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Pantzaris MC, Bakirtzis C, Grigoriadis N, Hadjigeorgiou G, Dardiotis E, Loucaides G, Ntzani E, Markozannes G, Omorfos S, Valsasina P, Messina R, Preziosa P, Rocca MA, Patrikios I. Phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Neuroaspis plp10 as an adjuvant treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis: the MINERAL Study. BMJ Neurol Open 2022; 4:e000334. [PMID: 36353267 PMCID: PMC9639060 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2022-000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the effectiveness of Neuroaspis plp10 nutritional supplement when added to interferon (IFN)-β treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Design A 30-month phase III multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Randomisation stratified by centre using a computer-generated procedure with Neuroaspis plp10 versus placebo in 1:1 ratio. The first 6 months were used as both the pre-entry and normalisation period. Setting 3 teaching hospitals in Greece and 1 Neurology Institute in Cyprus. Participants 61 patients with RRMS on IFN-β were randomly assigned to receive Neuroaspis plp10 (n=32) or placebo (n=29), 20 mL, orally, once daily, for 30 months. Intervention Neuroaspis plp10, a cocktail mixture, containing specific PUFA (12 150 mg) and γ-tocopherol (760 mg) versus virgin olive oil (placebo). Main outcome measure The primary end point was the annual relapse rate (ARR) whereas the secondary ones were the rate of sustained progression of disability, as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the brain T2 and gadolinium-enhancing lesions, at 2 years. Results For the intention-to-treat analyses Neuroaspis plp10 significantly reduced the ARR by 80%, (RRR, 0.20; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.45; p=0.0001) and the risk of sustained progression of disability by 73% (HR, 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.83; p=0.022) versus placebo, at 2 years. The number of T1 gadolinium-enhancing lesions and the number of new/enlarged T2-hyperintense lesions were significantly reduced (p=0.01 and p<0.0001, respectively). Both T1-enhancing and new/enlarging T2-hyperintense lesions were significantly reduced (p=0.05 and p<0.0001, respectively). No significant adverse events were reported. Conclusions Neuroaspis plp10 added to IFN-β was significantly more effective than IFN-β alone in patients with RRMS. Trial registration number ISRCTN06166891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C Pantzaris
- Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Department of Neurology Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Hadjigeorgiou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimos Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - George Loucaides
- Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Neurology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine (UISM), Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Savvas Omorfos
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Messina
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, Universita Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
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Xu J, Lan Y, Wang X, Shang K, Liu X, Wang J, Li J, Yue B, Shao M, Fan Z. Multi-omics analysis reveals the host-microbe interactions in aged rhesus macaques. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993879. [PMID: 36238598 PMCID: PMC9551614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex multifactorial process that greatly affects animal health. Multi-omics analysis is widely applied in evolutionary biology and biomedical research. However, whether multi-omics can provide sufficient information to reveal comprehensive changes in aged non-human primates remains unclear. Here, we explored changes in host-microbe interactions with aging in Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta lasiota, CRs) using multi-omics analysis. Results showed marked changes in the oral and gut microbiomes between young and aged CRs, including significantly reduced probiotic abundance and increased pathogenic bacterial abundance in aged CRs. Notably, the abundance of Lactobacillus, which can metabolize tryptophan to produce aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, was decreased in aged CRs. Consistently, metabolomics detected a decrease in the plasma levels of AhR ligands. In addition, free fatty acid, acyl carnitine, heparin, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester levels were increased in aged CRs, which may contribute to abnormal fatty acid metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Transcriptome analysis identified changes in the expression of genes associated with tryptophan metabolism and inflammation. In conclusion, many potential links among different omics were found, suggesting that aged CRs face multiple metabolic problems, immunological disorders, and oral and gut diseases. We determined that tryptophan metabolism is critical for the physiological health of aged CRs. Our findings demonstrate the value of multi-omics analyses in revealing host-microbe interactions in non-human primates and suggest that similar approaches could be applied in evolutionary and ecological research of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiying Shao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Characterization of Severity in Zellweger Spectrum Disorder by Clinical Findings: A Scoping Review, Meta-Analysis and Medical Chart Review. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121891. [PMID: 35741019 PMCID: PMC9221082 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD) is a rare, debilitating genetic disorder of peroxisome biogenesis that affects multiple organ systems and presents with broad clinical heterogeneity. Although severe, intermediate, and mild forms of ZSD have been described, these designations are often arbitrary, presenting difficulty in understanding individual prognosis and treatment effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to conduct a scoping review and meta-analysis of existing literature and a medical chart review to determine if characterization of clinical findings can predict severity in ZSD. Our PubMed search for articles describing severity, clinical findings, and survival in ZSD resulted in 107 studies (representing 307 patients) that were included in the review and meta-analysis. We also collected and analyzed these same parameters from medical records of 136 ZSD individuals from our natural history study. Common clinical findings that were significantly different across severity categories included seizures, hypotonia, reduced mobility, feeding difficulties, renal cysts, adrenal insufficiency, hearing and vision loss, and a shortened lifespan. Our primary data analysis also revealed significant differences across severity categories in failure to thrive, gastroesophageal reflux, bone fractures, global developmental delay, verbal communication difficulties, and cardiac abnormalities. Univariable multinomial logistic modeling analysis of clinical findings and very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) levels showed that the number of clinical findings present among seizures, abnormal EEG, renal cysts, and cardiac abnormalities, as well as plasma C26:0 fatty acid levels could differentiate severity categories. We report the largest characterization of clinical findings in relation to overall disease severity in ZSD. This information will be useful in determining appropriate outcomes for specific subjects in clinical trials for ZSD.
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The Key Role of Peroxisomes in Follicular Growth, Oocyte Maturation, Ovulation, and Steroid Biosynthesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7982344. [PMID: 35154572 PMCID: PMC8831076 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7982344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The absence of peroxisomes can cause disease in the human reproductive system, including the ovaries. The available peroxisomal gene-knockout female mouse models, which exhibit pathological changes in the ovary and reduced fertility, are listed in this review. Our review article provides the first systematic presentation of peroxisomal regulation and its possible functions in the ovary. Our immunofluorescence results reveal that peroxisomes are present in all cell types in the ovary; however, peroxisomes exhibit different numerical abundances and strong heterogeneity in their protein composition among distinct ovarian cell types. The peroxisomal compartment is strongly altered during follicular development and during oocyte maturation, which suggests that peroxisomes play protective roles in oocytes against oxidative stress and lipotoxicity during ovulation and in the survival of oocytes before conception. In addition, the peroxisomal compartment is involved in steroid synthesis, and peroxisomal dysfunction leads to disorder in the sexual hormone production process. However, an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these physiological and pathological processes is lacking. To date, no effective treatment for peroxisome-related disease has been developed, and only supportive methods are available. Thus, further investigation is needed to resolve peroxisome deficiency in the ovary and eventually promote female fertility.
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5
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Ophthalmic Diagnosis and Novel Management of Infantile Refsum Disease with Combination Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cholic Acid. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2021; 2021:1345937. [PMID: 34664020 PMCID: PMC8520494 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1345937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile Refsum disease is a rare peroxisomal biogenesis disorder characterized by impaired alpha-oxidation and accumulation of phytanic acid in the tissues. Patients often present with fundus changes resembling retinitis pigmentosa, developmental delay, sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia, and hepatomegaly. Traditionally, mainstay treatment for this condition has been a phytanic acid-restricted diet, although supplementation with either docosahexaenoic acid or cholic acid has rarely been described in the literature. We present a case of infantile Refsum disease in a child with retinitis pigmentosa-like ocular findings, sensorineural hearing loss, and self-resolving hepatic disease, who developed novel findings of macular edema refractory to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. We describe management with a phytanic acid-restricted diet and combination docosahexaenoic acid, and cholic acid therapy, which helped to limit progression of her disease.
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6
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Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism, also known as inherited metabolic diseases, constitute an important group of conditions presenting with neurologic signs in newborns. They are individually rare but collectively common. Many are treatable through restoration of homeostasis of a disrupted metabolic pathway. Given their frequency and potential for treatment, the clinician should be aware of this group of conditions and learn to identify the typical manifestations of the different inborn errors of metabolism. In this review, we summarize the clinical, laboratory, electrophysiologic, and neuroimaging findings of the different inborn errors of metabolism that can present with florid neurologic signs and symptoms in the neonatal period.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/therapy
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnostic imaging
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/therapy
- Neuroimaging
- Pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Ferreira
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Rare Disease Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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7
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Al-Ghannami SS, Sedlak E, Hussein IS, Min Y, Al-Shmmkhi SM, Al-Oufi HS, Al-Mazroui A, Clough P, Ghebremeskel K. DHA-enriched re-esterified triacylglycerol fish oil supplementation and oily fish consumption enhance red blood n-3 fatty acid index in Omani pre-adolescent schoolchildren. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:74-82. [PMID: 30103936 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary habits of Omani population particularly of children and young adults have changed significantly. Consumption of imported calorie-dense foods, vegetable oils, milled and polished grains and carbonated beverages have become the norm. Concomitantly, there has been an exponential increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The impact of the westernisation of eating habits on children has not been evaluated. We have investigated blood fatty acid profile of male (n = 125) and female (n = 160) children aged 9 and 10 (9.8 ± 0.4) years enrolled from three state-funded schools. The schools, which are homogenous with respect to socio-economic background of their pupils, were randomised into fish oil (n = 98), oily fish (n = 82) or control (n = 105) group. Subsequently, the children were given during morning tea break for 12 weeks: 1. DHA-enriched re-esterified triacylglycerol fish oil capsule with cheese/salad sandwich (fish oil group), 2. Lightly grilled oily fish with salad (fish group) or 3. Cheese/salad sandwich (control group). At baseline, the males had higher myristic, palmitic and oleic and lower adrenic acids than the females (p < 0.05). There was no difference in n-3 fatty acid index (4.86 ± 1.95 vs. 5.12 ± 1.67, p > 0.05) or AA (14.6 ± 1.9 vs. 14.9 ± 1.8, p > 0.05) between the genders. There was no difference in any of the fatty acids between the three groups at baseline. Post-intervention, the oily fish group had lower n-3 fatty acid index (EPA + DHA, 6.03 ± 1.39 vs. 6.60 ± 1.63, p < 0.05) and higher AA (15.2 ± 1.8 vs. 13.7 ± 2.0, p = 0.0001) and n-3 DPA (1.40 ± 0.27 vs. 1.07 ± 0.22, p = 0.0001) compared with those who received fish oil capsules. In both the fish oil and oily fish groups, fatty acid index correlated positively with AA (r = 0.394, p = 0.0001; r = 0.231, p = 0.038) and negatively with total saturated (r = - 0.816, p = 0.0001; r = - 0.439, p = 0.0001) and total mono-unsaturated (r = - 0.431, p = 0.0001; r = - 0.231, p = 0.037) fatty acids. Although seafood is an integral part of traditional Omani cuisine the children had a low level of n-3 fatty acids index. There is a need to address this nutritional insufficiency through school feeding programme, targeted intervention with n-3 fatty acid enriched food products and/or family education programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Al-Ghannami
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK; Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - E Sedlak
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - I S Hussein
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - Y Min
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | | | - H S Al-Oufi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - A Al-Mazroui
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - P Clough
- Cobden Research Limited, Grayburn Garden House, Newbegin, Beverley, UK
| | - K Ghebremeskel
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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Wanders RJA. Peroxisomal disorders: Improved laboratory diagnosis, new defects and the complicated route to treatment. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:60-69. [PMID: 29438773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes catalyze a number of essential metabolic functions of which fatty acid alpha- and beta-oxidation, ether phospholipid biosynthesis, glyoxylate detoxification and bile acid synthesis are the most important. The key role of peroxisomes in humans is exemplified by the existence of a group of peroxisomal disorders, caused by mutations in > 30 different genes which code for proteins with a role in either peroxisome biogenesis or one of the metabolic pathways in peroxisomes. Technological advances in laboratory methods at the metabolite-, enzyme-, and molecular level have not only allowed the identification of new peroxisomal disorders but also new phenotypes associated with already identified genetic defects thus extending the clinical spectrum. Unfortunately, progress in the field of pathogenesis and treatment has lagged behind although there are certainly new and hopeful developments with respect to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and hyperoxaluria type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chevalier AC, Rosenberger TA. Increasing acetyl-CoA metabolism attenuates injury and alters spinal cord lipid content in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2017; 141:721-737. [PMID: 28369944 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acetate supplementation increases brain acetyl-CoA metabolism, alters histone and non-histone protein acetylation, increases brain energy reserves, and is anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in rat models of neuroinflammation and neuroborreliosis. To determine the impact acetate supplementation has on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, we quantified the effect treatment had on injury progression, spinal cord lipid content, phospholipase levels, and myelin structure in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced by inoculating mice with a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide fragment (MOG35-55 ), and acetate supplementation was maintained with 4 g/kg glyceryl triacetate by a daily oral gavage. Acetate supplementation prevented the onset of clinical signs in mice subject to EAE compared to control-treated mice. Furthermore, acetate supplementation prevented the loss of spinal cord ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipid and phosphatidylserine in mice subjected to EAE compared to EAE animals treated with water. Treatment increased saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid levels in phosphatidylserine compared to controls suggesting that acetate was utilized to increase spinal cord fatty acid content. Also, acetate supplementation prevented the loss of spinal cord cholesterol in EAE animals but did not change cholesteryl esters. Treatment significantly increased GD3 and GD1a ganglioside levels in EAE mice when compared to EAE mice treated with water. Treatment returned levels of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ) levels back to baseline and based on FluoroMyelin™ histochemistry maintained myelin structural characteristics. Overall, these data suggest that acetate supplementation may modulate lipid metabolism in mice subjected to EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber C Chevalier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Thad A Rosenberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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10
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Ge MM, Hu L, Li Z, Cheng G, Yan K, Kong Y, Wang H, Yang L, Zhou W. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the PEX1 gene in two Chinese newborns with Zellweger syndrome based on whole exome sequencing. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 470:24-28. [PMID: 28432012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) represent a spectrum of human genetic disorders that are characterized by damaged peroxisome assembly. In the newborn period, the characteristics of affected patients include dysmorphic facial features, neonatal hypotonia, seizures, ocular abnormalities, poor feeding, liver cysts with hepatic dysfunction and skeletal defects. These can be caused by a defect in at least 14 different PEX genes. In this study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on samples from two Chinese newborns with clinical features of Zellweger syndrome. WES identified two novel mutations (c.2416+1G>T and c.2489delT) in patient 1 and another two novel mutations (c.1483+1G>A and c.1727dupG) in patient 2 in the PEX1 gene. All four mutations have a serious influence on the protein function, which also highlights the power of WES, particularly in clinically challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Ge
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - LiYuan Hu
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZhiHua Li
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - GuoQiang Cheng
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - YanTing Kong
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - HuiJun Wang
- Birth Defect Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Clinical Genetic Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - WenHao Zhou
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Birth Defect Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Klouwer FCC, Berendse K, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJA, Engelen M, Poll-The BT. Zellweger spectrum disorders: clinical overview and management approach. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:151. [PMID: 26627182 PMCID: PMC4666198 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) represent the major subgroup within the peroxisomal biogenesis disorders caused by defects in PEX genes. The Zellweger spectrum is a clinical and biochemical continuum which can roughly be divided into three clinical phenotypes. Patients can present in the neonatal period with severe symptoms or later in life during adolescence or adulthood with only minor features. A defect of functional peroxisomes results in several metabolic abnormalities, which in most cases can be detected in blood and urine. There is currently no curative therapy, but supportive care is available. This review focuses on the management of patients with a ZSD and provides recommendations for supportive therapeutic options for all those involved in the care for ZSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke C C Klouwer
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kevin Berendse
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO BOX 22660, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Hepatic dysfunction in peroxisomal disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:956-70. [PMID: 26453805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisomal compartment in hepatocytes hosts several essential metabolic conversions. These are defective in peroxisomal disorders that are either caused by failure to import the enzymes in the organelle or by mutations in the enzymes or in transporters needed to transfer the substrates across the peroxisomal membrane. Hepatic pathology is one of the cardinal features in disorders of peroxisome biogenesis and peroxisomal β-oxidation although it only rarely determines the clinical fate. In mouse models of these diseases liver pathologies also occur, although these are not always concordant with the human phenotype which might be due to differences in diet, expression of enzymes and backup mechanisms. Besides the morphological changes, we overview the impact of peroxisome malfunction on other cellular compartments including mitochondria and the ER. We further focus on the metabolic pathways that are affected such as bile acid formation, and dicarboxylic acid and branched chain fatty acid degradation. It appears that the association between deregulated metabolites and pathological events remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory for Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Farr RL, Lismont C, Terlecky SR, Fransen M. Peroxisome biogenesis in mammalian cells: The impact of genes and environment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1049-60. [PMID: 26305119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and progression of many human diseases are mediated by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. As all diseases begin with an imbalance at the cellular level, it is essential to understand how various types of molecular aberrations, metabolic changes, and environmental stressors function as switching points in essential communication networks. In recent years, peroxisomes have emerged as important intracellular hubs for redox-, lipid-, inflammatory-, and nucleic acid-mediated signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on how nature and nurture modulate peroxisome biogenesis and function in mammalian cells. First, we review emerging evidence that changes in peroxisome activity can be linked to the epigenetic regulation of cell function. Next, we outline how defects in peroxisome biogenesis may directly impact cellular pathways involved in the development of disease. In addition, we discuss how changes in the cellular microenvironment can modulate peroxisome biogenesis and function. Finally, given the importance of peroxisome function in multiple aspects of health, disease, and aging, we highlight the need for more research in this still understudied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Farr
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley R Terlecky
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ahmad A, Momenan R, van Gelderen P, Moriguchi T, Greiner RS, Salem N. Gray and White Matter Brain Volume in Aged Rats Raised onn-3 Fatty Acid Deficient Diets. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 7:13-20. [PMID: 15085554 DOI: 10.1080/1028415042000202009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 or n-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid, are important structural lipids in the brain. Their deficiency leads to a number of sensory, cognitive and behavioral effects. In previous studies, we showed that n-3 deficiency led to a decrease in the neuronal size of a number of brain regions in young rats. In particular, the neuronal size in the hippocampus CA1-CA3 layers decreased with a slight increase in the volumes of these layers. Therefore, we asked whether fatty acid deficiency could affect rat brain morphology in older animals. To address this question, we carried out gross morphological analysis using Magnetic Resonance Imaging on the gray and white matter volumes of brains in older rats (> 15 months) that were raised on n-3 deficient diets for three generations. We did not detect any differences in the total or regional gray and white matter volumes of brains of old rats maintained on a n-3 deficient or supplemented diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeq Ahmad
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institutes on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
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Klein CJ, Havranek TG, Revenis ME, Hassanali Z, Scavo LM. Plasma fatty acids in premature infants with hyperbilirubinemia: before-and-after nutrition support with fish oil emulsion. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28:87-94. [PMID: 23319354 DOI: 10.1177/0884533612469989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants who are dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) sometimes develop PN-associated cholestasis (PNAC). A compassionate use protocol, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the institutional review board, guided enrollment of hospitalized infants with PNAC (<1 year of age, PN dependence for >3 weeks). Plasma concentrations of essential fatty acids were monitored before and after a soybean-based PN lipid, infused at 3 g/kg body weight/d, was replaced by an experimental fish oil-based intravenous fat emulsion (FO-IVFE) at 1.0 g/kg/d. All participants were born premature (n = 10; 20% male). At enrollment, infants were (mean ± SD) 86.5 ± 53.5 days of life and weighed 2.24 ± 0.87 kg; direct bilirubin was 5.5 ± 1.3 mg/dL. After treatment, blood concentrations significantly increased from baseline (P < .017) for circulating eicosapentaenoic acid (6.3 ± 3.0 to 147.8 ± 53.1 µg/mL), docosahexaenoic acid (20.7 ± 6.5 to 163.7 ± 43.4 µg/mL), pristanic acid (0.01 ± 0.01 to 0.17 ± 0.03 µg/mL), and phytanic acid (0.06 ± 0.03 to 0.64 ± 0.15 µg/mL). In contrast, total plasma ω-6 fatty acids (including linoleic acid) decreased (P < .017). The triene/tetraene ratio remained below the threshold value of 0.2 that defines ω-6 deficiency. No adverse effects were observed attributable to FO-IVFE. Discontinuation of FO-IVFE was typically due to infants (body weight 3.76 ± 1.68 kg) transitioning to enteral feeding rather than for resolution of hyperbilirubinemia (direct bilirubin 7.9 ± 4.8 mg/dL). These exploratory results suggest that FO-IVFE raises circulating ω-3 fatty acids in premature infants without development of ω-6 deficiency in the 8.3 ± 5.8-week time frame of this study.
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Pantzaris MC, Loukaides GN, Ntzani EE, Patrikios IS. A novel oral nutraceutical formula of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with vitamins (PLP10) in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept clinical trial. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002170. [PMID: 23599375 PMCID: PMC3641495 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether three novel interventions, formulated based on a systems medicine therapeutic concept, reduced disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) who were either treated or not with disease-modifying treatment. DESIGN A 30-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, phase II proof-of-concept clinical study. SETTINGS Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics. PARTICIPANTS 80 participants were randomised into four groups of 20 each. A total of 41 (51%) patients completed the 30-month trial. The eligibility criteria were an age of 18-65; a diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS according to the McDonald criteria; a score of 0.0-5.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS); MRI showing lesions consistent with MS; at least one documented clinical relapse and either receiving or not a disease-modifying treatment within the 24-month period before enrolment in the study. Patients were excluded because of a recent (<30 days) relapse, prior immunosuppressant or monoclonal antibody therapy, pregnancy or nursing, other severe disease compromising organ function, progressive MS, history of recent drug or alcohol abuse, use of any additional food supplements, vitamins or any form of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a history of severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions or known specific nutritional hypersensitivity. INTERVENTIONS The first intervention (A) was composed of Ω-3 and Ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids at 1:1 wt/wt. Specifically, the Ω-3 fatty acids were docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid at 3:1 wt/wt, and the Ω-6 fatty acids were linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid at 2:1 wt/wt. This intervention also included minor quantities of other specific polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids as well as vitamin A and vitamin E (α-tocopherol). The second intervention (B, PLP10) was a combination of A and γ-tocopherol. The third intervention (C) was γ-tocopherol alone. The fourth group of 20 participants received placebo. The interventions were administered per os (by mouth) once daily, 30 min before dinner for 30 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was the annualised relapse rate (ARR) of the three interventions versus the placebo at 2 years. The secondary end point was the time to confirmed disability progression at 2 years. RESULTS A total of 41 (51%) patients completed the 30-month trial. Overall, for the per-protocol analysis of the 2-year primary end point, eight relapses were recorded in the PLP10 group (n=10; 0.40 ARR) versus 25 relapses in the placebo group (n=12; 1.04 ARR), representing a 64% adjusted relative rate reduction for the PLP10 group (RRR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.87, p=0.024). In a subgroup analysis that excluded patients on monoclonal antibody (natalizumab) treatment, the observed adjusted RRR became stronger (72%) over the 2 years (RRR 0.28, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.79, p=0.016). The per-protocol analysis for the secondary outcome at 2 years, the time to disability progression, was significantly longer only for PLP10. The cumulative probability of disability progression at 2 years was 10% in the PLP10 group and 58% in the placebo group (unadjusted log-rank p=0.019). In a subgroup analysis that excluded patients on natalizumab, the cumulative probability of progression was 10% for the 10 patients in the PLP10 group and 70% for the 12 patients in the placebo group, representing a relative 86% decrease in the risk of the sustained progression of disability in the PLP10 group (unadjusted log-rank p=0.006; adjusted HR, 0.11; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.97, p=0.047). No adverse events were reported. Interventions A (10 patients) and C (9 patients) showed no significant efficacy. CONCLUSIONS In this small proof-of-concept, randomised, double-blind clinical trial; the PLP10 treatment significantly reduced the ARR and the risk of sustained disability progression without any reported serious adverse events. Larger studies are needed to further assess the safety and efficacy of PLP10. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN87818535.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C Pantzaris
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING) Neurology Clinic C and PALUPA Medical Ltd, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Supplementierung inklusive therapeutische Formelnahrung. PÄDIATRISCHE GASTROENTEROLOGIE, HEPATOLOGIE UND ERNÄHRUNG 2013. [PMCID: PMC7498803 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-24710-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Einer der Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung von Muttermilch und künstlichen Säuglingsnahrungen auf Kuhmilchbasis besteht im Gehalt an langkettigen mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren („long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids“, LCPUFA). Die Zugabe von Nervon-, Docosapentaen- und Docosahexaensäure zu Formulamilchen wurde empfohlen (Sala-Vila et al. 2004) und inzwischen teilweise von den Herstellern umgesetzt, obwohl auch festgestellt wurde, dass dies keinen Vorteil erbringt, wenn bereits 10 % der Energie als Linolensäure und 1 % als α-Linolensäure zugeführt werden (Auestad et al. 2004).
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Turchini GM, Nichols PD, Barrow C, Sinclair AJ. Jumping on the omega-3 bandwagon: distinguishing the role of long-chain and short-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:795-803. [PMID: 22698270 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.509553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) are almost unanimously recognized for their health benefits, while only limited evidence of any health benefit is currently available specifically for the main precursor of these fatty acids, namely α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3). However, both the n-3 LC-PUFA and the short-chain C₁₈ PUFA (i.e., ALA) are commonly referred to as "omega-3" fatty acids, and it is difficult for consumers to recognize this difference. A current gap of many food labelling legislations worldwide allow products containing only ALA and without n-3 LC-PUFA to be marketed as "omega-3 source" and this misleading information can negatively impact the ability of consumers to choose more healthy diets. Within the context of the documented nutritional and health promoting roles of omega-3 fatty acids, we briefly review the different metabolic fates of dietary ALA and n-3 LC-PUFA. We also review food sources rich in n-3 LC-PUFA, some characteristics of LC-PUFA and current industry and regulatory trends. A further objective is to present a case for regulatory bodies to clearly distinguish food products containing only ALA from foods containing n-3 LC-PUFA. Such information, when available, would then avoid misleading information and empower consumers to make a more informed choice in their food purchasing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Turchini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, VIC, Australia.
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Kaddurah-Daouk R, McEvoy J, Baillie R, Zhu H, K Yao J, Nimgaonkar VL, Buckley PF, Keshavan MS, Georgiades A, Nasrallah HA. Impaired plasmalogens in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198:347-52. [PMID: 22513041 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a subclass of glycerophospholipids and ubiquitous constituents of cellular membranes and serum lipoproteins. Several neurological disorders show decreased level of plasmogens. An earlier study found differences in plasma phospholipids between unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and matched healthy control subjects. We here report a comparison of plasma plasmalogen levels across 20 drug-naïve patients experiencing first psychotic episodes, 20 recently unmedicated patients experiencing psychotic relapses after failing to comply with prescribed medications, and 17 matched healthy control subjects. Multiple plasma phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen levels were significantly lower in first episode patients and patients with recurrent disease compared to healthy controls. Reduced plasmalogen levels appear to be a trait evident at the onset of psychotic illness and after multiple psychotic relapses. It is implied that reductions in plasmalogen levels are not related to antipsychotic treatment but due to the illness itself. Reduced plasmalogen levels suggest impairments in membrane structure and function in patients with schizophrenia that might happen early in development. This may serve as a clue to the neurobiology of schizophrenia and should be studied as a potential biomarker for individuals at risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, DUMC Box 3950 Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abstract
A number of studies are investigating the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with metabolic inborn errors, while the effects on visual and brain development in premature infants and neonates are well known. However, their function incertain chronic neurological, inflammatory and metabolic disorders is still under study. Standards should be established to help identify the need of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in conditions requiring a restricted diet resulting in an altered metabolism system, and find scientific evidence on the effects of such supplementation. This study reviews relevant published literature to propose adequate n-3 intake or supplementation doses for different ages and pathologies. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in preventing cognitive impairment or in retarding its progress, and to identify nutritional deficiencies, in children with inborn errors of metabolism. Trials were identified from a search of the Cochrane and MEDLINE databases in 2011. These databases include all major completed and ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials, as well as all studies in which omega-3 supplementation was administered to children with inborn errors, and studies assessing omega-3 fatty acids status in plasma in these pathologies. Although few randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria of this review, some evidenced that most of children with inborn errors are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and demonstrated that supplementation might improve their neural function, or prevent the progression of neurological impairment. Nontheless, further investigations are needed on this issue.
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Sphingolipid Turnover in the Hippocampus and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alcoholized Rats: Correction with the Help of Alimentary n-3 Fatty Acids. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-010-9147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ward RE, Huang W, Curran OE, Priestley JV, Michael-Titus AT. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents white matter damage after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1769-80. [PMID: 20698757 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly improves several histological and behavioral measures after spinal cord injury (SCI). White matter damage plays a key role in neurological outcome following SCI. Therefore, we examined the effects of the acute intravenous (IV) administration of DHA (250 nmol/kg) 30 min after thoracic compression SCI in rats, alone or in combination with a DHA-enriched diet (400 mg/kg/d, administered for 6 weeks post-injury), on white matter pathology. By 1 week post-injury, the acute IV DHA injection led to significantly reduced axonal dysfunction, as indicated by accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein (-55% compared to vehicle-injected controls) in the dorsal columns. The loss of cytoskeletal proteins following SCI was also significantly reduced. There were 43% and 73% more axons immunoreactive for non-phosphorylated 200-kD neurofilament in the ventral white matter and ventrolateral white matter, respectively, in animals receiving DHA injections than vehicle-injected rats. The acute DHA treatment also led to a significant improvement in microtubule-associated protein-2 immunoreactivity. By 6 weeks, damage to myelin and serotonergic fibers was also reduced. For some of the parameters measured, the combination of DHA injection and DHA-enriched diet led to greater neuroprotection than DHA injection alone. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of DHA in SCI, and clearly indicate that this fatty acid confers significant protection to the white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Ward
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Dwivedi Y, Pandey GN. Selective deficits in erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid composition in adult patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 126:303-11. [PMID: 20413162 PMCID: PMC2921578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and controlled intervention trials suggest that omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid deficiency represents a reversible risk factor for recurrent affective disorders. However, there is limited comparative information available regarding the n-3 fatty acid status and associated mood symptoms in medication-free patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS The fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes from adult male and female healthy controls (n=20) and medication-free patients with MDD (n=20) and BD (n=20) was determined by gas chromatography. Associations with depression and mania symptom severity scores were investigated. RESULTS After correction for multiple comparisons, both MDD (-20%) and BD (-32%) patients exhibited significantly lower erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) composition relative to healthy controls, and there was a trend for lower DHA in BD patients relative to MDD patients (-15%, p=0.09). There were no gender differences for DHA in any group. Other n-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosapentanoic acid (22:5n-3), and n-6 fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), were not different. Erythrocyte DHA composition was inversely correlated with indices of delta-9 desaturase activity (18:1/18:0), and associated elevations in oleic acid (18:1n-9) composition, and delta-6 desaturase activity (20:3/18:2). DHA composition was not significantly correlated with depression or mania symptom severity scores. LIMITATIONS Data regarding diet and life style factors (cigarette smoking) were not available to evaluate their contribution to the present findings. CONCLUSIONS Male and female patients with MDD and BD exhibit selective erythrocyte DHA deficits relative to healthy controls, and this deficit was numerically greater in BD patients. Selective DHA deficits are consistent with impaired peroxisome function, which has implications for n-3 fatty acid interventions aimed at preventing or reversing this deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0516, USA.
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Kim HY, Akbar M, Kim YS. Phosphatidylserine-dependent neuroprotective signaling promoted by docosahexaenoic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:165-72. [PMID: 20207120 PMCID: PMC3383770 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), in the brain is known to be critical for optimal brain development and function. Mechanisms for DHA's beneficial effects in the nervous system are not clearly understood at present. DHA is incorporated into the phospholipids in neuronal membranes, which in turn can influence not only the membrane chemical and physical properties but also the cell signaling involved in neuronal survival, proliferation and differentiation. Our studies have indicated that DHA supplementation promotes phosphatidylserine (PS) accumulation and inhibits neuronal cell death under challenged conditions, supporting a notion that DHA is an important neuroprotective agent. This article summarizes our findings on the DHA-mediated membrane-related signaling mechanisms that might explain some of the beneficial effects of DHA, particularly on neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA.
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Wood PL, Mankidy R, Ritchie S, Heath D, Wood JA, Flax J, Goodenowe DB. Circulating plasmalogen levels and Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive scores in Alzheimer patients. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2010; 35:59-62. [PMID: 20040248 PMCID: PMC2799506 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.090059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmalogens, which are key structural phospholipids in brain membranes, are decreased in the brain and serum of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). We performed this pilot study to evaluate the relation between the levels of circulating plasmalogens and Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) scores in patients with AD. METHODS We evaluated participants' ADAS-Cog scores and serum plasmalogen levels. For the 40 included AD patients with an ADAS-Cog score between 20 and 46, were tested their ADAS-Cog score 1 year later. The levels of docosahexaenoic acid plasmalogen were measured by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found that the ADAS-Cog score increased significantly in AD patients with circulating plasmalogen levels that were <or= 75% of that of age-matched controls at entry into the study. There was no change in score among participants with normal serum plasmalogen levels at baseline (> 75%). LIMITATIONS This was a pilot study with 40 patients, and the results require validation in a larger population. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that decreased levels of plasmalogen precursors in the central nervous system correlate with functional decline (as measured by ADAS-Cog scores) in AD patients. The use of both ADAS-Cog and serum plasmalogen data may be a more accurate way of predicting cognitive decline in AD patients, and may be used to decrease the risk of including patients with no cognitive decline in the placebo arm of a drug trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Wood
- Correspondence to: Dr. P.L. Wood, Phreedom Pharma, 204-407 Downey Rd., Saskatoon SK S7N 4L8; fax 306 244-6730;
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Diffusion of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids through the blood–brain barrier: An in situ cerebral perfusion study. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:476-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Muskiet F. Pathophysiology and Evolutionary Aspects of Dietary Fats and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids across the Life Cycle. Front Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420067767-c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Michael-Titus AT. Omega-3 fatty acids: their neuroprotective and regenerative potential in traumatic neurological injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sundaram SS, Bove KE, Lovell MA, Sokol RJ. Mechanisms of disease: Inborn errors of bile acid synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:456-68. [PMID: 18577977 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of bile acid synthesis are rare genetic disorders that can present as neonatal cholestasis, neurologic disease or fat-soluble-vitamin deficiencies. There are nine known defects of bile acid synthesis, including oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, Delta(4)-3-oxosteroid-5beta-reductase deficiency, 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid dehydrogenase deficiency, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (also known as sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency), alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency, and Zellweger syndrome (also known as cerebrohepatorenal syndrome). These diseases are characterized by a failure to produce normal bile acids and an accumulation of unusual bile acids and bile acid intermediaries. Individuals with inborn errors of bile acid synthesis generally present with the hallmark features of normal or low serum bile acid concentrations, normal gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase concentrations and the absence of pruritus. Failure to diagnose any of these conditions can result in liver failure or progressive chronic liver disease. If recognized early, many patients can have a remarkable clinical response to oral bile acid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha S Sundaram
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital, CO 80045, USA
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Dyall SC, Michael-Titus AT. Neurological benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 10:219-35. [PMID: 18543124 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-008-8036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system is highly enriched in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of the omega-6 and omega-3 series. The presence of these fatty acids as structural components of neuronal membranes influences cellular function both directly, through effects on membrane properties, and also by acting as a precursor pool for lipid-derived messengers. An adequate intake of omega-3 PUFA is essential for optimal visual function and neural development. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that increased intake of the long-chain omega-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may confer benefits in a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders, and in particular neurodegenerative conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are still poorly understood. Recent evidence also indicates that in addition to the positive effects seen in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, omega-3 PUFA may also have significant neuroprotective potential in acute neurological injury. Thus, these compounds offer an intriguing prospect as potentially new therapeutic approaches in both chronic and acute conditions. The purpose of this article is to review the current evidence of the neurological benefits of omega-3 PUFA, looking specifically at neurodegenerative conditions and acute neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Dyall
- British College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lief House, 120-122 Finchley Road, NW5 5HR, London, UK.
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Kim HY. Biochemical and biological functions of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system: modulation by ethanol. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 153:34-46. [PMID: 18359292 PMCID: PMC2517421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), an n-3 fatty acid highly concentrated in the central nervous system, is essential for proper neuronal and retinal function. While a high level of DHA is generally maintained in neuronal membranes, inadequate supply of n-3 fatty acid or ethanol exposure leads to a significant loss of DHA in neuronal cells. The roles of DHA in neuronal signaling have been emerging. In this review, biological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms supporting the essential function of DHA in neuronal survival and development are described in relation to n-3 fatty acid depleting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N07, MSC9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Br J Nutr 2008; 98 Suppl 1:S46-53. [PMID: 17922959 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507833010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological, biochemical, animal model and clinical trial data described in this overview strongly suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly n-6 fatty acids, have a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Data presented provides further evidence for a disturbance in n-6 fatty acid metabolism in MS. Disturbance of n-6 fatty acid metabolism and dysregulation of cytokines are shown to be linked and a "proof of concept clinical trial" further supports such a hypothesis. In a randomised double-blind, placebo controlled trial of a high dose and low dose selected GLA (18:3n-6)-rich oil and placebo control, the high dose had a marked clinical effect in relapsing-remitting MS, significantly decreasing the relapse rate and the progression of disease. Laboratory findings paralleled clinical changes in the placebo group in that production of mononuclear cell pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta) was increased and anti-inflammatory TGF-beta markedly decreased with loss of membrane n-6 fatty acids linoleic (18:2n-6) and arachidonic acids (20:4n-6). In contrast there were no such changes in the high dose group. The improvement in disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale) in the high dose suggests there maybe a beneficial effect on neuronal lipids and neural function in MS. Thus disturbed n-6 fatty acid metabolism in MS gives rise to loss of membrane long chain n-6 fatty acids and loss of the anti-inflammatory regulatory cytokine TGF-beta, particularly during the relapse phase, as well as loss of these important neural fatty acids for CNS structure and function and consequent long term neurological deficit in MS.
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Comparison of biochemical effects of statins and fish oil in brain: the battle of the titans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:443-71. [PMID: 17959252 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural membranes are composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and proteins. The distribution of these lipids within the neural membrane is not random but organized. Neural membranes contain lipid rafts or microdomains that are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. These rafts act as platforms for the generation of glycerophospholipid-, sphingolipid-, and cholesterol-derived second messengers, lipid mediators that are necessary for normal cellular function. Glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators include eicosanoids, docosanoids, lipoxins, and platelet-activating factor. Sphingolipid-derived lipid mediators include ceramides, ceramide 1-phosphates, and sphingosine 1-phosphate. Cholesterol-derived lipid mediators include 24-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol. Abnormal signal transduction processes and enhanced production of lipid mediators cause oxidative stress and inflammation. These processes are closely associated with the pathogenesis of acute neural trauma (stroke, spinal cord injury, and head injury) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Statins, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are effective lipid lowering agents that significantly reduce risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Beneficial effects of statins in neurological diseases are due to their anti-excitotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have similar anti-excitotoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in brain tissue. Thus the lipid mediators, resolvins, protectins, and neuroprotectins, derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid retard neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death in brain tissue. Like statins, ingredients of fish oil inhibit generation of beta-amyloid and provide protection from oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Collective evidence suggests that antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of statins and fish oil contribute to the clinical efficacy of treating neurological disorders with statins and fish oil. We speculate that there is an overlap between neurochemical events associated with neural cell injury in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. This commentary compares the neurochemical effects of statins with those of fish oil.
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Tanaka K, Shimizu T, Ohtsuka Y, Yamashiro Y, Oshida K. Early dietary treatments with Lorenzo's oil and docosahexaenoic acid for neurological development in a case with Zellweger syndrome. Brain Dev 2007; 29:586-9. [PMID: 17418516 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We treated a girl with Zellweger syndrome using a special infant formula supplemented with middle chain triglyceride (MCT) milk, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Lorenzo's oil, and Lunaria oil, which is rich in nervonic acid (C24:1). We examined the fatty acid contents of the plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane. Neurological development was evaluated using Denver developmental screening test and auditory brainstem response (ABR). Her delayed neurological development, liver dysfunction, and cholestasis were all improved 2 weeks after starting the dietary treatment. DHA level in RBC membranes was increased and very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA,C26:0) levels were decreased. Our findings suggest that the dietary treatment with combination of MCT milk, DHA, Lorenzo's oil, and Lunaria oil in the patients with Zellweger syndrome bring some benefits for neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, 113-8421 Tokyo, Japan.
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Arab K, Rossary A, Flourié F, Tourneur Y, Steghens JP. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the antioxidant response of human fibroblasts by upregulating γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl ligase and glutathione reductase. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:18-26. [PMID: 16441913 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The chemopreventive effects of dietaryn-3 PUFA in various pathologies has so far remained controversial, and we were interested in studying their potential influence on cell redox status. DHA (22:6n-3), a typical highly unsaturatedn-3 PUFA, was used at 30µmol/l in a model of human fibroblast cell culture. A dose–response effect, roughly linear, was checked for DHA between 0 and 60µmol/l, and was accompanied by a large increase in intracellular GSH content. A time course study of this effect shows that, after a short fall, as soon as 4h after the beginning of the experiment, the large increase in the GSH content was associated with elevated catalytic activities of γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl ligase, glutathione reductase and glutathioneS-transferase. This coordinated response is characteristic of an antioxidant response and was confirmed by the induction of expression of mRNA for γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl ligase, glutathione reductase and haem-oxygenase. This large increase in the GSH content contributes to decreasing the reactive oxygen species level, as assessed by the decreased accumulation of dichlorofluorescein inside cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a specific and potent effect of DHA for decreasing the oxidative stress of human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khelifa Arab
- EA 3090, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, France
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a host defense mechanism associated with neutralization of an insult and restoration of normal structure and function of brain. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of all major CNS diseases. The main mediators of neuroinflammation are microglial cells. These cells are activated during a CNS injury. Microglial cells initiate a rapid response that involves cell migration, proliferation, release of cytokines/chemokines and trophic and/or toxic effects. Cytokines/chemokines stimulate phospholipases A2 and cyclooxygenases. This results in breakdown of membrane glycerophospholipids with the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Oxidation of AA produces pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. One of the lyso-glycerophospholipids, the other products of reactions catalyzed by phospholipase A2, is used for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor. These pro-inflammatory mediators intensify neuroinflammation. Lipoxin, an oxidized product of AA through 5-lipoxygenase, is involved in the resolution of inflammation and is anti-inflammatory. Docosahexaenoic acid is metabolized to resolvins and neuroprotectins. These lipid mediators inhibit the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Levels of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are markedly increased in acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Docosahexaenoic acid and its lipid mediators prevent neuroinflammation by inhibiting transcription factor NFkappaB, preventing cytokine secretion, blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, and modulating leukocyte trafficking. Depending on its timing and magnitude in brain tissue, inflammation serves multiple purposes. It is involved in the protection of uninjured neurons and removal of degenerating neuronal debris and also in assisting repair and recovery processes. The dietary ratio of AA to DHA may affect neurodegeneration associated with acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. The dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid offers the possibility of counter-balancing the harmful effects of high levels of AA-derived pro-inflammatory lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Martin CA, Almeida VVD, Ruiz MR, Visentainer JEL, Matshushita M, Souza NED, Visentainer JV. Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: importância e ocorrência em alimentos. REV NUTR 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732006000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados abrangem as famílias de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ômega-6. Os ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa, como os ácidos araquidônico e docosaexaenóico, desempenham importantes funções no desenvolvimento e funcionamento do cérebro e da retina. Esse grupo de ácidos graxos não pode ser obtido pela síntese de novo, mas pode ser sintetizado a partir dos ácidos linoléico e alfa-linolênico presentes na dieta. Neste artigo são considerados os principais fatores que podem inibir a atividade das enzimas dessaturases envolvidas na síntese dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. São apresentadas as recomendações da razão ômega-6/ômega-3 na dieta, propostas em diversos países, sendo verificada a convergência para o intervalo de 4 a 5:1. São relacionados alimentos que podem contribuir para aumentar a ingestão do ácido alfa-linolênico e dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa. A essencialidade dos ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa é muito dependente do metabolismo do indivíduo, sendo que a razão n-6/n-3 da dieta exerce grande influência nesse sentido.
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King VR, Huang WL, Dyall SC, Curran OE, Priestley JV, Michael-Titus AT. Omega-3 fatty acids improve recovery, whereas omega-6 fatty acids worsen outcome, after spinal cord injury in the adult rat. J Neurosci 2006; 26:4672-80. [PMID: 16641248 PMCID: PMC6674074 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5539-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a cause of major neurological disability, and no satisfactory treatment is currently available. Evidence suggests that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) could target some of the pathological mechanisms that underlie damage after SCI. We examined the effects of treatment with PUFAs after lateral spinal cord hemisection in the rat. The omega-3 PUFAs alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) injected 30 min after injury induced significantly improved locomotor performance and neuroprotection, including decreased lesion size and apoptosis and increased neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival. Evidence showing a decrease in RNA/DNA oxidation suggests that the neuroprotective effect of omega-3 PUFAs involved a significant antioxidant function. In contrast, animals treated with arachidonic acid, an omega-6 PUFA, had a significantly worse outcome than controls. We confirmed the neuroprotective effect of omega-3 PUFAs by examining the effects of DHA treatment after spinal cord compression injury. Results indicated that DHA administered 30 min after spinal cord compression not only greatly increased survival of neurons but also resulted in significantly better locomotor performance for up to 6 weeks after injury. This report shows a striking difference in efficacy between the effects of treatment with omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs on the outcome of SCI, with omega-3 PUFAs being neuroprotective and omega-6 PUFAs having a damaging effect. Given the proven clinical safety of omega-3 PUFAs, our observations show that these PUFAs have significant therapeutic potential in SCI. In contrast, the use of preparations enriched in omega-6 PUFAs after injury could worsen outcome after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Von R King
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
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André A, Juanéda P, Sébédio JL, Chardigny JM. Plasmalogen metabolism-related enzymes in rat brain during aging: influence of n-3 fatty acid intake. Biochimie 2006; 88:103-11. [PMID: 16046045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (Pls) are phospholipids containing a vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. They represent between 1/2 and 2/3 of the ethanolamine phospholipids in the brain. During aging, the Pls content in human brain falls down. However, the role of Pls metabolism-related enzymes in the regulation of Pls levels remains to be determined. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (DHAP-AT) is the enzyme involved in the first step of Pls biosynthesis. In the brain, a phospholipase A2, which selectively acts on Pls, has been isolated (Pls-PLA2s). In this work, we aimed to evaluate the impact of DHAP-AT (a key enzyme of Pls biosynthesis) and Pls-PLA2 (a specific Pls degradation enzyme) on the evolution of Pls content in the rat brain during aging. The influence of n-3 fatty acid intake was also evaluated. Littermates from two generations of n-3 deficient rats were fed an equilibrated diet containing either alpha-LNA alone or with two doses of DHA. After weaning, 3, 9 or 21 months of diet, rats were sacrificed. Enzymatic assays were performed, Pls levels were assessed and the sn-2 position of ethanolamine Pls was analyzed. DHAP-AT activity significantly increased between weaning and 3 months with a concomitant increase of brain Pls, which reached maximal levels after 9 months. Then, Pls levels and DHAP-AT activity significantly decreased while Pls-PLA2s activity significantly increased. Dietary n-3 fatty acids had no effect on DHAP-AT activity and on Pls levels. In conclusion, the increase of brain Pls content in the first part of the life may be related to the high increase of DHAP-AT activity, probably stimulated by DHA. In aged animals, the decrease of Pls levels may mainly be caused to an increase of their degradation by Pls-PLA2. Dietary DHA may not oppose the physiologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A André
- UMR Inra-ENESAD Flaveur, vision et Comportement du consommateur, 17, rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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Llanos A, Lin Y, Li Y, Mena P, Salem N, Uauy R. Infants with intrauterine growth restriction have impaired formation of docosahexaenoic acid in early neonatal life: a stable isotope study. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:735-40. [PMID: 16189202 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000180542.68526.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) formation from d5-labeled linoleic acid (d5-LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (d5-LNA) precursors in infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) compared with control groups matched by gestational age (GA) or birth weight. We compared DHA and AA formation from deuterated precursors d5-LA and d5-LNA in 11 infants with IUGR with 13 and 25 control subjects who were appropriate for GA and matched by GA and by birth weight, respectively. After an enteral administration of d5-LA and d5-LNA, we determined unlabeled and d5-labeled fatty acids at 24, 48, and 96 h in plasma. Absolute concentrations and area under the curve (AUC) over the 96-h study were used for analysis. Absolute concentration of d5-DHA and the product/precursor ratio of the d5-labeled AUCs indicated a less active DHA formation from LNA in infants with IUGR compared with their GA-matched (2-fold) and birth weight-matched (3-fold) control subjects. The ratios of eicosapentaenoic and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid to DHA were also affected. Similar evaluation for the n-6 series was not significant. DHA metabolism is affected in infants with IUGR; the restricted DPA to DHA conversion step seems to be principally responsible for this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Llanos
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Santiago, Castilla, Chile.
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Guesnet P, Alessandri JM, Vancassel S, Denis I, Lavialle M. Acides gras oméga 3 et fonctions cérébrales. NUTR CLIN METAB 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Akbar M, Calderon F, Wen Z, Kim HY. Docosahexaenoic acid: a positive modulator of Akt signaling in neuronal survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10858-63. [PMID: 16040805 PMCID: PMC1182431 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502903102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI (3)K]/Akt signaling is a critical pathway in cell survival. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism where membrane alteration by the n-3 fatty acid status affects Akt signaling, impacting neuronal survival. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid highly enriched in neuronal membranes, promotes neuronal survival by facilitating membrane translocation/activation of Akt through its capacity to increase phosphatidylserine (PS), the major acidic phospholipid in cell membranes. The activation of PI (3)K and phosphatidylsinositol triphosphate formation were not affected by DHA, indicating that membrane interaction of Akt is the event responsible for the DHA effect. Docosapentaenoic acid, which replaces DHA during n-3 fatty acid deficiency, was less effective in accumulating PS and translocating Akt and thus less effective in preventing apoptosis. Consistently, in vivo reduction of DHA by dietary depletion of n-3 fatty acids decreased hippocampal PS and increased neuronal susceptibility to apoptosis in cultures. This mechanism may contribute to neurological deficits associated with n-3 fatty acid deficiency and support protective effects of DHA in pathological models such as brain ischemia or Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akbar
- Section of Mass Spectrometry, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20952-8115, USA
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SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24:87-138. [PMID: 15555528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work we advance the hypothesis that omega-3 (omega-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) exhibit cytoprotective and cytotherapeutic actions contributing to a number of anti-angiogenic and neuroprotective mechanisms within the retina. omega-3 LCPUFAs may modulate metabolic processes and attenuate effects of environmental exposures that activate molecules implicated in pathogenesis of vasoproliferative and neurodegenerative retinal diseases. These processes and exposures include ischemia, chronic light exposure, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular signaling mechanisms, and aging. A number of bioactive molecules within the retina affect, and are effected by such conditions. These molecules operate within complex systems and include compounds classified as eicosanoids, angiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species, cyclic nucleotides, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines, and inflammatory phospholipids. We discuss the relationship of LCPUFAs with these bioactivators and bioactive compounds in the context of three blinding retinal diseases of public health significance that exhibit both vascular and neural pathology. How is omega-3 LCPUFA status related to retinal structure and function? Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major dietary omega-3 LCPUFA, is also a major structural lipid of retinal photoreceptor outer segment membranes. Biophysical and biochemical properties of DHA may affect photoreceptor membrane function by altering permeability, fluidity, thickness, and lipid phase properties. Tissue DHA status affects retinal cell signaling mechanisms involved in phototransduction. DHA may operate in signaling cascades to enhance activation of membrane-bound retinal proteins and may also be involved in rhodopsin regeneration. Tissue DHA insufficiency is associated with alterations in retinal function. Visual processing deficits have been ameliorated with DHA supplementation in some cases. What evidence exists to suggest that LCPUFAs modulate factors and processes implicated in diseases of the vascular and neural retina? Tissue status of LCPUFAs is modifiable by and dependent upon dietary intake. Certain LCPUFAs are selectively accreted and efficiently conserved within the neural retina. On the most basic level, omega-3 LCPUFAs influence retinal cell gene expression, cellular differentiation, and cellular survival. DHA activates a number of nuclear hormone receptors that operate as transcription factors for molecules that modulate reduction-oxidation-sensitive and proinflammatory genes; these include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) and the retinoid X receptor. In the case of PPAR-alpha, this action is thought to prevent endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular remodeling through inhibition of: vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, inducible nitric oxide synthase production, interleukin-1 induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 production, and thrombin-induced endothelin 1 production. Research on model systems demonstrates that omega-3 LCPUFAs also have the capacity to affect production and activation of angiogenic growth factors, arachidonic acid (AA)-based vasoregulatory eicosanoids, and MMPs. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a substrate for DHA, is the parent fatty acid for a family of eicosanoids that have the potential to affect AA-derived eicosanoids implicated in abnormal retinal neovascularization, vascular permeability, and inflammation. EPA depresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific tyrosine kinase receptor activation and expression. VEGF plays an essential role in induction of: endothelial cell migration and proliferation, microvascular permeability, endothelial cell release of metalloproteinases and interstitial collagenases, and endothelial cell tube formation. The mechanism of VEGF receptor down-regulation is believed to occur at the tyrosine kinase nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB). NFkappaB is a nuclear transcription factor that up-regulates COX-2 expression, intracellular adhesion molecule, thrombin, and nitric oxide synthase. All four factors are associated with vascular instability. COX-2 drives conversion of AA to a number angiogenic and proinflammatory eicosanoids. Our general conclusion is that there is consistent evidence to suggest that omega-3 LCPUFAs may act in a protective role against ischemia-, light-, oxygen-, inflammatory-, and age-associated pathology of the vascular and neural retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul SanGiovanni
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Insitute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Building 31, Room 6A52, MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892-2510, USA.
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Innis S. Chapter 10 Essential fatty acid metabolism during early development. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kawada Y, Khan M, Sharma AK, Ratnayake DB, Dobashi K, Asayama K, Moser HW, Contreras MA, Singh I. Inhibition of peroxisomal functions due to oxidative imbalance induced by mistargeting of catalase to cytoplasm is restored by vitamin E treatment in skin fibroblasts from Zellweger syndrome-like patients. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 83:297-305. [PMID: 15589116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many of the peroxisomal diseases exhibit excessive oxidative stress leading to neurological alterations and dysfunction. The role of peroxisomal oxidative stress in cellular function was highlighted by the loss of metabolic functions in peroxisomes of mutant cell lines, where catalase is mistargeted to the cytoplasm, but restored to peroxisomes by genetic manipulation (Sheikh et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 2961)]. We report here that two human skin fibroblast cell lines from Zellweger syndrome-like patients are defective in the import of catalase into peroxisomes, causing impairment of metabolic function of this organelle. However, by lowering the cell culturing temperature (30 degrees C) the targeting of catalase to peroxisomes was restored, and with it the metabolic functions. Furthermore, mislocalization of catalase induces an oxidative imbalance in the cells which on treatment with a natural antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), resulted in reduction of the oxidative levels and restoration of metabolic function (peroxisomal beta-oxidation and levels of very long chain fatty acids and plasmalogen as well as alpha-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids). However, restoration of peroxisomal functions was not associated with the targeting of catalase to peroxisomes. Therefore, our finding suggests that correction of mistargeted catalase to peroxisomes is a temperature sensitive event and supports the hypotheses that its location outside peroxisomes induces an oxidative imbalance that results in metabolic dysfunction. The imbalance can be reversed by treatment with vitamin E, leading to normalization of peroxisomal functions. These findings open a novel approach for therapeutic treatment of certain peroxisomal disorders where gene or hypothermic therapies are not an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasusada Kawada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Peet M, Shah S, Selvam K, Ramchand CN. Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in red cell membranes of unmedicated schizophrenic patients. World J Biol Psychiatry 2004; 5:92-9. [PMID: 15179668 DOI: 10.1080/15622970410029917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are several reports of reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in membrane phospholipid from various tissues including red blood cells (RBC) taken from schizophrenic patients. However, reports have not been entirely consistent and most studies have been confounded by the potential effects of environmental factors including antipsychotic medication and diet. We measured PUFA levels in RBC from two separate groups of unmedicated patients and control subjects from India and Malaysia, populations which have substantial differences in diet. We found no significant difference in levels of AA between patients and control subjects in either population. Levels of adrenic acid were significantly reduced, and levels of DHA significantly increased in both clinical populations. However, diet-related differences in DHA between the populations from India and Malaysia were much greater than differences between schizophrenic patients and controls. It is concluded that reduced RBC membrane levels of AA and DHA are not pathognomic of schizophrenia but that variations in cell membrane fatty acid levels are an epiphenomenon which may reflect underlying abnormalities of phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism and their interaction with environmental factors including medication and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Peet
- Rotherham Mental Health Services, Swallownest Court, Aughton Road, Sheffield, S26 4TH, UK.
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Lesa GM, Palfreyman M, Hall DH, Clandinin MT, Rudolph C, Jorgensen EM, Schiavo G. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are required for efficient neurotransmission in C. elegans. J Cell Sci 2004; 116:4965-75. [PMID: 14625390 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex lipid constituents of the eukaryotic plasma membrane are precisely controlled in a cell-type-specific manner, suggesting an important, but as yet, unknown cellular function. Neuronal membranes are enriched in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and alterations in LC-PUFA metabolism cause debilitating neuronal pathologies. However, the physiological role of LC-PUFAs in neurons is unknown. We have characterized the neuronal phenotype of C. elegans mutants depleted of LC-PUFAs. The C. elegans genome encodes a single Delta6-desaturase gene (fat-3), an essential enzyme for LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Animals lacking fat-3 function do not synthesize LC-PUFAs and show movement and egg-laying abnormalities associated with neuronal impairment. Expression of functional fat-3 in neurons, or application of exogenous LC-PUFAs to adult animals rescues these defects. Pharmacological, ultrastructural and electrophysiological analyses demonstrate that fat-3 mutant animals are depleted of synaptic vesicles and release abnormally low levels of neurotransmitter at cholinergic and serotonergic neuromuscular junctions. These data indicate that LC-PUFAs are essential for efficient neurotransmission in C. elegans and may account for the clinical conditions associated with mis-regulation of LC-PUFAs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Lesa
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. Docosahexaenoic acid in the diet: its importance in maintenance and restoration of neural membrane function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:361-72. [PMID: 15041028 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system has the second highest concentration of lipids after adipose tissue. Long chain fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are integral components of neural membrane phospholipids. Alterations in neural membrane phospholipid components cannot only influence crucial intracellular and intercellular signaling but also alter many membrane physical properties such as fluidity, phase transition temperature, bilayer thickness, and lateral domains. A deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid markedly affects neurotransmission, membrane-bound enzyme and ion channel activities, gene expression, intensity of inflammation, and immunity and synaptic plasticity. Docosahexaenoic acid deficiency is associated with normal aging, Alzheimer disease, hyperactivity, schizophrenia, and peroxisomal disorders. Although the molecular mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid involvement in the disorders remains unknown, the supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid in the diet restores gene expression and modulates neurotransmission. Also, improvements are seen in signal transduction processes associated with behavioral deficits, learning activity, peroxisomal disorders, and psychotic changes in schizophrenia, depression, hyperactivity, stroke, and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A Horrocks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Breitling R. Pathogenesis of peroxisomal deficiency disorders (Zellweger syndrome) may be mediated by misregulation of the GABAergic system via the diazepam binding inhibitor. BMC Pediatr 2004; 4:5. [PMID: 15102341 PMCID: PMC391370 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a fatal inherited disease caused by peroxisome biogenesis deficiency. Patients are characterized by multiple disturbances of lipid metabolism, profound hypotonia and neonatal seizures, and distinct craniofacial malformations. Median live expectancy of ZS patients is less than one year. While the molecular basis of peroxisome biogenesis and metabolism is known in considerable detail, it is unclear how peroxisome deficiency leads to the most severe neurological symptoms. Recent analysis of ZS mouse models has all but invalidated previous hypotheses. Hypothesis We suggest that a regulatory rather than a metabolic defect is responsible for the drastic impairment of brain function in ZS patients. Testing the hypothesis Using microarray analysis we identify diazepam binding inhibitor/acyl-CoA binding protein (DBI) as a candidate protein that might be involved in the pathogenic mechanism of ZS. DBI has a dual role as a neuropeptide antagonist of GABA(A) receptor signaling in the brain and as a regulator of lipid metabolism. Repression of DBI in ZS patients could result in an overactivation of GABAergic signaling, thus eventually leading to the characteristic hypotonia and seizures. The most important argument for a misregulation of GABA(A) in ZS is, however, provided by the striking similarity between ZS and "benzodiazepine embryofetopathy", a malformation syndrome observed after the abuse of GABA(A) agonists during pregnancy. Implications of the hypothesis We present a tentative mechanistic model of the effect of DBI misregulation on neuronal function that could explain some of the aspects of the pathology of Zellweger syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Breitling
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA.
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Auestad N, Stockard-Sullivan J, Innis SM, Korsak R, Edmond J. Auditory brainstem evoked response in juvenile rats fed rat milk formulas with high docosahexaenoic acid. Nutr Neurosci 2004; 6:335-41. [PMID: 14744037 DOI: 10.1080/10284150310001624183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies found that juvenile offspring of rats fed high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) diets through gestation and lactation had longer auditory brainstem-evoked response (ABR) accompanied by higher 22:6n-3 and lower arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) in brain. In the present study, ABR was assessed in juvenile rats fed high-DHA diets only postnatally. METHODS Rat pups were fed rat milk formulas with varying amounts of DHA and ARA to 19 days of age followed by diets with the corresponding fatty acids. The high-DHA group was fed 2.3% of fatty acids as DHA, the DHA + ARA group was fed DHA and ARA at 0.6 and 0.4% of fatty acids, levels similar to those in some infant formulas, and the unsupplemented group was fed no DHA or ARA. ABR and fatty acid and monoamine levels in brain were measured on postnatal days 26-28. Statistical analyses were measured by ANOVA. RESULTS ARA and DHA levels in brain increased with supplementation. ABR was shorter in the high-DHA group than the DHA + ARA group and not different from the unsupplemented or dam-reared suckling group. Norepinephrine levels in the inferior colliculus were lower in the high-DHA group than the DHA + ARA group and higher in all formula groups compared to the dam-reared group. CONCLUSION In contrast to the longer ABR in juvenile offspring of rats fed high-DHA through gestation and lactation, ABR was shorter in juvenile rats fed high-DHA diets only after birth than rats fed ARA + DHA. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between dietary DHA, norepinephrine, and auditory system development over a range of DHA intakes and discrete periods of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Auestad
- 625 Cleveland Avenue, Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43215, USA.
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