed neuritic processes. CREB3 transcription factors have emerged as signaling hubs for the regulation of numerous genes involved in the secretory pathway and Golgi homeostasis, integrating stimuli from multiple sources to control secretion, posttranslational modifications and trafficking of proteins. Although recent studies have focused on their role in the central nervous system, little is known about their participation in cell differentiation. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression and signaling mechanism of CREB3 transcription factor family members, using the NGF-induced PC12 cell differentiation model. Results show that NGF treatment causes Golgi enlargement and a parallel increased expression of proteins and mRNAs encoding for proteins required for membrane transport (transport factors). Additionally, a significant increase in CREB3L2 protein and mRNA levels is detected in response to NGF. Both MAPK and cAMP signaling pathways are required for this response. Interestingly, CREB3L2 overexpression hampers the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth while its inhibition enhances the morphological changes driven by NGF. In agreement, CREB3L2 overexpressing cells display higher immunofluorescence intensity of Rab5 GTPase (a negative regulator of PC12 differentiation) than control cells. Also, Rab5 immunofluorescence levels decrease in CREB3L2-depleted cells. Taken together, our findings imply that CREB3L2 is an important downstream effector of NGF-activated pathways, leading to neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Sampieri
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Macarena Funes Chabán
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Di Giusto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria Rozés-Salvador
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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11
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Kato Y, Ochiai A, Seki Y, Morimoto T, Oizumi H, Ohbuchi K, Mizoguchi K, Yamamoto M, Sakagami H, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Phospholipase D and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 are involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112654. [PMID: 34044015 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes) differentiate to form the myelin that wraps neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS). This myelin sheath supports the propagation of saltatory conduction and protects axons from physical stresses. When oligodendrocytes do not normally differentiate to myelinate axons, their key functions as oligodendrocytes in the CNS are severely impaired. The molecular mechanics that control differentiation still remain to be clarified. Arf6 belongs to the small GTPase family and is known to be a positive regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here, we show that the phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 (PIP5K1) molecules, the major effectors of Arf6, are involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Knockdown of PLD1 or PIP5K type 1γ (PIP5K1C) by their respective specific siRNAs in mouse oligodendroglial FBD-102b cells inhibited morphological differentiation into structures bearing myelin-like processes; this finding is consistent with the concurrent changes in expression of differentiation and myelin marker proteins. Treatment with VU0155069 or UNC3230, specific inhibitors of PLD and PIP5K1, respectively, blunted morphological differentiation and decreased expression of myelin and differentiation marker proteins. Similar results have been obtained in studies using primary oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that the major Arf6 effector molecules PLD and PIP5K1 are among the molecules involved in the regulation of morphological differentiation in oligodendrocytes prior to myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Arisa Ochiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoichi Seki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takako Morimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oizumi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki, 200-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki, 200-1192, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki, 200-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki, 200-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
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12
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Miyamoto Y, Torii T, Terao M, Takada S, Tanoue A, Katoh H, Yamauchi J. Rnd2 differentially regulates oligodendrocyte myelination at different developmental periods. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:769-787. [PMID: 33596091 PMCID: PMC8108512 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the CNS, oligodendrocyte precursor cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes to wrap their plasma membranes around neuronal axons, generating mature neural networks with myelin sheaths according to spatial and temporal patterns. While myelination is known to be one of the most dynamic cell morphological changes, the overall intrinsic and extrinsic molecular cues controlling myelination remain to be fully clarified. Here, we describe the biphasic roles of Rnd2, an atypical branch of the Rho family GTPase, in oligodendrocyte myelination during development and after maturation in mice. Compared with littermate controls, oligodendrocyte-specific Rnd2 knockout mice exhibit decreased myelin thickness at the onset of myelination but increased myelin thickness in the later period. Larger proportions of Rho kinase and its substrate Mbs, the signaling unit that negatively regulates oligodendrocyte myelination, are phosphorylated at the onset of myelination, while their smaller proportions are phosphorylated in the later period. In addition, we confirm the biphasic role of Rnd2 through experiments with oligodendrocyte-specific Rnd2 transgenic mice. We conclude that Rnd2 positively regulates myelination in the early myelinating period and negatively regulates myelination in the later period. This unique modulator thus plays different roles depending on the myelination period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Miho Terao
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan
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13
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Kulasekaran G, Chaineau M, Piscopo VEC, Verginelli F, Fotouhi M, Girard M, Tang Y, Dali R, Lo R, Stifani S, McPherson PS. An Arf/Rab cascade controls the growth and invasiveness of glioblastoma. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202004229. [PMID: 33443570 PMCID: PMC7812876 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly malignant brain cancer. We now demonstrate that loss of function of the endosomal GTPase Rab35 in human brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) increases glioblastoma growth and decreases animal survival following BTIC implantation in mouse brains. Mechanistically, we identify that the GTPase Arf5 interacts with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab35, DENND1/connecdenn, and allosterically enhances its GEF activity toward Rab35. Knockdown of either Rab35 or Arf5 increases cell migration, invasiveness, and self-renewal in culture and enhances the growth and invasiveness of BTIC-initiated brain tumors in mice. RNAseq of the tumors reveals up-regulation of the tumor-promoting transcription factor SPOCD1, and disruption of the Arf5/Rab35 axis in glioblastoma cells leads to strong activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, with resulting enhancement of SPOCD1 levels. These discoveries reveal an unexpected cascade between an Arf and a Rab and indicate a role for the cascade, and thus endosomal trafficking, in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter S. McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Rozés-Salvador V, González-Billault C, Conde C. The Recycling Endosome in Nerve Cell Development: One Rab to Rule Them All? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:603794. [PMID: 33425908 PMCID: PMC7793921 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic recycling is an intracellular process that returns internalized molecules back to the plasma membrane and plays crucial roles not only in the reuse of receptor molecules but also in the remodeling of the different components of this membrane. This process is required for a diversity of cellular events, including neuronal morphology acquisition and functional regulation, among others. The recycling endosome (RE) is a key vesicular component involved in endocytic recycling. Recycling back to the cell surface may occur with the participation of several different Rab proteins, which are master regulators of membrane/protein trafficking in nerve cells. The RE consists of a network of interconnected and functionally distinct tubular subdomains that originate from sorting endosomes and transport their cargoes along microtubule tracks, by fast or slow recycling pathways. Different populations of REs, particularly those formed by Rab11, Rab35, and Arf6, are associated with a myriad of signaling proteins. In this review, we discuss the cumulative evidence suggesting the existence of heterogeneous domains of REs, controlling different aspects of neurogenesis, with a particular focus on the commonalities and singularities of these REs and their contribution to nerve development and differentiation in several animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rozés-Salvador
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia Conde
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
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15
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Sawade L, Grandi F, Mignanelli M, Patiño-López G, Klinkert K, Langa-Vives F, Di Guardo R, Echard A, Bolino A, Haucke V. Rab35-regulated lipid turnover by myotubularins represses mTORC1 activity and controls myelin growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2835. [PMID: 32503983 PMCID: PMC7275063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) represent a broad group of disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies characterized by defects primarily arising in myelin, axons, or both. The molecular mechanisms by which mutations in nearly 100 identified IPN/CMT genes lead to neuropathies are poorly understood. Here we show that the Ras-related GTPase Rab35 controls myelin growth via complex formation with the myotubularin-related phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-phosphatases MTMR13 and MTMR2, encoded by genes responsible for CMT-types 4B2 and B1 in humans, and found that it downregulates lipid-mediated mTORC1 activation, a pathway known to crucially regulate myelin biogenesis. Targeted disruption of Rab35 leads to hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling caused by elevated levels of PI 3-phosphates and to focal hypermyelination in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate synthesis or mTORC1 signaling ameliorates this phenotype. These findings reveal a crucial role for Rab35-regulated lipid turnover by myotubularins to repress mTORC1 activity and to control myelin growth. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) is an inherited peripheral neuropathy. Here, the authors show that Rab35 forms a complex with genes implicated in CMT, MTMR13 and MTMR2, which regulates myelin growth by controlling mTORC1 signaling through lipid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sawade
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Federica Grandi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Mignanelli
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez. C.P, 06720, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Kerstin Klinkert
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Francina Langa-Vives
- Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Di Guardo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Bolino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Blum IR, Behling-Hess C, Padilla-Rodriguez M, Momtaz S, Cox C, Wilson JM. Rab22a regulates the establishment of epithelial polarity. Small GTPases 2020; 12:282-293. [PMID: 32281471 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2020.1754104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking establishes and maintains epithelial polarity. Rab22a has a polarized distribution in activated T-cells, but its role in epithelial polarity has not been investigated. We showed previously that Rab14 acts upstream of Arf6 to establish the apical membrane initiation site (AMIS), but its interaction with Rab22a is unknown. Here we show that Rab14 and Rab22a colocalize in endosomes of both unpolarized and polarized MDCK cells and Rab22a localizes to the cell:cell interface of polarizing cell pairs. Knockdown of Rab22a results in a multi-lumen phenotype in three-dimensional culture. Further, overexpression of Rab22a in Rab14 knockdown cells rescues the multi-lumen phenotype observed with Rab14 knockdown, suggesting that Rab22a is downstream of Rab14. Because of the relationship between Rab14 and Arf6, we investigated the effect of Rab22a knockdown on Arf6. We find that Rab22a knockdown results in decreased active Arf6 and that Rab22a co-immunoprecipitates with the Arf6 GEF EFA6. In addition, EFA6 is retained in intracellular puncta in Rab22a KD cells. These results suggest that Rab22a acts downstream of Rab14 to traffic EFA6 to the AMIS to regulate Arf6 in the establishment of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella R Blum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Samina Momtaz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher Cox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jean M Wilson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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17
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Coordinated Regulation of Intracellular Fascin Distribution Governs Tumor Microvesicle Release and Invasive Cell Capacity. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00264-18. [PMID: 30397076 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00264-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell invasion is one result of the bidirectional interactions occurring between tumor cells and the surrounding milieu. The ability of tumor cells to invade through the extracellular matrix is in part regulated by the formation of a class of protease-loaded extracellular vesicles, called tumor microvesicles (TMVs), which are released directly from the cell surface. Here we show that the actin bundling protein, fascin, redistributes to the cell periphery in a ternary complex with podocalyxin and ezrin, where it promotes TMV release. The peripheral localization of fascin is prompted by the loss of Rab35 signaling, which in turn unleashes ARF6 activation. The result is a mechanism through which Rab35 and ARF6 cooperatively and simultaneously regulate the distribution and localization of fascin and promote oncogenic signaling, which leads to TMV release while inhibiting invadopodium formation. These studies are clinically significant as fascin-loaded TMVs can be detected in bodily fluids and elevated fascin expression coupled with low Rab35 levels correlates with poor overall survival in some cancers.
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18
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Kutscher LM, Keil W, Shaham S. RAB-35 and ARF-6 GTPases Mediate Engulfment and Clearance Following Linker Cell-Type Death. Dev Cell 2018; 47:222-238.e6. [PMID: 30220571 PMCID: PMC6200590 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of dying cells is essential for development and homeostasis. Conserved genes mediate apoptotic cell removal, but whether these genes control non-apoptotic cell removal is a major open question. Linker cell-type death (LCD) is a prevalent non-apoptotic developmental cell death process with features conserved from C. elegans to vertebrates. Using microfluidics-based long-term in vivo imaging, we show that unlike apoptotic cells, the C. elegans linker cell, which dies by LCD, is competitively phagocytosed by two neighboring cells, resulting in cell splitting. Subsequent cell elimination does not require apoptotic engulfment genes. Rather, we find that RAB-35 GTPase is a key coordinator of competitive phagocytosis onset and cell degradation. RAB-35 binds CNT-1, an ARF-6 GTPase activating protein, and removes ARF-6, a degradation inhibitor, from phagosome membranes. This facilitates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate removal from phagosome membranes, promoting phagolysosome maturation. Our studies suggest that RAB-35 and ARF-6 drive a conserved program eliminating cells dying by LCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Kutscher
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wolfgang Keil
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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19
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Clancy JW, Sheehan CS, Tricarico CJ, D'Souza-Schorey C. Aberrant endocytosis leads to the loss of normal mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial glandular morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12095-12104. [PMID: 29903910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues with many functions, including secretion and environmental separation and protection. Glandular epithelial tissues comprise cysts and tubules that are formed from a polarized, single-epithelial cell layer surrounding a central, fluid-filled lumen. The pathways regulating key processes in epithelial tissue morphogenesis such as mitotic spindle formation are incompletely understood, but are important to investigate, as their dysregulation is a signature of epithelial tumors. Here, we describe a signaling axis that manifests in a defect in mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial growth and cystogenesis. We found that activation of the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) results in the sustained internalization of cell-surface components such as the cMet receptor and the cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin. The spindle orientation defect arising from elevated levels of ARF6-GTP required an increase in cMet endocytosis, but was independent of E-cadherin internalization or elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity resulting from internalized receptor signaling on endosomes. Misorientation of the mitotic spindle resulted in the development of epithelial cysts with structural abnormalities, the most conspicuous of which was the presence of multiple intercellular lumens. Abnormal mitotic spindle orientation was necessary but insufficient to disrupt glandular development, as blocking the strong prosurvival signal resulting from ERK hyperactivation yielded structurally normal cysts despite continued manifestation of spindle orientation defects. Our findings highlight a previously unknown link between ARF6 activation, cMet receptor internalization, and mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial glandular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clancy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Colin S Sheehan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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20
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Villagomez FR, Medina-Contreras O, Cerna-Cortes JF, Patino-Lopez G. The role of the oncogenic Rab35 in cancer invasion, metastasis, and immune evasion, especially in leukemia. Small GTPases 2018; 11:334-345. [PMID: 29781368 PMCID: PMC7549652 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1463895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cancer has allowed researchers to describe some biological characteristics that tumor cells acquire during their development, known as the “hallmarks of cancer” but more research is needed to expand our knowledge about cancer biology and to generate new strategies of treatment. The role that RabGTPases might play in some hallmarks of cancer represents interesting areas of study since these proteins are frequently altered in cancer. However, their participation is not well known. Recently, Rab35was recognized as an oncogenic RabGTPase and and because of its association with different cellular functions, distinctly important in immune cells, a possible role of Rab35 in leukemia can be suggested. Nevertheless, the involvement of Rab35 in cancer remains poorly understood and its possible specific role in leukemia remains unknown. In this review, we analyze general aspects of the participation of RabGTPases in cancer, and especially, the plausible role of Rab35 in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian R Villagomez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez , Ciudad de México, México.,Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas , Ciudad de México, México
| | - Oscar Medina-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez , Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Francisco Cerna-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas , Ciudad de México, México
| | - Genaro Patino-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez , Ciudad de México, México
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21
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Miyamoto Y, Torii T, Tago K, Tanoue A, Takashima S, Yamauchi J. BIG1/Arfgef1 and Arf1 regulate the initiation of myelination by Schwann cells in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar4471. [PMID: 29740613 PMCID: PMC5938228 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During development of the peripheral nervous system in mammals, Schwann cells wrap their plasma membranes around neuronal axons, forming multiple myelin sheaths. A mature myelin sheath insulates axons and increases nerve conduction velocity while protecting nerve fibers from various stresses such as physical ones. Despite this functional importance, the molecular units that underlie dynamic morphological changes in formation of myelin sheaths are not sufficiently understood. Arf1 is a small guanosine triphosphate-binding protein that plays multiple roles in intracellular trafficking and related signaling, both of which are processes involved in cell morphogenesis. We demonstrate that the Arf1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 1 (BIG1)/Arfgef1, and the effector Arf1 regulate the initiation of myelination of axons by Schwann cells. Schwann cell-specific BIG1 conditional knockout mice, which have been generated here, exhibit reduced myelin thickness and decreased localization of myelin protein zero in the myelin membrane, compared with their littermate controls. BIG1 knockout mouse nerves specifically decrease the amounts of Arf1 in the AP1 clathrin adaptor protein subunits but not the Arf1 binding to GGA1 (Golgi-localized, gamma-adaptin ear-containing, Arf-binding protein 1) transporting proteins. The amounts of Arf1 in the COPI coatomer protein subunits were comparable in the knockout mice and controls. Similar results in myelin thickness are observed in Arf1 conditional knockout mice, which have also been generated here. Thus, the BIG1 and Arf1 unit plays a key role in Schwann cell myelination, newly adding it to the list of molecular units controlling myelination.
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Grants
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology
- Branding projects for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology
- Grants-in-Aid for Medical Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kenji Tago
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shou Takashima
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Chiu CC, Yeh TH, Lai SC, Weng YH, Huang YC, Cheng YC, Chen RS, Huang YZ, Hung J, Chen CC, Lin WY, Chang HC, Chen YJ, Chen CL, Chen HY, Lin YW, Wu-Chou YH, Wang HL, Lu CS. Increased Rab35 expression is a potential biomarker and implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54215-54227. [PMID: 27509057 PMCID: PMC5342336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disease. Identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of disease progression is important. The present comparative proteomic study of serum samples using two-dimensional fluorescence differential gel electrophoresis followed by ELISA confirmation demonstrated that protein expression of Rab35 was increased in PD patients compared with matched control subjects and other parkinsonian disorders, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The serum level of Rab35 was significantly correlated with the age at onset of PD. The median age of onset in patients with higher Rab35 serum level was 5 years younger than those with lower Rab35 serum level. There was a positive correlation between the Rab35 level and disease duration of PD. Moreover, the protein expression of Rab35 was increased in the substantia nigra but not in the striatum of mouse models of PD, including MPTP-treated mice, rotenone-treated mice, (R1441C) LRRK2 or (G2019S) LRRK2 transgenic mice. Furthermore, overexpression of Rab35 increased the aggregation and secretion of mutant A53T α-synuclein in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Co-expression of Rab35 with wild-type or A53T α-synuclein in SH-SY5Y cells deteriorated cell death. Our results suggest that Rab35 is potentially useful in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders and is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Lai
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Shayn Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan,Taiwan
| | - June Hung
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chu Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wey-Yil Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chen Chang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lang Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Wei Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yah-Huei Wu-Chou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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23
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Landmarks of endosomal remodeling in the early phase of cytomegalovirus infection. Virology 2017; 515:108-122. [PMID: 29277005 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) extensively rearrange the cellular membrane system to develop assembly compartment (AC), but the earliest events in this process are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that murine CMV (MCMV) infection restrains endosomal trafficking of cargo molecules that travel along the recycling (TfR and MHC-I) and the late endosomal (EGFR, M6PR, Lamp1) circuit. Internalized cargo accumulates in Arf6-, Rab5-, Rab22A-, and Rab11-positive and Rab35-, Rab8-, and Rab10-negative juxtanuclear endosomes, suggesting the disruption of Arf/Rab regulatory cascade at the stage of sorting endosomes and the endosomal recycling compartment. Rearrangement of the endosomal system is initiated by an MCMV-encoded function very early in the infection. Our study, thus, establishes a set of landmarks of endosomal remodeling in the early phase of MCMV-infection which coincide with the Golgi rearrangement, suggesting that these perturbations are the earliest membrane reorganizations that may represent an initial step in the biogenesis of the AC.
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24
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Biesemann A, Gorontzi A, Barr F, Gerke V. Rab35 protein regulates evoked exocytosis of endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11631-11640. [PMID: 28566286 PMCID: PMC5512060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Weibel–Palade bodies (WPB) are secretory organelles of endothelial cells that undergo evoked exocytosis following intracellular Ca2+ or cAMP elevation, thereby supplying the vasculature with factors controlling hemostasis. Several cytosolic and membrane-associated proteins, including the Rab family members Rab3, Rab15, and Rab27a, have been implicated in regulating the acute exocytosis of WPB. Here, we carried out a genome-wide screen to identify Rab pathways affecting WPB exocytosis. Overexpression of a specific subset of Rab GTPase–activating proteins (RabGAPs) inhibited histamine-evoked, Ca2+-dependent WPB exocytosis, presumably by inactivating the target Rab GTPases. Among these RabGAPs, we concentrated on TBC1D10A and showed that the inhibitory effect depends on its GAP activity. We confirmed that Rab35 was a target Rab of TBC1D10A in human endothelial cells; Rab35 interacted with TBC1D10A, and expression of the GAP-insensitive Rab35(Q67A) mutant rescued the inhibitory effect of TBC1D10A overexpression on WPB exocytosis. Furthermore, knockdown of Rab35 and expression of a dominant-negative Rab35 mutant both inhibited histamine-evoked secretion of the WPB cargos von Willebrand factor and P-selectin. Pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation experiments identified the ArfGAP with coiled-coil, Ank repeat, and pleckstrin homology domain–containing protein ACAP2 as an Rab35 effector in endothelial cells, and depletion as well as overexpression approaches revealed that ACAP2 acts as a negative regulator of WPB exocytosis. Interestingly, a known ACAP2 target, the small GTPase Arf6, supported histamine-evoked WPB exocytosis, as shown by knockdown and overexpression of a dominant-negative Arf6 mutant. Our data identify Rab35 as a novel regulator of WPB exocytosis, most likely acting through the downstream effectors ACAP2 and Arf6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Biesemann
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gorontzi
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Francis Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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25
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Yamashita T, Miyamoto Y, Bando Y, Ono T, Kobayashi S, Doi A, Araki T, Kato Y, Shirakawa T, Suzuki Y, Yamauchi J, Yoshida S, Sato N. Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from dissociated monolayer and feeder-free cultured pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171947. [PMID: 28192470 PMCID: PMC5305255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons and form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. The development of therapies for demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis and leukodystrophies, is a challenge because the pathogenic mechanisms of disease remain poorly understood. Primate pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes are expected to help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases. Oligodendrocytes have been successfully differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells. However, it is challenging to prepare large amounts of oligodendrocytes over a short amount of time because of manipulation difficulties under conventional primate pluripotent stem cell culture methods. We developed a proprietary dissociated monolayer and feeder-free culture system to handle pluripotent stem cell cultures. Because the dissociated monolayer and feeder-free culture system improves the quality and growth of primate pluripotent stem cells, these cells could potentially be differentiated into any desired functional cells and consistently cultured in large-scale conditions. In the current study, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes were generated within three months from monkey embryonic stem cells. The embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes exhibited in vitro myelinogenic potency with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Additionally, the transplanted oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiated into myelin basic protein-positive mature oligodendrocytes in the mouse corpus callosum. This preparative method was used for human induced pluripotent stem cells, which were also successfully differentiated into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes that were capable of myelinating rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Moreover, it was possible to freeze, thaw, and successfully re-culture the differentiating cells. These results showed that embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells maintained in a dissociated monolayer and feeder-free culture system have the potential to generate oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. This culture method could be applied to prepare large amounts of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes in a relatively short amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamashita
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sakurako Kobayashi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayano Doi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Araki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kato
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shirakawa
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoya Sato
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- MP Healthcare Venture Management, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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26
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Sheehan P, Waites CL. Coordination of synaptic vesicle trafficking and turnover by the Rab35 signaling network. Small GTPases 2017; 10:54-63. [PMID: 28129039 PMCID: PMC6343537 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1270392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab35 and the Rab35 network of GAPs, GEFs, and effectors are important regulators of membrane trafficking for a variety of cellular processes, from cytokinesis and phagocytosis to neurite outgrowth. In the past five years, components of this signaling network have also been implicated as critical mediators of synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling and protein homeostasis. Recent studies by several groups, including our own, have demonstrated that Rab35-mediated endosomal sorting is required for the degradation of SV proteins via the ESCRT pathway, thereby eliminating old or damaged proteins from the SV pool. This sorting process is regulated by Rab35 activation in response to neuronal activity, and potentially by an antagonistic signaling relationship between Rab35 and the small GTPase Arf6 that directs SVs into distinct recycling pathways depending on neuronal activity levels. Furthermore, mutations in genes encoding Rab35 regulatory proteins are emerging as causative factors in human neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases, consistent with their important roles in synaptic and neuronal health. Here, we review these recent findings and offer our perspective on how the Rab35 signaling network functions to maintain neurotransmission and synaptic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sheehan
- a Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Clarissa L Waites
- a Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Neuroscience , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
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27
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VCAM1 acts in parallel with CD69 and is required for the initiation of oligodendrocyte myelination. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13478. [PMID: 27876794 PMCID: PMC5476804 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes differentiate to wrap their plasma membranes around axons, forming the myelin sheath. A neuronal cue is one of the regulator elements controlling this process. Here, we demonstrate that VCAM1, which plays a key role throughout the immune system, is also expressed in oligodendrocytes, where it regulates the initiation of myelination. VCAM1 knockout mice exhibit reduced myelin thickness. Decreased myelin thickness is also observed in mutant mice of α4 integrin, which is a neuronal VCAM1 ligand. Furthermore, CD69 is identified as one of the transcripts downregulated when VCAM1 is knocked down in oligodendrocytes. Knockdown of CD69 in mice indicates its role in myelination. Therefore, VCAM1 contributes not only to the initiation of myelination but also to its regulation through controlling the abundance of CD69, demonstrating that an intercellular molecule whose primary role is in the immune system can also play an unexpected role in the CNS. The vascular cell adhesion molecule VCAM1 plays a role in the immune system but is also expressed in oligodendrocytes. Here, the authors find VCAM1 interacts with neuronal α4 integrin to regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and thereby myelination, an effect mediated by downstream CD69 signalling.
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28
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Regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation: Insights and approaches for the management of neurodegenerative disease. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2016; 23:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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29
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Klinkert K, Echard A. Rab35 GTPase: A Central Regulator of Phosphoinositides and F-actin in Endocytic Recycling and Beyond. Traffic 2016; 17:1063-77. [PMID: 27329675 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rab35 is one of the first discovered members of the large Rab GTPase family, yet it received little attention for 10 years being considered merely as a Rab1-like GTPase. In 2006, Rab35 was recognized as a unique Rab GTPase localized both at the plasma membrane and on endosomes, playing essential roles in endocytic recycling and cytokinesis. Since then, Rab35 has become one of the most studied Rabs involved in a growing number of cellular functions, including endosomal trafficking, exosome release, phagocytosis, cell migration, immunological synapse formation and neurite outgrowth. Recently, Rab35 has been acknowledged as an oncogenic GTPase with activating mutations being found in cancer patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of known Rab35-dependent cellular functions and detail the few Rab35 effectors characterized so far. We also review how the Rab35 GTP/GDP cycle is regulated, and emphasize a newly discovered mechanism that controls its tight activation on newborn endosomes. We propose that the involvement of Rab35 in such diverse and apparently unrelated cellular functions can be explained by the central role of this GTPase in regulating phosphoinositides and F-actin, both on endosomes and at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Klinkert
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3691, 75015, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Institut de formation doctorale, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3691, 75015, Paris, France.
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30
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Fassio A, Fadda M, Benfenati F. Molecular Machines Determining the Fate of Endocytosed Synaptic Vesicles in Nerve Terminals. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:10. [PMID: 27242505 PMCID: PMC4863888 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cycle of a synaptic vesicle (SV) within the nerve terminal is a step-by-step journey with the final goal of ensuring the proper synaptic strength under changing environmental conditions. The SV cycle is a precisely regulated membrane traffic event in cells and, because of this, a plethora of membrane-bound and cytosolic proteins are devoted to assist SVs in each step of the journey. The cycling fate of endocytosed SVs determines both the availability for subsequent rounds of release and the lifetime of SVs in the terminal and is therefore crucial for synaptic function and plasticity. Molecular players that determine the destiny of SVs in nerve terminals after a round of exo-endocytosis are largely unknown. Here we review the functional role in SV fate of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of SV proteins and of small GTPases acting on membrane trafficking at the synapse, as they are emerging as key molecules in determining the recycling route of SVs within the nerve terminal. In particular, we focus on: (i) the cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (cdk5) and calcineurin (CN) control of the recycling pool of SVs; (ii) the role of small GTPases of the Rab and ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) families in defining the route followed by SV in their nerve terminal cycle. These regulatory proteins together with their synaptic regulators and effectors, are molecular nanomachines mediating homeostatic responses in synaptic plasticity and potential targets of drugs modulating the efficiency of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fassio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy; Center of Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| | - Manuela Fadda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenoaGenoa, Italy; Center of Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
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31
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Sullivan KD, Nakagawa A, Xue D, Espinosa JM. Human ACAP2 is a homolog of C. elegans CNT-1 that promotes apoptosis in cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1771-8. [PMID: 25853217 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of caspases is an integral part of the apoptotic cell death program. Collectively, these proteases target hundreds of substrates, leading to the hypothesis that apoptosis is "death by a thousand cuts". Recent work, however, has demonstrated that caspase cleavage of only a subset of these substrates directs apoptosis in the cell. One such example is C. elegans CNT-1, which is cleaved by CED-3 to generate a truncated form, tCNT-1, that acquires a potent phosphoinositide-binding activity and translocates to the plasma membrane where it inactivates AKT survival signaling. We report here that ACAP2, a homolog of C. elegans CNT-1, has a pro-apoptotic function and an identical phosphoinositide-binding pattern to that of tCNT-1, despite not being an apparent target of caspase cleavage. We show that knockdown of ACAP2 blocks apoptosis in cancer cells in response to the chemotherapeutic antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil and that ACAP2 expression is down-regulated in some esophageal cancers, leukemias and lymphomas. These results suggest that ACAP2 is a functional homolog of C. elegans CNT-1 and its inactivation or downregulation in human cells may contribute to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Sullivan
- a Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; University of Colorado ; Boulder , CO , USA
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32
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Abstract
The small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) plays important roles in membrane dynamics-based neuronal cell events such as neurite outgrowth and spine formation. However, physiological functions of Arf6 in the nervous system at whole animal level have not yet been explored. We have recently generated conditional knockout mice lacking Arf6 in neurons or oligodendrocytes of central nervous system (CNS) or both cell lineages, and analyzed them. We found that ablation of Arf6 gene from neurons, but not from oligodendrocytes, caused the defect in axon myelination at the fimbria of hippocampus (Fim) and corpus callosum (CC). We also found that migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from the subventricular zone to the Fim and CC in mice lacking Arf6 in neurons was impaired. Finally, it was found that secretion of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), a guidance factor for OPC migration, from hippocampi lacking Arf6 was impaired. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Arf6 in neurons of the CNS plays an important role in OPC migration by regulating secretion of FGF-2 from neurons, thereby contributing to the axon myelination. Here, we discuss our current understanding of physiological functions of Arf6 in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Akiyama
- a Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; Department of Physiological Chemistry ; University of Tsukuba ; Tennodai, Tsukuba , Japan
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33
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Dutta D, Donaldson JG. Sorting of Clathrin-Independent Cargo Proteins Depends on Rab35 Delivered by Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Traffic 2015; 16:994-1009. [PMID: 25988331 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) co-exist in most cells but little is known about their communication and coordination. Here we show that when CME was inhibited, endocytosis by CIE continued but endosomal trafficking of CIE cargo proteins was altered. CIE cargo proteins that normally traffic directly into Arf6-associated tubules after internalization and avoid degradation (CD44, CD98 and CD147) now trafficked to lysosomes and were degraded. The endosomal tubules were also absent and Arf6-GTP levels were elevated. The altered trafficking, loss of the tubular endosomal network and elevated Arf6-GTP levels caused by inhibition of CME were rescued by expression of Rab35, a Rab associated with clathrin-coated vesicles, or its effector ACAPs, Arf6 GTPase activating proteins (GAP) that inactivate Arf6. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Rab35 recreated the phenotype of CME ablation on CIE cargo trafficking without altering endocytosis of transferrin. These observations suggest that Rab35 serves as a CME detector and that loss of CME, or Rab35 input, leads to elevated Arf6-GTP and shifts the sorting of CIE cargo proteins to lysosomes and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Dutta
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julie G Donaldson
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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34
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Etoh K, Fukuda M. Structure-function analyses of the small GTPase Rab35 and its effector protein centaurin-β2/ACAP2 during neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9064-74. [PMID: 25694427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab35 is a molecular switch for membrane trafficking that regulates a variety of cellular events. We previously showed that Rab35 promotes neurite outgrowth of nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cells through interaction with centaurin-β2 (also called ACAP2). Centaurin-β2 is the only Rab35-binding protein reported thus far that exclusively recognizes Rab35 and does not recognize any of the other 59 Rabs identified in mammals, but the molecular basis for the exclusive specificity of centaurin-β2 for Rab35 has remained completely unknown. In this study, we performed deletion and mutation analyses and succeeded in identifying the residues of Rab35 and centaurin-β2 that are crucial for formation of a Rab35·centaurin-β2 complex. We found that two threonine residues (Thr-76 and Thr-81) in the switch II region of Rab35 are responsible for binding centaurin-β2 and that the same residues are dispensable for Rab35 recognition by other Rab35-binding proteins. We also determined the minimal Rab35-binding site of centaurin-β2 and identified two asparagine residues (Asn-610 and Asn-691) in the Rab35-binding site as key residues for its specific Rab35 recognition. We further showed by knockdown-rescue approaches that neither a centaurin-β2 binding-deficient Rab35(T76S/T81A) mutant nor a Rab35 binding-deficient centaurin-β2(N610A/N691A) mutant supported neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, thereby demonstrating the functional significance of the Rab35/centaurin-β2 interaction during neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Etoh
- From the Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- From the Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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