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Smith C, Lin X, Parker L, Yeap BB, Hayes A, Levinger I. The role of bone in energy metabolism: A focus on osteocalcin. Bone 2024; 188:117238. [PMID: 39153587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in whole body glucose regulation is key for the discovery of new treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Historically, glucose regulation was largely focused on responses to insulin and glucagon. Impacts of incretin-based therapies, and importance of muscle mass, are also highly relevant. Recently, bone was recognized as an endocrine organ, with several bone proteins, known as osteokines, implicated in glucose metabolism through their effects on the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Research efforts mostly focused on osteocalcin (OC) as a leading example. This review will provide an overview on this role of bone by discussing bone turnover markers (BTMs), the receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin (SCL) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2), with a focus on OC. Since 2007, some, but not all, research using mostly OC genetically modified animal models suggested undercarboxylated (uc) OC acts as a hormone involved in energy metabolism. Most data generated from in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models, indicate that exogenous ucOC administration improves whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Although data in humans are generally supportive, findings are often discordant likely due to methodological differences and observational nature of that research. Overall, evidence supports the concept that bone-derived factors are involved in energy metabolism, some having beneficial effects (ucOC, OPG) others negative (RANKL, SCL), with the role of some (LCN2, other BTMs) remaining unclear. Whether the effect of osteokines on glucose regulation is clinically significant and of therapeutic value for people with insulin resistance and T2D remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia.
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Luijpers CLH, Nuijten MAH, Groenhuijzen EJ, van Hogezand LL, Monpellier VM, Eijsvogels TMH, Hopman MTE. Protein Supplement Tolerability and Patient Satisfaction after Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2024:10.1007/s11695-024-07462-4. [PMID: 39243332 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-024-07462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disproportional fat-free mass loss often occurs post-bariatric surgery, partly due to insufficient protein intake during the post-surgery recovery phase. We compared five protein-enhancing strategies (PES) on patient tolerability, satisfaction and protein intake. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-four participants, scheduled for bariatric surgery, were enrolled and allocated to either of the following: (1) whey powder, (2) hydrolysed collagen powder, (3) plant-based powder, (4) protein-rich products, (5) protein gel, or control. PES groups were instructed to add 30 g of powder or 2 gels or protein products to their diet. Patient satisfaction and tolerability were evaluated with questionnaires. Dietary intake was assessed prior to and during PES use. RESULTS Seven patients dropped out (i.e. loss of contact, personal reasons or post-surgery complications) yielding an analytical cohort of 87 participants. The majority of patients (61%) did not experience dietary complaints from PES and could use PES ≥ 5 days of the week. PES non-usage was mainly related to taste dislike (58%). Hydrolysed collagen scored highest on tolerability and satisfaction: 86% of the participants could use HC ≥ 5 days and 71% were satisfied with the product. PES increased protein intake from 54.7 ± 21.5 g/day to 64.7 ± 23.4 g/day during the intervention (p = 0.002), which differed from the control group (+ 10.1 ± 24.5 g/day vs. - 6.3 ± 23.8 g/day for controls, p = 0.019). Whey showed the highest increase, namely + 18.3 ± 16.3 g/day (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION PES were tolerated by the majority of participants, and an improved protein intake with PES use was seen. However, the taste of the products could be improved to further enhance satisfaction and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Lianda H Luijpers
- Department of Medical BioSciences (Route 928), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. box 1901, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nederlandse Obesitas Kliniek (Dutch Obesity Clinic), Amersfoortseweg 43, 3712 BA, Huis Ter Heide, The Netherlands
| | - Malou A H Nuijten
- Department of Medical BioSciences (Route 928), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. box 1901, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Evi J Groenhuijzen
- Department of Medical BioSciences (Route 928), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. box 1901, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian L van Hogezand
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie M Monpellier
- Nederlandse Obesitas Kliniek (Dutch Obesity Clinic), Amersfoortseweg 43, 3712 BA, Huis Ter Heide, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Medical BioSciences (Route 928), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. box 1901, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Department of Medical BioSciences (Route 928), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. box 1901, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Qiu D, Zhang Y, Ni P, Wang Z, Yang L, Li F. Muscle-enriched microRNA-486-mediated regulation of muscular atrophy and exercise. J Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s13105-024-01043-w. [PMID: 39222208 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this review were to understand the impact of microRNA-486 on myogenesis and muscle atrophy, and the change of microRNA-486 following exercise, and provide valuable information for improving muscle atrophy based on exercise intervention targeting microRNA-486. Muscle-enriched microRNAs (miRNAs), also referred to as myomiRs, control various processes in skeletal muscles, from myogenesis and muscle homeostasis to different responses to environmental stimuli such as exercise. MicroRNA-486 is a miRNA in which a stem-loop sequence is embedded within the ANKYRIN1 (ANK1) locus and is strictly conserved across mammals. MicroRNA-486 is involved in the development of muscle atrophy caused by aging, immobility, prolonged exposure to microgravity, or muscular and neuromuscular disorders. PI3K/AKT signaling is a positive pathway, as it increases muscle mass by increasing protein synthesis and decreasing protein degradation. MicroRNA-486 can activate this pathway by inhibiting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), it may also indirectly inhibit the HIPPO signaling pathway to promote cell growth. Exercises regulate microRNA-486 expression both in blood and muscle. This review focused on the recent elucidation of sarcopenia regulation by microRNA-486 and its effects on pathological states, including primary muscular disease, secondary muscular disorders, and age-related sarcopenia. Additionally, the role of exercise in regulating skeletal muscle-enriched microRNA-486 was highlighted, along with its physiological significance. Growing evidence indicates that microRNA-486 significantly impacts the development of muscle atrophy. MicroRNA-486 has great potential to become a therapeutic target for improving muscle atrophy through exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Qiu
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, No. 96, Jichuan East Road, Hailing District, Taizhou, 225300, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China
| | - Pinshi Ni
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Wang
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Fanghui Li
- Zhaoqing University, 526061, Guangdong, Zhaoqing, P.R. China.
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Scarpelli MC, Bergamasco JGA, Godwin JS, Mesquita PHC, Chaves TS, Silva DG, Bittencourt D, Dias NF, Medalha Junior RA, Carello Filho PC, Angleri V, Costa LAR, Kavazis AN, Ugrinowitsch C, Roberts MD, Libardi CA. Resistance training-induced changes in muscle proteolysis and extracellular matrix remodeling biomarkers in the untrained and trained states. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2749-2762. [PMID: 38653795 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training (RT) induces muscle growth at varying rates across RT phases, and evidence suggests that the muscle-molecular responses to training bouts become refined or attenuated in the trained state. This study examined how proteolysis-related biomarkers and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling factors respond to a bout of RT in the untrained (UT) and trained (T) state. METHODS Participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent 10 weeks of RT. Biopsies of vastus lateralis were collected before and after (24 h) the first (UT) and last (T) sessions. Vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (CSA) was assessed before and after the experimental period. RESULTS There were increases in muscle and type II fiber CSAs. In both the UT and T states, calpain activity was upregulated and calpain-1/-2 protein expression was downregulated from Pre to 24 h. Calpain-2 was higher in the T state. Proteasome activity and 20S proteasome protein expression were upregulated from Pre to 24 h in both the UT and T. However, proteasome activity levels were lower in the T state. The expression of poly-ubiquitinated proteins was unchanged. MMP activity was downregulated, and MMP-9 protein expression was elevated from Pre to 24 h in UT and T. Although MMP-14 protein expression was acutely unchanged, this marker was lower in T state. TIMP-1 protein levels were reduced Pre to 24 h in UT and T, while TIMP-2 protein levels were unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results are the first to show that RT does not attenuate the acute-induced response of proteolysis and ECM remodeling-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra C Scarpelli
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - João G A Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Paulo H C Mesquita
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Talisson S Chaves
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Deivid G Silva
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Diego Bittencourt
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Nathalia F Dias
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Medalha Junior
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carello Filho
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luiz A R Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Sweatt K, Garvey WT, Martins C. Strengths and Limitations of BMI in the Diagnosis of Obesity: What is the Path Forward? Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:584-595. [PMID: 38958869 PMCID: PMC11306271 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to discuss strengths and limitations of body mass index (BMI) in diagnosing obesity, the use of alternative anthropometric measurements, and potential new technology that may change the future of obesity diagnosis and management. RECENT FINDINGS The diagnosis of obesity requires the anthropometric assessment of adiposity. In clinical settings, this should include BMI with confirmation that elevated BMI represents excess adiposity and a measure of fat distribution (i.e., waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), or WC divided by height0.5 (WHR.5R). Digital anthropometry and bioelectric impedance (BIA) can estimate fat distribution and be feasibly employed in the clinic. In addition, the diagnosis should include a clinical component assessing the presence and severity of weight-related complications. As anthropometric measures used in the diagnosis of obesity, BMI is generally sufficient if confirmed to represent excess adiposity, and there are advantages to the use of WHtR over WC to assess fat distribution. BIA and digital anthropometry have the potential to provide accurate measures of fat mass and distribution in clinical settings. There should also be a clinical evaluation for the presence and severity of obesity complications that can be used to stage the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sweatt
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3360, USA
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3360, USA
| | - Catia Martins
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3360, USA.
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May PB, El-Mallakh RS. Preservation of Muscle during Treatment for Obesity in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. South Med J 2024; 117:529-533. [PMID: 39227044 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adults with intellectual disabilities will frequently experience sedentary behavior and excessive weight, which may cause or exacerbate a multitude of medical and behavioral problems. This study examined a program to encourage increased activity and weight loss in an outpatient service for adults with intellectual disabilities. METHODS Behavioral methods were used to treat obesity in 33 male and 21 female adults with intellectual disabilities for a mean of 9 months. They were retrospectively analyzed to determine the effects of treatment on muscle and adiposity using body composition analysis. RESULTS The 54 participants of the original 122 (44.3%) who did not drop out were divided into three groups: weight loss ≥3 kg/3% (n = 20, 37%), weight loss <3 kg/3% (n = 17, 31.5%), and no weight loss or weight gain (n = 17, 31.5%). Only men and women who lost ≥3 kg/3%, demonstrated significant gain of relative muscle mass. Those who gained weight lost muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS If motivation remains high and follow-up is reasonably long, then a multicomponent obesity treatment program can lead to significant weight loss with preservation of muscle in adults with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rif S El-Mallakh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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McMahon G, Best N, Coulter T, Erskine RM. Increased Neuromuscular Activity, Force Output, and Resistance Exercise Volume When Using 5-Minute Compared with 2-Minute Rest Intervals Between the Sets. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1527-1534. [PMID: 38953795 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McMahon, G, Best, N, Coulter, T, and Erskine, RM. Increased neuromuscular activation, force output and resistance exercise volume when using 5-minute compared with 2-minute rest intervals between the sets. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): 1527-1534, 2024-Longer rest intervals between resistance exercise (RE) sets may promote greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains over time by facilitating the completion of greater training volume and intensity. However, little is known about the acute neuromuscular responses to RE sets incorporating longer vs. shorter rest intervals. Using a within-subject, crossover design, 8 healthy, young subjects completed 2 separate acute bouts of 4 sets of 8 × 3-s maximal isometric contractions using either a 2-minute (REST-2) or 5-minute (REST-5) rest interval between sets. Peak torque (PT) and electromyography (EMG) were measured pre and 5 minutes postexercise. Peak torque and mean torque (MT), EMG, mean, and median frequencies were measured during each set, whereas blood lactate (BLa), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured following each set. Peak torque and MT were lower ( p < 0.05) in sets 3 and 4, and sets 2-4 in REST-2 compared with REST-5, respectively. Electromyography and BL were lower and higher, respectively, in REST-2 vs. REST-5. There was no main effect of condition on HR or RPE. Pre-to-post exercise reductions in PT (-17 ± 9% vs. -4 ± 7%) and EMG (-29 ± 14% vs. -10 ± 7%) were greater ( p < 0.001) in REST-2 vs. REST-5. Total exercise volume was less in REST-2 vs. REST-5 (9,748 ± 2296 N·m -1 vs. 11,212 ± 2513 N·m -1 , p < 0.001). These results suggest that incorporating 5-minute between-set rest intervals into a resistance exercise session facilitates improved neuromuscular function, increased exercise volume, and less metabolic stress compared with 2-minute rest intervals. Thus, 5-minute rest intervals may be more efficacious for promoting muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in a chronic resistance training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard McMahon
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Nathan Best
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Timothy Coulter
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, School of Sport, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Witard OC, Mettler S. The Anabolic Response to Protein Ingestion During Recovery From Exercise Has No Upper Limit in Magnitude and Duration In Vivo in Humans: A Commentary. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:322-324. [PMID: 38991545 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive recent study by Trommelen et al. demonstrated that muscle tissue exhibits a greater capacity to incorporate exogenous exogenous protein-derived amino acids into bound muscle protein than was previously appreciated, at least when measured in "anabolically sensitive," recreationally active (but not resistance-trained), young men following resistance exercise. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the duration of the postprandial period is modulated by the dose of ingested protein contained within a meal, that is, the postexercise muscle protein synthesis response to protein ingestion was more prolonged in 100PRO than 25PRO. Both observations represent important scientific advances in the field of protein metabolism. However, we respectfully caution that the practical implications of these findings may have been misinterpreted, at least in terms of dismissing the concept of protein meal distribution as an important factor in optimizing muscle tissue anabolism and/or metabolic health. Moreover, based on emerging evidence, this idea that the anabolic response to protein ingestion has no upper limit does not appear to translate to resistance-trained young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Mettler
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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Church DD, Hirsch KR, Kviatkovsky SA, Matthews JJ, Ferrando AA, Azhar G, Wolfe RR. The Anabolic Response to a Ground Beef Patty and Soy-Based Meat Alternative: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00727-5. [PMID: 39222687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy-based meat alternatives (SBMA) are becoming increasingly popular, but it is unclear if they have the same anabolic effect on skeletal muscle as animal meat. OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis by consumption of one or two 4 oz patties of SBMA with 4 oz (80%protein/20%fat) beef. METHODS The study design was a randomized controlled trial. Participants were aged 18 to 40 years of age and in good general health with a BMI between 20 and 32 kg/m2. Stable isotope tracer methods were used (L-[ring-2H5] phenylalanine, [U-13C9-15N]- tyrosine and L-[ring-2H4] tyrosine) to quantify the response of muscle protein fractional synthetic rate to consumption of a single beef (4 oz), single SBMA (4 oz), or two 4 oz SBMA patties (8 oz). Whole-body rates of protein synthesis, breakdown and net balance, as well as plasma essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations, were also measured. RESULTS The increase above basal in muscle protein FSR following consumption of the 4 oz beef patty (0.020 ± 0.016%/hour) was significantly greater than the increase following consumption of 4 oz SBMA (p = 0.021; 0.003 ± 0.010%/hour) but not 8 oz SBMA (p = 0.454; 0.013 ± 0.016%/hour). The maximal EAA concentration was significantly correlated (p = 0.046; r = 0.411) with the change in muscle FSR from the basal to postprandial period. In addition, the change in muscle FSR from the basal to postprandial period was significantly correlated (p = 0.046; r = 0.412) with the corresponding change in whole-body protein synthesis. CONCLUSION Consumption of a 4 oz beef patty stimulates muscle and whole -body protein synthesis more than a 4 oz SBMA patty and similarly to 8 oz of SBMA. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05197140.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shiloah A Kviatkovsky
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Joseph J Matthews
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Cyrus KE, Jerome ML, Reeves AV, Nguyen K, Shankaran M, Evans WJ, Salas AA. Correlation between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat-Free Mass in Infants Born Very Preterm. J Pediatr 2024:114272. [PMID: 39218204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Assessing growth quality in preterm infants present challenges, particularly with the use of the standard fat-free mass (FFM) measurement. We report here a moderate correlation between indirect skeletal muscle mass (SMM) measurements using the D3-creatine dilution method and FFM measured with air-displacement plethysmography. SMM could serve as an indicator of growth quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Cyrus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Maggie L Jerome
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Audrey V Reeves
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kelly Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ariel A Salas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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11
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Dong Z, Chen Z, Tan Q. Body fat percentage vs body mass index in estimating basal cell carcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35297. [PMID: 39170446 PMCID: PMC11336599 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The role of body mass index (BMI) in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) risk remains controversial, and limited information is available regarding the relationship between other physical measurements and BCC. Several recent studies have found a positive effect of adiposity on improved survival when obesity was determined solely by BMI (the "obesity paradox"). We hypothesize that body fat percentage (BFP) may serve as a more sensitive risk factor for BCC than BMI. Methods The study conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical data from two distinct centers in China. Individual patient-level data were obtained from medical record reviews spanning January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022. Associations with outcomes were analyzed using univariate and stratified analyses and assessed using multiple logistic regression with adjustment for confounding factors. Additionally, we performed a meta-analysis to further test the observations in our study. Results A total of 337 patients, ranging in age from 50 to 91 years, with a mean age of 66.88 (standard deviation 10.16), were included. We observed no significant association between BMI and BCC after adjusting for confounders (OR: 0.71, 95 % CI: 0.36-1.40, P = 0.3186). There was also no convincing effect in a meta-analysis (n = 158,741) (OR: 0.99, 95 % CI: 0.93-1.06, P = 0.8). Furthermore, BFP was found to be associated with BCC (OR: 2.64, 95 % CI: 1.17-5.97, P = 0.0196), supported by strong clinical evidence. Conclusions Our study supports the hypothesis that BFP is superior to BMI in assessing BCC risk. Multiple logistic regression analyses, coupled with meta-analysis, provided robust evidence that BFP is a sensitive risk factor for BCC, while BMI appears unrelated to risk. According to these findings, routine healthcare practices could benefit from utilizing BFP measurements. The reduction of body fat percentage in low-fat diets may be beneficial for adjuvant treatment of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dong
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Medical Collage Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Qian Tan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
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12
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Seo E, Kwon Y, Park S. Association Between Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid and Change in Fat-Free Mass Relative to Weight Loss in Patients Undergoing Sleeve Gastrectomy. Metabolites 2024; 14:444. [PMID: 39195540 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleeve gastrectomy typically leads to weight loss, including a reduction in fat-free mass (FFM). Studies have shown significant FFM loss within 1 year after the procedure but with individual variations. This study aimed to assess whether preoperative amino acid metabolite levels can predict FFM changes following sleeve gastrectomy. This study involved 42 patients. Body weight, fat mass (FM), and FFM were measured preoperatively and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. All participants experienced weight loss, FM reduction, and FFM decrease for up to 3 months after surgery. However, the following distinct groups emerged from 3 to 6 months postoperatively: one showed FFM gain relative to weight loss, whereas the other exhibited continued FFM reduction relative to weight loss. This trend persisted for up to 12 months postoperatively and became more pronounced. The group with FFM gain had lower preoperative BMI and higher levels of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA). Logistic regression and ROC curve analyses confirmed IPyA's ability to predict FFM gain between 3 and 6 months after sleeve gastrectomy, with a useful cutoff value of 20.205. Preoperative IPyA levels were associated with FFM gain relative to weight loss in the 3 to 6 months following sleeve gastrectomy. These findings suggest that IPyA may be a potential predictor for FFM changes during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Seo
- College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkeun Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Foregut Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Park
- Department of Surgery, Division of Foregut Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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13
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Żegleń M, Kryst Ł, Kowal M, Słowik J, Woronkowicz A. The Normal Weight Obesity (NWO) Problem-Prevalence and Time Changes in Children and Adolescents From Kraków (Poland). Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24145. [PMID: 39126220 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Normal weight obesity can be associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, systemic inflammation and mortality. The main aim of the study was to analyze the changes in the prevalence of normal weight obesity in 8-18-year-olds from Kraków (Poland) between 2010 and 2020. METHODS The study was based on two sets of cross-sectional, school-based data obtained in 2010 and 2020. Body height, weight, and fat percentage were obtained. Body mass index was calculated, and only normal-weight individuals were included. Normal weight obesity was defined as normal BMI with adiposity >85 percentile for age and sex. RESULTS The prevalence of normal weight obesity among Polish children and adolescents has been alarming for at least the last 10 years. Depending on the sex and age, normal weight obesity was present in more than 10% up to even more than 20% of the examined population. CONCLUSIONS Alarming numbers of Polish children and adolescents suffer from NWO and this problem seems to be present for at least the last decade. A need for a maximally universal definition and cut-offs to diagnose normal weight obesity should also be stressed, as it will be helpful in providing the best prophylaxis and help to persons already suffering from normal weight obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żegleń
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kryst
- Department of Anthropology, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowal
- Department of Anthropology, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Słowik
- Department of Anthropology, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Deane CS, Cox J, Atherton PJ. Critical variables regulating age-related anabolic responses to protein nutrition in skeletal muscle. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1419229. [PMID: 39166128 PMCID: PMC11333332 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1419229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein nutrition is critical for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass across the lifecourse and for the growth of muscle in response to resistance exercise - both acting via the stimulation of protein synthesis. The transient anabolic response to protein feeding may vary in magnitude and duration, depending on, e.g., timing, dose, amino acid composition and delivery mode, which are in turn influenced by physical activity and age. This review aims to: (i) summarise the fundamental metabolic responses of muscle to protein feeding, (ii) discuss key variables regulating muscle anabolic responses to protein feeding, and (iii) explore how these variables can be optimised for muscle anabolism in response to physical activity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S. Deane
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Cox
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Medical School, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Medical School, Derby, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan Advanced Research Academy (RARA), Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Feng Z, Chen Y, Guo Y, Lyu J. Deciphering the environmental chemical basis of muscle quality decline by interpretable machine learning models. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:407-418. [PMID: 38825185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is known as a decline in skeletal muscle quality and function that is associated with age. Sarcopenia is linked to diverse health problems, including endocrine-related diseases. Environmental chemicals (ECs), a broad class of chemicals released from industry, may influence muscle quality decline. OBJECTIVES In this work, we aimed to simultaneously elucidate the associations between muscle quality decline and diverse EC exposures based on the data from the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 survey cycles in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) project using machine learning models. METHODS Six machine learning models were trained based on the EC and non-EC exposures from NHANES to distinguish low from normal muscle quality index status. Different machine learning metrics were evaluated for these models. The Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) approach was used to provide explainability for machine learning models. RESULTS Random forest (RF) performed best on the independent testing data set. Based on the testing data set, ECs can independently predict the binary muscle quality status with good performance by RF (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.793; area under the precision-recall curve = 0.808). The SHAP ranked the importance of ECs for the RF model. As a result, several metals and chemicals in urine, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and cobalt, were more associated with the muscle quality decline. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our analyses suggest that ECs can independently predict muscle quality decline with a good performance by RF, and the SHAP-identified ECs can be closely related to muscle quality decline and sarcopenia. Our analyses may provide valuable insights into ECs that may be the important basis of sarcopenia and endocrine-related diseases in United States populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Feng
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; College of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying'ao Chen
- Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- College of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lyu
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Seo E, Kwon Y, ALRomi A, Eledreesi M, Park S. A multifaceted and inclusive methodology for the detection of sarcopenia in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: an in-depth analysis of current evidence. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:677-689. [PMID: 38427134 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is widely recognized as the most effective intervention for obesity and offers benefits beyond weight loss. However, not all patients achieve satisfactory weight loss, balanced changes in body composition, and resolution of comorbidities. Therefore, thorough pre- and postoperative evaluations are important to predict success and minimize adverse effects. More comprehensive assessments require broadening the focus beyond body weight and fat measurements to consider quantitative and qualitative evaluations of muscles. Introducing the concept of sarcopenia is useful for assessing the degradative and pathological changes in muscles associated with cardiometabolic function, physical performance, and other obesity-related comorbidities in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. However, there is currently no consensus or definition regarding the research and clinical use of sarcopenia in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Therefore, this review aimed to define the concept of sarcopenia applicable to patients undergoing bariatric surgery, based on the consensus reached for sarcopenia in the general population. We also discuss the methods and significance of measuring muscle mass, quality, and strength, which are key variables requiring a comprehensive assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Seo
- Keimyung University College of Nursing, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkeun Kwon
- Division of Foregut Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae- ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmad ALRomi
- Ministry of Health Jordan, General surgery affiliationision, prince Hamzah hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Sungsoo Park
- Division of Foregut Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae- ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Jin Y, Wan K, Liu C, Cheng W, Wang R. Mechanisms of exercise intervention in type 2 diabetes: a bibliometric and visualization analysis based on CiteSpace. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1401342. [PMID: 39149117 PMCID: PMC11324446 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1401342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common chronic metabolic disease, and its prevalence is increasing globally. Exercise is crucial for T2D management, yet many aspects of its mechanisms remain unclear. This study employs CiteSpace to reveal research hotspots and frontier issues in exercise intervention for T2D. Method A literature review spanning from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022, was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), with keywords including "exercise," "type 2 diabetes," and "mechanisms." We analyzed network diagrams generated by CiteSpace, which depicted relationships among countries, authors, and keywords. Results This study includes 1,210 English papers from 555 journals, affiliated with 348 institutions across 80 countries/regions. Notably, the United States, China, and the United Kingdom account for nearly half of all publications. The University of Copenhagen leads in publication volume, followed by Harvard Medical School and the University of Colorado. Key authors include Kirwan, John P (Case Western Reserve University), Malin, Steven K (Rutgers University), and Pedersen, Bente Klarlund (University of Copenhagen). Based on co-occurrence analysis of keywords, it is evident that terms such as "disease," "glucagon-like peptide 1," and "cardiovascular risk factor" exhibit high intermediary centrality. Conclusion The analysis highlights ongoing investigations into molecular mechanisms, such as β-cell function enhancement, exerkines, and epigenetic mechanisms. Emerging areas include exercise response heterogeneity, circadian rhythm regulation, transcription factors, neurotrophic factors, and mitochondrial function. Future studies should prioritize understanding interactions between different exercise mechanisms and optimizing exercise prescriptions for T2D. Exercise prescriptions are crucial for effective interventions. Collaboration between countries and institutions is essential to understand the influences of different genetic backgrounds and environmental factors. Currently, a combination of aerobic and resistance training is considered the optimal form of exercise. However, considering time efficiency, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained widespread attention and research due to its ability to achieve similar exercise effects in a shorter duration. Additionally, circadian rhythm regulation may affect the exercise outcomes of diabetic individuals at different times of the day, particularly concerning the specific types, doses, and intensities used for precision intervention in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Wan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Physical Education College, Henan Sport University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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18
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Negro M, Crisafulli O, D'Antona G. Effects of essential amino acid (EAA) and glutamine supplementation on skeletal muscle wasting in acute, subacute, and postacute conditions. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 62:224-233. [PMID: 38843393 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Under optimal physiological conditions, muscle mass maintenance is ensured by dietary protein, which balances the amino acid loss during the post-absorption period and preserves the body's protein homeostasis. Conversely, in critical clinical conditions (acute, subacute or postacute), particularly those related to hypomobility or immobility, combined with malnutrition, and local/systemic inflammation, the loss of muscle mass and strength can be quantitatively significant. A decline of more than 1% in muscle mass and of more than 3% in muscle strength has been registered in subjects with aged 20-37 yr after just five days of bed rest, similarly to those observed during one year of age-related decline in individuals over the age of 50. Loss of muscle mass and strength can have a dramatic effect on subjects' functional capacities, on their systemic metabolic control and on the amino acid reserve function, all of which are fundamental for the maintenance of other organs' and tissues' cell processes. References available indicate that the average 1%-2% reduction per day of muscle mass in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) could represent an independent predictor of hospital mortality and physical disability in the five years following hospitalization. After just a few days or weeks of administration, supplementation with EAAs and glutamine has shown significant effects in maintaining muscle size and strength, which are typically negatively affected by some acute/subacute or postacute critical conditions (muscle recovery after surgery, oncology patients, ICU treatments), especially in the elderly or in those with pre-existing degenerative diseases. In this review, we focused on the theoretical bases and the most relevant clinical studies of EAA and glutamine supplementation as a single compound, with the aim of clarifying whether their combined use in a blend (EAAs-glutamine) could be potentially synergistic to prevent disease-related muscle wasting and its impact on the duration and quality of patients' clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Negro
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) - Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Oscar Crisafulli
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) - Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Antona
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS) - Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, Voghera, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Groothof D, Shehab NB, Erler NS, Post A, Kremer D, Polinder‐Bos HA, Gansevoort RT, Groen H, Pol RA, Gans RO, Bakker SJ. Creatinine, cystatin C, muscle mass, and mortality: Findings from a primary and replication population-based cohort. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:1528-1538. [PMID: 38898741 PMCID: PMC11294032 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum creatinine is used as initial test to derive eGFR and confirmatory testing with serum cystatin C is recommended when creatinine-based eGFR is considered less accurate due to deviant muscle mass. Low muscle mass is associated with increased risk of premature mortality. However, the associations of serum creatinine and cystatin C with muscle mass and mortality remain unclear and require further investigation to better inform clinical decision-making. METHODS We included 8437 community-dwelling adults enrolled in the Dutch PREVEND study and 5033 in the US NHANES replication cohort. Associations of serum creatinine and/or cystatin C with muscle mass surrogates and mortality were quantified with linear and Cox proportional hazards regression, respectively. Missing observations in covariates were multiply imputed using Substantive Model Compatible Fully Conditional Specification. RESULTS Mean (SD) age of PREVEND and NHANES participants (50% and 48% male) were 49.8 (12.6) and 48.7 (18.7) years, respectively. Median (Q1-Q3) serum creatinine and cystatin C were 71 (61-80) and 80 (62-88) μmol/L and 0.87 (0.78-0.98) and 0.91 (0.80-1.10) mg/L, respectively. Higher serum creatinine was associated with greater muscle mass, while serum cystatin C was not associated with muscle mass. Adjusting both markers for each other strengthened the positive relationship between serum creatinine and muscle mass and revealed an inverse association between serum cystatin C and muscle mass. In the PREVEND cohort, 1636 (19%) deaths were registered over a median follow-up of 12.9 (5.8-16.3) years with a 10-year mortality rate (95% CI) of 7.6% (7.1-8.2%). In the NHANES, 1273 (25%) deaths were registered over a median follow-up of 17.9 (17.3-18.5) years with a 10-year mortality rate of 13.8% (12.8-14.7%). Both markers were associated with increased mortality. Notably, when adjusted for each other, higher serum creatinine was associated with decreased mortality, while the association between serum cystatin C and increased mortality strengthened. The shapes of the associations in the PREVEND study and NHANES were almost identical. CONCLUSIONS The strong association between serum creatinine and muscle mass challenges its reliability as GFR marker, necessitating a more cautious approach in its clinical use. The minimal association between serum cystatin C and muscle mass supports its increased use as a more reliable alternative in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion Groothof
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Naser B.N. Shehab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Nicole S. Erler
- Department of BiostatisticsErasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Adrian Post
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Daan Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Harmke A. Polinder‐Bos
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Henk Groen
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Pol
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Transplantation SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Reinold O.B. Gans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Stephan J.L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
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20
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Tamayo-Torres E, Garrido A, de Cabo R, Carretero J, Gómez-Cabrera MC. Molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Role of exercise training. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 99:101293. [PMID: 39059039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia represents a multifactorial syndrome mainly characterized by muscle mass loss, which causes both a decrease in quality of life and anti-cancer therapy failure, among other consequences. The definition and diagnostic criteria of cachexia have changed and improved over time, including three different stages (pre-cachexia, cachexia, and refractory cachexia) and objective diagnostic markers. This metabolic wasting syndrome is characterized by a negative protein balance, and anti-cancer drugs like chemotherapy or immunotherapy exacerbate it through relatively unknown mechanisms. Due to its complexity, cachexia management involves a multidisciplinary strategy including not only nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Physical exercise has been proposed as a strategy to counteract the effects of cachexia on skeletal muscle, as it influences the mechanisms involved in the disease such as protein turnover, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review will summarize the experimental and clinical evidence of the impact of physical exercise on cancer-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tamayo-Torres
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amanda Garrido
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Julián Carretero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Gómez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Pabla P, Jones E, Piasecki M, Phillips B. Skeletal muscle dysfunction with advancing age. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:863-882. [PMID: 38994723 PMCID: PMC11250095 DOI: 10.1042/cs20231197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
As a result of advances in medical treatments and associated policy over the last century, life expectancy has risen substantially and continues to increase globally. However, the disconnect between lifespan and 'health span' (the length of time spent in a healthy, disease-free state) has also increased, with skeletal muscle being a substantial contributor to this. Biological ageing is accompanied by declines in both skeletal muscle mass and function, termed sarcopenia. The mechanisms underpinning sarcopenia are multifactorial and are known to include marked alterations in muscle protein turnover and adaptations to the neural input to muscle. However, to date, the relative contribution of each factor remains largely unexplored. Specifically, muscle protein synthetic responses to key anabolic stimuli are blunted with advancing age, whilst alterations to neural components, spanning from the motor cortex and motoneuron excitability to the neuromuscular junction, may explain the greater magnitude of function losses when compared with mass. The consequences of these losses can be devastating for individuals, their support networks, and healthcare services; with clear detrimental impacts on both clinical (e.g., mortality, frailty, and post-treatment complications) and societal (e.g., independence maintenance) outcomes. Whether declines in muscle quantity and quality are an inevitable component of ageing remains to be completely understood. Nevertheless, strategies to mitigate these declines are of vital importance to improve the health span of older adults. This review aims to provide an overview of the declines in skeletal muscle mass and function with advancing age, describes the wide-ranging implications of these declines, and finally suggests strategies to mitigate them, including the merits of emerging pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Pabla
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, DE22 3DT, U.K
| | - Eleanor J. Jones
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, DE22 3DT, U.K
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, DE22 3DT, U.K
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), U.K
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), U.K
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, DE22 3DT, U.K
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), U.K
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), U.K
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22
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Soydan HE, Doğan A. Muscle Organoid and Assembloid Systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38980551 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is one of the most complex and largest tissues that perform important processes in the body, including performing voluntary movements and maintaining body temperature. Disruption of muscle homeostasis results in the development of several disorders, including diabetes and sarcopenia. To study the developmental and regenerative dynamics of skeletal muscle and the mechanism behind muscle diseases, it is important to model skeletal muscle and diseases in vitro. Since skeletal muscle has a complex structure and interaction with other tissues and cells that are required to perform their function, conventional 2D cultures are not sufficient to model the skeletal muscle with their interactions. Advances in the field of organoids and assembloids will enable the establishment of more complex and realistic tissue or disease models which cannot be fully recapitulated in conventional 2D culture systems for use in several areas, including disease research, regenerative, and tissue biology. To overcome these limitations, 3D organoid systems and assembloid systems are promising because of their success in recapitulating the complex structural organization, function, and cellular interactions of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazar Eren Soydan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey.
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23
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Zhang Q, Halle JL, Counts BR, Pi M, Carson JA. mTORC1 and BMP-Smad1/5 regulation of serum-stimulated myotube hypertrophy: a role for autophagy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C124-C139. [PMID: 38766767 PMCID: PMC11371323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00237.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Protein synthesis regulation is critical for skeletal muscle hypertrophy, yet other established cellular processes are necessary for growth-related cellular remodeling. Autophagy has a well-acknowledged role in muscle quality control, but evidence for its role in myofiber hypertrophy remains equivocal. Both mammalian target of rapamycin complex I (mTORC1) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad1/5 (Sma and Mad proteins from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, respectively) signaling are reported regulators of myofiber hypertrophy; however, gaps remain in our understanding of how this regulation is integrated with growth processes and autophagy regulation. Therefore, we investigated the mTORC1 and Smad1/5 regulation of protein synthesis and autophagy flux during serum-stimulated myotube growth. Chronic serum stimulation experiments were performed on day 5 differentiated C2C12 myotubes incubated in differentiation medium [2% horse serum (HS)] or growth medium [5% fetal bovine serum (FBS)] for 48 h. Rapamycin or LDN193189 was dosed for 48 h to inhibit mTORC1 and BMP-Smad1/5 signaling, respectively. Acute serum stimulation was examined in day 7 differentiated myotubes. Protein synthesis was measured by puromycin incorporation. Bafilomycin A1 and immunoblotting for LC3B were used to assess autophagy flux. Chronic serum stimulation increased myotube diameter 22%, total protein 21%, total RNA 100%, and Smad1/5 phosphorylation 404% and suppressed autophagy flux. Rapamycin, but not LDN193189, blocked serum-induced myotube hypertrophy and the increase in total RNA. Acute serum stimulation increased protein synthesis 111%, Smad1/5 phosphorylation 559%, and rpS6 phosphorylation 117% and suppressed autophagy flux. Rapamycin increased autophagy flux during acute serum stimulation. These results provide evidence for mTORC1, but not BMP-Smad1/5, signaling being required for serum-induced myotube hypertrophy and autophagy flux by measuring LC3BII/I expression. Further investigation is warranted to examine the role of autophagy flux in myotube hypertrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrates that myotube hypertrophy caused by chronic serum stimulation requires mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling but not bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad1/5 signaling. The suppression of autophagy flux was associated with serum-induced myotube hypertrophy and mTORC1 regulation of autophagy flux by measuring LC3BII/I expression. Rapamycin is widely investigated for beneficial effects in aging skeletal muscle and sarcopenia; our results provide evidence that rapamycin can regulate autophagy-related signaling during myotube growth, which could benefit skeletal muscle functional and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jessica L Halle
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Brittany R Counts
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health ProfessionsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - James A Carson
- Huffines Institute for Sports Medicine & Human Performance, Department of Kinesiology & Sports Management , Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
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Lee SB, Woo TW, Baek DC, Son CG. A standardized herbal combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia japonica promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in a treadmill exercise mouse model. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1362550. [PMID: 38966418 PMCID: PMC11223055 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1362550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining a normal range of muscle mass and function is crucial not only for sustaining a healthy life but also for preventing various disorders. Numerous nutritional or natural resources are being explored for their potential muscle hypertrophic properties. Aim We aimed to evaluate the muscle hypertrophic effects of APX, a 1:1 mixture of Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia japonica. In addition to the myotube differentiation cell assay, we utilized a weighted exercise-based animal model and evaluated changes in muscle hypertrophy using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and histological analysis. Results The 8-week treadmill exercise led to notable decreases in body weight and fat mass but an increase in muscle mass compared to the control group. Administration of APX significantly accelerated muscle mass gain (p < 0.05) without altering body weight or fat mass compared to the exercise-only group. This muscle hypertrophic effect of APX was consistent with the histologic size of muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius (p > 0.05) and rectus femoris (p < 0.05), as well as the regulation of myogenic transcription factors (MyoD and myogenin), respectively. Furthermore, APX demonstrated a similar action to insulin-like growth factor 1, influencing the proliferation of C2C12 myoblast cells (p < 0.01) and their differentiation into myotubes (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusion The present study provides experimental evidence that APX has muscle hypertrophic effects, and its underlying mechanisms would involve the modulation of MyoD and myogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Deane C, Piasecki M, Atherton P. Skeletal muscle immobilisation-induced atrophy: mechanistic insights from human studies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:741-756. [PMID: 38895777 PMCID: PMC11186857 DOI: 10.1042/cs20231198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Periods of skeletal muscle disuse lead to rapid declines in muscle mass (atrophy), which is fundamentally underpinned by an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The complex interplay of molecular mechanisms contributing to the altered regulation of muscle protein balance during disuse have been investigated but rarely synthesised in the context of humans. This narrative review discusses human models of muscle disuse and the ensuing inversely exponential rate of muscle atrophy. The molecular processes contributing to altered protein balance are explored, with a particular focus on growth and breakdown signalling pathways, mitochondrial adaptations and neuromuscular dysfunction. Finally, key research gaps within the disuse atrophy literature are highlighted providing future avenues to enhance our mechanistic understanding of human disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S. Deane
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, U.K
| | - Matthew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (CoMAP), Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, U.K
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (CoMAP), Medical Research Council/Versus Arthritis UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, U.K
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26
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Jang J, Kim Y, Song T, Park S, Kim HJ, Koh JH, Cho Y, Park SY, Sadayappan S, Kwak HB, Wolfe RR, Kim IY, Choi CS. Free essential amino acid feeding improves endurance during resistance training via DRP1-dependent mitochondrial remodelling. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024. [PMID: 38881251 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of muscle strength and endurance with aging or in various conditions negatively affects quality of life. Resistance exercise training (RET) is the most powerful means to improve muscle mass and strength, but it does not generally lead to improvements in endurance capacity. Free essential amino acids (EAAs) act as precursors and stimuli for synthesis of both mitochondrial and myofibrillar proteins that could potentially confer endurance and strength gains. Thus, we hypothesized that daily consumption of a dietary supplement of nine free EAAs with RET improves endurance in addition to the strength gains by RET. METHODS Male C57BL6J mice (9 weeks old) were assigned to control (CON), EAA, RET (ladder climbing, 3 times a week), or combined treatment of EAA and RET (EAA + RET) groups. Physical functions focusing on strength or endurance were assessed before and after the interventions. Several analyses were performed to gain better insight into the mechanisms by which muscle function was improved. We determined cumulative rates of myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis using 2H2O labelling and mass spectrometry; assessed ex vivo contractile properties and in vitro mitochondrial function, evaluated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability, and assessed implicated molecular singling pathways. Furthermore, whole-body and muscle insulin sensitivity along with glucose metabolism, were evaluated using a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. RESULTS EAA + RET increased muscle mass (10%, P < 0.05) and strength (6%, P < 0.05) more than RET alone, due to an enhanced rate of integrated muscle protein synthesis (19%, P < 0.05) with concomitant activation of Akt1/mTORC1 signalling. Muscle quality (muscle strength normalized to mass) was improved by RET (i.e., RET and EAA + RET) compared with sedentary groups (10%, P < 0.05), which was associated with increased AchR cluster size and MuSK activation (P < 0.05). EAA + RET also increased endurance capacity more than RET alone (26%, P < 0.05) by increasing both mitochondrial protein synthesis (53%, P < 0.05) and DRP1 activation (P < 0.05). Maximal respiratory capacity increased (P < 0.05) through activation of the mTORC1-DRP1 signalling axis. These favourable effects were accompanied by an improvement in basal glucose metabolism (i.e., blood glucose concentrations and endogenous glucose production vs. CON, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment with balanced free EAAs and RET may effectively promote endurance capacity as well as muscle strength through increased muscle protein synthesis, improved NMJ stability, and enhanced mitochondrial dynamics via mTORC1-DRP1 axis activation, ultimately leading to improved basal glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Jang
- Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Taejeong Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanghee Park
- Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Joo Kim
- Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Koh
- Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoonil Cho
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Shi-Young Park
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Gachon Biomedical Convergence Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Integrative Metabolic Fluxomics Lab, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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Jauregui-Zunzunegui S, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Tellez-Plaza M, García-Esquinas E. Glyphosate exposure, muscular health and functional limitations in middle-aged and older adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118547. [PMID: 38452917 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide, both in domestic and industrial settings. Experimental research in animal models has demonstrated changes in muscle physiology and reduced contractile strength associated with glyphosate exposure, while epidemiological studies have shown associations between glyphosate exposure and adverse health outcomes in critical biological systems affecting muscle function. METHODS This study used data from a nationally representative survey of the non-institutionalized U.S. general population (NHANES, n = 2132). Urine glyphosate concentrations were determined by ion chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Hand grip strength (HGS) was measured using a Takei Dynamometer, and relative strength estimated as the ratio between HGS in the dominant hand and the appendicular lean mass (ALM) to body mass index (ALMBMI) ratio. Low HGS and low relative HGS were defined as 1 sex-, age- and race-specific SD below the mean. Physical function limitations were identified as significant difficulty or incapacity in various activities. RESULTS In fully-adjusted models, the Mean Differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals [95%CI] per doubling increase in glyphosate concentrations were -0.55 [-1.09, -0.01] kg for HGS in the dominant hand, and -0.90 [-1.58. -0.21] kg for HGS/ALMBMI. The Odds Ratios (OR) [95% CI] for low HGS, low relative HGS and functional limitations by glyphosate concentrations were 1.27 [1.03, 1.57] for low HGS; 1.43 [1.05; 1.94] for low relative HGS; 1.33 [1.08, 1.63] for stooping, crouching or kneeling difficulty; 1.17 [0.91, 1.50] for lifting or carrying items weighting up to 10 pounds difficulty; 1.21 [1.01, 1.40] for standing up from armless chair difficulty; and 1.47 [1.05, 2.29] for ascending ten steps without pause difficulty. CONCLUSIONS Glyphosate exposure may be a risk factor for decreased grip strength and increased physical functional limitations. More studies investigating the influence of this and other environmental pollutants on functional aging are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jauregui-Zunzunegui
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Spain.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Tellez-Plaza
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esther García-Esquinas
- CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain; Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, National Center of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Wu S, Zou Q, Li C, Huang H, Xiong Z. Predicted body fat percentage, fat mass and lean body mass in relation to risk of prostate cancer: Results from the NHANES 1999 to 2010. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38422. [PMID: 38847698 PMCID: PMC11155590 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BF%), lean body mass (LM), and prostate cancer (PCa), and evaluate their potential impact on the risk of PCa. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the United States were utilized. Adult male participants from 6 survey cycles between 1999 and 2010 were selected as the study sample. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between BF%, LM, and PCa, while controlling for potential confounding variables. Among the 8440 participants, 359 cases of PCa were diagnosed. The relationship between BF%, LM, and PCa was nonlinear. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, there was an independent association between BF% and PCa risk (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.06), suggesting that higher BF% levels are associated with an increased risk of PCa. Conversely, higher LM levels were associated with a decreased risk of PCa (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95-0.98). The findings of this study demonstrate a correlation between BF% and LM with PCa, but do not provide direct evidence of a causal relationship. Higher BF% levels are associated with an increased risk of PCa, while higher LM levels are associated with a decreased risk. These results provide valuable insights for understanding and potentially preventing PCa, although further research is needed to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Fuzhou City, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qi Zou
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Fuzhou City, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Fuzhou City, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huibing Huang
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Fuzhou City, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Fuzhou City, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
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Espino-Gonzalez E, Dalbram E, Mounier R, Gondin J, Farup J, Jessen N, Treebak JT. Impaired skeletal muscle regeneration in diabetes: From cellular and molecular mechanisms to novel treatments. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1204-1236. [PMID: 38490209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes represents a major public health concern with a considerable impact on human life and healthcare expenditures. It is now well established that diabetes is characterized by a severe skeletal muscle pathology that limits functional capacity and quality of life. Increasing evidence indicates that diabetes is also one of the most prevalent disorders characterized by impaired skeletal muscle regeneration, yet underlying mechanisms and therapeutic treatments remain poorly established. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular alterations currently known to occur during skeletal muscle regeneration in people with diabetes and animal models of diabetes, including its associated comorbidities, e.g., obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. We describe the role of myogenic and non-myogenic cell types on muscle regeneration in conditions with or without diabetes. Therapies for skeletal muscle regeneration and gaps in our knowledge are also discussed, while proposing future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ever Espino-Gonzalez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Emilie Dalbram
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Gondin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Farup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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Jäger R, Abou Sawan S, Purpura M, Grube B, Röske Y, De Costa P, Chong PW. Proprietary alpha-amylase inhibitor formulation from white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) promotes weight and fat loss: a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12685. [PMID: 38830962 PMCID: PMC11148185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
White kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extracts can aid weight management by reducing calorie intake from complex carbohydrates through alpha-amylase inhibition. We examined the impact of a proprietary aqueous extract from whole dried white kidney beans standardized by its alpha-amylase inhibitor activity (Phase 2 white kidney bean extract (WKBE)) on weight management in subjects with overweight and moderate obesity. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion, 81 participants completed the study and ingested either a high dose of Phase 2 (1000 mg, WKBE HIGH), a low dose (700 mg, WKBE LOW), or a matching placebo (microcrystalline cellulose, PLA) three times a day, 30 min before meals, for 12 weeks during a calorie restricted diet. In a dose-dependent manner, Phase 2 significantly reduced body weight, fat mass, BMI, waist, hip and in the WKBE HIGH group thigh circumference. Phase 2 is an effective and safe supplement aiding weight and fat loss. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02930668.
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31
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Marzan AL, Chitti SV, Gummadi S, Kang T, Ang CS, Mathivanan S. Proteomics analysis of C2C12 myotubes treated with atrophy inducing cancer cell-derived factors. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300020. [PMID: 37882347 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia is a wasting syndrome that results in dramatic loss of whole-body weight, predominantly due to loss of skeletal muscle mass. It has been established that cachexia inducing cancer cells secrete proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can induce muscle atrophy. Though several studies examined these cancer-cell derived factors, targeting some of these components have shown little or no clinical benefit. To develop new therapies, understanding of the dysregulated proteins and signaling pathways that regulate catabolic gene expression during muscle wasting is essential. Here, we sought to examine the effect of conditioned media (CM) that contain secreted factors and EVs from cachexia inducing C26 colon cancer cells on C2C12 myotubes using mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics. We identified significant changes in the protein profile of C2C12 cells upon exposure to C26-derived CM. Functional enrichment analysis revealed enrichment of proteins associated with inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, muscle catabolism, ROS production, and ER stress in CM treated myotubes. Furthermore, strong downregulation in muscle structural integrity and development and/or regenerative pathways were observed. Together, these enriched proteins in atrophied muscle could be utilized as potential muscle wasting markers and the dysregulated biological processes could be employed for therapeutic benefit in cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar L Marzan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sai V Chitti
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sriram Gummadi
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taeyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- The Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Borowik AK, Lawrence MM, Peelor FF, Piekarz KM, Crosswhite A, Richardson A, Miller BF, Van Remmen H, Brown JL. Senolytic treatment does not mitigate oxidative stress-induced muscle atrophy but improves muscle force generation in CuZn superoxide dismutase knockout mice. GeroScience 2024; 46:3219-3233. [PMID: 38233728 PMCID: PMC11009189 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with tissue dysfunctions that can lead to reduced health. Prior work has shown that oxidative stress contributes to both muscle atrophy and cellular senescence, which is a hallmark of aging that may drive in muscle atrophy and muscle contractile dysfunction. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that cellular senescence contributes to muscle atrophy or weakness. To increase potential senescence in skeletal muscle, we used a model of oxidative stress-induced muscle frailty, the CuZn superoxide dismutase knockout (Sod1KO) mouse. We treated 6-month-old wildtype (WT) and Sod1KO mice with either vehicle or a senolytic treatment of combined dasatinib (5 mg/kg) + quercetin (50 mg/kg) (D + Q) for 3 consecutive days every 15 days. We continued treatment for 7 months and sacrificed the mice at 13 months of age. Treatment with D + Q did not preserve muscle mass, reduce NMJ fragmentation, or alter muscle protein synthesis in Sod1KO mice when compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, we observed an improvement in muscle-specific force generation in Sod1KO mice treated with D + Q when compared to Sod1KO-vehicle mice. Overall, these data suggest that reducing cellular senescence via D + Q is not sufficient to mitigate loss of muscle mass in a mouse model of oxidative stress-induced muscle frailty but may mitigate some aspects of oxidative stress-induced muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Borowik
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Marcus M Lawrence
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah, USA
| | - Frederick F Peelor
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Katarzyna M Piekarz
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Abby Crosswhite
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Tao X, Niu R, Lu W, Zeng X, Sun X, Liu C. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased risk of early-onset sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity: Results from NHANES 2015-2018. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:891-899. [PMID: 38383717 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to estimate the prevalence of early-onset sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the United States and its relative risk due to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS Data in this cross-sectional study were extracted from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2018. Weighted multistage stratified probability sampling design was considered to estimate the prevalence of early-onset sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Weighted multivariable logistic regression analyses and weighted multivariable mediation models were performed to evaluate the association between OSA and early-onset sarcopenia. RESULTS The prevalence of early-onset sarcopenia and early-onset sarcopenic obesity was estimated to be 5.5% and 4.6%, respectively. A higher prevalence of sarcopenia (12% V.S. 5.5%, P < 0.01) and sarcopenic obesity (10.3% V.S. 4.0%, P < 0.01) was observed among participants with OSA than those without OSA. Multivariable logistic regression models suggested that participants with OSA had higher odds ratios of suffering from early-onset sarcopenia [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.1-2.7] and early-onset sarcopenic obesity [OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1] after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Mediation analyses suggested serum chronic reaction protein (CRP) mediated 23.7% (P < 0.01) & 26.2% (P < 0.01), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) mediated 24.8% (P < 0.01) & 20.7% (P < 0.05), body mass index (BMI) mediated 46.4% (P < 0.05) & 49.9% (P < 0.01), HEI-2015 mediated 23.3% (P < 0.01) & 25.6% (P < 0.01), and Vitamin D mediated 7.5% (P < 0.01) & 8.5% (P < 0.01) of the potential effects of OSA on early-onset sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, respectively. CONCLUSION Early-onset sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were prevalent among young adults in the US. OSA is a significant independent risk factor and may induce muscle loss by unhealthy diet habits, higher BMI, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and Vitamin D. It was essential for clinicians to arrange appropriate screening and interventions for patients with OSA to prevent muscle loss as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiying Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Outpatient, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Changqin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Clinical Efficacy and Evidence-Based Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Yan Y, Liao L. MicroRNA Expression Profile in Patients Admitted to ICU as Novel and Reliable Approach for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Purposes. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1357-1375. [PMID: 37314613 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect early metabolic changes in patients who have an increased mortality risk in the intensive care units (ICUs) could increase the likelihood of predicting recovery patterns and assist in disease management. Markers that can predict the disease progression of patients in the ICU might also be beneficial for improving their medical profile. Although biomarkers have been used in the ICU more frequently in recent years, the clinical use of most of them is limited. A wide range of biological processes are influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs) that modulate the translation and stability of specific mRNAs. Studies suggest that miRNAs may serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in ICUs by profiling miRNA dysregulation in patient samples. To improve the predictive value of biomarkers for ICU patients, researchers have proposed both investigating miRNAs as novel biomarkers and combining them with other clinical biomarkers. Herein, we discuss recent approaches to the diagnosis and prognosis of patients admitted to an ICU, highlighting the use of miRNAs as novel and robust biomarkers for this purpose. In addition, we discuss emerging approaches to biomarker development and ways to improve the quality of biomarkers so that patients in ICU get the best outcomes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqin Yan
- ICU Department, People's Hospital of Changshan, Changshan, China
| | - Linjun Liao
- ICU Department, People's Hospital of Changshan, Changshan, China.
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McKenna CF, Askow AT, Paulussen KJM, Salvador AF, Fang HY, Ulanov AV, Li Z, Paluska SA, Beals JW, Jäger R, Purpura M, Burd NA. Postabsorptive and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates at rest and after resistance exercise in women with postmenopause. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1388-1399. [PMID: 38385186 PMCID: PMC11368540 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00886.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Feeding and resistance exercise stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) rates in healthy adults. This anabolic characterization of "healthy adults" has been namely focused on males. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the temporal responses of MPS and anabolic signaling to resistance exercise alone or combined with the ingestion of protein in postmenopausal females and compare postabsorptive rates with young females. Sixteen females [60 ± 7 yr; body mass index (BMI) = 26 ± 12 kg·m-2] completed an acute bout of unilateral resistance exercise before consuming either: a fortified whey protein supplement (WHEY) or water. Participants received primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine with bilateral muscle biopsies before and after treatment ingestion at 2 h and 4 h in nonexercised and exercised legs. Resistance exercise transiently increased MPS above baseline at 0-2 h in the water condition (P = 0.007). Feeding after resistance exercise resulted in a late phase (2-4 h) increase in MPS in the WHEY condition (P = 0.005). In both conditions, resistance exercise did not enhance the cumulative (0-4 h) MPS response. In the nonexercised leg, MPS did not differ at 0-2 h, 2-4 h, or 0-4 h of the measurement periods (all, P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no changes in the phosphorylation of p70S6K, AMPKα, or total and phosphorylated yes-associated protein on Ser127. Finally, postabsorptive MPS was lower in premenopausal versus postmenopausal females (P = 0.023). Our results demonstrate that resistance exercise-induced changes in MPS are temporally regulated, but do not result in greater cumulative (0-4 h) MPS in postmenopausal women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An adequate quality and quantity of skeletal muscle is relevant to support physical performance and metabolic health. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is an established remodeling marker, which can be hypertrophic or nonhypertrophic. Importantly, protein ingestion and resistance exercise are two strategies that support healthy muscle by stimulating MPS. Our study shows postmenopause modulates baseline MPS that may diminish the MPS response to the fundamental anabolic stimuli of protein ingestion and resistance exercise in older females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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Escobar-Huertas JF, Vaca-González JJ, Guevara JM, Ramirez-Martinez AM, Trabelsi O, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy: Cellular mechanisms, image analysis, and computational models: A review. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:269-286. [PMID: 38224155 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The muscle is the principal tissue that is capable to transform potential energy into kinetic energy. This process is due to the transformation of chemical energy into mechanical energy to enhance the movements and all the daily activities. However, muscular tissues can be affected by some pathologies associated with genetic alterations that affect the expression of proteins. As the muscle is a highly organized structure in which most of the signaling pathways and proteins are related to one another, pathologies may overlap. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe muscle pathologies triggering degeneration and muscle necrosis. Several mathematical models have been developed to predict muscle response to different scenarios and pathologies. The aim of this review is to describe DMD and Becker muscular dystrophy in terms of cellular behavior and molecular disorders and to present an overview of the computational models implemented to understand muscle behavior with the aim of improving regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Escobar-Huertas
- Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Juan Jairo Vaca-González
- Escuela de pregrado, Dirección Académica, Vicerrectoría de Sede, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede la Paz, Cesar, Colombia
| | - Johana María Guevara
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Olfa Trabelsi
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - D A Garzón-Alvarado
- Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Bellanti F, Lo Buglio A, Pannone G, Pedicillo MC, De Stefano IS, Pignataro A, Capurso C, Vendemiale G. An Amino Acid Mixture to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Impact on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6056. [PMID: 38892242 PMCID: PMC11173258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy (SMA) is caused by a rise in muscle breakdown and a decline in protein synthesis, with a consequent loss of mass and function. This study characterized the effect of an amino acid mixture (AA) in models of SMA, focusing on mitochondria. C57/Bl6 mice underwent immobilization of one hindlimb (I) or cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury (C) and were compared with controls (CTRL). Mice were then administered AA in drinking water for 10 days and compared to a placebo group. With respect to CTRL, I and C reduced running time and distance, along with grip strength; however, the reduction was prevented by AA. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were used for histology and mitochondria isolation. I and C resulted in TA atrophy, characterized by a reduction in both wet weight and TA/body weight ratio and smaller myofibers than those of CTRL. Interestingly, these alterations were lightly observed in mice treated with AA. The mitochondrial yield from the TA of I and C mice was lower than that of CTRL but not in AA-treated mice. AA also preserved mitochondrial bioenergetics in TA muscle from I and C mice. To conclude, this study demonstrates that AA prevents loss of muscle mass and function in SMA by protecting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Aurelio Lo Buglio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Carmela Pedicillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Ilenia Sara De Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Angela Pignataro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.P.); (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Cristiano Capurso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.B.); (A.L.B.); (C.C.)
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Jeong D, Park K, Lee J, Choi J, Du H, Jeong H, Li L, Sakai K, Kang S. Effects of Resistance Exercise and Essential Amino Acid Intake on Muscle Quality, Myokine, and Inflammation Factors in Young Adult Males. Nutrients 2024; 16:1688. [PMID: 38892621 PMCID: PMC11174838 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, many studies have been devoted to discovering nutrients for exercise-like effects. Resistance exercise and the intake of essential amino acids (EAAs) are known to be factors that can affect muscle mass and strength improvement. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in muscle quality, myokines, and inflammation in response to resistance exercise and EAA supplementation. METHODS Thirty-four males volunteered to participate in this study. They were assigned to four groups: (1) placebo (CO), (2) resistance exercise (RE), (3) EAA supplementation, and (4) RE + EAA supplementation. Body composition, muscle quality, myokines, and inflammation were measured at baseline and four weeks after treatment. RESULTS Lean body fat had decreased in both RE and RE + EAA groups. Lean body mass had increased in only the RE + EAA group. In all groups except for CO, irisin, myostatin A, and TNF-α levels had decreased. The grip strength of the right hand and trunk flexion peak torque increased in the RE group. The grip strength of the left hand, trunk flexion peak torque, and knee flexion peak torque of the left leg were increased in RE + EAA. CONCLUSIONS RE, EAA, and RE + EAA could effectively improve the muscle quality, myokine, and inflammation factors of young adult males. This finding highlights the importance of resistance exercise and amino acid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokhwa Jeong
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (J.C.); (H.D.)
| | - Kyumin Park
- Center for Sports Science in Gangwon, Chuncheon 24239, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jinseok Lee
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (J.L.); (H.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Jiye Choi
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (J.C.); (H.D.)
| | - Haifeng Du
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (J.C.); (H.D.)
| | - Hyeongmo Jeong
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (J.L.); (H.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (J.L.); (H.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Chemicals & Life Science Division, Nagase Korea Corporation, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sunghwun Kang
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (D.J.); (J.C.); (H.D.)
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (J.L.); (H.J.); (L.L.)
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Kulshreshtha M, Chandel S. An Indian classical dance form, Kathak in maintaining handgrip strength symmetry and reducing the risk of hypertension. Arts Health 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38755972 DOI: 10.1080/17533015.2024.2355137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present paper aimed to study handgrip strength (HGS) asymmetry and its association with hypertension in a sample of Kathak dancers and non-dancers of North India. METHODS Data on HGS and blood pressure were collected from 206 Kathak dancers and 235 age-matched controls, using standardized protocols. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed the association between HGS and hypertension, and binary logistic regression identified the risk of developing hypertension. RESULTS HGS asymmetry was higher among non-dancers. In Kathak dancers, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was positively correlated with HGS and negatively correlated with HGS asymmetry whereas diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was negatively correlated with both HGS and HGS asymmetry. Dancers with high HGS, have significantly reduced risk of developing hypertension. Non-dancers with HGS asymmetry were 1.8 times more likely to report hypertension, relative to dancers. CONCLUSION Kathak may be used as an alternative method for maintaining HGS symmetry and reducing the risk of developing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivani Chandel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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40
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Schiavo L, Santella B, Paolini B, Rahimi F, Giglio E, Martinelli B, Boschetti S, Bertolani L, Gennai K, Arolfo S, Bertani MP, Pilone V. Adding Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin D to Whey Protein Is More Effective than Protein Alone in Preserving Fat Free Mass and Muscle Strength in the First Month after Sleeve Gastrectomy. Nutrients 2024; 16:1448. [PMID: 38794686 PMCID: PMC11123955 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is one of the most commonly performed weight loss (WL) bariatric procedures. The main goal of WL is reducing total body weight (TBW) and fat mass (FM). However, TBW loss is systematically accompanied by a decline in fat-free mass (FFM), predominantly in the first post-surgical month, despite protein supplementation. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and vitamin D seem to attenuate loss of FFM and, thus, reduce the decline in muscle strength (MS). However, data on the role of an integrated supplementation with whey protein plus BCAAs plus vitamin D (P+BCAAs+Vit.D) vs. protein alone on total weight loss (TWL), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and (MS) in the first month after SG are lacking. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the impact of P+BCAAs+Vit.D vs. protein alone supplementation on TWL, FM, FFM, and MS in the first month after SG. MATERIALS AND METHODS Before SG and at 1 month afterward, we prospectively measured and compared TBW, FM, FFM, and MS in 57 patients who received either a supplementation with P+BCAAs+Vit.D (n = 31) or protein alone (n = 26). The impact of P+BCAAs+Vit.D and protein alone supplementation on clinical status was also evaluated. RESULTS Despite non-significant variation in TBW, FM decreased more significantly (18.5% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.023) with the P+BCAA+Vit.D supplementation compared to protein alone. Furthermore, the P+BCAA+Vit.D group showed a significantly lower decrease in FFM (4.1% vs. 11.4%, p < 0.001) and MS (3.8% vs. 18.5%, p < 0.001) compared to the protein alone group. No significant alterations in clinical status were seen in either group. CONCLUSION P+BCAA+Vit.D supplementation is more effective than protein alone in determining FM loss and is associated with a lower decrease in FFM and MS, without interfering with clinical status in patients 1 month after SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Schiavo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Biagio Santella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Paolini
- Department of Innovation, Experimentation and Clinical Research, Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Santa Maria Alle Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.P.); (B.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Farnaz Rahimi
- Dietetic Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Emmanuele Giglio
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Clinical Institute “Beato Matteo”, 27029 Vigevano, Italy; (E.G.); (L.B.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Barbara Martinelli
- Department of Innovation, Experimentation and Clinical Research, Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Santa Maria Alle Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.P.); (B.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Stefano Boschetti
- Dietetic Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Lilia Bertolani
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Clinical Institute “Beato Matteo”, 27029 Vigevano, Italy; (E.G.); (L.B.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Katia Gennai
- Department of Innovation, Experimentation and Clinical Research, Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Santa Maria Alle Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.P.); (B.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Simone Arolfo
- General Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Maria Paola Bertani
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Clinical Institute “Beato Matteo”, 27029 Vigevano, Italy; (E.G.); (L.B.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Pilone
- Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Tallis J, Richardson D, Shelley SP, Clarke N, Morris RO, Noon M, Duncan MJ, Eyre ELJ. Shuttle Time for Seniors: The Impact of 8-Week Structured Badminton Training on Markers of Healthy Aging and Evaluation of Lived Experiences-A Quasi-Experimental Study. J Aging Phys Act 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38710485 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Engagement in sport offers the potential for improved physical and psychological well-being and has been shown to be beneficial for promoting healthy aging. Opportunities for older adults to (re)engage with sport are limited by a paucity of age-appropriate introductory sports intervention programs. As such, the study evaluated the efficacy of a newly designed 8-week badminton training program (Shuttle Time for Seniors) on markers of healthy aging and the lived experiences of participation. METHODS Forty-three older adults assigned to a control (N = 20) or intervention group (N = 23) completed pre-post assessment of physical and cognitive function, self-efficacy for exercise, and well-being. Focus groups were conducted for program evaluation and to understand barriers and enablers to sustained participation. RESULTS Those in the intervention group increased upper body strength, aerobic fitness, coincidence anticipation time, and self-efficacy for exercise. Objectively improved physical and cognitive functions were corroborated by perceived benefits indicated in thematic analysis. Shuttle Time for Seniors was perceived as appropriate for the population, where the age-appropriate opportunity to participate with likeminded people of similar ability was a primary motivator to engagement. Despite willingness to continue playing, lack of badminton infrastructure was a primary barrier to continued engagement. CONCLUSION Shuttle Time for Seniors offered an important opportunity for older adults to (re)engage with badminton, where the physical and psychosocial benefits of group-based badminton improved facets important to healthy aging. Significance/Implications: Age-appropriate introductory intervention programs provide opportunity for older adults to (re)engage with sport. However, important barriers to long-term engagement need to be addressed from a whole systems perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Research Center for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Richardson
- Research Center for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sharn P Shelley
- Research Center for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Clarke
- Research Center for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys O Morris
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Noon
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Research Center for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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42
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Layman DK. Impacts of protein quantity and distribution on body composition. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1388986. [PMID: 38765819 PMCID: PMC11099237 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1388986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of meal distribution of dietary protein to optimize muscle mass and body remains unclear, and the findings are intertwined with age, physical activity, and the total quantity and quality of protein consumed. The concept of meal distribution evolved from multiple discoveries about regulating protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The most significant was the discovery of the role of the branched-chain amino acid leucine as a metabolic signal to initiate a post-meal anabolic period of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older adults. Aging is often characterized by loss of muscle mass and function associated with a decline in protein synthesis. The age-related changes in protein synthesis and subsequent muscle atrophy were generally considered inevitable until the discovery of the unique role of leucine for the activation of the mTOR signal complex for the initiation of MPS. Clinical studies demonstrated that older adults (>60 years) require meals with at least 2.8 g of leucine (~30 g of protein) to stimulate MPS. This meal requirement for leucine is not observed in younger adults (<30 years), who produce a nearly linear response of MPS in proportion to the protein content of a meal. These findings suggest that while the efficiency of dietary protein to stimulate MPS declines with aging, the capacity for MPS to respond is maintained if a meal provides adequate protein. While the meal response of MPS to total protein and leucine is established, the long-term impact on muscle mass and body composition remains less clear, at least in part, because the rate of change in muscle mass with aging is small. Because direct diet studies for meal distribution during aging are impractical, research groups have applied meal distribution and the leucine threshold to protein-sparing concepts during acute catabolic conditions such as weight loss. These studies demonstrate enhanced MPS at the first meal after an overnight fast and net sparing of lean body mass during weight loss. While the anabolic benefits of increased protein at the first meal to stimulate MPS are clear, the benefits to long-term changes in muscle mass and body composition in aging adults remain speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K. Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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43
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Ahmad SS, Ahmad K, Lim JH, Shaikh S, Lee EJ, Choi I. Therapeutic applications of biological macromolecules and scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131411. [PMID: 38588841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) mass and strength maintenance are important requirements for human well-being. SM regeneration to repair minor injuries depends upon the myogenic activities of muscle satellite (stem) cells. However, losses of regenerative properties following volumetric muscle loss or severe trauma or due to congenital muscular abnormalities are not self-restorable, and thus, these conditions have major healthcare implications and pose clinical challenges. In this context, tissue engineering based on different types of biomaterials and scaffolds provides an encouraging means of structural and functional SM reconstruction. In particular, biomimetic (able to transmit biological signals) and several porous scaffolds are rapidly evolving. Several biological macromolecules/biomaterials (collagen, gelatin, alginate, chitosan, and fibrin etc.) are being widely used for SM regeneration. However, available alternatives for SM regeneration must be redesigned to make them more user-friendly and economically feasible with longer shelf lives. This review aimed to explore the biological aspects of SM regeneration and the roles played by several biological macromolecules and scaffolds in SM regeneration in cases of volumetric muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
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44
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Trappe TA, Minchev K, Perkins RK, Lavin KM, Jemiolo B, Ratchford SM, Claiborne A, Lee GA, Finch WH, Ryder JW, Ploutz-Snyder L, Trappe SW. NASA SPRINT exercise program efficacy for vastus lateralis and soleus skeletal muscle health during 70 days of simulated microgravity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1015-1039. [PMID: 38328821 PMCID: PMC11365553 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the NASA SPRINT exercise countermeasures program for quadriceps (vastus lateralis) and triceps surae (soleus) skeletal muscle health was investigated during 70 days of simulated microgravity. Individuals completed 6° head-down-tilt bedrest (BR, n = 9), bedrest with resistance and aerobic exercise (BRE, n = 9), or bedrest with resistance and aerobic exercise and low-dose testosterone (BRE + T, n = 8). All groups were periodically tested for muscle (n = 9 times) and aerobic (n = 4 times) power during bedrest. In BR, surprisingly, the typical bedrest-induced decrements in vastus lateralis myofiber size and power were either blunted (myosin heavy chain, MHC I) or eliminated (MHC IIa), along with no change (P > 0.05) in %MHC distribution and blunted quadriceps atrophy. In BRE, MHC I (vastus lateralis and soleus) and IIa (vastus lateralis) contractile performance was maintained (P > 0.05) or increased (P < 0.05). Vastus lateralis hybrid fiber percentage was reduced (P < 0.05) and energy metabolism enzymes and capillarization were generally maintained (P > 0.05), while not all of these positive responses were observed in the soleus. Exercise offsets 100% of quadriceps and approximately two-thirds of soleus whole muscle mass loss. Testosterone (BRE + T) did not provide any benefit over exercise alone for either muscle and for some myocellular parameters appeared detrimental. In summary, the periodic testing likely provided a partial exercise countermeasure for the quadriceps in the bedrest group, which is a novel finding given the extremely low exercise dose. The SPRINT exercise program appears to be viable for the quadriceps; however, refinement is needed to completely protect triceps surae myocellular and whole muscle health for astronauts on long-duration spaceflights.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides unique exercise countermeasures development information for astronauts on long-duration spaceflights. The NASA SPRINT program was protective for quadriceps myocellular and whole muscle health, whereas the triceps surae (soleus) was only partially protected as has been shown with other programs. The bedrest control group data may provide beneficial information for overall exercise dose and targeting fast-twitch muscle fibers. Other unique approaches for the triceps surae are needed to supplement existing exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Ryan K Perkins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Stephen M Ratchford
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Alex Claiborne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Gary A Lee
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - W Holmes Finch
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Ryder
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lori Ploutz-Snyder
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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45
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Jun L, Ding XW, Robinson M, Jafari H, Knight E, Geetha T, Greene MW, Babu JR. Targeting Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity- and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy with Nerve Growth Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4307. [PMID: 38673892 PMCID: PMC11050157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Muscle atrophy, characterized by a decrease in muscle mass and function, occurs due to an imbalance between the rates of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms that lead to muscle atrophy in obese and T2DM mouse models. Additionally, the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the protein synthesis and degradation pathways was examined. Male mice were divided into three groups: a control group that was fed a standard chow diet, and two experimental groups that were fed a Western diet. After 8 weeks, the diabetic group was injected with streptozotocin to induce T2DM. Each group was then further divided into NGF-treated or non-treated control group. In the gastrocnemius muscles of the Western diet group, increased expressions of myostatin, autophagy markers, and ubiquitin ligases were observed. Skeletal muscle tissue morphology indicated signs of muscle atrophy in both obese and diabetic mice. The NGF-treated group showed a prominent decrease in the protein levels of myostatin and autophagy markers. Furthermore, the NGF-treated group showed an increased Cyclin D1 level. Western diet-induced obesity and T2DM may be linked to muscle atrophy through upregulation of myostatin and subsequent increase in the ubiquitin and autophagy systems. Moreover, NGF treatment may improve muscle protein synthesis and cell cycling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Male
- Mice
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, Western
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/etiology
- Muscular Atrophy/pathology
- Myostatin/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Xiao-Wen Ding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Hassan Jafari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Emily Knight
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Michael W. Greene
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Gillmore JD, Lystig T, Fox JC. Acoramidis in Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. Reply. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1346-1347. [PMID: 38598813 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2401669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted Lystig
- Eidos Therapeutics affiliate of BridgeBio Pharma, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonathan C Fox
- Eidos Therapeutics affiliate of BridgeBio Pharma, San Francisco, CA
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Lonardo MS, Guida B, Cacciapuoti N, Chiurazzi M, Pacella D, Cataldi M. Evidence That Skeletal Muscles Modulate HDL-Cholesterol in Metabolic Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:1110. [PMID: 38674801 PMCID: PMC11054046 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether skeletal muscle (SM) mass correlates with plasma lipids in metabolic healthy young adults. The study was designed as a retrospective observational monocentric study. Data on plasma lipids and SM mass of subjects attending our institution from 1999 to 2014 were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were being 18-45 years old and in apparently good health. SM mass was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using the equation proposed by Janssen and normalized to height as skeletal muscle index (SMI: SM mass/height2). The association between SMI and plasma lipids levels was examined using a crude and adjusted linear regression model including age, sex, BMI and waist circumference as additional covariates. The study population consisted of 450 subjects (273 females) without metabolic syndrome (12.2% with normal body weight, 33.1% overweight, and 54.7% with obesity). SMI, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and Triglycerides were higher, whereas HDL-cholesterol was lower in overweight and obese patients as compared with normal weight subjects. SMI was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol in female patients with obesity but not in male patients with obesity, in normal- or over-weight subjects (p < 0.05). These results suggest that changes in SM mass occurring in obesity could have a role in worsening lipid profile with special reference to HDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Lonardo
- Physiology Nutrition Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.L.); (B.G.); (N.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Bruna Guida
- Physiology Nutrition Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.L.); (B.G.); (N.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Nunzia Cacciapuoti
- Physiology Nutrition Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.L.); (B.G.); (N.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Physiology Nutrition Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.L.); (B.G.); (N.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Pacella
- Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Voskuil CC, Dudar MD, Carr JC. Exploring the Relationship between Ultrasonographic Measures of the Quadriceps and Knee Extensor Muscle Fitness in Endurance-Trained Individuals. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2024; 2024:3415740. [PMID: 38654724 PMCID: PMC11023727 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3415740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background B-mode ultrasonography is an accessible and cost-effective method to assess muscle size and quality through muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI), respectively. Muscle thickness and EI have demonstrated relationships with maximal strength and local muscle endurance, providing a noninvasive and efficient modality to examine muscle fitness. However, these relationships have not been quantified in the individual quadriceps muscles of habitually endurance-trained populations, which may provide information to practitioners regarding rehabilitation and performance. Methods Twenty-three participants (males: N = 10; females: N = 13) underwent B-mode ultrasonography to assess MT, EI, and adipose tissue thickness-corrected echo intensity (cEI) in the vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF). Muscle fitness was evaluated through maximal strength (1RM) and local muscle endurance (4 sets to failure at 50% 1RM) during dynamic knee extension. Relationships between ultrasonography outcomes and muscle fitness were examined through stepwise multiple linear regression. Results The results indicate that VI cEI is the strongest predictor of 1RM strength (r = -0.643), while no ultrasonography-derived measures significantly predicted local muscle endurance. Conclusion The study demonstrates that ultrasonography, specifically measures of cEI in the VI, has the greatest association with maximal strength in endurance-trained individuals. These findings suggest monitoring VI muscle size and quality may benefit practitioners who aim to improve knee extension strength for performance or following injury. In addition, the findings support the use of EI examinations in trained populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C. Voskuil
- Texas Christian University, Department of Kinesiology, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Monique D. Dudar
- Texas Christian University, Department of Kinesiology, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Joshua C. Carr
- Texas Christian University, Department of Kinesiology, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Medical Education, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Nakanishi S, Shimoda M, Kimura T, Katakura Y, Sanada J, Fushimi Y, Iwamoto Y, Iwamoto H, Mune T, Kaku K, Kaneto H. The impact of grip strength, waist circumference, and body mass index on Hemoglobin A 1c value: Cross-sectional study using outpatient clinical data in Japanese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24:410-414. [PMID: 38487967 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
AIM Grip strength (GS) as a surrogate for muscular strength, waist circumference (WC) as a surrogate marker of visceral fat, and body mass index (BMI) as a surrogate marker of obesity should also be considered markers for the management of risks associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, in terms of the management of T2DM in elderly patients, the accentuated heterogeneity of sarcopenic change might modify the associations between those factors and glycemic control. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to clarify the impact of GS, WC, and BMI on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in elderly Japanese patients with T2DM. METHODS GS, WC, and BMI were measured in 327 patients. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for good glycemic control (HbA1c < 7.0%) were investigated to analyze the three variables as numerical values by dividing them into tertiles. All results were expressed after adjustment was made for the confounders of age, sex, and number of diabetes medications being used by the study participants. RESULTS The ORs of GS, WC, and BMI for well-controlled HbA1c were 1.056 (95% CI, 1.016-1.098), 0.986 (95% CI, 0.960-1.013), and 1.032 (95% CI, 0.959-1.111), respectively. The OR of 3.726 (95% CI, 1.831-7.581) in the high tertile for GS was significantly higher than the OR in the low tertile, and no differences were observed among the tertiles for WC and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Based on that result, GS was found to have more potential as an effective marker of glycemic control than WC or BMI among elderly Japanese patients with T2DM. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 410-414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nakanishi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masashi Shimoda
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kimura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukino Katakura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junpei Sanada
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Fushimi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Iwamoto
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwamoto
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Mune
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kaneto
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Horn J. The dichotomy between health and drug abuse in bodybuilding. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2024; 41:212-225. [PMID: 38645972 PMCID: PMC11027851 DOI: 10.1177/14550725231206011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the expansion and prevalence of anabolic steroid use by examining the divergent effects between health and drug abuse and to create more awareness around the harmful consequences of these drugs when administered at abusive levels. Methods: A focused and concise literature search was conducted, and 101 high-quality articles were included in the review. Results: The findings underscore the adverse health risks of steroid abuse, emphasizing the stark contrast between health and drug abuse. Conclusions: While steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs can yield muscle growth, strength and even fat loss, abusing these substances can lead to adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, within the fitness subculture, particularly in the realm of bodybuilding, steroid abuse fosters an atmosphere of cheating and deception, frequently downplaying or ignoring the negative and sometimes deadly consequences it brings.
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