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Xi B, Zong X, Kelishadi R, Hong YM, Khadilkar A, Steffen LM, Nawarycz T, Krzywińska-Wiewiorowska M, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Bovet P, Chiolero A, Pan H, Litwin M, Poh BK, Sung RYT, So HK, Schwandt P, Haas GM, Neuhauser HK, Marinov L, Galcheva SV, Motlagh ME, Kim HS, Khadilkar V, Krzyżaniak A, Romdhane HB, Heshmat R, Chiplonkar S, Stawińska-Witoszyńska B, El Ati J, Qorbani M, Kajale N, Traissac P, Ostrowska-Nawarycz L, Ardalan G, Parthasarathy L, Zhao M, Zhang T. Establishing International Blood Pressure References Among Nonoverweight Children and Adolescents Aged 6 to 17 Years. Circulation 2015; 133:398-408. [PMID: 26671979 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.017936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several distributions of country-specific blood pressure (BP) percentiles by sex, age, and height for children and adolescents have been established worldwide. However, there are no globally unified BP references for defining elevated BP in children and adolescents, which limits international comparisons of the prevalence of pediatric elevated BP. We aimed to establish international BP references for children and adolescents by using 7 nationally representative data sets (China, India, Iran, Korea, Poland, Tunisia, and the United States). METHODS AND RESULTS Data on BP for 52 636 nonoverweight children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years were obtained from 7 large nationally representative cross-sectional surveys in China, India, Iran, Korea, Poland, Tunisia, and the United States. BP values were obtained with certified mercury sphygmomanometers in all 7 countries by using standard procedures for BP measurement. Smoothed BP percentiles (50th, 90th, 95th, and 99th) by age and height were estimated by using the Generalized Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape model. BP values were similar between males and females until the age of 13 years and were higher in males than females thereafter. In comparison with the BP levels of the 90th and 95th percentiles of the US Fourth Report at median height, systolic BP of the corresponding percentiles of these international references was lower, whereas diastolic BP was similar. CONCLUSIONS These international BP references will be a useful tool for international comparison of the prevalence of elevated BP in children and adolescents and may help to identify hypertensive youths in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xi
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Xin'nan Zong
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Young Mi Hong
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Anuradha Khadilkar
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Lyn M Steffen
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Tadeusz Nawarycz
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Małgorzata Krzywińska-Wiewiorowska
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Pascal Bovet
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Arnaud Chiolero
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Haiyan Pan
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Mieczysław Litwin
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Bee Koon Poh
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Rita Y T Sung
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Hung-Kwan So
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Peter Schwandt
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Gerda-Maria Haas
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Hannelore K Neuhauser
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Lachezar Marinov
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Sonya V Galcheva
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Hae Soon Kim
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Vaman Khadilkar
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Alicja Krzyżaniak
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Habiba Ben Romdhane
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Shashi Chiplonkar
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Barbara Stawińska-Witoszyńska
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Jalila El Ati
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Neha Kajale
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Pierre Traissac
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Lidia Ostrowska-Nawarycz
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Gelayol Ardalan
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Lavanya Parthasarathy
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Min Zhao
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
| | - Tao Zhang
- From Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (B.X.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. K, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (L.M.S.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland (M.K.-W.,A. K, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.B., A.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (A.C.); Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China (H.P.); Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (B.K.P.); Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (R.Y.T.S., H.-K.S.); Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Germany (P.S., G.-M.H.); Medical Department, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, German (P.S.) Department of
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