Lipoproteins, nutrition, and heart disease

Reference intervals of biochemical parameters in Chilean adults

Background

Establishing reference intervals (RIs) in clinical laboratories is essential, as these can vary due to inter-individual variability as well as the analytical methods used. The purpose of this study was to determine RIs for markers and ratios biochemical in apparently healthy Chilean adults.

Methods

A sample of 1,143 data was selected from the Universidad Católica de Temuco, Clinical Laboratory database, La Araucanía Region, Chile, which were analysed by sex. The Tukey's Fences was used to detect outliers and the RIs were established using the non-parametric method.

Apo B-48 gene expression and low-density lipoprotein as a factor for increased insulin resistance and severity of acne

BACKGROUND

The contribution of insulin to acne is that it stimulates the synthesis of androgenic hormones, which are important in the development of excess sebum, hyperkeratinization, and sebaceous gland cell growth.

OBJECTIVE

To ascertain whether the lipid profile abnomalies seen in acne vulgaris are genetically induced, we also seek to establish a link between insulin resistance and lipid profiles.

METHODS

An analytical cross-sectional study with case-control design research investigation of 72 individuals with acne vulgaris and 72 healthy volunteers was carried out. Both groups' medical histories were taken, as were the severity and duration of the disease among acne sufferers, as well as demographic data. Anthropometry tests were performed on both groups, including their weights, height, and circumference of waist, as well as the profile of lipids, blood glucose levels after a fast, insulin levels during fasting, resistance to insulin, and Apo B-48 folding change.

RESULTS

Severe acne vulgaris patients showed significantly increased TG, TC, LDL-C, blood glucose levels after a fast, fasting insulin, and resistance to insulin levels. P = 0.005 showed that Apo B-48 expression increased in patients compared to healthy people. Apo B-48 folding change and insulin resistance were found to have a substantial positive simple linear association. Acne vulgaris, whether mild, moderate, or severe, has a significant positive linear connection with insulin resistance.

CONCLUSION

Acne patients had an abnormal in lipid profile. Acne individuals with severe form are more inclined to acquire resistance to insulin as well as higher glucose and insulin levels. Apo B-48 gene expression is elevated in acne individuals with severe form who have lipid abnormalities. This illustrating the importance of genetic variables in acne, insulin resistance, lipid profile modifications as well as Isotretinoin, a standard acne medication, can also cause lipid irregularities.

Explicating genetic architecture governing nutritional quality in pigmented rice

Rice is one of the most important staple plant foods that provide a major source of calories and nutrients for tackling the global hunger index especially in developing countries. In terms of nutritional profile, pigmented rice grains are favoured for their nutritional and health benefits. The pigmented rice varieties are rich sources of flavonoids, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin that can be readily incorporated into diets to help address various lifestyle diseases. However, the cultivation of pigmented rice is limited due to low productivity and unfavourable cooking qualities. With the advances in genome sequencing, molecular breeding, gene expression analysis and multi-omics approaches, various attempts have been made to explore the genetic architecture of rice grain pigmentation. In this review, we have compiled the current state of knowledge of the genetic architecture and nutritional value of pigmentation in rice based upon the available experimental evidence. Future research areas that can help to deepen our understanding and help in harnessing the economic and health benefits of pigmented rice are also explored.

The effects of phytochemicals on serum triglycerides in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of phytochemicals on lipid parameters in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception up to October 2021 to recognize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of phytochemicals on lipid profiles in patients with HTG. Forty-eight RCTs including 53 arms and comprising 3,478 HTG patients met the eligibility criteria. Phytochemicals significantly reduced the serum levels of triglycerides in 32 out 53 arms, total cholesterol in 22 out of 51, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 21 out of 48, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 1 out of 5, apolipoprotein B in 2 out of 4, and lipoprotein(a) levels in 2 out of 4 arms. Furthermore, phytochemicals supplementation increased the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 15 out of 48 arms. In brief, phytochemicals supplementation might have beneficial effects on HTG. In most of the studies, phytochemicals had a favorable effect on at least one of the lipid parameters.

Associations Between Maternal Lipid Blood Levels at the 13th Week of Pregnancy and Offspring's Adiposity at Age 11-12 Years

CONTEXT

There is increasing evidence that intrauterine lipid metabolism influences the adiposity of the newborn and the first years thereafter. It remains unclear if these effects persist when these children grow older.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the associations between maternal lipid blood levels during the 13th week of pregnancy and an offspring's adiposity, measured at age 11-12, and if these associations were moderated by the child's sex.

METHODS

Data were obtained from a community-based birth cohort, the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study. At a median of 13 weeks' gestation, nonfasting blood samples of triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acids (FFAs), and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (ApoB/ApoA1) were measured. An offspring's body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous fat (SCF), waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR), and fat percentage (fat%) were measured at age 11-12. Mothers with at-term born children were included (n = 1853). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between maternal lipids and each offspring's adiposity outcome separately. Sex differences were additionally evaluated.

RESULTS

TGs, TC, ApoB/ApoA1, and FFAs were significantly positively associated with BMI, WHtR, and fat% (adjusted for gestational age at blood sampling, child's age, sex, and sexual maturation). After additional adjustments for potential confounders and covariates, only TGs remained significantly associated with WHtR (0.45, 95% CI -0.007; 0.91). There were no associations between maternal lipids and SCF and no clear sex-specific results were found.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our results do not strongly support that maternal lipid profile during the 13th week of pregnancy has programming effects on adiposity in preadolescence.

Efficacy of oats for dyslipidaemia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Dyslipidaemia is a critical factor in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Concerning dyslipidaemia regulation, we advocate for lifestyle interventions such as diet to complement drug treatment. Numerous studies have confirmed that oat β-glucan, a critical component of oats, can help lower cholesterol. However, there is no conclusive evidence for the efficacy of oats and their products in the treatment of dyslipidaemia. As a result, we have developed this protocol to serve as a guide for future research on oat intervention for dyslipidaemias.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will conduct a search of eight databases or websites (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CNKI, SinoMed, VIP and Wanfang) to identify studies on oats' ability to regulate blood lipid levels. Two authors will screen articles independently, extract data based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and assess the quality and bias of included studies. To assess and quantify heterogeneity, Q and I² statistics will be used. If there is significant heterogeneity between studies, the source of the heterogeneity will be investigated using subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis. We will analyse potential publication bias using the Begg funnel plot and Egger's weighted regression statistics. To assess the quality of evidence for the primary outcomes, the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation method will be used.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study is based on the existing literature and data in the databases. It is not subject to ethical review. The findings, on the other hand, will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. These findings may aid in the management of dyslipidaemia on a daily basis.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42021226751.

Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Potential anti-inflammatory effect in a model of ovariectomy and temporomandibular joint arthritis induction in rats

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid-type omega 3 (ω3) on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of ovariectomized rats (OVX) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

DESIGN

Rheumatoid arthritis was induced using complete Freund's adjuvant and type II bovine collagen injected at the base of the tail. Twenty-four adult female rats were treated by gavage and divided into four groups: G1: Sham, treated with 0.9% NaCl; G2: OVX, treated with 0.9% NaCl; G3: OVX+RA treated with 0.9% NaCl; G4: OVX+RA+ω3 treated with omega 3 (300 mg/kg/day). The induction of rheumatoid arthritis in groups G3 and G4 was performed 21 days after OVX, treatments were started 15 days after the induction of rheumatoid arthritis, maintained for 7 days, and killed. Bilateral TMJs were removed and assigned to morphometric analysis by micro-computed tomography and immunoassay to assess levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10.

RESULTS

Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines were found in the G2 and G3 (P < 0.05) and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the G1 and G4. TMJ analysis by micro-computed tomography showed a higher percentage of bone volume (median - interquartile deviation) in G1 (96.2-1.1) than in the G2 (91.5-2.0, P = 0.0374) and G3 (85.1-5.2, P = 0.0001) but showed no statistically significant differences with the G4 (93.1-1.7, P = 0.79).

CONCLUSIONS

Omega 3 successfully reduced TMJ damage in rats caused by ovariectomy and induced rheumatoid arthritis, and is a promising alternative for bone repair and attenuation of inflammatory processes.

Mendelian Randomization Identifies the Potential Causal Impact of Dietary Patterns on Circulating Blood Metabolites

Nutrition plays an important role in the development and progress of several health conditions, but the exact mechanism is often still unclear. Blood metabolites are likely candidates to be mediating these relationships, as their levels are strongly dependent on the frequency of consumption of several foods/drinks. Understanding the causal effect of food on metabolites is thus of extreme importance. To establish these effects, we utilized two-sample Mendelian randomization using the genetic variants associated with dietary traits as instrumental variables. The estimates of single-nucleotide polymorphisms' effects on exposures were obtained from a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 25 individual and 15 principal-component dietary traits, whereas the ones for outcomes were obtained from a GWAS of 123 blood metabolites measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We identified 413 potentially causal links between food and metabolites, replicating previous findings, such as the association between increased oily fish consumption and higher DHA, and highlighting several novel associations. Most of the associations were related to very-low-density, intermediate-density (IDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). For example, we found that constituents of IDL particles and large LDL particles were raised by coffee and alcohol while lowered by an overall healthier diet and fruit consumption. Our findings provide a strong base of evidence for planning future RCTs aimed at understanding the role of diet in determining blood metabolite levels.

Correlation between estimated plasma remnant-like particle cholesterol and vegetable fat intake in Uku town, Japan

Background

Remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLP-C) is highly atherogenic, which is associated with atherosclerosis. However, RLP-C has not been routinely measured in the clinical practice. We estimated RLP-C levels using conventional lipid profiles and examined the association between estimated RLP-C and related factors including nutrient intake.

Methods

This study was performed in Uku town, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan in 2019. A total of 225 subjects were enrolled and directly measured RLP-C levels. Estimated RLP-C levels were defined as the following formula [total cholesterol − (LDL-cholesterol) − (HDL-cholesterol)]. Multivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship between estimated RLP-C and atherogenic factors. We calculated cut-off values on dichotomized RLP-C (< 7.5 mg/dL vs. ≥ 7.5 mg/dL) by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

The mean values of directly measured RLP-C levels and estimated RLP-C were 4.0 mg/dL and 16.4 mg/dL, respectively. In the multiple stepwise linear regression analysis, directly measured and estimated RLP-C levels were independently and commonly associated with apolipoprotein E, triglycerides, and vegetable fat intake (inversely). Using ROC curves, we found the cut-off value of estimated RLP-C was 22.0 mg/dL.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that the estimated RLP-C levels using conventional lipid profiles may substitute for directly measured RLP-C and these levels were independently and inversely associated with vegetable fat intake in the community-dwelling Japanese population.

Role of Anti-Inflammatory, Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Activity and Nematicidal Properties of Myrtle Berry Seeds on Helminthiasis Treatment

This study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokine production in the pathogenicity of gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice and also the protective effect of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) berry seeds aqueous extract (MBSAE). With this aim, Swiss Albino mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: control, helminthiasis, helminthiasis + MBSAE, and helminthiasis + Albendazole. The animals were infected with infective third larval stage (L3) of H. polygyrus by oral administration. Mice were treated with bidistilled water, MBSAE (100 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) or Albendazole (100 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.). We have demonstrated that MBSAE (100 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) significantly reduced the total mean adult worms compared with the infected and nontreated group. Moreover, hematological parameters, intestinal ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radical (OH^•), and superoxide anion (O₂^•-), as well as serum cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were analyzed. We have shown that H. polygyrus infection has disrupted all these biochemical parameters and that MBSAE treatment has significantly corrected these disturbances. The effect of plant extract was comparable to the standard drug albendazole. Therefore, MBSAE appeared to be a promising agent for the control of intestinal helminthiasis.

The Debate Over Egg Consumption and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

There is a great debate regarding the association of cholesterol intake from egg consumption and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most studies show that moderate egg consumption is not associated with a significant increase in CVD, stroke, heart failure, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whereas others dispute this fact and state that there is an association with increased egg consumption, especially if they are consumed with saturated fats. In addition, the recent relaxation of cholesterol intake to greater than 300 mg/d by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Nutritional Guidelines has fueled this debate. In order to get a current perspective on the significance of moderate egg consumption with the primary incidence of CVD, a focused Medline search of the English language literature was conducted between 2010 and March 2020 using the terms, cholesterol intake, egg consumption, coronary artery disease, CVD, and T2DM. Nineteen pertinent articles were retrieved, and these, together with collateral literature, will be discussed in this review article. The analysis of data from the articles retrieved indicated that several studies showed that moderate egg consumption (1 egg/d) is not associated with adverse cardiovascular effects in subjects free of CVD or T2DM, whereas other studies showed a positive association, especially in patients with preexisting CVD or T2DM. Therefore, at present, there is no unanimous agreement on this subject, and the controversy will continue until new confirmatory evidence becomes available.

Grape juice attenuates left ventricular hypertrophy in dyslipidemic mice

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the effects of grape juice (Vitis labrusca L.) on dyslipidemia, resistance to insulin, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in mice homozygous for the absence of the LDL receptor gene (LDLr -/-) under a hyperlipidemic diet.

METHODOLOGY

We divided 30 male mice (3 months old) into three groups (n = 10); the HL group was fed a high-fat diet, the HLU group received a high-fat diet and 2 g/kg/day of grape juice, and the HLS group was fed a high-fat diet and simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day). We assessed the blood pressure profile of the mice. We also determined the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profile, glycemic and insulinemic profiles, and calculated the HOMA-IR. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial collagen deposit, and the expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) and metalloproteinases 2 and 9 were assessed immunohistologically.

RESULTS

After 60 days, the mice treated with grape juice showed similar results as those of the group treated with simvastatin. The use of grape fruit attenuated dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and significantly increased the levels of high cholesterol density lipoproteins (HDLc). The antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds associated with the increase in HDLc levels in the mice of the HLU group prevented the development of LVH and arterial hypertension since it inhibited the inflammatory response induced by the CD40 pathway and its ligand CD40L. Consequently, there was a lower expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and lower serum levels of CRP.

CONCLUSION

Grape juice has a hypolipidemic and cardiac protective potential, presenting a similar effect as that of simvastatin through a direct antioxidant action of phenolic compounds, or indirectly, via antioxidant action and anti-inflammatory activity of the HDLc. These results suggest that grape juice is a functional food possessing a high potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Biochemical, Anthropometric, and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets Versus a Low-Fat Diet in Obese Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Some research supports high-fat carbohydrate (CHO)-restricted diets for weight and fat loss and improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors. To test this, a randomized crossover study was designed. Subjects (17 obese men and women [BMI: 30-38 kg/m²]) were fed three diets (supplying 1600 and 2200 kilocalories (kcal)/day for women and men, respectively) for 4 weeks, with each trial separated by 4-week washout periods. One CHO-restricted diet (10% CHO, 50% fat, and 40% protein content) was rich in plant foods and mushrooms, while the other CHO-restricted diet included more animal foods (10% CHO, 60% fat, and 30% protein content). The third diet was lower in fat and protein content (LF) and higher in CHOs (61% CHO, 21% fat, and 18% protein content). Body composition was assessed through hydrostatic weighing before and after each diet trial. Fasting blood samples were collected weekly for analysis of hormones and lipids. Data were analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc paired comparison t-tests. Weight and fat loss were similar (P > .05) among trials. Subjects lost lean mass (P < .05) during CHO-restricted trials, but not in the LF trial. Insulin concentrations decreased (P < .05) during the CHO-restricted trial and tended (P = .05) to decrease during the LF trial. Total cholesterol decreased (P < .05) for all trials; however, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (P < .05) and triacylglycerols were higher (P < .05) following the LF trial. Taken together, energy restriction regardless of diet composition promoted similar weight loss; however, CHO-restricted diets based on either plants/mushrooms or animal foods elicited a more beneficial lipid-altering effect in comparison with the LF diet.

Sustainable Intensification? Increased Production Diminishes Omega-3 Content of Sheep Milk

Intensifying agricultural production alters food composition, but this is often ignored when assessing system sustainability. However, this could compromise consumer health and influence the concept of “sustainable diets”. Here, we consider the milk composition of Mediterranean dairy sheep, finding inferior fatty acid (FA) profiles with respect to consumer health as a result of a more intensive system of production. Semi-intensive management produced 57% more milk per ewe, with a 20% lower fat content (but inferior fat composition). The milk had a nutritionally poorer fatty acid (FA) profile, with an 18% lower omega-3 FA concentration (n-3) (19% fewer long-chain n-3s) and a 7% lower monounsaturated FA concentration but a 3% higher saturated FA (9% higher in C14:0) concentration compared to ewes under traditional, extensive management. A redundancy analysis identified close associations between fat composition and animal diets—particularly concentrate supplementation and cultivated pasture grazing—and n-3 was associated with grazing in diverse, native mountain pastures. This paper questions if identifying such key elements in traditional systems could be deployed for “sustainable intensification” to maintain food quality while increasing output.

Effect of the methanol extract of the red cultivar Allium cepa L. on the serum biochemistry and electrolytes of rats following sub-chronic oral administration

Background In traditional medicine, Allium cepa Linnaeus is used for the treatment of several disease conditions. Whilst reports abound on the effects of several cultivars of A. cepa L on biochemical parameters, similar information on the red cultivar is scarce. This study examines the effects of the methanol extract of the red cultivar A. cepa L on some serum biochemical parameters in experimental Wistar rats. Materials and methods Fifty-five Wistar rats were divided into three groups (A, B and C), which include 25, 25 and 5 rats, respectively. The rats in Groups A and B were sub-divided into 5 groups of 5 rats. Each rat was administered a certain dose of methanol extract of the red cultivar A. cepa L for 14 days (Group A) or 28 days (Group B). Group C rats served as the control and were administered with distilled water (10 mL/kg). Results A. cepa L administration resulted in dyslipidaemia, hyponatremia, hypokalaemia and hyperchloraemia; a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in hepatic enzymes and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum bicarbonate, bilirubin and its fractions. Conclusions These biochemical results indicate that the excessive and prolonged medicinal consumption of A. cepa L products beyond 7 days may induce moderate hepatic injury and mild renal dysfunction and may complicate disease conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes. Thus, in order to minimize its toxic effects, it is recommended that A. cepa L products should not be used for more than seven consecutive days or beyond a dosage of 90 mg/kg.

Age-specific and sex-specific reference intervals for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins in 7260 healthy Chinese children and adolescents measured with an Olympus AU5400 analyser: a cross-sectional study

AIMS

Ethnic, demographic, lifestyle, genetic and environmental factors influence lipids and apolipoproteins. The aim of this study was to establish age-specific and gender-specific reference intervals for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins in healthy Chinese children and adolescents.

METHODS

This study followed the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute EP28-A3c guidelines. Non-fasting samples were collected from 7260 healthy Chinese children and adolescents, and they were analysed using the Olympus AU5400 analyser for: triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). The age-related and gender-related reference intervals were partitioned using the Harris-Boyd method. The non-parametric method was used to establish the lower limit (2.5th percentile) and the upper limit (97.5th percentile) for the reference intervals. The 90% CIs for the lower and upper limits were also calculated.

RESULTS

Based on the Harris-Boyd method, gender partitions were required for TC, LDL-C and ApoB. Age differences were observed for all analytes. Paediatric reference intervals were established for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins based on a large population of healthy children and adolescents.

CONCLUSIONS

Previously used reference intervals did not take age and gender into account. These age-specific and gender-specific reference intervals established in this study may contribute to improved management and assessment of paediatric diseases.

The role of splenectomy in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis (AS)

The extensive performance of splenectomy worldwide for patients suffered from splenic trauma has given rise to high risks of postoperative complications, which has been attracting increasing attention in recent years. Nowadays the spleen is regarded as a versatile organ of the human body, invested with various excellent properties. The spleen has been recognized to take a great part in lipid metabolism. While removal of the spleen intends to alter lipid values, especially with an elevated LDL, splenic autotransplantation is able to normalize these lipid alterations. What is more, conservative surgical procedures like subtotal or partial splenectomy, could as well, afford a correction of dyslipidemia. At the same time, clinically, splenectomy demonstrates a high rate of atherosclerosis (AS), whereas non-surgical treatment after splenic trauma shows unchanged propagation of AS. Based on the intimate relationship between serum lipids and AS, the lipid changes modulated by splenectomy are believed to be responsible for the development of AS. Therefore, a "splenic factor" is most likely present in the regulation of lipidation and AS. Several theories have been postulated to elucidate the possible mechanism involved, among which most are primarily based on its forceful natural immune function, that is to say, the mononuclear phagocytic system.However, the accurate mechanisms behind this mysterious phenomenon still remain unclear so far. Of importance, lipid fractions should be monitored consecutively in case of inevitable splenectomy.

Reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability shifts serum lipid content towards atherogenic lipoprotein in rats

Nitric oxide (NO) is major endothelial relaxing factor and reduction in its bioavailabilty has been linked to hypertension. Furthermore, high lipid content is a strong risk factor predisposing to cardiovascular diseases. The principal focus of this study was to investigate the effect of blockade of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) on serum lipid content in rats. Male Wistar rats (150-170 g, n = 15) were randomly divided into two groups designated control (n = 5), and L-Name group (n = 10) and were gavage with distilled water and 60 mg/kg of L-NAME respectively daily for three weeks. After 3 weeks, the L-NAME group was sub-divided into two sub-groups (n = 5 each): L-NAME (60 mg/kg of L-NAME), and L-NAME plus ramipril (LR) (60 mg/kg of L-NAME plus 20 mg/kg of ramipril) and were treated daily for another three weeks. The blood pressure (BP) of the conscious rats was measured by tail-cuff method at the onset, at the third and at the sixth weeks of the experiment; while serum lipid contents and NO were measured at the third and sixth weeks. At the end of the experiment blood sample was drawn by ocular puncture for evaluation of lipid profile and NO, and the animals were later euthanized by overdose of anaesthesia. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p < 0.05. There was a significant increase in BP, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and atherogenic indices in L-NAME group compared to the control and LR group (p < 0.05); NO and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol was significant lower in the L-NAME group compared to control and LR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, reduction in NO bioavailability alters lipid metabolism, which was rectified by ramipril.

A Walnut-Enriched Diet Reduces Lipids in Healthy Caucasian Subjects, Independent of Recommended Macronutrient Replacement and Time Point of Consumption: a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Studies indicate a positive association between walnut intake and improvements in plasma lipids. We evaluated the effect of an isocaloric replacement of macronutrients with walnuts and the time point of consumption on plasma lipids. We included 194 healthy subjects (134 females, age 63 ± 7 years, BMI 25.1 ± 4.0 kg/m²) in a randomized, controlled, prospective, cross-over study. Following a nut-free run-in period, subjects were randomized to two diet phases (8 weeks each). Ninety-six subjects first followed a walnut-enriched diet (43 g walnuts/day) and then switched to a nut-free diet. Ninety-eight subjects followed the diets in reverse order. Subjects were also randomized to either reduce carbohydrates (n = 62), fat (n = 65), or both (n = 67) during the walnut diet, and instructed to consume walnuts either as a meal or as a snack. The walnut diet resulted in a significant reduction in fasting cholesterol (walnut vs.

CONTROL

-8.5 ± 37.2 vs. -1.1 ± 35.4 mg/dL; p = 0.002), non-HDL cholesterol (-10.3 ± 35.5 vs. -1.4 ± 33.1 mg/dL; p ≤ 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (-7.4 ± 32.4 vs. -1.7 ± 29.7 mg/dL; p = 0.029), triglycerides (-5.0 ± 47.5 vs. 3.7 ± 48.5 mg/dL; p = 0.015) and apoB (-6.7 ± 22.4 vs. -0.5 ± 37.7; p ≤ 0.001), while HDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) did not change significantly. Neither macronutrient replacement nor time point of consumption significantly affected the effect of walnuts on lipids. Thus, 43 g walnuts/d improved the lipid profile independent of the recommended macronutrient replacement and the time point of consumption.

Weekday variation in triglyceride concentrations in 1.8 million blood samples

Triglyceride (TG) concentration is used as a marker of cardiometabolic risk. However, diurnal and possibly weekday variation exists in TG concentrations. The objective of this work was to investigate weekday variation in TG concentrations among 1.8 million blood samples drawn between 2008 and 2015 from patients in the Capital region of Denmark. Plasma TG was extracted from a central clinical laboratory information system. Weekday variation was investigated by means of linear mixed models. In addition to the profound diurnal variation, the TG concentration was 4.5% lower on Fridays compared with Mondays (P < 0.0001). The variation persisted after multiple adjustments for confounders and was consistent across all sensitivity analyses. Out-patients and in-patients, respectively, had 5.0% and 1.9% lower TG concentrations on Fridays compared with Mondays (both P < 0.0001). The highest weekday variations in TG concentrations were recorded for out-patients between the ages of 9 and 26 years, with up to 20% higher values on Mondays compared with Fridays (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, TG concentrations were highest after the weekend and gradually declined during the week. We suggest that unhealthy food intake and reduced physical activity during the weekend increase TG concentrations which track into the week. This weekday variation may carry implications for public health and future research practice.

Comparison of Muscle and Subcutaneous Tissue Fatty Acid Composition of Bangladeshi Nondescript Deshi Bulls Finished on Pasture Diet

The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the tissue-associated differences in the fatty acid profiles of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat from pasture fed nondescript deshi breed bulls of Bangladesh. The average chemical composition of thelongissimusmuscle was as follows: moisture74.65±0.48%, protein21.55±0.83%, intramuscular fat2.78±0.28%, and ash1.02±0.03%. There was significant evidence that the lipids oflongissimusmuscle from the nondescript deshi bulls had a lower content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to subcutaneous fat. Intramuscular fat also showed the highest PUFA/SFA and∑n-6/∑n-3fatty acids ratios and total n-3 and n-6 PUFAs compared to subcutaneous tissue depots. Overall findings suggest that the meat from pasture fed nondescript deshi breed can be considered as lean meat and healthy for human consumption.

Liver Fatty Acid Composition and Inflammation in Mice Fed with High-Carbohydrate Diet or High-Fat Diet

Both high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD) modulate liver fat accumulation and inflammation, however, there is a lack of data on the potential contribution of carbohydrates and lipids separately. For this reason, the changes in liver fatty acid (FA) composition in male Swiss mice fed with HCD or HFD were compared, at the time points 0 (before starting the diets), and after 7, 14, 28 or 56 days. Activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), ∆-6 desaturase (D6D), elongases and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) were estimated. Liver mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) was evaluated as an additional indicator of the de novo lipogenesis. Myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and mRNA expressions of F4/80, type I collagen, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured as indication of the liver inflammatory state. The HCD group had more intense lipid deposition, particularly of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). This group also showed higher DNL, SCD-1, and D6D activities associated with increased NO concentration, as well as myeloperoxidase activity. Livers from the HFD group showed higher elongase activity, stored more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and had a lower omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid (n-6/n-3) ratio. In conclusion, liver lipid accumulation, fatty acids (FA) composition and inflammation were modulated by the dietary composition of lipids and carbohydrates. The HCD group had more potent lipogenic and inflammatory effects in comparison with HFD.

Dietary Factors in Reducing Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases

Diet influences many modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Considering this, moderation of total dietary fat, particularly trans and saturated fats, as well as cholesterol is recommended. Dietary fats should come mainly from plants and fatty fish, providing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (including omega-3) fatty acids. Carbohydrate sources to emphasize include whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits, and other fiber-rich sources, rather than sugars. Although vitamins such as E, C, and some B vitamins are associated with reduced CVD risk, data do not support the use of supplements, but foods rich in these nutrients are advocated. Dietary minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium may be beneficial to heart health, while reduction of dietary sodium decreases risk of hypertension. A large variety of phytonutrients are also associated with reduced CVD risk. Other dietary factors receiving research attention regarding CVD risk. Other dietary factors receiving research attention regarding CVD risk include caffeine, alcobol, and meal frequency, although more work is needed in these areas. In contrast, data are quite robust to support the importance of healthy body weight management in cardiovascular health. In general, diets based on a variety of less processed foods, mainly of plant origin, in the context of an active lifestyle, are conducive to heart health.

ω-3 in meat products: benefits and effects on lipid oxidative stability

Although ω-3 intake has been associated with numerous health benefits, its addition to certain food matrices, and in particular meat products, may involve various technological barriers influencing the final quality of the products. Lipid oxidation must be highlighted due to the modification of both the sensory characteristics and the shelf-life of meat products. In order to reduce the impact of chemical changes and promote oxidative stability, the use of natural antioxidants has gained ground owing to the health and safety advantages linked to its effectiveness at reducing lipid oxidation. Many natural compounds have also been successfully tested in animal feed, in order to protect the raw meat materials and reduce the risk of lipid oxidation in processed products. This review aims to address the challenges and advantages of the incorporation of ω-3 fatty acids in raw meat materials and processed meat products, and to describe the use of different compounds to enhance lipid oxidative stability. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Food groups associated with a reduced risk of 15-year all-cause death

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Long-term observational cohorts provide the opportunity to investigate the potential impact of dietary patterns on death. We aimed to investigate all-cause death according to the consumption of selected food groups, and then to identify those independently associated with reduced mortality.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Population survey of middle-aged men randomly selected in the period 1995-1997 from the general population of three French areas and followed over a median of 14.8 years. Dietary data were collected through a 3-day food record. Cox modeling was used to assess the risk of death according to selected foods groups after extensive adjustment for confounders, including a diet quality index.

RESULTS

The study population comprised 960 men (mean age 55.5 ±6.2 years). After a median follow-up of 14.8 (interquartile range 14.3-15.2) years, 150 (15.6%) subjects had died. Food groups that remained independently predictive of a lower risk of death after extensive adjustment were an above-median consumption of milk (adjusted relative risk: 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43-0.86, P-value=0.005), fruits and vegetables (0.68, 0.46-0.98, P-value=0.041) and a moderate consumption of yogurts and cottage cheese (0.50, 95% CI: 0.31-0.81, P-value=0.005), other cheeses (0.62, 0.39-0.97, P-value=0.036) and bread (0.57, 0.37-0.89, P-value=0.014). Besides, there was a nonsignificant trend for a higher risk of death associated with highest sodium intakes.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of food groups that largely match recommendations is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause death in men. A diet providing moderate amounts of diverse food groups appears associated with the highest life expectancy.

Variations in the Histopathologic Type of Esophageal Carcinoma Between the United States of America and India

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of the different histopathologic types of esophageal carcinoma between the United States of American (US) and India. The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database was analyzed to determine the incidence of different types of esophageal carcinoma in US. A retrospective review was conducted of all the patients that underwent resection for esophageal carcinoma at a regional oncology center in India from 2001 to 2007. Data relating to histopathologic variables was collected and compared to the patients in the SEER database for the same time period. Esophageal adenocarcinoma accounts for the majority of newly diagnosed cases in the US. Although squamous cell carcinoma is the dominant type of esophageal carcinoma in India, we noted a small but gradual increase (0 % in 2001 to 28 % in 2007) in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The results of our study demonstrate a geographic variation in the histopathologic type of esophageal carcinoma. A recent increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in India was also demonstrated. Analysis of risk factors known to be associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma, in the context of India, can provide targets for implementing public health measures.

Nutrigenetics of cholesterol metabolism: observational and dietary intervention studies in the postgenomic era

Cholesterol metabolism is a well-defined responder to dietary intakes and a classic biomarker of cardiovascular health. For this reason, circulating cholesterol levels have become key in shaping nutritional recommendations by health authorities worldwide for better management of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of mortality and one of the most costly health problems globally. Data from observational and dietary intervention studies, however, highlight a marked between-individual variability in the response of cholesterol metabolism to similar dietary protocols, a phenomenon linked to genetic heterogeneity. This review summarizes the postgenomic evidence of polymorphisms within cholesterol-associated genes relative to fasting circulating cholesterol levels under diverse nutritional conditions. A number of cholesterol-related gene-diet interactions are confirmed, which may have clinical importance, supporting a deeper look into the rapidly emerging field of nutrigenetics for meaningful conclusions that may eventually lead to genetically targeted dietary recommendations in the era of personalized nutrition.

Invited commentary: dietary polyunsaturated Fatty acids and chronic systemic inflammation--a potentially intriguing link

It remains largely unclear whether consumption of total and individual polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with chronic systemic inflammation in healthy, free-living individuals. While available evidence (stemming principally from mechanistic studies) has indicated that greater intake of n-6 PUFAs may lead to increased levels of inflammation-for instance, by their acting as precursors to proinflammatory eicosanoids and increasing levels of oxidized linoleic acid metabolites-n-3 PUFAs are precursors to some antiinflammatory eicosanoids. New human data from a Dutch prospective study, the Rotterdam Study-as presented by Muka et al. ( Am J Epidemiol. 2015;181(11):846-856) in this issue of the Journal-now make an important contribution to the relatively scarce literature on the association of dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFAs with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a key marker of inflammation, in a general population. The study by Muka et al. benefitted from repeated CRP measurements, comprehensive correction for potential confounding, and wide-ranging sensitivity analyses. The findings show no significant trend regarding n-3 PUFAs but indicate an important inverse association between n-6 PUFAs and chronic systemic inflammation. This study provides support for existing dietary guidelines, which encourage consumption of a combination of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the diet.

Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid influence liver triacylglycerol and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fructose diet

This study aimed to examine the benefits of different amounts of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil (FO) on lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and gene expression in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Male Wistar rats were separated into two groups: Control (C, n = 6) and Fructose (Fr, n = 32), the latter receiving a diet containing 63% by weight fructose for 60 days. After this period, 24 animals from Fr group were allocated to three groups: FrFO2 (n = 8) receiving 63% fructose and 2% FO plus 5% soybean oil; FrFO5 (n = 8) receiving 63% fructose and 5% FO plus 2% soybean oil; and FrFO7 (n = 8) receiving 63% fructose and 7% FO. Animals were fed these diets for 30 days. Fructose led to an increase in liver weight, hepatic and serum triacylglycerol, serum alanine aminotransferase and HOMA1-IR index. These alterations were reversed by 5% and 7% FO. FO had a dose-dependent effect on expression of genes related to hepatic β-oxidation (increased) and hepatic lipogenesis (decreased). The group receiving the highest FO amount had increased markers of oxidative stress. It is concluded that n-3 fatty acids may be able to reverse the adverse metabolic effects induced by a high fructose diet.

Effect of low carbohydrate high protein (LCHP) diet on lipid metabolism, liver and kidney function in rats

The objective of this study was to compare effects of Western diet (WD) with low carbohydrate high protein (LCHP) diet on lipid metabolism, liver and kidney function in rats. Eighteen rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and fed for the next 2 months. The experimental diets were: Control (7% of soybean oil, 20% protein), WD (21% of butter, 20% protein), and LCHP (21% of butter and 52.4% protein) diet. The LCHP diet significantly decreased the body weight of the rats. Diet consumption was differentiated among groups, however significant changes were observed since third week of the experiment duration. Rats fed LCHP diet ate significantly less (25.2g/animal/day) than those from Control (30.2g/animal/day) and WD (27.8 g/animal/day) groups. Additionally, food efficiency ratio (FER) tended to decrease in LCHP fed rats. Serum homocysteine concentration significantly decreased in rats fed WD and LCHP diets. Liver weights were significantly higher in rats fed WD and LCHP diets. At the end of the experiment (2 months) the triacylglycerol (TAG) was significantly decreased in animals fed LCHP compared to WD. qRT-PCR showed that SCD-1 and FAS were decreased in LCHP fed rats, but WD diet increased expression of lipid metabolism genes. Rats receiving LCHP diet had two fold higher kidney weight and 54.5% higher creatinin level compared to Control and WD diets. In conclusion, LCHP diet decreased animal's body weight and decreased TAG in rat's serum. However, kidney damage in LCHP rats was observed.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Inpatient Care

The aim of this report is to provide the reader an overview of the complex therapy currently used within the German health system. Complex therapies in inpatient care in Germany establish the basis for an integrative and interdisciplinary provision of services. They define minimal criteria for the organization of a hospital, enable the integration of different therapeutic approaches, and therefore, lead to an intensive and holistic treatment by a specially trained team. The German model can be viewed as a pilot program for the introduction of integrative patient-centered care in other hospitals around the world.

Family history of cardiovascular disease, perceived cardiovascular disease risk, and health-related behavior: a review of the literature

BACKGROUND

More than 82 million Americans have 1 or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), accounting for 32.8% of all deaths in the United States. Although the evidence for the familial aggregation of CVD is strong, the relationship between family history (FH) of CVD, perceived risk for CVD, and health-related behavior is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this article was to review and summarize the published research on the relationship between an FH of CVD, an individual's perceived risk, and health-related behavior to make recommendations for clinical practice and future research.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and PsycINFO to identify articles that examined the relationship between an FH of CVD, perceived CVD risk, and health-promoting behaviors. A total of 263 unique articles were reviewed. A total of 238 were excluded, resulting in a total of 25 articles included in the review.

RESULTS

There was a positive relationship between a reported FH of CVD and perceived risk. However, the relationship between an FH of CVD and health-related behavior change and perceived risk and behavior change was inconsistent.

CONCLUSIONS

A person's awareness of his or her FH of CVD or his or her own risk for CVD is not a sufficient predictor of changes in his or her health-related behavior. Future studies are needed to better explain the processes by which perceived CVD risk or FH of CVD can be used to affect health-related behavior changes. It appears that both FH and perceived personal risk for CVD are necessary but not sufficient conditions to change health-related behavior in high-risk populations. Future studies should also test interventions that help individuals with an FH of CVD attribute increased personal risk to themselves for developing CVD, while providing lifestyle management options to minimize their risk.

Hypolipidemic potential of squid homogenate irrespective of a relatively high content of cholesterol

Background

Our previous study has shown that regardless of a relatively high amount of cholesterol, squid homogenate lowers serum and hepatic cholesterol in animals. Since this work, we have developed a new method to inhibit autolysis of squid proteins with sodium citrate. This study aims to investigate how squid homogenate prepared with sodium citrate affects lipid metabolism in Sprague–Dawley rats at the molecular level.

Methods

We prepared squid homogenate with sodium citrate to inhibit autolysis of squid protein. In Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), rats were given a cholesterol-free control diet or a squid diet, with squid homogenate added at the level of 5% as dietary protein for 4 weeks. Blood, the liver and adipose tissue were taken after 6 hours fasting. Serum and hepatic lipids and activities of enzymes related to lipid metabolism were measured. In Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), the above-mentioned diets had cholesterol added at the level of 0.1% and given to rats. Lipid parameters, enzyme activities, and gene expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism in the liver and the small intestine were determined. In addition, feces were collected for two days at the end of Exp. 2 to measure fecal excretion of steroids.

Results

In Exp.1, serum triglyceride and cholesterol were ~50% and ~20% lower, respectively, in the squid diet-fed rats than in the control diet-fed animals while hepatic cholesterol was ~290% higher in the squid diet-fed rats. When cholesterol was included into the diets (Exp. 2), serum lipids were significantly lower in the squid group while no difference of hepatic lipid was seen between two groups. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were significantly lower in rats on the squid diet while the enzyme responsible for fatty acid oxidation was not modified (Expt. 1 and 2). Hepatic level of mRNA of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein was significantly lower in the squid group. In the small intestine, the squid diet exhibited significantly lower gene expression of proteins involved in fatty acid transport and cholesterol absorption. Fecal secretion of acidic steroids, but not neutral steroids, was higher in rats fed the squid diet than in those fed the control diet.

Conclusion

These results imply that newly-developed squid homogenate has hypolipidemic potential primarily through decreased absorption of bile acids in the small intestine and suppressed lipogenesis in the liver.

Inverse association of legume consumption and dyslipidemia: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program

BACKGROUND

Dietary intervention for improving serum lipids emphasizes on dietary fiber, plant protein, and flavonoids. This study was performed to examine whether regular legume consumption could alter serum lipids level and prevalence of dyslipidemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study was performed among 9660 randomly selected Iranian adults in 3 districts in the central part of Iran, using data collected in the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program in 2007. Dietary behavior including frequency of legume consumption was assessed by 48-item food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum lipids were measured by standard enzymatic methods. We applied analysis covariance test to compare adjusted mean of serum lipids across legume consumption quartile and logistic regression test was used to determine odds ratio 95% confidence interval of dyslipidemia based on legume consumption in unadjusted and 4-adjusted models.

RESULTS

Adjusted mean triglyceride significantly reduced and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) enhanced by increasing legume consumption (P = .04). The frequency of legume consumption associated with occurrence of all kinds of dyslipidemia except for hypercholesterolemia, especially for those who had consumed legume more than 1 time per day in adjusted models (hypertriglyceridemia: 0.82 [0.68-0.98]; high low-density lipoprotein [LDL-C]: 0.76 [0.60-0.97], and low HDL-C: 0.81 [0.71-0.92]).

CONCLUSION

We found an inverse dose-response association between the frequency of legume consumption and the risk of hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C. Therefore it is suggested that increasing legume intake may be an important part of a dietary approach for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of the sim fruit (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)

In this study, detailed chemical properties of sim (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk.) fruit including nutritional composition, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were determined for the first time. A 150g serving of sim fruit contained high levels of dietary fibre (69.94-87.43% of Recommended Daily Intake (RDI)), α-tocopherol (38.90-51.87% RDI), manganese (>100% RDI), and copper (44.44% RDI) but low levels of protein (2.63% RDI), lipid (1.59-3.5% RDI), and sugars (5.65% RDI). The predominant fatty acid in the sim fruit sample was linoleic acid (75.36% of total fatty acids). Interestingly, total phenolics (49.21±0.35mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW)) were particularly high and resulted in a high antioxidant capacity (431.17±14.56μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g DW). These results, together with our recent discovery of high amount of piceatannol, a stilbene with potent biological activities, highlight the potential of sim, an under-utilised plant species from South-East Asia, as a new source of health-promoting compounds including dietary fibres, essential fatty acids, and phenolic compounds.