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Crépault JF, Naimi TS, Rehm J, Shield KD, Wells S, Wettlaufer A, Babor TF. Alcohol, No Ordinary Commodity: policy implications for Canada. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1335865. [PMID: 38841683 PMCID: PMC11150774 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1335865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a favorite psychoactive substance of Canadians. It is also a leading risk factor for death and disability, playing a causal role in a broad spectrum of health and social issues. Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity is a collaborative, integrative review of the scientific literature. This paper describes the epidemiology of alcohol use and current state of alcohol policy in Canada, best practices in policy identified by the third edition of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity, and the implications for the development of effective alcohol policy in Canada. Best practices - strongly supported by the evidence, highly effective in reducing harm, and relatively low-cost to implement - have been identified. Measures that control affordability, limit availability, and restrict marketing would reduce population levels of alcohol consumption and the burden of disease attributable to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Crépault
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy S. Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Alcohol Program, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin D. Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha Wells
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Thomas F. Babor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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Rehm J, Rovira P, Jiang H, Lange S, Shield KD, Tran A, Štelemėkas M. Trends of alcohol-attributable deaths in Lithuania 2001-2021: epidemiology and policy conclusions. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:774. [PMID: 38475821 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithuania, a Baltic country in the European Union, can be characterized by high alcohol consumption and attributable burden. The aim of this contribution is to estimate the mortality burden due to alcohol use for the past two decades based on different relative risk functions, identify trends, and analyse the associations of alcohol-attributable burden with alcohol control policies and life expectancy. METHODS The standard methodology used by the World Health Organization for estimating alcohol-attributable mortality was employed to generate mortality rates for alcohol-attributable mortality, standardized for Lithuania's 2021 population distribution. Joinpoint analysis, T-tests, correlations, and regression analyses including meta-regressions were used to describe trends and associations. RESULTS Age-standardized alcohol-attributable mortality was high in Lithuania during the two decades between 2001 and 2021, irrespective of which relative risks were used for the estimates. Overall, there was a downward trend, mainly in males, which was associated with four years of intensive implementation of alcohol control policies in 2008, 2009, 2017, and 2018. For the remaining years, the rates of alcohol-attributable mortality were stagnant. Among males, the correlations between alcohol-attributable mortality and life expectancy were 0.90 and 0.76 for Russian and global relative risks respectively, and regression analyses indicated a significant association between changes in alcohol-attributable mortality and life expectancy, after controlling for gross domestic product. CONCLUSIONS Male mortality and life expectancy in Lithuania were closely linked to alcohol-attributable mortality and markedly associated with strong alcohol control policies. Further implementation of such policies is predicted to lead to further improvements in life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 1P8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Program on Substance Abuse & WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse & WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 1P8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 1P8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
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3
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Rehm J, Badaras R, Ferreira-Borges C, Galkus L, Gostautaite Midttun N, Gobiņa I, Janik-Koncewicz K, Jasilionis D, Jiang H, Kim KV, Lange S, Liutkutė-Gumarov V, Manthey J, Miščikienė L, Neufeld M, Petkevičienė J, Radišauskas R, Reile R, Room R, Stoppel R, Tamutienė I, Tran A, Trišauskė J, Zatoński M, Zatoński WA, Zurlytė I, Štelemėkas M. Impact of the WHO "best buys" for alcohol policy on consumption and health in the Baltic countries and Poland 2000-2020. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 33:100704. [PMID: 37953993 PMCID: PMC10636269 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use is a major risk factor for burden of disease. This narrative review aims to document the effects of major alcohol control policies, in particular taxation increases and availability restrictions in the three Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) between 2000 and 2020. These measures have been successful in curbing alcohol sales, in general without increasing consumption of alcoholic beverages from unrecorded sources; although for more recent changes this may have been partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, findings from time-series analyses suggest improved health, measured as reductions in all-cause and alcohol-attributable mortality, as well as narrowing absolute mortality inequalities between lower and higher educated groups. For most outcomes, there were sex differences observed, with alcohol control policies more strongly affecting males. In contrast to this successful path, alcohol control policies were mostly dismantled in the neighbouring country of Poland, resulting in a rising death toll due to liver cirrhosis and other alcohol-attributable deaths. The natural experiment in this region of high-income European countries with high consumption levels highlights the importance of effective alcohol control policies for improving population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse & WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St., Barcelona 08005, Spain
| | - Robertas Badaras
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Centre of Toxicology, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, Vilnius LT-03101, Lithuania
| | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 5, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lukas Galkus
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
| | - Nijole Gostautaite Midttun
- Lithuanian Tobacco and Alcohol Control Coalition, Stikliu 8, Vilnius 01131, Lithuania
- Mental Health Initiative, Teatro 3-10, Vilnius 03107, Lithuania
| | - Inese Gobiņa
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, Riga LV-1010, Latvia
- Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, Riga LV-1010, Latvia
| | - Kinga Janik-Koncewicz
- Institute – European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Nowy Swiat 4, Kalisz 62-800, Poland
- Health Promotion Foundation, Mszczonowska 51, Nadarzyn 05-830, Poland
| | - Domantas Jasilionis
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Laboratory of Demographic Data, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, Rostock 18057, Germany
- Vytautas Magnus University, Demographic Research Centre, Jonavos g. 66, Kaunas 44191, Lithuania
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Kawon Victoria Kim
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Vaida Liutkutė-Gumarov
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Laura Miščikienė
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
| | - Maria Neufeld
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 5, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Janina Petkevičienė
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Radišauskas
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Ave. 15, Kaunas 50162, Lithuania
| | - Rainer Reile
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
- Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, Tallinn 11619, Estonia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Relika Stoppel
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Tamutienė
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
- Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy at Vytautas Magnus University, V.Putvinskio Str 23, Kaunas LT-44243, Lithuania
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Justina Trišauskė
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
| | - Mateusz Zatoński
- Institute – European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Nowy Swiat 4, Kalisz 62-800, Poland
| | - Witold A. Zatoński
- Institute – European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Nowy Swiat 4, Kalisz 62-800, Poland
- Health Promotion Foundation, Mszczonowska 51, Nadarzyn 05-830, Poland
| | - Ingrida Zurlytė
- WHO Country Office Lithuania, A. Jakšto g. 12, LT-01105 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
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Kilian C, Lemp JM, Llamosas-Falcón L, Carr T, Ye Y, Kerr WC, Mulia N, Puka K, Lasserre AM, Bright S, Rehm J, Probst C. Reducing alcohol use through alcohol control policies in the general population and population subgroups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 59:101996. [PMID: 37256096 PMCID: PMC10225668 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We estimate the effects of alcohol taxation, minimum unit pricing (MUP), and restricted temporal availability on overall alcohol consumption and review their differential impact across sociodemographic groups. Web of Science, Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, and EconLit were searched on 08/12/2022 and 09/26/2022 for studies on newly introduced or changed alcohol policies published between 2000 and 2022 (Prospero registration: CRD42022339791). We combined data using random-effects meta-analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Of 1887 reports, 36 were eligible. Doubling alcohol taxes or introducing MUP (Int$ 0.90/10 g of pure alcohol) reduced consumption by 10% (for taxation: 95% prediction intervals [PI]: -18.5%, -1.2%; for MUP: 95% PI: -28.2%, 5.8%), restricting alcohol sales by one day a week reduced consumption by 3.6% (95% PI: -7.2%, -0.1%). Substantial between-study heterogeneity contributes to high levels of uncertainty and must be considered in interpretation. Pricing policies resulted in greater consumption changes among low-income alcohol users, while results were inconclusive for other socioeconomic indicators, gender, and racial and ethnic groups. Research is needed on the differential impact of alcohol policies, particularly for groups bearing a disproportionate alcohol-attributable health burden. Funding Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01AA028009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kilian
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia M. Lemp
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Llamosas-Falcón
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tessa Carr
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu Ye
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - William C. Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Klajdi Puka
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aurélie M. Lasserre
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Bright
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse & WHO Collaborating Centre, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Vaitkevičiūtė J, Gobiņa I, Janik-Koncewicz K, Lange S, Miščikienė L, Petkevičienė J, Radišauskas R, Reile R, Štelemėkas M, Stoppel R, Telksnys T, Tran A, Rehm J, Zatoński WA, Jiang H. Alcohol control policies reduce all-cause mortality in Baltic Countries and Poland between 2001 and 2020. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6326. [PMID: 37072446 PMCID: PMC10112307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption in the Baltic countries and Poland is among the highest globally, causing high all-cause mortality rates. Contrary to Poland, the Baltic countries have adopted many alcohol control policies, including the World Health Organization (WHO) "best buys". The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these policies, which were implemented between 2001 and 2020, on all-cause mortality. Monthly mortality data for men and women aged 20+ years of age in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were analysed for 2001 to 2020. A total of 19 alcohol control policies, fulfilling an a-priori defined definition, were implemented between 2001 and 2020 in the countries of interest, and 18 of them could be tested. Interrupted time-series analyses were conducted by employing a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) for men and women separately. The age-standardized all-cause mortality rate was lowest in Poland and highest in Latvia and had decreased in all countries over the time period. Taxation increases and availability restrictions had short-term effects in all countries, on average reducing the age-standardized all-cause mortality rate among men significantly (a reduction of 2.31% (95% CI 0.71%, 3.93%; p = 0.0045)). All-cause mortality rates among women were not significantly reduced (a reduction of 1.09% (95% CI - 0.02%, 2.20%; p = 0.0554)). In conclusion, the alcohol control policies implemented between 2001 and 2020 reduced all-cause mortality among men 20+ years of age in Baltic countries and Poland, and thus, the practice should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Vaitkevičiūtė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Inese Gobiņa
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, Riga, 1010, Latvia
- Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, Riga, 1010, Latvia
| | - Kinga Janik-Koncewicz
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800, Kalisz, Poland
- Health Promotion Foundation, Mszczonowska 51, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Laura Miščikienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Janina Petkevičienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Radišauskas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 15, 50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rainer Reile
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Relika Stoppel
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Economics, University of Potsdam, August-Bebel-Straße 89, 14482, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tadas Telksnys
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada
- World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Program on Substance Abuse & designated WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St., 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Witold A Zatoński
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800, Kalisz, Poland
- Health Promotion Foundation, Mszczonowska 51, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada
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6
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Rehm J, Lange S, Gobiņa I, Janik-Koncewicz K, Miščikienė L, Reile R, Stoppel R, Tran A, Ferreira-Borges C, Jasilionis D, Jiang H, Kim KV, Manthey J, Neufeld M, Petkevičienė J, Radišauskas R, Room R, Liutkutė-Gumarov V, Zatoński WA, Štelemėkas M. Classifying alcohol control policies enacted between 2000 and 2020 in Poland and the Baltic countries to model potential impact. Addiction 2023; 118:449-458. [PMID: 36471145 PMCID: PMC10884981 DOI: 10.1111/add.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study's aim is to identify and classify the most important alcohol control policies in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and Poland between 2000 and 2020. METHODS Policy analysis of Baltic countries and Poland, predicting potential policy impact on alcohol consumption, all-cause mortality and alcohol-attributable hospitalizations was discussed. RESULTS All Baltic countries implemented stringent availability restrictions on off-premises trading hours and different degrees of taxation increases to reduce the affordability of alcoholic beverages, as well as various degrees of bans on alcohol marketing. In contrast, Poland implemented few excise taxation increases or availability restrictions and, in fact, reduced stipulations on prior marketing bans. CONCLUSIONS This classification of alcohol control policies in the Baltic countries and Poland provides a basis for future modeling of the impact of implementing effective alcohol control policies (Baltic countries), as well as the effects of loosening such policies (Poland).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Program on Substance Abuse and designated WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shannon Lange
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inese Gobiņa
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kinga Janik-Koncewicz
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland
- Health Promotion Foundation, Mszczonowska, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Laura Miščikienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rainer Reile
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Relika Stoppel
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Economics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Tran
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Domantas Jasilionis
- Laboratory of Demographic Data, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Demographic Research Centre, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Huan Jiang
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kawon Victoria Kim
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Neufeld
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janina Petkevičienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Radišauskas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaida Liutkutė-Gumarov
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Witold A Zatoński
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland
- Health Promotion Foundation, Mszczonowska, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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7
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Rehm J, Rovira P, Manthey J, Anderson P. Reduction of Alcoholic Strength: Does It Matter for Public Health? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040910. [PMID: 36839266 PMCID: PMC9959344 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, reduction of alcoholic strength was discussed as a means to reduce consumption and alcohol-attributable harm. Statistical modelling was conducted to (1) estimate its potential for the largest six Western and Central European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, UK); (2) calculate the increase in taxation necessary to reach this potential, and (3) estimate the mortality gains achieved with the introduction of no- or low-alcohol beverages in the UK and Spain. The high public health potential of reducing alcoholic strength was demonstrated via modelling a scenario in which the strength of all beverages was reduced by 10%, which would avert thousands of deaths in these six European countries per year. However, methods by which to achieve these gains were not clear, as the alcohol industry has shown no inclination toward reductions in the alcoholic strength of beer, wine, or spirits via a reformulation on a large scale. The increase of excise taxation to achieve the public health gains of such a reduction would result in markedly increasing prices-a situation unlikely to be implemented in Europe. Finally, the introduction of beer and wine with an alcoholic strength below 0.5% led to some substitutions of higher-strength beverages, but did not show a marked public health impact. New taxation initiatives to achieve the potential of a reduction of alcoholic strength will need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia/Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 36173)
| | - Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia/Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jiang H, Tran A, Petkevičienė J, Štelemėkas M, Lange S, Rehm J. Are restrictions in sales hours of alcohol associated with fewer emergency room visits in Lithuania? An interrupted time-series analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:487-494. [PMID: 36514305 PMCID: PMC9898194 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On 1 January 2018, an amendment to the alcohol control law was introduced in Lithuania which, among other changes, reduced trading hours for alcoholic beverages by 4 h for weekdays and Saturdays, and by 9 h for Sundays. The objective of the current study was to quantify the potential association of this law with the numbers and types of emergency room (ER) visits in Lithuania, in general and specifically for Sundays, for all ER visits, for injury-related ER visits and specifically for alcohol poisoning as a 100% alcohol-attributable cause. METHODS Sex-stratified time-series analysis-based models for the period 2016-2019 were used to test for associations and for potential alternative explanations (e.g., the increase in minimum legal drinking age, which occurred at the same time). RESULTS Overall, while the reduction in sales hours for both sexes was associated with slight increases in all types and in injury-related ER visits on a weekly basis, the association with ER visits for alcohol poisoning was in the opposite direction for men in all models. Specifically, among men, it was associated with an approximate decrease of 20% of alcohol poisoning-related ER visits on Sundays and an approximate decrease of 12% of alcohol poisoning-related ER visits for all seven weekdays. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS As predicted, restrictions on availability were associated with marked reductions in ER visits for alcohol poisoning in men. However, contrary to expectations, there were no overall reductions in overall ER visits, nor reductions in injury-related ER visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Janina Petkevičienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St., 08005, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Street 8, b. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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9
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Manthey J, Jasilionis D, Jiang H, Meščeriakova O, Petkevičienė J, Radišauskas R, Štelemėkas M, Rehm J. The impact of alcohol taxation increase on all-cause mortality inequalities in Lithuania: an interrupted time series analysis. BMC Med 2023; 21:22. [PMID: 36647069 PMCID: PMC9841962 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxation increases which reduce the affordability of alcohol are expected to reduce mortality inequalities. A recent taxation increase in Lithuania offers the unique possibility to test this hypothesis. METHODS Census-linked mortality data between 2011 and 2019 were used to calculate monthly sex- and education-stratified age-standardized mortality rates for the population aged 40 to 70 years. As primary outcome, we analysed the difference in age-standardized all-cause mortality rates between the population of lowest versus highest educational achievement. The impact of the 2017 taxation increase was evaluated using interrupted time series analyses. To identify whether changes in alcohol use can explain the observed effects on all-cause mortality, the education-based mortality differences were then decomposed into n = 16 cause-of-death groupings. RESULTS Between 2012 and 2019, education-based all-cause mortality inequalities in Lithuania declined by 18% among men and by 14% among women. Following the alcohol taxation increase, we found a pronounced yet temporary reduction of mortality inequalities among Lithuanian men (- 13%). Subsequent decomposition analyses suggest that the reduction in mortality inequalities between lower and higher educated men was mainly driven by narrowing mortality differences in injuries and infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS A marked increase in alcohol excise taxation was associated with a decrease in mortality inequalities among Lithuanian men. More pronounced reductions in deaths from injuries and infectious diseases among lower as compared to higher educated groups could be the result of differential changes in alcohol use in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Manthey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Domantas Jasilionis
- Laboratory of Demographic Data, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Demographic Research Centre, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Jonavos Str. 66, 44191, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Olga Meščeriakova
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Janina Petkevičienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Radišauskas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Av. 15, 50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P8, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S1, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str., 8, B. 2, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Rehm J, Tran A, Gobiņa I, Janik-Koncewicz K, Jiang H, Kim KV, Liutkutė-Gumarov V, Miščikienė L, Reile R, Room R, Štelemėkas M, Stoppel R, Zatoński WA, Lange S. Do alcohol control policies have the predicted effects on consumption? An analysis of the Baltic countries and Poland 2000-2020. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 241:109682. [PMID: 36402051 PMCID: PMC9772294 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many population-based alcohol control policies are postulated to work via changes in adult alcohol per capita consumption (APC). However, since APC is usually assessed on a yearly basis, often there are not enough data to conduct interrupted time-series or other controlled analyses. The current dataset, with 21 years of observation from four countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland), had sufficient power to test for average effects and potential interactions of the World Health Organization's (WHO) three "best buys" for alcohol control: taxation increases leading to a decrease in affordability; reduced availability (via a decrease in opening hours of at least 20 %); and advertising and marketing restrictions. We postulated that the former two would have immediate effects, while the latter would have mid- to long-term effects. METHODS Linear regression analysis. RESULTS Taxation increases and availability reductions in all countries were associated with an average reduction in APC of 0.83 litres (ℓ) of pure alcohol per year (95 % confidence interval: -1.21 ℓ, -0.41 ℓ) in the same year, with no significant differences between countries. Restrictions on advertising and/or marketing had no significant immediate associations with APC (average effect 0.04 ℓ per year; 95 % confidence interval: -0.65 ℓ, 0.73 ℓ). Several sensitivity analyses corroborated these main results. CONCLUSIONS The WHO "best buy" alcohol control policies of taxation increases and availability restrictions worked as postulated in these four northeastern European Union countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, the Russian Federation; Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Program on Substance Abuse & designated WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inese Gobiņa
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia; Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kinga Janik-Koncewicz
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland; Health Promotion Foundation, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kawon Victoria Kim
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vaida Liutkutė-Gumarov
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Miščikienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rainer Reile
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Relika Stoppel
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; University of Potsdam, Department of Economics, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Witold A Zatoński
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland; Health Promotion Foundation, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Tran A, Stoppel R, Jiang H, Kim KV, Lange S, Petkevičienė J, Radišauskas R, Štelemėkas M, Telksnys T, Zafar A, Rehm J. The temporal trend of cause-specific mortality: comparing Estonia and Lithuania, 2001 - 2019. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1984. [PMID: 36310159 PMCID: PMC9618211 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being two Baltic countries with similar histories, Estonia and Lithuania have diverged in life expectancy trends in recent years. We investigated this divergence by comparing cause-specific mortality trends. METHODS We obtained yearly mortality data for individuals 20 + years of age from 2001-2019 (19 years worth of data) through Statistics Lithuania, the Lithuanian Institute for Hygiene, and the National Institute for Health Development (Estonia). Using ICD-10 codes, we analyzed all-cause mortality rates and created eight major disease categories: ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, all other cardiovascular disease, cancers (neoplasms), digestive diseases, self-harm and interpersonal violence, unintentional injuries and related conditions, and other mortality (deaths per 100,000 population). We used joinpoint regression analysis, and analyzed the proportional contribution of each category to all-cause mortality. RESULTS There was a steeper decline in all-cause mortality in Estonia (average annual percent change, AAPC = -2.55%, 95% CI: [-2.91%, -2.20%], P < .001) as compared to Lithuania (AAPC = -1.26%, 95% CI: [-2.18%, -0.57%], P = .001). For ischemic heart disease mortality Estonia exhibited a relatively larger decline over the 19-year period (AAPC = -6.61%, 95% CI: [-7.02%, -6.21%], P < .001) as compared to Lithuania (AAPC = -2.23%, 95% CI: [-3.40%, -1.04%], P < .001). CONCLUSION Estonia and Lithuania showed distinct mortality trends and distributions of major disease categories. Our findings highlight the role of ischemic heart disease mortality. Differences in public health care, management and prevention of ischemic heart disease, alcohol control policies may explain these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Relika Stoppel
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Department of Economics, University of Potsdam, August-Bebel-Straße 89, 14482 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Huan Jiang
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6Th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Kawon Victoria Kim
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6Th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Shannon Lange
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8Th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 Canada
| | - Janina Petkevičienė
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania ,grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Radišauskas
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania ,grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Str. 15, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania ,grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Telksnys
- grid.45083.3a0000 0004 0432 6841Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Anush Zafar
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6Th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8Th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, World Health Organization / Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany ,grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str., 8, B. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation ,grid.500777.2Program On Substance Abuse & Designated WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
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