1
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Rogers J, Bajur AT, Salaita K, Spillane KM. Mechanical control of antigen detection and discrimination by T and B cell receptors. Biophys J 2024; 123:2234-2255. [PMID: 38794795 PMCID: PMC11331051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by just two cell types, T cells and B cells. Both cells possess the remarkable ability to recognize virtually any antigen through their respective antigen receptors-the T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Despite extensive investigations into the biochemical signaling events triggered by antigen recognition in these cells, our ability to predict or control the outcome of T and B cell activation remains elusive. This challenge is compounded by the sensitivity of T and B cells to the biophysical properties of antigens and the cells presenting them-a phenomenon we are just beginning to understand. Recent insights underscore the central role of mechanical forces in this process, governing the conformation, signaling activity, and spatial organization of TCRs and BCRs within the cell membrane, ultimately eliciting distinct cellular responses. Traditionally, T cells and B cells have been studied independently, with researchers working in parallel to decipher the mechanisms of activation. While these investigations have unveiled many overlaps in how these cell types sense and respond to antigens, notable differences exist. To fully grasp their biology and harness it for therapeutic purposes, these distinctions must be considered. This review compares and contrasts the TCR and BCR, placing emphasis on the role of mechanical force in regulating the activity of both receptors to shape cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna T Bajur
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Pathni A, Wagh K, Rey-Suarez I, Upadhyaya A. Mechanical regulation of lymphocyte activation and function. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs219030. [PMID: 38995113 PMCID: PMC11267459 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensing, or how cells sense and respond to the physical environment, is crucial for many aspects of biological function, ranging from cell movement during development to cancer metastasis, the immune response and gene expression driving cell fate determination. Relevant physical stimuli include the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, contractile forces, shear flows in blood vessels, complex topography of the cellular microenvironment and membrane protein mobility. Although mechanosensing has been more widely studied in non-immune cells, it has become increasingly clear that physical cues profoundly affect the signaling function of cells of the immune system. In this Review, we summarize recent studies on mechanical regulation of immune cells, specifically lymphocytes, and explore how the force-generating cytoskeletal machinery might mediate mechanosensing. We discuss general principles governing mechanical regulation of lymphocyte function, spanning from the molecular scale of receptor activation to cellular responses to mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashli Pathni
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kaustubh Wagh
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Insitute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Microcore, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, DC 111711, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Insitute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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3
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Jeffreys N, Brockman JM, Zhai Y, Ingber DE, Mooney DJ. Mechanical forces amplify TCR mechanotransduction in T cell activation and function. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 11:011304. [PMID: 38434676 PMCID: PMC10848667 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell immunotherapies, including engineered T cell receptor (eTCR) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapies, have shown efficacy in treating a subset of hematologic malignancies, exhibit promise in solid tumors, and have many other potential applications, such as in fibrosis, autoimmunity, and regenerative medicine. While immunoengineering has focused on designing biomaterials to present biochemical cues to manipulate T cells ex vivo and in vivo, mechanical cues that regulate their biology have been largely underappreciated. This review highlights the contributions of mechanical force to several receptor-ligand interactions critical to T cell function, with central focus on the TCR-peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). We then emphasize the role of mechanical forces in (i) allosteric strengthening of the TCR-pMHC interaction in amplifying ligand discrimination during T cell antigen recognition prior to activation and (ii) T cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. We then describe approaches to design eTCRs, CARs, and biomaterials to exploit TCR mechanosensitivity in order to potentiate T cell manufacturing and function in adoptive T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunhao Zhai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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4
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Markova O, Clanet C, Husson J. Quantifying both viscoelasticity and surface tension: Why sharp tips overestimate cell stiffness. Biophys J 2024; 123:210-220. [PMID: 38087780 PMCID: PMC10808041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the mechanical properties of cells is important to better understand how mechanics constrain cellular processes. Furthermore, because pathologies are usually paralleled by altered cell mechanical properties, mechanical parameters can be used as a novel way to characterize the pathological state of cells. Key features used in models are cell tension, cell viscoelasticity (representing the average of the cell bulk), or a combination of both. It is unclear which of these features is the most relevant or whether both should be included. To clarify this, we performed microindentation experiments on cells with microindenters of various tip radii, including micrometer-sized microneedles. We obtained different cell-indenter contact radii and measured the corresponding contact stiffness. We derived a model predicting that this contact stiffness should be an affine function of the contact radius and that, at vanishing contact radius, the cell stiffness should be equal to the cell tension multiplied by a constant. When microindenting leukocytes and both adherent and trypsinized adherent cells, the contact stiffness was indeed an affine function of the contact radius. For leukocytes, the deduced surface tension was consistent with that measured using micropipette aspiration. For detached endothelial cells, agreement between microindentation and micropipette aspiration was better when considering these as only viscoelastic when analyzing micropipette aspiration experiments. This work suggests that indenting cells with sharp tips but neglecting the presence of surface tension leads to an effective elastic modulus whose origin is in fact surface tension. Accordingly, using sharp tips when microindenting a cell is a good way to directly measure its surface tension without the need to let the viscoelastic modulus relax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Markova
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christophe Clanet
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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5
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Paillon N, Mouro V, Dogniaux S, Maurin M, Saez Pons JJ, Ferran H, Bataille L, Zucchetti AE, Hivroz C. PD-1 inhibits T cell actin remodeling at the immunological synapse independently of its signaling motifs. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadh2456. [PMID: 38015913 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of the receptor programmed cell death molecule 1 (PD-1) by its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibits T cell-mediated immune responses. Blocking such signaling provides the clinical effects of PD-1-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying PD-1-mediated inhibition. Because dynamic actin remodeling is crucial for T cell functions, we characterized the effects of PD-1 engagement on actin remodeling at the immunological synapse, the interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or target cell. We used microscopy to analyze the formation of immunological synapses between PD-1+ Jurkat cells or primary human CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and APCs that presented T cell-activating antibodies and were either positive or negative for PD-L1. PD-1 binding to PD-L1 inhibited T cell spreading induced by antibody-mediated activation, which was characterized by the absence of the F-actin-dense distal lamellipodial network at the immunological synapse and the Arp2/3 complex, which mediates branched actin formation. PD-1-induced inhibition of actin remodeling also prevented the characteristic deformation of T cells that contact APCs and the release of cytotoxic granules. We showed that the effects of PD-1 on actin remodeling did not require its tyrosine-based signaling motifs, which are thought to mediate the co-inhibitory effects of PD-1. Our study highlights a previously unappreciated mechanism of PD-1-mediated suppression of T cell activity, which depends on the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in a signaling motif-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Violette Mouro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Juan-José Saez Pons
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Hermine Ferran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bataille
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Ernesto Zucchetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
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6
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Moldovan L, Song CH, Chen YC, Wang HJ, Ju LA. Biomembrane force probe (BFP): Design, advancements, and recent applications to live-cell mechanobiology. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230004. [PMID: 37933233 PMCID: PMC10624387 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a vital role in biological processes at molecular and cellular levels, significantly impacting various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19. Recent advancements in dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) techniques have enabled the application and measurement of forces and displacements with high resolutions, providing crucial insights into the mechanical pathways underlying these diseases. Among DFS techniques, the biomembrane force probe (BFP) stands out for its ability to measure bond kinetics and cellular mechanosensing with pico-newton and nano-meter resolutions. Here, a comprehensive overview of the classical BFP-DFS setup is presented and key advancements are emphasized, including the development of dual biomembrane force probe (dBFP) and fluorescence biomembrane force probe (fBFP). BFP-DFS allows us to investigate dynamic bond behaviors on living cells and significantly enhances the understanding of specific ligand-receptor axes mediated cell mechanosensing. The contributions of BFP-DFS to the fields of cancer biology, thrombosis, and inflammation are delved into, exploring its potential to elucidate novel therapeutic discoveries. Furthermore, future BFP upgrades aimed at improving output and feasibility are anticipated, emphasizing its growing importance in the field of cell mechanobiology. Although BFP-DFS remains a niche research modality, its impact on the expanding field of cell mechanobiology is immense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moldovan
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Caroline Haoran Song
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yiyao Catherine Chen
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Haoqing Jerry Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
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7
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Measuring Cell Mechanical Properties Using Microindentation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:3-23. [PMID: 36587087 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying cell mechanical properties is of interest to better understand both physiological and pathological cellular processes. Cell mechanical properties are quantified by a finite set of parameters such as the effective Young's modulus or the effective viscosity. These parameters can be extracted by applying controlled forces to a cell and by quantifying the resulting deformation of the cell.Microindentation consists in pressing a cell with a calibrated spring terminated by a rigid tip and by measuring the resulting indentation of the cell. We have developed a microindentation technique that uses a flexible micropipette as a spring. The micropipette has a microbead at its tip, and this spherical geometry allows using analytical models to extract cell mechanical properties from microindentation experiments. We use another micropipette to hold the cell to be indented, which makes this technique well suited to study nonadherent cells, but we also describe how to use this technique on adherent cells.
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8
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In Situ Measurements of Cell Mechanical Properties Using Force Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:25-43. [PMID: 36587088 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanobiology focuses on how physical forces and the mechanical properties of cells and whole tissues affect their function. The mechanical properties of cells are of particular interest to developmental biology and stem cell differentiation, lymphocyte activation and phagocytic action in phagocytes, and development of malignant tumors and metastases. These properties can be measured on whole tissue and cell culture. Advances in instrument sensitivity and design, as well as improved techniques and scientific know-how achieved over the past few decades, allow researchers to study the mechanical properties of single cells and even at the subcellular level. Particularly, nanoindentation measurements using atomic force microscopy (AFM) mechanically probes single cells and even allows mapping of these traits. This chapter discusses these measurements from the experimental design to the analysis.
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9
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Pineau J, Moreau H, Duménil AML, Pierobon P. Polarity in immune cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:197-222. [PMID: 37100518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are responsible for pathogen detection and elimination, as well as for signaling to other cells the presence of potential danger. In order to mount an efficient immune response, they need to move and search for a pathogen, interact with other cells, and diversify the population by asymmetric cell division. All these actions are regulated by cell polarity: cell polarity controls cell motility, which is crucial for scanning peripheral tissues to detect pathogens, and recruiting immune cells to sites of infection; immune cells, in particular lymphocytes, communicate with each other by a direct contact called immunological synapse, which entails a global polarization of the cell and plays a role in activating lymphocyte response; finally, immune cells divide asymmetrically from a precursor, generating a diversity of phenotypes and cell types among daughter cells, such as memory and effector cells. This review aims at providing an overview from both biology and physics perspectives of how cell polarity shapes the main immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France; Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Moreau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France
| | | | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France.
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10
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González-Bermúdez B, Kobayashi H, Abarca-Ortega A, Córcoles-Lucas M, González-Sánchez M, De la Fuente M, Guinea GV, Elices M, Plaza GR. Aging is accompanied by T-cell stiffening and reduced interstitial migration through dysfunctional nuclear organization. Immunology 2022; 167:622-639. [PMID: 36054660 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated changes in T-cell function play a central role in immunosenescence. The role of aging in the decreased T-cell repertoire, primarily because of thymic involution, has been extensively studied. However, increasing evidence indicates that aging also modulates the mechanical properties of cells and the internal ordering of diverse cell components. Cellular functions are generally dictated by the biophysical phenotype of cells, which itself is also tightly regulated at the molecular level. Based on previous evidence suggesting that the relative nuclear size contributes to variations of T-cell stiffness, here we examined whether age-associated changes in T-cell migration are dictated by biophysical parameters, in part through nuclear cytoskeleton organization and cell deformability. In this study, we first performed longitudinal analyses of a repertoire of 111 functional, biophysical and biomolecular features of the nucleus and cytoskeleton of mice CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in both naive and memory state. Focusing on the pairwise correlations, we found that age-related changes in nuclear architecture and internal ordering were correlated with T-cell stiffening and declined interstitial migration. A similarity analysis confirmed that cell-to-cell variation was a direct result of the aging process and we applied regression models to identify biomarkers that can accurately estimate individuals' age. Finally, we propose a biophysical model for a comprehensive understanding of the results: aging involves an evolution of the relative nuclear size, in part through DNA-hypomethylation and nuclear lamin B1, which implies an increased cell stiffness, thus inducing a decline in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca González-Bermúdez
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hikaru Kobayashi
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aldo Abarca-Ortega
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Córcoles-Lucas
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Elices
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo R Plaza
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Govendir MA, Kempe D, Sianati S, Cremasco J, Mazalo JK, Colakoglu F, Golo M, Poole K, Biro M. T cell cytoskeletal forces shape synapse topography for targeted lysis via membrane curvature bias of perforin. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2237-2247.e8. [PMID: 36113483 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) lyse target cells by delivering lytic granules that contain the pore former perforin to the cytotoxic immunological synapse. Here, we establish that opposing cytoskeletal forces drive lytic granule polarization and simultaneously shape T cell synapse topography to enhance target perforation. At the cell rear, actomyosin contractility drives the anterograde movement of lytic granules toward the nucleus. At the synapse, dynein-derived forces induce negatively curved membrane pockets to which granules are transported around the nucleus. These highly concave degranulation pockets are located directly opposite positively curved bulges on the target cell membrane. We identify a curvature bias in the action of perforin, which preferentially perforates positively curved tumor cell membrane. Together, these findings demonstrate murine and human T cell-mediated cytotoxicity to be a highly tuned mechano-biochemical system, in which the forces that polarize lytic granules locally bend the synaptic membrane to favor the unidirectional perforation of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt A Govendir
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Setareh Sianati
- Cellular and Systems Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James Cremasco
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica K Mazalo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Feyza Colakoglu
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matteo Golo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Cellular and Systems Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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12
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Mustapha F, Sengupta K, Puech PH. May the force be with your (immune) cells: an introduction to traction force microscopy in Immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898558. [PMID: 35990636 PMCID: PMC9389945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a couple of decades now, "force" has been recognized as an important physical parameter that cells employ to adapt to their microenvironment. Whether it is externally applied, or internally generated, cells use force to modulate their various actions, from adhesion and migration to differentiation and immune function. T lymphocytes use such mechano-sensitivity to decipher signals when recognizing cognate antigens presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a critical process in the adaptive immune response. As such, many techniques have been developed and used to measure the forces felt/exerted by these small, solitary and extremely reactive cells to decipher their influence on diverse T cell functions, primarily activation. Here, we focus on traction force microscopy (TFM), in which a deformable substrate, coated with the appropriate molecules, acts as a force sensor on the cellular scale. This technique has recently become a center of interest for many groups in the "ImmunoBiophysics" community and, as a consequence, has been subjected to refinements for its application to immune cells. Here, we present an overview of TFM, the precautions and pitfalls, and the most recent developments in the context of T cell immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Mustapha
- Laboratory Adhesion Inflammation (LAI), INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Laboratory Adhesion Inflammation (LAI), INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
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13
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Göhring J, Schrangl L, Schütz GJ, Huppa JB. Mechanosurveillance: Tiptoeing T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886328. [PMID: 35693808 PMCID: PMC9178122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient scanning of tissue that T cells encounter during their migratory life is pivotal to protective adaptive immunity. In fact, T cells can detect even a single antigenic peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) among thousands of structurally similar yet non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCs on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or target cells. Of note, the glycocalyx of target cells, being composed of proteoglycans and bulky proteins, is bound to affect and even modulate antigen recognition by posing as a physical barrier. T cell-resident microvilli are actin-rich membrane protrusions that puncture through such barriers and thereby actively place the considerably smaller T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in close enough proximity to APC-presented pMHCs so that productive interactions may occur efficiently yet under force. We here review our current understanding of how the plasticity of T-cell microvilli and physicochemical properties of the glycocalyx may affect early events in T-cell activation. We assess insights gained from studies on T-cell plasma membrane ultrastructure and provide an update on current efforts to integrate biophysical aspects such as the amplitude and directionality of TCR-imposed mechanical forces and the distribution and lateral mobility of plasma membrane-resident signaling molecules into a more comprehensive view on sensitized T-cell antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Göhring
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Janett Göhring,
| | | | | | - Johannes B. Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Zak A, Dupré-Crochet S, Hudik E, Babataheri A, Barakat AI, Nüsse O, Husson J. Distinct timing of neutrophil spreading and stiffening during phagocytosis. Biophys J 2022; 121:1381-1394. [PMID: 35318004 PMCID: PMC9072703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells form the first line of defense in an organism, engulfing microbial pathogens. Phagocytosis involves cell mechanical changes that are not yet well understood. Understanding these mechanical modifications promises to shed light on the immune processes that trigger pathological complications. Previous studies showed that phagocytes undergo a sequence of spreading events around their target followed by an increase in cell tension. Seemingly in contradiction, other studies observed an increase in cell tension concomitant with membrane expansion. Even though phagocytes are viscoelastic, few studies have quantified viscous changes during phagocytosis. It is also unclear whether cell lines behave mechanically similarly to primary neutrophils. We addressed the question of simultaneous versus sequential spreading and mechanical changes during phagocytosis by using immunoglobulin-G-coated 8- and 20-μm-diameter beads as targets. We used a micropipette-based single-cell rheometer to monitor viscoelastic properties during phagocytosis by both neutrophil-like PLB cells and primary human neutrophils. We show that the faster expansion of PLB cells on larger beads is a geometrical effect reflecting a constant advancing speed of the phagocytic cup. Cells become stiffer on 20- than on 8-μm beads, and the relative timing of spreading and stiffening of PLB cells depends on target size: on larger beads, stiffening starts before maximal spreading area is reached but ends after reaching maximal area. On smaller beads, the stiffness begins to increase after cells have engulfed the bead. Similar to PLB cells, primary cells become stiffer on larger beads but start spreading and stiffen faster, and the stiffening begins before the end of spreading on both bead sizes. Our results show that mechanical changes in phagocytes are not a direct consequence of cell spreading and that models of phagocytosis should be amended to account for causes of cell stiffening other than membrane expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zak
- LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France; Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Oliver Nüsse
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Husson
- LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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15
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Puech PH, Bongrand P. Mechanotransduction as a major driver of cell behaviour: mechanisms, and relevance to cell organization and future research. Open Biol 2021; 11:210256. [PMID: 34753321 PMCID: PMC8586914 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How do cells process environmental cues to make decisions? This simple question is still generating much experimental and theoretical work, at the border of physics, chemistry and biology, with strong implications in medicine. The purpose of mechanobiology is to understand how biochemical and physical cues are turned into signals through mechanotransduction. Here, we review recent evidence showing that (i) mechanotransduction plays a major role in triggering signalling cascades following cell-neighbourhood interaction; (ii) the cell capacity to continually generate forces, and biomolecule properties to undergo conformational changes in response to piconewton forces, provide a molecular basis for understanding mechanotransduction; and (iii) mechanotransduction shapes the guidance cues retrieved by living cells and the information flow they generate. This includes the temporal and spatial properties of intracellular signalling cascades. In conclusion, it is suggested that the described concepts may provide guidelines to define experimentally accessible parameters to describe cell structure and dynamics, as a prerequisite to take advantage of recent progress in high-throughput data gathering, computer simulation and artificial intelligence, in order to build a workable, hopefully predictive, account of cell signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri Puech
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Bongrand
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
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16
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Zhovmer AS, Chandler M, Manning A, Afonin KA, Tabdanov ED. Programmable DNA-augmented hydrogels for controlled activation of human lymphocytes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102442. [PMID: 34284132 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Contractile forces within the planar interface between T cell and antigen-presenting surface mechanically stimulate T cell receptors (TCR) in the mature immune synapses. However, the origin of mechanical stimulation during the initial, i.e., presynaptic, microvilli-based TCR activation in the course of immune surveillance remains unknown and new tools to help address this problem are needed. In this work, we develop nucleic acid nanoassembly (NAN)-based technology for functionalization of hydrogels using isothermal toehold-mediated reassociation of RNA/DNA heteroduplexes. Resulting platform allows for regulation with NAN linkers of 3D force momentum along the TCR mechanical axis, whereas hydrogels contribute to modulation of 2D shear modulus. By utilizing different lengths of NAN linkers conjugated to polyacrylamide gels of different shear moduli, we demonstrate an efficient capture of human T lymphocytes and tunable activation of TCR, as confirmed by T-cell spreading and pY foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Zhovmer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Alexis Manning
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Erdem D Tabdanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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17
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Zak A, Merino-Cortés SV, Sadoun A, Mustapha F, Babataheri A, Dogniaux S, Dupré-Crochet S, Hudik E, He HT, Barakat AI, Carrasco YR, Hamon Y, Puech PH, Hivroz C, Nüsse O, Husson J. Rapid viscoelastic changes are a hallmark of early leukocyte activation. Biophys J 2021; 120:1692-1704. [PMID: 33730552 PMCID: PMC8204340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To accomplish their critical task of removing infected cells and fighting pathogens, leukocytes activate by forming specialized interfaces with other cells. The physics of this key immunological process are poorly understood, but it is important to understand them because leukocytes have been shown to react to their mechanical environment. Using an innovative micropipette rheometer, we show in three different types of leukocytes that, when stimulated by microbeads mimicking target cells, leukocytes become up to 10 times stiffer and more viscous. These mechanical changes start within seconds after contact and evolve rapidly over minutes. Remarkably, leukocyte elastic and viscous properties evolve in parallel, preserving a well-defined ratio that constitutes a mechanical signature specific to each cell type. Our results indicate that simultaneously tracking both elastic and viscous properties during an active cell process provides a new, to our knowledge, way to investigate cell mechanical processes. Our findings also suggest that dynamic immunomechanical measurements can help discriminate between leukocyte subtypes during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zak
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France; Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Anaïs Sadoun
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France
| | - Farah Mustapha
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France; Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- B Lymphocyte Dynamics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Nüsse
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Husson
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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18
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Li Z, Yang X, Zhang Q, Yang W, Zhang H, Liu L, Liang W. Non-invasive acquisition of mechanical properties of cells via passive microfluidic mechanisms: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:031501. [PMID: 34178202 PMCID: PMC8205512 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand to understand the mechanical properties of cells from biomedical, bioengineering, and clinical diagnostic fields has given rise to a variety of research studies. In this context, how to use lab-on-a-chip devices to achieve accurate, high-throughput, and non-invasive acquisition of the mechanical properties of cells has become the focus of many studies. Accordingly, we present a comprehensive review of the development of the measurement of mechanical properties of cells using passive microfluidic mechanisms, including constriction channel-based, fluid-induced, and micropipette aspiration-based mechanisms. This review discusses how these mechanisms work to determine the mechanical properties of the cell as well as their advantages and disadvantages. A detailed discussion is also presented on a series of typical applications of these three mechanisms to measure the mechanical properties of cells. At the end of this article, the current challenges and future prospects of these mechanisms are demonstrated, which will help guide researchers who are interested to get into this area of research. Our conclusion is that these passive microfluidic mechanisms will offer more preferences for the development of lab-on-a-chip technologies and hold great potential for advancing biomedical and bioengineering research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
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19
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Sadoun A, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Ghesquiere-Dierickx L, Wu A, Théodoly O, Limozin L, Hamon Y, Puech PH. Controlling T cells spreading, mechanics and activation by micropatterning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6783. [PMID: 33762632 PMCID: PMC7991639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed a strategy, based on a careful examination of the activation capabilities of proteins and antibodies used as substrates for adhering T cells, coupled to protein microstamping to control at the same time the position, shape, spreading, mechanics and activation state of T cells. Once adhered on patterns, we examined the capacities of T cells to be activated with soluble anti CD3, in comparison to T cells adhered to a continuously decorated substrate with the same density of ligands. We show that, in our hand, adhering onto an anti CD45 antibody decorated surface was not affecting T cell calcium fluxes, even adhered on variable size micro-patterns. Aside, we analyzed the T cell mechanics, when spread on pattern or not, using Atomic Force Microscopy indentation. By expressing MEGF10 as a non immune adhesion receptor in T cells we measured the very same spreading area on PLL substrates and Young modulus than non modified cells, immobilized on anti CD45 antibodies, while retaining similar activation capabilities using soluble anti CD3 antibodies or through model APC contacts. We propose that our system is a way to test activation or anergy of T cells with defined adhesion and mechanical characteristics, and may allow to dissect fine details of these mechanisms since it allows to observe homogenized populations in standardized T cell activation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sadoun
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laura Ghesquiere-Dierickx
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Present Address: Division of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ambroise Wu
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Present Address: Department of Biophysics, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Olivier Théodoly
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Limozin
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Inserm, CIML Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.457381.cAdhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Inserm, UMR_S 1067, 13288 Marseille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), CNRS, UMR 7333, 13288 Marseille, France
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Pérez-Calixto D, Amat-Shapiro S, Zamarrón-Hernández D, Vázquez-Victorio G, Puech PH, Hautefeuille M. Determination by Relaxation Tests of the Mechanical Properties of Soft Polyacrylamide Gels Made for Mechanobiology Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:629. [PMID: 33672475 PMCID: PMC7923444 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the general aim of recapitulating the native mechanical properties of tissues and organs in vitro, the field of materials science and engineering has benefited from recent progress in developing compliant substrates with physical and chemical properties similar to those of biological materials. In particular, in the field of mechanobiology, soft hydrogels can now reproduce the precise range of stiffnesses of healthy and pathological tissues to study the mechanisms behind cell responses to mechanics. However, it was shown that biological tissues are not only elastic but also relax at different timescales. Cells can, indeed, perceive this dissipation and actually need it because it is a critical signal integrated with other signals to define adhesion, spreading and even more complicated functions. The mechanical characterization of hydrogels used in mechanobiology is, however, commonly limited to the elastic stiffness (Young's modulus) and this value is known to depend greatly on the measurement conditions that are rarely reported in great detail. Here, we report that a simple relaxation test performed under well-defined conditions can provide all the necessary information for characterizing soft materials mechanically, by fitting the dissipation behavior with a generalized Maxwell model (GMM). The simple method was validated using soft polyacrylamide hydrogels and proved to be very useful to readily unveil precise mechanical properties of gels that cells can sense and offer a set of characteristic values that can be compared with what is typically reported from microindentation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Calixto
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.); (D.Z.-H.); (G.V.-V.)
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Samuel Amat-Shapiro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.); (D.Z.-H.); (G.V.-V.)
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Diego Zamarrón-Hernández
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.); (D.Z.-H.); (G.V.-V.)
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.); (D.Z.-H.); (G.V.-V.)
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Adhesion and Inflammation Lab (LAI), Aix Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Inserm, UMR_S 1067, CNRS, UMR 7333, F-13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Mathieu Hautefeuille
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.P.-C.); (S.A.-S.); (D.Z.-H.); (G.V.-V.)
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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21
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Zucchetti AE, Paillon N, Markova O, Dogniaux S, Hivroz C, Husson J. Influence of external forces on actin-dependent T cell protrusions during immune synapse formation. Biol Cell 2021; 113:250-263. [PMID: 33471387 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION We have previously observed that in response to antigenic activation, T cells produce actin-rich protrusions that generate forces involved in T cell activation. These forces are influenced by the mechanical properties of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, how external forces, which can be produced by APCs, influence the dynamic of the actin protrusion remains unknown. In this study, we quantitatively characterised the effects of external forces in the dynamic of the protrusion grown by activated T cells. RESULTS Using a micropipette force probe, we applied controlled compressive or pulling forces on primary T lymphocytes activated by an antibody-covered microbead, and measured the effects of these forces on the protrusion generated by T lymphocytes. We found that the application of compressive forces slightly decreased the length, the time at which the protrusion stops growing and retracts and the velocity of the protrusion formation, whereas pulling forces strongly increased these parameters. In both cases, the applied forces did not alter the time required for the T cells to start growing the protrusion (delay). Exploring the molecular events controlling the dynamic of the protrusion, we showed that inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex impaired the dynamic of the protrusion by reducing both its maximum length and its growth speed and increasing the delay to start growing. Finally, T cells developed similar protrusions in more physiological conditions, that is, when activated by an APC instead of an activating microbead. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the formation of the force-generating protrusion by T cells is set by an intracellular constant time and that its dynamic is sensitive to external forces. They also show that actin assembly mediated by actin-related protein Arp2/3 complex is involved in the formation and dynamic of the protrusion. SIGNIFICANCE Actin-rich protrusions developed by T cells are sensory organelles that serve as actuators of immune surveillance. Our study shows that forces experienced by this organelle modify their dynamic suggesting that they might modify immune responses. Moreover, the quantitative aspects of our analysis should help to get insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ernesto Zucchetti
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Olga Markova
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Integrative Analysis of T Cell Activation Team, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, Cedex, 05, France
| | - Julien Husson
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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22
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Guo X, Sun M, Yang Y, Xu H, Liu J, He S, Wang Y, Xu L, Pang W, Duan X. Controllable Cell Deformation Using Acoustic Streaming for Membrane Permeability Modulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002489. [PMID: 33552859 PMCID: PMC7856903 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic force loading platforms for controllable cell mechanical deformation play an essential role in modern cell technologies. Current systems require assistance from specific microstructures thus limiting the controllability and flexibility in cell shape modulation, and studies on real-time 3D cell morphology analysis are still absent. This article presents a novel platform based on acoustic streaming generated from a gigahertz device for cell shape control and real-time cell deformation analysis. Details in cell deformation and the restoration process are thoroughly studied on the platform, and cell behavior control at the microscale is successfully achieved by tuning the treating time, intensity, and wave form of the streaming. The application of this platform in cell membrane permeability modulation and analysis is also exploited. Based on the membrane reorganization during cell deformation, the effects of deformation extent and deformation patterns on membrane permeability to micro- and macromolecules are revealed. This technology has shown its unique superiorities in cell mechanical manipulation such as high flexibility, high accuracy, and pure fluid force operation, indicating its promising prospect as a reliable tool for cell property study and drug therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Mengjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Huihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Shan He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Linyan Xu
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto‐electronics EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Wei Pang
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto‐electronics EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
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23
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Blumenthal D, Chandra V, Avery L, Burkhardt JK. Mouse T cell priming is enhanced by maturation-dependent stiffening of the dendritic cell cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e55995. [PMID: 32720892 PMCID: PMC7417170 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs) involves forces exerted by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, which are opposed by the cortical cytoskeleton of the interacting antigen-presenting cell. During an immune response, DCs undergo a maturation process that optimizes their ability to efficiently prime naïve T cells. Using atomic force microscopy, we find that during maturation, DC cortical stiffness increases via a process that involves actin polymerization. Using stimulatory hydrogels and DCs expressing mutant cytoskeletal proteins, we find that increasing stiffness lowers the agonist dose needed for T cell activation. CD4+ T cells exhibit much more profound stiffness dependency than CD8+ T cells. Finally, stiffness responses are most robust when T cells are stimulated with pMHC rather than anti-CD3ε, consistent with a mechanosensing mechanism involving receptor deformation. Taken together, our data reveal that maturation-associated cytoskeletal changes alter the biophysical properties of DCs, providing mechanical cues that costimulate T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blumenthal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Vidhi Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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24
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González-Bermúdez B, Kobayashi H, Navarrete Á, Nyblad C, González-Sánchez M, de la Fuente M, Fuentes G, Guinea GV, García C, Plaza GR. Single-cell biophysical study reveals deformability and internal ordering relationship in T cells. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5669-5678. [PMID: 32519732 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deformability and internal ordering are key features related to cell function, particularly critical for cells that routinely undergo large deformations, like T cells during extravasation and migration. In the measurement of cell deformability, a considerable variability is typically obtained, masking the identification of possible interrelationships between deformability, internal ordering and cell function. We report the development of a single-cell methodology that combines measurements of living-cell deformability, using micropipette aspiration, and three-dimensional confocal analysis of the nucleus and cytoskeleton. We show that this single-cell approach can serve as a powerful tool to identify appropriate parameters that characterize deformability within a population of cells, not readably discernable in population-averaged data. By applying this single-cell methodology to mouse CD4+ T cells, our results demonstrate that the relative size of the nucleus, better than other geometrical or cytoskeletal features, effectively determines the overall deformability of the cells within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca González-Bermúdez
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hikaru Kobayashi
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Navarrete
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - César Nyblad
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica de la Fuente
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fuentes
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain and Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Gustavo R Plaza
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain. and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Chabaud M, Paillon N, Gaus K, Hivroz C. Mechanobiology of antigen‐induced T cell arrest. Biol Cell 2020; 112:196-212. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chabaud
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
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26
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Merino-Cortés SV, Gardeta SR, Roman-Garcia S, Martínez-Riaño A, Pineau J, Liebana R, Merida I, Dumenil AML, Pierobon P, Husson J, Alarcon B, Carrasco YR. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ promotes actin cytoskeleton remodeling and mechanical forces at the B cell immune synapse. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/627/eaaw8214. [PMID: 32291315 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw8214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) limit antigen receptor signaling in immune cells by consuming the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Here, we showed that DGKζ promotes lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)-mediated adhesion and F-actin generation at the immune synapse of B cells with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), mostly in a PA-dependent manner. Measurement of single-cell mechanical force generation indicated that DGKζ-deficient B cells exerted lower forces at the immune synapse than did wild-type B cells. Nonmuscle myosin activation and translocation of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) to the immune synapse were also impaired in DGKζ-deficient B cells. These functional defects correlated with the decreased ability of B cells to present antigen and activate T cells in vitro. The in vivo germinal center response of DGKζ-deficient B cells was also reduced compared with that of wild-type B cells, indicating that loss of DGKζ in B cells impaired T cell help. Together, our data suggest that DGKζ shapes B cell responses by regulating actin remodeling, force generation, and antigen uptake-related events at the immune synapse. Hence, an appropriate balance in the amounts of DAG and PA is required for optimal B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Merino-Cortés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia R Gardeta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Roman-Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Liebana
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyx), Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Samassa F, Ferrari ML, Husson J, Mikhailova A, Porat Z, Sidaner F, Brunner K, Teo TH, Frigimelica E, Tinevez JY, Sansonetti PJ, Thoulouze MI, Phalipon A. Shigella impairs human T lymphocyte responsiveness by hijacking actin cytoskeleton dynamics and T cell receptor vesicular trafficking. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13166. [PMID: 31957253 PMCID: PMC7187243 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies employed by pathogenic enteric bacteria, such as Shigella, to subvert the host adaptive immunity are not well defined. Impairment of T lymphocyte chemotaxis by blockage of polarised edge formation has been reported upon Shigella infection. However, the functional impact of Shigella on T lymphocytes remains to be determined. Here, we show that Shigella modulates CD4+ T cell F‐actin dynamics and increases cell cortical stiffness. The scanning ability of T lymphocytes when encountering antigen‐presenting cells (APC) is subsequently impaired resulting in decreased cell–cell contacts (or conjugates) between the two cell types, as compared with non‐infected T cells. In addition, the few conjugates established between the invaded T cells and APCs display no polarised delivery and accumulation of the T cell receptor to the contact zone characterising canonical immunological synapses. This is most likely due to the targeting of intracellular vesicular trafficking by the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors IpaJ and VirA. The collective impact of these cellular reshapings by Shigella eventually results in T cell activation dampening. Altogether, these results highlight the combined action of T3SS effectors leading to T cell defects upon Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatoumata Samassa
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Mariana L Ferrari
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Katja Brunner
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France.,Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Armelle Phalipon
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
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28
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Blumenthal D, Burkhardt JK. Multiple actin networks coordinate mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201911058. [PMID: 31977034 PMCID: PMC7041673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is an essential step in mounting an adaptive immune response. It is known that antigen recognition and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling depend on forces applied by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, but until recently, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly defined. Here, we review recent advances in the field, which show that specific actin-dependent structures contribute to the process in distinct ways. In essence, T cell priming involves a tug-of-war between the cytoskeletons of the T cell and the APC, where the actin cytoskeleton serves as a mechanical intermediate that integrates force-dependent signals. We consider each of the relevant actin-rich T cell structures separately and address how they work together at the topologically and temporally complex cell-cell interface. In addition, we address how this mechanobiology can be incorporated into canonical immunological models to improve how these models explain T cell sensitivity and antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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29
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Versatile and High-throughput Force Measurement Platform for Dorsal Cell Mechanics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13286. [PMID: 31527594 PMCID: PMC6746792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a high-throughput microfluidics technique facilitating in situ measurements of cell mechanics parameters at the dorsal side of the cell, including molecular binding strengths, local traction forces, and viscoelastic properties. By adjusting the flow rate, the force magnitude exerted on the cell can be modulated ranging from ~14 pN to 2 nN to perturb various force-dependent processees in cells. Time-lapse images were acquired to record events due to such perturbation. The values of various mechanical parameters are subsequently obtained by single particle tracking. Up to 50 events can be measured simultaneously in a single experiment. Integrating the microfluidic techniques with the analytic framework established in computational fluid dynamics, our method is physiologically relevant, reliable, economic and efficient.
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30
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Membrane Organization and Physical Regulation of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors: A Biophysicist's Perspective. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:397-412. [PMID: 31352492 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptors at the membrane of immune cells are the central players of innate and adaptative immunity, providing effective defence mechanisms against pathogens or cancer cells. Their function is intimately linked to their position at and within the membrane which provides accessibility, mobility as well as membrane proximal cytoskeleton anchoring, all of these elements playing important roles in the final function and links to cellular actions. Understanding how immune cells integrate the specific signals received at their membrane to take a decision remains an immense challenge and a very active field of fundamental and applied research. Recent progress in imaging and micromanipulation techniques have led to an unprecedented refinement in the description of molecular structures and supramolecular assemblies at the immune cell membrane, and provided a glimpse into their dynamics and regulation by force. Several key elements have been scrutinized such as the roles of relative sizes of molecules, lateral organisation, motion in the membrane of the receptors, but also physical cues such as forces, mediated by cellular substrates of different rigidities or applied by the cell itself, in conjunction with its partner cell. We review here these recent discoveries associated with a description of the biophysical methods used. While a conclusive picture integrating all of these components is still lacking, mainly due to the implication of diverse and different mechanisms and spatio-temporal scales involved, the amount of quantitative data available opens the way for physical modelling and numerical simulations and new avenues for experimental research.
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31
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Micropipette force sensors for in vivo force measurements on single cells and multicellular microorganisms. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:594-615. [PMID: 30697007 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Measuring forces from the piconewton to millinewton range is of great importance for the study of living systems from a biophysical perspective. The use of flexible micropipettes as highly sensitive force probes has become established in the biophysical community, advancing our understanding of cellular processes and microbial behavior. The micropipette force sensor (MFS) technique relies on measurement of the forces acting on a force-calibrated, hollow glass micropipette by optically detecting its deflections. The MFS technique covers a wide micro- and mesoscopic regime of detectable forces (tens of piconewtons to millinewtons) and sample sizes (micrometers to millimeters), does not require gluing of the sample to the cantilever, and allows simultaneous optical imaging of the sample throughout the experiment. Here, we provide a detailed protocol describing how to manufacture and calibrate the micropipettes, as well as how to successfully design, perform, and troubleshoot MFS experiments. We exemplify our approach using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, but by following this protocol, a wide variety of living samples, ranging from single cells to multicellular aggregates and millimeter-sized organisms, can be studied in vivo, with a force resolution as low as 10 pN. A skilled (under)graduate student can master the technique in ~1-2 months. The whole protocol takes ~1-2 d to finish.
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32
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Comparison of cell mechanical measurements provided by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Micropipette Aspiration (MPA). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 95:103-115. [PMID: 30986755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of T-lymphocyte mechanical data obtained from Micropipette Aspiration (MPA) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is presented. Results obtained by fitting the experimental data to simple Hertz and Theret models led to non-Gaussian distributions and significantly different values of the elastic moduli obtained by both techniques. The use of more refined models, taking into account the finite size of cells (simplified double contact and Zhou models) reduces the differences in the values calculated for the elastic moduli. Several possible sources for the discrepancy between the techniques are considered. The analysis suggests that the local nature of AFM measurements compared with the more general character of MPA measurements probably contributed to the differences observed.
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33
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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34
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Alam F, Kumar S, Varadarajan KM. Quantification of Adhesion Force of Bacteria on the Surface of Biomaterials: Techniques and Assays. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2093-2110. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alam
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Shanmugam Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Kartik M. Varadarajan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, A-111, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harris Orthopaedics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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35
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Advances in Micropipette Aspiration: Applications in Cell Biomechanics, Models, and Extended Studies. Biophys J 2019; 116:587-594. [PMID: 30683304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With five decades of sustained application, micropipette aspiration has enabled a wide range of biomechanical studies in the field of cell mechanics. Here, we provide an update on the use of the technique, with a focus on recent developments in the analysis of the experiments, innovative microaspiration-based approaches, and applications in a broad variety of cell types. We first recapitulate experimental variations of the technique. We then discuss analysis models focusing on important limitations of widely used biomechanical models, which underpin the urge to adopt the appropriate ones to avoid misleading conclusions. The possibilities of performing different studies on the same cell are also considered.
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36
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Su QP, Ju LA. Biophysical nanotools for single-molecule dynamics. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1349-1357. [PMID: 30121743 PMCID: PMC6233351 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of the cell biology field is now shifting from characterizing cellular activities to organelle and molecular behaviors. This process accompanies the development of new biophysical visualization techniques that offer high spatial and temporal resolutions with ultra-sensitivity and low cell toxicity. They allow the biology research community to observe dynamic behaviors from scales of single molecules, organelles, cells to organoids, and even live animal tissues. In this review, we summarize these biophysical techniques into two major classes: the mechanical nanotools like dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) and the optical nanotools like single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy. We also discuss their applications in elucidating molecular dynamics and functionally mapping of interactions between inter-cellular networks and intra-cellular components, which is key to understanding cellular processes such as adhesion, trafficking, inheritance, and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peter Su
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre and Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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