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Spinelli S, Hopfer H, Moulinier V, Prescott J, Monteleone E, Hayes JE. Distinct Sensory Hedonic Functions for Sourness in Adults. Food Qual Prefer 2024; 116:105152. [PMID: 38617134 PMCID: PMC11014420 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the last half-century, variable responses to sweetness have repeatedly been shown to fall into a small number of hedonic responses, implying that looking only at group means may can obfuscate meaningfully different response patterns. Comparative data for sourness is quite sparse, especially in adults. While increased liking with higher acid concentration has been reported for some children, in adults, sourness is classically assumed to be aversive, with a monotonic drop in liking with increasing sourness. Here, we test this assumption using a simple model system or experimental beverage in convenience samples of adults from the United States (increasing citric acid in water) and Italy (increasing citric acid in pear juice). Participants rated intensity and liking of sampled stimuli. For both cohorts, we find clear evidence of three distinct patterns of responses: a strong negative group where liking dropped with increased sourness, an intermediate group who showed a more muted drop in liking with more sourness, and a strong positive group where liking increased with more sourness. Strikingly, both cohorts showed similar proportions of response patterns, with ~63-70% in the strong negative group, and 11-12% in the strong positive group, suggesting these proportions may be stable across cultures. Notably, the three groups did not differ by age or gender. These data support the existence of different hedonic response profiles to sour stimuli in adults, once again highlighting the importance of looking at individual differences and potential consumer segments, rather than merely averaging hedonic responses across all individuals within a group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spinelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helene Hopfer
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victor Moulinier
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Prescott
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
- TasteMatters Research & Consulting, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erminio Monteleone
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy
| | - John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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McGraw JJ, Goldsmith RS, Cromwell HC. Altered reward sensitivity to sucrose outcomes prior to drug exposure in alcohol preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 237:173724. [PMID: 38340990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Addiction involves key impairments in reward sensitivity (RS). The current study explored impaired RS to natural reward as a predisposing factor to addictive-like behavior. Alcohol preferring (P) rats are selectively bred based on significantly greater ethanol consumption and preference and offer the ability to inspect differences in subjects with a positive family history of addictive-like behavior. P rat's RS was compared to RS in the well-used Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain. To assess RS in a novel manner, instrumental incentive contrast, discrimination and consumption of sucrose solution were examined. Animals performed in a free operant situation for different sucrose concentration solutions using a block of 'mixed' trials with alternating outcome concentrations (e.g., 5 and 10 % sucrose) to change outcome value in a predictable manner. Animals also performed for reward in blocks of single outcome trials (5 or 10 or 20 or 40 % sucrose daily exposure) surrounding the mixed block. RS (e.g., reward discrimination and contrast effects between and within-sessions) was measured by changes in trials completed, instrumental response latency and consumption. P rats expressed an altered profile of RS with a greater tendency toward equivalent responding to different outcomes within the same session and an absence of incentive contrast from diverse reward comparisons. In contrast, SD animals expressed within-session reward discrimination and a subset of incentive contrast effects. These effects were moderated by food deprivation more consistently in SD compared to P rats. P rat alterations in processing natural rewards could predispose them to addictive-like behaviors including greater alcohol consumption and preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J McGraw
- Department of Psychology and John Paul Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States of America
| | - Robert S Goldsmith
- Department of Psychology and John Paul Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States of America
| | - Howard C Cromwell
- Department of Psychology and John Paul Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States of America.
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3
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Koh AP, Smith MI, Dando R. Bitter taste function-related genes are implicated in the behavioral association between taste preference and ethanol preference in male mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 276:114473. [PMID: 38262572 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder in humans is highly heritable, and as a term is synonymous with alcoholism, alcohol dependence, and alcohol addiction. Defined by the NIAAA as a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences, the genetic basis of alcohol dependence is much studied. However, an intriguing component to alcohol acceptance exists outside of genetics or social factors. In fact, mice of identical genetic backgrounds without any prior experience of tasting ethanol display widely varying preferences to it, far beyond those seen for typical taste solutions. Here, we hypothesized that a preference for ethanol, which tastes both bitter and sweet to humans, would be influenced by taste function. Using a mouse model of taste behavior, we tested preferences for bitter and sweet in mice that, without training or previous experience, either preferred or avoided ethanol solutions in consumption trials. Data showed clear sex differences, in which male mice that preferred ethanol also preferred a bitter quinine solution, whereas female mice that preferred ethanol also preferred a sweet sucralose solution. Male mice preferring ethanol also exhibited lower expression levels of mRNA for genes encoding the bitter taste receptors T2R26 and T2R37, and the bitter transducing G-protein subunit GNAT3, suggesting that the higher ethanol preference observed in the male mice may be due to bitter signaling, including that arising from ethanol, being weaker in this group. Results further support links between ethanol consumption and taste response, and may be relevant to substance abuse issues in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Koh
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Molly I Smith
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Robin Dando
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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4
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Alessi J, Dzemidzic M, Benson K, Chittum G, Kosobud A, Harezlak J, Plawecki MH, O'Connor SJ, Kareken DA. High-intensity sweet taste as a predictor of subjective alcohol responses to the ascending limb of an intravenous alcohol prime: an fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:396-404. [PMID: 37550441 PMCID: PMC10724194 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity sweet-liking has been linked to alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk. However, the neural underpinning of this association is poorly understood. To find a biomarker predictive of AUD, 140 participants (social and heavy drinkers, ages 21-26) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a monetary incentive delay (MID) task and stimulation with high (SucroseHigh)- and low-concentration sucrose, as well as viscosity-matched water. On another day after imaging, and just before free-access intravenous alcohol self-administration, participants experienced a 30 mg% alcohol prime (10 min ascent) using the Computerized Alcohol Infusion System. Principal component analysis (PCA) of subjective responses (SR) to the prime's ascending limb generated enjoyable (SRenjoy) and sedative (SRsed) intoxication components. Another PCA created one component reflective of self-administered alcohol exposure (AE) over 90 min. Component loadings were entered as regressors in a voxel-wise general linear fMRI model, with reward type as a fixed factor. By design, peak prime breath alcohol concentration was similar across participants (29 ± 3.4 mg%). SRenjoy on the prime's ascending limb correlated positively with [SucroseHigh > Water] in the supplementary motor area and right dorsal anterior insula, implicating the salience network. Neither SR component correlated with the brain's response to MID. AE was unrelated to brain reward activation. While these findings do not support a relationship between alcohol self-administration and (1) subjective liking of or (2) regional brain response to an intensely sweet taste, they show that alcohol's enjoyable intoxicating effects on the rising limb correspond with anterior insular and supplementary motor area responses to high-concentration sucrose taste. No such associations were observed with MID despite robust activation in those regions. Insula and supplementary motor area responses to intense sensations relate to a known risk factor for AUD in a way that is not apparent with a secondary (monetary) reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Alessi
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katherine Benson
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Clinical Psychology Graduate Program, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - George Chittum
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ann Kosobud
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sean J O'Connor
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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5
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Kong D, Sun JX, Yang JQ, Li YS, Bi K, Zhang ZY, Wang KH, Luo HY, Zhu M, Xu Y. Ketogenic diet: a potential adjunctive treatment for substance use disorders. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1191903. [PMID: 37575322 PMCID: PMC10414993 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1191903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) can lead to serious health problems, and there is a great interest in developing new treatment methods to alleviate the impact of substance abuse. In recent years, the ketogenic diet (KD) has shown therapeutic benefits as a dietary therapy in a variety of neurological disorders. Recent studies suggest that KD can compensate for the glucose metabolism disorders caused by alcohol use disorder by increasing ketone metabolism, thereby reducing withdrawal symptoms and indicating the therapeutic potential of KD in SUD. Additionally, SUD often accompanies increased sugar intake, involving neural circuits and altered neuroplasticity similar to substance addiction, which may induce cross-sensitization and increased use of other abused substances. Reducing carbohydrate intake through KD may have a positive effect on this. Finally, SUD is often associated with mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, glia dysfunction, and gut microbial disorders, while KD may potentially reverse these abnormalities and serve a therapeutic role. Although there is much indirect evidence that KD has a positive effect on SUD, the small number of relevant studies and the fact that KD leads to side effects such as metabolic abnormalities, increased risk of malnutrition and gastrointestinal symptoms have led to the limitation of KD in the treatment of SUD. Here, we described the organismal disorders caused by SUD and the possible positive effects of KD, aiming to provide potential therapeutic directions for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshenyue Kong
- General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-xue Sun
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ji-qun Yang
- Third People’s Hospital of Kunming City/Drug Rehabilitation Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-sen Li
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke Bi
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zun-yue Zhang
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Kun-hua Wang
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hua-you Luo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Xu
- General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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6
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Braun TD, Kunicki ZJ, Blevins CE, Stein MD, Marsh E, Feltus S, Miranda R, Thomas JG, Abrantes AM. Prospective Associations between Attitudes toward Sweet Foods, Sugar Consumption, and Cravings for Alcohol and Sweets in Early Recovery from Alcohol Use Disorders. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2021; 39:269-281. [PMID: 34566252 DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2020.1868958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweet liking (heightened preference for highly-sweet solutions) is linked to Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and relapse, as well as attitudes towards sweet foods - use of sugar to cope with negative affect (sweet-cope), and impaired control over sweets consumption (sweet-control). This prospective analysis of individuals with AUD (N=26) participating in an Alcohol and Drug partial hospitalization program observed increases in self-reported sugar consumption and sweet craving from Time 1 (T1) to Time 2 (T2; 4 weeks later). Sweet-cope (T1) predicted T2 sweet craving. In an exploratory cross-lagged panel model, sweet-cope predicted sugar consumption and sweet craving at T1 and T2, and alcohol craving at T2. This pattern of results suggests the hypothesis that use of sugar to regulate negative affect may prove a novel, modifiable risk mechanism of the association between sweet liking and relapse. Sweet-cope may also prove an intervention target for improving nutrition and weight-related factors in early recovery. Future research in larger sample sizes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosca D Braun
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University.,Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital
| | - Zachary J Kunicki
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Claire E Blevins
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University.,Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital
| | - Michael D Stein
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital.,Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Eliza Marsh
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital
| | - Sage Feltus
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital.,Department of Psychology, Binghamton University
| | - Robert Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - John G Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University.,Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University.,Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital
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7
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Elton A, Garbutt JC, Boettiger CA. Risk and resilience for alcohol use disorder revealed in brain functional connectivity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102801. [PMID: 34482279 PMCID: PMC8416942 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A family history of alcoholism (FH) increases risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), yet many at-risk individuals never develop alcohol use problems. FH is associated with intermediate levels of risk phenotypes, whereas distinct, compensatory brain changes likely promote resilience. Although several cognitive, behavioral, and personality factors have been associated with AUD, the relative contributions of these processes and their neural underpinnings to risk or resilience processes remains less clear. We examined whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and behavioral metrics from 841 young adults from the Human Connectome Project, including healthy controls, individuals with AUD, and their unaffected siblings. First, we identified functional connections in which unaffected siblings were intermediate between controls and AUD, indicating AUD risk, and those in which siblings diverged, indicating resilience. Canonical correlations relating brain risk and resilience FC to behavioral patterns revealed AUD risk and resilience phenotypes. Risk phenotypes primarily implicated frontal-parietal networks corresponding with executive function, impulsivity, externalizing behaviors, and social-emotional intelligence. Conversely, resilience-related phenotypes were underpinned by networks of medial prefrontal, striatal, temporal, brainstem and cerebellar connectivity, which associated with high trait attention and low antisocial behavior. Additionally, we calculated "polyphenotypic" risk and resilience scores, to investigate how the relative load of risk and resilience phenotypes influenced the probability of an AUD diagnosis. Polyphenotypic scores predicted AUD in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, resilience phenotypes interacted with risk phenotypes, reducing their effects. The hypothesis-generating results revealed interpretable AUD-related phenotypes and offer brain-informed targets for developing more effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Elton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - James C Garbutt
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Charlotte A Boettiger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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8
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Kampov-Polevoy A, Bobashev G, Garbutt JC. Exploration of the Impact of Combining Risk Phenotypes on the Likelihood of Alcohol Problems in Young Adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 57:357-363. [PMID: 34272558 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that high novelty seeking (NS-an externalizing trait), sweet-liking (SL-a phenotype that may reflect processing of hedonic stimuli) and initial insensitivity to the impairing effects of alcohol (SRE-A) act independently and synergistically to increase the likelihood of having alcohol-related problems in young adults. METHODS A sample of 145 young adults, ages 18-26, balanced for gender and alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) scores <8 or ≥8 were selected from a prior sample. NS, SL and SRE-A were assessed along with AUDIT score and family history of alcoholism (FH). The effect of phenotypes and their interaction on the likelihood of alcohol problems was assessed. RESULTS All three phenotypes contribute to the total AUDIT score. The best-fitting model explaining 35.8% of AUDIT variance includes all three phenotypes and an interaction between NS and SL/sweet-disliking (SDL) status. The addition of FH to the model explains an additional 4% of variance in both models. Classification and regression tree analysis showed that the main phenotype influencing AUDIT score is NS. The SL/SDL phenotype is a strong modifying factor for high NS. SRE-A was shown to be a weak modifier for individuals with low NS. CONCLUSION The evidence supports the hypothesis that the presence of multiple alcohol use disorders (AUD) risk phenotypes with different underlying neurobiological mechanisms within an individual (SL, NS and SRE-A) represents a higher likelihood for developing alcohol-related problems and may allow for a graded assessment of risk for AUD and offer the possibility for early intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kampov-Polevoy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Georgiy Bobashev
- Center for Data Science, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James C Garbutt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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9
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Armitage RM, Iatridi V, Yeomans MR. Understanding sweet-liking phenotypes and their implications for obesity: Narrative review and future directions. Physiol Behav 2021; 235:113398. [PMID: 33771526 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Building on a series of recent studies that challenge the universality of sweet liking, here we review the evidence for multiple sweet-liking phenotypes which strongly suggest, humans fall into three hedonic response patterns: extreme sweet likers (ESL), where liking increases with sweetness, moderate sweet likers (MSL), who like moderate but not intense sweetness, and sweet dislikers (SD), who show increasing aversion as sweetness increases. This review contrasts how these phenotypes differ in body size and composition, dietary intake and behavioural measures to test the widely held view that sweet liking may be a key driver of obesity. Apart from increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in ESL, we found no clear evidence that sweet liking was associated with obesity and actually found some evidence that SD, rather than ESL, may have slightly higher body fat. We conclude that ESL may have heightened awareness of internal appetite cues that could protect against overconsumption and increased sensitivity to wider reward. We note many gaps in knowledge and the need for future studies to contrast these phenotypes in terms of genetics, neural processing of reward and broader measures of behaviour. There is also the need for more extensive longitudinal studies to determine the extent to which these phenotypes are modified by exposure to sweet stimuli in the context of the obesogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Iatridi
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, UK
| | - Martin R Yeomans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK.
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10
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Spinelli S, Prescott J, Pierguidi L, Dinnella C, Arena E, Braghieri A, Di Monaco R, Gallina Toschi T, Endrizzi I, Proserpio C, Torri L, Monteleone E. Phenol-Rich Food Acceptability: The Influence of Variations in Sweetness Optima and Sensory-Liking Patterns. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030866. [PMID: 33800789 PMCID: PMC7998421 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of phenol-rich foods is limited by their prominent bitterness and astringency. This issue has been addressed by adding sweet tastes, which suppress bitterness, but this is not a complete solution since individuals also differ in their preference for sweetness. In this study, we aimed at identifying groups of consumers differing in sweetness optima and sensory-liking patterns. To this end, increasing concentrations of sucrose were added to a chocolate pudding base. This allowed us to (1) investigate if individual differences in sensory responses are associated with different sweet liking optima in a product context, (2) define the psychological and oro-sensory profile of sweet liker phenotypes derived using a product context, and (3) assess if individuals differing in sweet liking optima differ also in consumption and liking of phenol-rich foods and beverages as a function of their sensory properties (e.g., sweeter vs. more bitter and astringent products). Individuals (1208; 58.4% women, 18–69 years) were characterised for demographics, responsiveness to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), personality traits and attitudes toward foods. Three clusters were identified based on correlations between sensory responses (sweetness, bitterness and astringency) and liking of the samples: liking was positively related to sweetness and negatively to bitterness and astringency in High and Moderate Sweet Likers, and the opposite in Inverted U-Shaped. Differences between clusters were found in age, gender and personality. Furthermore, the Inverted-U Shaped cluster was found to have overall healthier food behaviours and preferences, with higher liking and consumption of phenol-rich vegetables and beverages without added sugar. These findings point out the importance of identifying the individual sensory-liking patterns in order to develop more effective strategies to promote the acceptability of healthy phenol-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Florence, Italy; (J.P.); (L.P.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (E.M.)
| | - John Prescott
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Florence, Italy; (J.P.); (L.P.); (C.D.)
- TasteMatters Research & Consulting, P.O. Box Q1150, QVB Post Office, Sydney 1230, Australia
| | - Lapo Pierguidi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Florence, Italy; (J.P.); (L.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Caterina Dinnella
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Florence, Italy; (J.P.); (L.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Elena Arena
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Ada Braghieri
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Rossella Di Monaco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Tullia Gallina Toschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Isabella Endrizzi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
| | - Cristina Proserpio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Luisa Torri
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II, 9, 12042 Pollenzo, Italy;
| | - Erminio Monteleone
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti 6, 50144 Florence, Italy; (J.P.); (L.P.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (E.M.)
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11
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Kawafune K, Hachiya T, Nogawa S, Takahashi S, Jia H, Saito K, Kato H. Strong association between the 12q24 locus and sweet taste preference in the Japanese population revealed by genome-wide meta-analysis. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:939-947. [PMID: 32572145 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sweet taste preference of humans is an important adaptation to ensure the acquisition of carbohydrate nutrition; however, overconsumption of sweet foods can potentially lead to diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Although previous studies have suggested that interindividual variation of human sweet taste preference is heritable, genetic loci associated with the trait have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we genotyped 12,312 Japanese participants using the HumanCore-12+ Custom BeadChip or the HumanCore-24 Custom BeadChip microarrays. The sweet taste preference of the participants was surveyed via an internet-based questionnaire, resulting in a five-point scale of sweet taste preference. The genome-wide meta-analysis of the Japanese participants revealed a strong association between the 12q24 locus and sweet taste preference scale (P = 2.8 × 10-70). The lead variant rs671 is monoallelic in non-East Asian populations and is located in the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene, encoding an enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism. The association between the minor allele of rs671 and sweet taste preference was attenuated by adjusting for alcohol drinking. The subgroup analysis showed that the effect of rs671 on sweet taste preference was greater in males than in females. In conclusion, we found an association between the 12q24 locus and sweet taste preference in the Japanese population, and showed that the adjustment for drinking habits attenuated the association. This novel genetic association may provide new clues to elucidate mechanisms determining sweet taste preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kawafune
- Genequest Inc., Siba 5-29-11, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hachiya
- Genequest Inc., Siba 5-29-11, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan.,Genome Analytics Japan Inc., 15-1-3205 Tomihisa-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0067, Japan
| | - Shun Nogawa
- Genequest Inc., Siba 5-29-11, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Shoko Takahashi
- Genequest Inc., Siba 5-29-11, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Huijuan Jia
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Genequest Inc., Siba 5-29-11, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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12
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Skóra MN, Pattij T, Beroun A, Kogias G, Mielenz D, de Vries T, Radwanska K, Müller CP. Personality driven alcohol and drug abuse: New mechanisms revealed. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:64-73. [PMID: 32565173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While the majority of the regular consumers of alcohol controls their consumption well over life span and even takes instrumentalization benefits from it, a minority, but yet high total number of users develops an alcohol addiction. It has long been known that particular personality types are more addiction prone than others. Here we review recent progress in the understanding of neurobiological pathways that determine personality and facilitate drug abuse. Novel approaches to characterize personality traits leading to addiction proneness in social settings in mice are discussed. A common genetic and neurobiological base for the behavioural traits of sensation seeking or a depressed phenotype and escalating alcohol consumption are reviewed. Furthermore, recent progress on how social and cognitive factors, including impulsivity and decision making, act at brain level to make an individual more vulnerable to alcohol abuse, are discussed. Altogether, this review provides an update on brain mechanisms underlying a broad spectrum of personality traits that make an individual more prone to alcohol and drug abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nalberczak Skóra
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute, ul. L. Pasteura 3, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Tommy Pattij
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Beroun
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Georgios Kogias
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Taco de Vries
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, CNCR, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kasia Radwanska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute, ul. L. Pasteura 3, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Szczygiel EJ, Cho S, Tucker RM. Multiple Dimensions of Sweet Taste Perception Altered after Sleep Curtailment. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2015. [PMID: 31461917 PMCID: PMC6770090 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Short sleep duration increases preferences for high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods. It is unclear if insufficient sleep-induced changes in food preference are mediated by changes in taste perception and if these changes are related to sweetener type (sucrose or sucralose) or sweet liking phenotype. The primary objective of this study was to determine if sleep curtailment results in changes in sweet taste perception after sleep curtailment. Forty participants used a single-channel electroencephalograph to record both a habitual and curtailed night (33% reduction) of sleep at home. The following morning, multiple dimensions of sweet taste perception were measured, including preferred sweetener concentrations, patterns of sweet liking, and intensity perception over a range of concentrations. After curtailment, a significant increase in preferred concentration for both sucrose and sucralose (p < 0.001 for both) was observed. The slope of sucrose sweet liking increased after curtailment (p = 0.001). The slope of sucralose liking also increased, but this was not significant (p = 0.129). Intensity perception of the sweeteners was not altered by curtailment. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to classify participants by sweet liking phenotype. Phenotypes were found to predict preferred sweetener concentration. These findings illustrate a possible need to control for sleep in food sensory studies and suggest a potential mechanism by which insufficient sleep can lead to excess energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Szczygiel
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sungeun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robin M Tucker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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14
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Rossheim ME, Greene KM, Yurasek AM, Barry AE, Gonzalez-Pons KM, Trangenstein PJ, Cavazos T, Nelson C, Treffers RD, Thombs DL, Jernigan DH. Underage drinkers’ first experience consuming a popular brand of supersized alcopop. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2019; 46:421-429. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1653316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Rossheim
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kaylin M. Greene
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Ali M. Yurasek
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam E. Barry
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Tammy Cavazos
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Candace Nelson
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ryan D. Treffers
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Dennis L. Thombs
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - David H. Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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16
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Bedwell JS, Spencer CC, Chirino CA, O’Donnell JP. The Sweet Taste Test: Relationships with Anhedonia Subtypes, Personality Traits, and Menstrual Cycle Phases. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Iatridi V, Hayes JE, Yeomans MR. Quantifying Sweet Taste Liker Phenotypes: Time for Some Consistency in the Classification Criteria. Nutrients 2019; 11:E129. [PMID: 30634558 PMCID: PMC6357166 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste hedonics is a well-documented driver of food consumption. The role of sweetness in directing ingestive behavior is largely rooted in biology. One can then intuit that individual differences in sweet-liking may constitute an indicator of variations in the susceptibility to diet-related health outcomes. Despite half a century of research on sweet-liking, the best method to identify the distinct responses to sweet taste is still debated. To help resolve this issue, liking and intensity ratings for eight sucrose solutions ranging from 0 to 1 M were collected from 148 young adults (29% men). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed three response patterns: a sweet-liker (SL) phenotype characterized by a rise in liking as concentration increased, an inverted U-shaped phenotype with maximum liking at 0.25 M, and a sweet-disliker (SD) phenotype characterized by a decline in liking as a function of concentration. Based on sensitivity and specificity analyses, present data suggest the clearest discrimination between phenotypes is seen with 1.0 M sucrose, where a liking rating between -15 and +15 on a -50/+50 scale reliably distinguished individuals with an inverted U-shaped response from the SLs and the SDs. If the efficacy of this approach is confirmed in other populations, the discrimination criteria identified here can serve as the basis for a standard method for classifying sweet taste liker phenotypes in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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18
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Bouhlal S, Farokhnia M, Lee MR, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Identifying and Characterizing Subpopulations of Heavy Alcohol Drinkers Via a Sucrose Preference Test: A Sweet Road to a Better Phenotypic Characterization? Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:560-569. [PMID: 30016385 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Sweet preference in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with family history of AUD and personality traits. Therefore, testing sweet preference may help identify subpopulations of AUD individuals. Short summary Sweet preference has been associated with family history of AUD and personality traits. We compared heavy drinkers based on their sweet liker status and using two cutoffs. Our findings support the role of sweet preference in heavy drinkers and point to the importance of how sweet likers are defined. Methods This study aimed at describing and comparing heavy drinkers based on their sweet liker status, through demographic, neuroendocrine, inflammatory, behavioral and drinking characteristics. Participants rated the pleasantness and intensity of sucrose solutions (0.05, 0.10, 0.21, 0.42 and 0.83 M). Two cutoffs were used to identify likers versus dislikers: Grouping A likers preferred 0.83 M and Grouping B likers preferred 0.83 or 0.42 M; the rest were dislikers. Results Sweet likers were 36% (n = 20) using Grouping A and 58.2% (n = 32) using Grouping B. Grouping B, but not Grouping A, sweet likers had higher BMI (P = 0.01). In Grouping B, sweet likers had higher plasma leptin and insulin concentrations and higher insulin resistance (P's < 0.05). C-reactive protein concentrations were higher in sweet likers in Grouping A (P = 0.0015) and at a trend level in Grouping B (P = 0.07). Grouping A sweet likers had higher alcohol craving (P = 0.0004). Sweet likers preferred spirits compared to nonspirits (wine and beer) across both grouping (P's < 0.05). Conclusions These results provide further support for the role of sweet liking phenotype in identifying subpopulations of AUD individuals. These findings also point to the importance of how sweet likers are defined, therefore highlighting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bouhlal
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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19
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Eiler WJA, Dzemidzic M, Soeurt CM, Carron CR, Oberlin BG, Considine RV, Harezlak J, Kareken DA. Family history of alcoholism and the human brain response to oral sucrose. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:1036-1046. [PMID: 29349037 PMCID: PMC5767843 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A heightened hedonic response to sweet tastes has been associated with increased alcohol preference and alcohol consumption in both humans and animals. The principal goal of this study was to examine blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation to high- and low-concentration sweet solutions in subjects who are either positive (FHP) or negative (FHN) for a family history of alcoholism. Seventy-four non-treatment seeking, community-recruited, healthy volunteers (22.8 ± 1.6 SD years; 43% men) rated a range of sucrose concentrations in a taste test and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during oral delivery of water, 0.83 M, and 0.10 M sucrose. Sucrose compared to water produced robust activation in primary gustatory cortex, ventral insula, amygdala, and ventral striatum. FHP subjects displayed greater bilateral amygdala activation than FHN subjects in the low sucrose concentration (0.10 M). In secondary analyses, the right amygdala response to the 0.10 M sucrose was greatest in FHP women. When accounting for group differences in drinks per week, the family history groups remained significantly different in their right amygdala response to 0.10 M sucrose. Our findings suggest that the brain response to oral sucrose differs with a family history of alcoholism, and that this response to a mildly reinforcing primary reward might be an endophenotypic marker of alcoholism risk. Studies in humans and animals have suggested sweet tastes as a trait correlate of alcohol risk. Oral sucrose resulted in robust BOLD activation of gustatory and limbic areas. Amygdala responses to 0.10 M sucrose were greatest in drinkers with family histories of alcoholism. This study is first to suggest endophenotypic brain responses to sucrose in familial alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J A Eiler
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina M Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claire R Carron
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert V Considine
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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20
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Thibodeau M, Pickering GJ. The role of taste in alcohol preference, consumption and risk behavior. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:676-692. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1387759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Thibodeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Gary J. Pickering
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Sustainability Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Jeynes KD, Gibson EL. The importance of nutrition in aiding recovery from substance use disorders: A review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:229-239. [PMID: 28806640 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition is a prerequisite for health; yet, there is no special nutritional assessment or guidance for drug and alcohol dependent individuals, despite the fact that their food consumption is often very limited, risking malnutrition. Further, the premise is examined that malnutrition may promote drug seeking and impede recovery from substance use disorders (SUD). METHOD A narrative review addressed the relationship between substance use disorders and nutrition, including evidence for malnutrition, as well as their impact on metabolism and appetite regulation. The implications of the biopsychology of addiction and appetite for understanding the role of nutrition in SUD were also considered. RESULTS The literature overwhelmingly finds that subjects with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and drug use disorder (DUD) typically suffer from nutrient deficiencies. These nutrient deficiencies may be complicit in the alcoholic myopathy, osteopenia and osteoporosis, and mood disorders including anxiety and depression, observed in AUD and DUD. These same individuals have also been found to have altered body composition and altered hormonal metabolic regulators. Additionally, brain processes fundamental for survival are stimulated both by food, particularly sweet foods, and by substances of abuse, with evidence supporting confusion (addiction transfer) when recovering from SUD between cravings for a substance and craving for food. CONCLUSION Poor nutritional status in AUD and DUD severely impacts their physical and psychological health, which may impede their ability to resist substances of abuse and recover their health. This review contributes to a better understanding of interventions that could best support individuals with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall D Jeynes
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - E Leigh Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK.
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22
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Bell RL, Hauser SR, Liang T, Sari Y, Maldonado-Devincci A, Rodd ZA. Rat animal models for screening medications to treat alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:201-243. [PMID: 28215999 PMCID: PMC5659204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present animal research models that can be used to screen and/or repurpose medications for the treatment of alcohol abuse and dependence. The focus will be on rats and in particular selectively bred rats. Brief introductions discuss various aspects of the clinical picture, which provide characteristics of individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) to model in animals. Following this, multiple selectively bred rat lines will be described and evaluated in the context of animal models used to screen medications to treat AUDs. Next, common behavioral tests for drug efficacy will be discussed particularly as they relate to stages in the addiction cycle. Tables highlighting studies that have tested the effects of compounds using the respective techniques are included. Wherever possible the Tables are organized chronologically in ascending order to describe changes in the focus of research on AUDs over time. In general, high ethanol-consuming selectively bred rats have been used to test a wide range of compounds. Older studies usually followed neurobiological findings in the selected lines that supported an association with a propensity for high ethanol intake. Most of these tests evaluated the compound's effects on the maintenance of ethanol drinking. Very few compounds have been tested during ethanol-seeking and/or relapse and fewer still have assessed their effects during the acquisition of AUDs. Overall, while a substantial number of neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory system targets have been assessed; the roles of sex- and age-of-animal, as well as the acquisition of AUDs, ethanol-seeking and relapse continue to be factors and behaviors needing further study. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, Department of Pharmacology, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | - Zachary A Rodd
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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23
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Oliveros A, Cho CH, Cui A, Choi S, Lindberg D, Hinton D, Jang MH, Choi DS. Adenosine A 2A receptor and ERK-driven impulsivity potentiates hippocampal neuroblast proliferation. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1095. [PMID: 28418405 PMCID: PMC5416704 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dampened adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) function has been implicated in addiction through enhancement of goal-directed behaviors. However, the contribution of the A2AR to the control of impulsive reward seeking remains unknown. Using mice that were exposed to differential reward of low rate (DRL) schedules during Pavlovian-conditioning, second-order schedule discrimination, and the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), we demonstrate that deficits of A2AR function promote impulsive responses. Antagonism of the A2AR lowered ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation in the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and potentiated impulsivity during Pavlovian-conditioning and the 5-CSRTT. Remarkably, inhibition of ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation by U0126 in the dHip prior to Pavlovian-conditioning exacerbated impulsive reward seeking. Moreover, we found decreased A2AR expression, and reduced ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation in the dHip of equilibrative nucleoside transporter type 1 (ENT1-/-) null mice, which displayed exacerbated impulsivity. To determine whether impulsive response behavior is associated with hippocampal neuroblast development, we investigated expression of BrdU+ and doublecortin (DCX+) following 5-CSRTT testing. These studies revealed that impulsive behavior driven by inhibition of the A2AR is accompanied by increased neuroblast proliferation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oliveros
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C H Cho
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Cui
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Lindberg
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Hinton
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M-H Jang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D-S Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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24
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Baskini M, Proios H. The effect of alcohol on the nature of lexical representations in different taste domains. PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT 2016. [DOI: 10.5964/psyct.v9i2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate alcohol consumption may be involved in cognitive feedback mechanisms (Hofmann & Friese, 2008), participants execute verbal fluency test (VFT) better (Cerhan et al., 1998) and there is positive association between sweet taste and excessive alcohol intake (Lange, Kampov-Polevoy, & Garbutt, 2010). We investigate the immediate pharmacological consequences of moderate to light alcohol consumption in verbal fluency and categorical sorting within the different taste domains (i.e. sweet, salty, sour and bitter). Our hypothesis is that subjects under the influence of light to moderate alcohol will produce more items in the sweet domain. 53 healthy adults had moderate alcohol consumption and were compared in two semantic tasks to 53 adults, who did not drink alcohol. Mann-Whitney U tests showed that the total number of clusters, switches, and repetitions were equal between the two groups in all taste domains (p-values: .211, .401, and .684 respectively). The number of responses in the alcohol group generated more disinhibiting intrusive words during the VFTs as compared to the control group (p-value: <.001). VFTs and the order of taste preference in the card-sorting task showed positive correlation and agreement. Light to moderate alcohol did not affect verbal fluency. However, participants under the influence of alcohol generated significantly more errors in the VFTs that were emotionally laden. This corroborates with research that certain emotions are innervated with taste domains. This leaves open question about the effects of alcohol on decision making in eating and executive functions as they relate to lexical representations.
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Cummings JR, Ray LA, Tomiyama AJ. Food–alcohol competition: As young females eat more food, do they drink less alcohol? J Health Psychol 2015; 22:674-683. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105315611955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara A Ray
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Asao K, Miller J, Arcori L, Lumeng JC, Han-Markey T, Herman WH. Patterns of Sweet Taste Liking: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2015; 7:7298-311. [PMID: 26404363 PMCID: PMC4586531 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct patterns of sweet taste liking have been described: one showing a peak liking response in the mid-range of sucrose concentrations and the other showing a monotonic liking response at progressively higher sucrose concentrations. Classification of these patterns has been somewhat arbitrary. In this report, we analyzed patterns of sweet taste liking in a pilot study with 26 adults including 14 women and 12 men, 32.6 ± 14.5 years of age with body mass index 26.4 ± 5.1 kg/m2 (mean ± SD). Sweet taste liking was measured for 10 levels of sucrose solutions (0.035 M to 1.346 M). Participants rated their liking of each solution using a visual analog scale with 0 indicating strongly disliking and 100 strongly liking. The cluster analysis demonstrated two distinct groups: 13 liked relatively low sucrose concentrations and liked high sucrose concentrations less, and 13 liked high sucrose concentrations greatly. If we use the 0.598 M sucrose solution alone and a cutoff liking score of 50, we can distinguish the two clusters with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). If validated in additional studies, this simple tool may help us to better understand eating behaviors and the impact of sweet taste liking on nutrition-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Asao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Domino's Farms, Lobby G, Suite 1500, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Suite. 633, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Jason Miller
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Domino's Farms, Lobby G, Suite 1500, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
| | - Leann Arcori
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Domino's Farms, Lobby G, Suite 1500, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Medical Professional Building, Room D3202, P.O. Box: 5718, 1522 Simpson Road East, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5718, USA.
- The Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Theresa Han-Markey
- Michigan Clinical Research Unit, Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - William H Herman
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Domino's Farms, Lobby G, Suite 1500, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 6108/SPC 5714, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1912, USA.
- Michigan Center for Diabetes Translational Research, 1000 Wall Street, Room 6108/SPC 5714, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-1912, USA.
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Ciullo DL, Dotson CD. Using Animal Models to Determine the Role of Gustatory Neural Input in the Control of Ingestive Behavior and the Maintenance of Body Weight. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2015; 8:61-77. [PMID: 26557212 PMCID: PMC4636125 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-015-9190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decades of research have suggested that nutritional intake contributes to the development of human disease, mainly by influencing the development of obesity and obesity-related conditions. A relatively large body of research indicates that functional variation in human taste perception can influence nutritional intake as well as body mass accumulation. However, there are a considerable number of studies that suggest that no link between these variables actually exists. These discrepancies in the literature likely result from the confounding influence of a variety of other, uncontrolled, factors that can influence ingestive behavior. STRATEGY In this review, the use of controlled animal experimentation to alleviate at least some of these issues related to the lack of control of experimental variables is discussed. Specific examples of the use of some of these techniques are examined. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The review will close with some specific suggestions aimed at strengthening the link between gustatory neural input and its putative influence on ingestive behaviors and the maintenance of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Ciullo
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,
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Peritogiannis V. Sensation/novelty seeking in psychotic disorders: A review of the literature. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:79-87. [PMID: 25815257 PMCID: PMC4369552 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of personality traits is important for the better understanding of the person suffering from psychosis and for treatment individualization. However literature on patients’ personality and character in such disorders is limited. The aim of this review was to summarize the literature on sensation/novelty seeking (SNS), a trait which is biologically based and highly heritable and is associated with dopamine activity, and refers to a person’s tendency to seek varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences. A total of 38 studies were included in this review, involving 2808 patients and 2039 healthy controls. There is consistent evidence that this trait is independently associated with alcohol and substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. The estimation of SNS would help clinicians to identify patients at risk for abuse. There is also some evidence that higher SNS levels may relate to medication non-adherence and seem to increase the risk of patients’ aggressive and violent behavior, but studies are scarce. SNS was found not to be related to suicidality, whereas in the fields of patients’ quality of life and psychopathology results are contradictory, but most studies show no possible association. Several studies suggest that SNS is lower in psychotic patients compared to controls, whereas most yield no differences. The evidence for this trait as a potential endophenotype of schizophrenia is weak. SNS may be implicated in psychotic disorders’ course and prognosis in several ways and should be always inquired for. This trait can be reliably measured with the use of easily applicable self-rated instruments, and patients’ accounts could inform clinicians when planning management and delivering individualized treatment.
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Barkley-Levenson AM, Crabbe JC. Genotypic and sex differences in anxiety-like behavior and alcohol-induced anxiolysis in High Drinking in the Dark selected mice. Alcohol 2015; 49:29-36. [PMID: 25515706 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders and anxiety disorders are highly comorbid in humans. In rodent lines selected for alcohol drinking, differences in anxiety-like behavior are also seen. The High Drinking in the Dark (HDID) lines of mice are selectively bred for drinking to intoxication during limited access to alcohol, and these mice represent a genetic model of risk for binge-like drinking. The present studies investigated whether these selected lines differ from control (HS) mice in basal anxiety behavior or in anxiolytic response to alcohol. We also assessed the genetic correlation between alcohol drinking in the dark (DID) and basal anxiety-like behavior using existing inbred strain data. Mice of both sexes and HDID replicates (HDID-1 and HDID-2) were tested on an elevated zero maze immediately following a DID test. In general, HDID mice showed more time spent in the open arms after drinking alcohol than HS mice, and open-arm time was significantly correlated with blood alcohol concentration. HDID-1 male mice also showed less anxiety-like behavior at baseline (water-drinking controls). In a separate experiment, HDID-1 and HS mice were tested for anxiolytic dose-response to acute alcohol injections. Both genotypes showed increasing time spent in the open arms with increasing alcohol doses, and HDID-1 and female mice had greater open-arm time across all doses. HDID-1 control males showed lower anxiety-like behavior than the HS control males. Inbred strain data analysis also showed no significant genetic relationship between alcohol DID and anxiety. These findings suggest that HDID selection has not produced systematic changes in anxiety-like behavior or sensitivity to alcohol-induced anxiolysis, though there is a tendency in the male mice of the first replicate toward reduced basal anxiety-like behavior. Therefore, anxiety state and sensitivity to alcohol's anxiolytic effects do not appear to contribute significantly to the high drinking behavior of the HDID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Barkley-Levenson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - John C Crabbe
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Salvatore JE, Gottesman II, Dick DM. Endophenotypes for Alcohol Use Disorder: An Update on the Field. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:76-90. [PMID: 26236574 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endophenotype concept was first proposed as a strategy to use (purportedly) genetically simpler phenotypes in gene identification studies for psychiatric disorders, and is distinct from the closely related concept of intermediate phenotypes. In the area of alcohol use disorder (AUD) research, two candidate endophenotypes have produced replicable genetic associations: level of response to alcohol and neurophysiology markers (e.g., event-related oscillations and event-related potentials). Additional candidate endophenotypes from the cognitive, sensory, and neuroimaging literatures show promise, although more evidence is needed to fully evaluate their potential utility. Translational approaches to AUD endophenotypes have helped characterize the underlying neurobiology and genetics of AUD endophenotypes and identified relevant pharmacological interventions. Future research that capitalizes on the polygenic nature of endophenotypes and emphasizes endophenotypes that may change across development will enhance the usefulness of this concept to understand the genetically-influenced pathways toward AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126
| | - Irving I Gottesman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, N231 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126
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Jiang D, Zhu S, Ye M, Lin C. Cross-sectional survey of prevalence and personality characteristics of college students with internet addiction in Wenzhou, China. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 24:99-107. [PMID: 25324610 PMCID: PMC4198836 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Internet addiction can seriously affect the social functioning and studies of college students in China but measures for addressing this problem have not yet been developed or tested. Objective Assess the personality characteristics of college students with internet addiction. Methods Two self-report scales, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), were administered to a stratified random sample of 697 college students from colleges and vocational schools in Wenzhou, China. The characteristics of 48 subjects who meet Chen's criteria for internet addiction (score of 64 or greater out of 100 on the CIAS) were compared to those of 649 subjects who did not meet criteria for internet addiction. Results The prevalence of internet addiction in the sample was 6.9% (95% CI=5.1-9.1%). Compared to students without internet addiction, those with internet addiction were more likely to be male, of Han ethnicity, to have a history of substance use (primarily tobacco and alcohol), and to be a student at a technical college. Students with internet addiction had higher mean (sd) scores on the novelty-seeking subscale of the TPQ [17.9 (1.2) v. 13.0 (1.6), t=16.75 p<0.001] and on the harm-avoidance subscale [17.2 (1.9) v. 14.6 (1.1), t=15.14, p<0.001] but lower scores on the reward-dependence subscale [14.6 (1.4) v. 18.3 (1.7), t=-7.64, p<0.001]. Logistic regression found that the most important independent predictors of internet addiction were Han ethnicity (OR= 5.52, 95% CI=2.00-15.32), male gender (4.40, 1.97-9.81), and substance use (1.08, 1.02-1.15). After adjustment for other variables personality measures were not significantly associated with internet addiction. Conclusion The prevalence of internet addiction among college students in Wenzhou is similar to that in other parts of China. Significant differences in the personality characteristics assessed by the TPQ between university students with and without internet addiction become non-significant after controlling for gender, ethnicity and substance use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Ruian Fifth People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minjie Ye
- Wenzhou Minkang Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Kampov-Polevoy A, Lange L, Bobashev G, Eggleston B, Root T, Garbutt JC. Sweet-liking is associated with transformation of heavy drinking into alcohol-related problems in young adults with high novelty seeking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2119-26. [PMID: 24962796 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that high novelty seeking (NS) (a trait that promotes experimentation) and sweet-liking (SL) (a phenotype that may reflect processing of hedonic stimuli) act independently and synergistically to increase the risk of having alcohol-related problems in young adults. METHODS A sample of 163 young adults, ages 18 to 26, was recruited and balanced for gender and evidence for presence of alcohol problems to yield 150 evaluable participants. NS was evaluated using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Pleasurable response to sweet taste was tested to identify sweet-likers and sweet-dislikers. Alcohol use and problems were assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index. RESULTS NS, but not SL, was positively and significantly associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol problems; however, the effect of NS on alcohol problems was significantly enhanced in the presence of the SL phenotype, thus showing a strong synergistic interaction. The combination of SL and high NS was associated with increased odds of having alcohol problems -20.64 (95% CI: -89.98, 4.74) compared to those with low NS and sweet-disliking. Other combinations did not produce such odds ratios. SL and low NS showed OR = 1.88 (95% CI 0.44, 7.99), and sweet-dislikers and high novelty seekers had OR = 4.07 (95%, CI 1.01, 16.46). CONCLUSIONS These results support and extend our hypothesis that as clinically distinct phenotypes, high NS and the SL phenotype are associated with risk of alcohol-related problems. High NS is associated with the use of alcohol, and the presence of the SL phenotype appears to bias an individual to alcohol problems once alcohol use is initiated. Understanding the biology and phenomenology of these phenotypes will allow a more complete picture of the processes that lead to alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kampov-Polevoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Miralles C, Alonso Y, Verge B, Setó S, Gaviria AM, Moreno L, Cortés MJ, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Vilella E, Martorell L. Personality dimensions of schizophrenia patients compared to control subjects by gender and the relationship with illness severity. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:151. [PMID: 24884428 PMCID: PMC4039307 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits and schizophrenia present gender differences; however, gender has not been considered in most studies on personality and schizophrenia. This study aims to identify the different personality dimensions of schizophrenia patients and healthy control subjects by gender and to explore the relationship between personality dimensions and illness severity variables by analyzing data for males and females separately. METHODS Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised dimensions were compared by gender between 161 schizophrenia patients and 214 healthy controls from a population-based sample using independent t-tests. We then investigated whether personality dimensions are related to illness severity variables using correlation analyses and bivariate logistic regression, also by gender. RESULTS The patients had significantly higher scores for harm avoidance (HA) and self-transcendence (ST) and lower scores for reward dependence (RD), cooperativeness (C), and self-directedness (SD) than the controls. Similar results were obtained when the sample was stratified by gender, however the differences were higher and more significant for HA among males and for RD among females. The number of admissions to a psychiatric hospital positively correlated with novelty seeking (NS) in males and negatively with SD in females. In males, SD and ST negatively correlated with the number of suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS Male and female patients present difficulties for regulating and adapting behavior to achieve goals (SD) and for identifying and accepting others (C), as well as a great sense of spirituality and universe identification (ST). However, male patients are more characterized by being fearful, doubtful and easily fatigued (HA), while female patients are characterized by presenting difficulties maintaining and pursuing associated reward behaviors (RD). Furthermore, male and female patients who are frequently admitted to psychiatric hospitals and male patients who attempt suicide should be evaluated regarding their personality dimensions. Future studies assessing the relationship between personality dimensions and the clinical features of schizophrenia should consider gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Miralles
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Yolanda Alonso
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Begoña Verge
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Sònia Setó
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Ana M Gaviria
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Lorena Moreno
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - María J Cortés
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Damiano CR, Aloi J, Burrus C, Garbutt JC, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Dichter GS. Intact Hedonic Responses to Sweet Tastes in Autism Spectrum Disorder. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2014; 8:230-236. [PMID: 24563662 PMCID: PMC3927316 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Sweet Taste Test (STT) is a standardized measure designed to index the ability to detect differences in sweet tastes (sweet taste sensitivity) and hedonic responses to sweet tastes (sweet taste liking). Profiles of response on the STT suggest enhanced hedonic responses to sweet tastes in psychiatric disorders characterized by dysfunctional reward processing systems, including binge-eating disorders and substance use disorders, and a putative mechanism governing STT responses is the brain opioid system. The present study examined STT responses in 20 adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 38 healthy control adults. There were no differences in sweet taste sensitivity or hedonic response to sweet tastes between the ASD and control groups. Within the ASD sample, ASD symptom severity was associated with sweet taste sensitivity, but not hedonic response to sweet taste. Results may ultimately shed light on brain opioid system functioning in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara R. Damiano
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3270, Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
| | - Joseph Aloi
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3270, Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
| | - Caley Burrus
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705
| | - James C. Garbutt
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB# 7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Alexei B. Kampov-Polevoy
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB# 7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
| | - Gabriel S. Dichter
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3270, Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB# 7255, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Culleré ME, Spear NE, Molina JC. Prenatal ethanol increases sucrose reinforcement, an effect strengthened by postnatal association of ethanol and sucrose. Alcohol 2014; 48:25-33. [PMID: 24398347 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Late prenatal exposure to ethanol recruits sensory processing of the drug and of its motivational properties, an experience that leads to heightened ethanol affinity. Recent studies indicate common sensory and neurobiological substrates between this drug and sweet tastants. Using a recently developed operant conditioning technique for infant rats, we examined the effects of prenatal ethanol history upon sucrose self-administration (postnatal days, PDs 14-17). Prior to the last conditioning session, a low (0.5 g/kg) or a high (2.5 g/kg) ethanol dose were paired with sucrose. The intention was to determine if ethanol would inflate or devalue the reinforcing capability of the tastant and if these effects are dependent upon prenatal ethanol history. Male and female pups prenatally exposed to ethanol (2.0 g/kg) responded more when reinforced with sucrose than pups lacking this antenatal experience. Independently of prenatal status, a low ethanol dose (0.5 g/kg) enhanced the reinforcing capability of sucrose while the highest dose (2.5 g/kg) seemed to ameliorate the motivational properties of the tastant. During extinction (PD 18), two factors were critical in determining persistence of responding despite reinforcement omission. Pups prenatally exposed to ethanol that subsequently experienced the low ethanol dose paired with sucrose, showed higher resistance to extinction. The effects here reported were not associated with differential blood alcohol levels across prenatal treatments. These results indicate that fetal ethanol experience promotes affinity for a natural sweet reinforcer and that low doses of ethanol are also capable of enhancing the positive motivational consequences of sucrose when ethanol and sucrose are paired during infancy.
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Pharmacological, experimental therapeutic, and transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments for compulsivity and impulsivity. CNS Spectr 2014; 19:50-61. [PMID: 24176028 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852913000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been recently drawn apart from anxiety disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) and clustered together with related disorders (eg, hoarding, hair pulling disorder, skin picking), which with it seems to share clinical and neurophysiological similarities. Recent literature has mainly explored brain circuitries (eg, orbitofrontal cortex, striatum), molecular pathways, and genes (eg, Hoxb8, Slitrk5, Sapap3) that represent the new target of the treatments; they also lead the development of new probes and compounds. In the therapeutic field, monotherapy with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is recommendable, but combination or augmentation with a dopaminergic or glutamatergic agent is often adopted. A promising therapy for OCD is represented by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which is suitable to treat compulsivity and impulsivity depending on the protocol of stimulation and the brain circuitries targeted.
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Burgess E, Turan B, Lokken K, Morse A, Boggiano M. Profiling motives behind hedonic eating. Preliminary validation of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale. Appetite 2014; 72:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kareken DA, Dzemidzic M, Oberlin BG, Eiler WJA. A preliminary study of the human brain response to oral sucrose and its association with recent drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:2058-65. [PMID: 23841808 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preference for sweet tastes has been repeatedly shown to be associated with alcohol preference in both animals and humans. In this study, we tested the extent to which recent drinking is related to blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation from an intensely sweet solution in orbitofrontal areas known to respond to primary rewards. METHODS Sixteen right-handed, non-treatment-seeking, healthy volunteers (mean age: 26 years; 75% male) were recruited from the community. All underwent a taste test using a range of sucrose concentrations, as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during pseudorandom, event-driven stimulation with water and a 0.83 M concentration of sucrose in water. RESULTS [Sucrose > water] provoked a significant BOLD activation in primary gustatory cortex and amygdala, as well as in the right ventral striatum and in bilateral orbitofrontal cortex. Drinks/drinking day correlated significantly with the activation as extracted from the left orbital area (r = 0.52, p = 0.04 after correcting for a bilateral comparison). Using stepwise multiple regression, the addition of rated sucrose liking accounted for significantly more variance in drinks/drinking day than did left orbital activation alone (multiple R = 0.79, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Both the orbitofrontal response to an intensely sweet taste and rated liking of that taste accounted for significant variance in drinking behavior. The brain response to sweet tastes may be an important phenotype of alcoholism risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Psychiatry , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Radiology , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Navarrete F, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Manzanares J. Pregabalin- and topiramate-mediated regulation of cognitive and motor impulsivity in DBA/2 mice. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:183-95. [PMID: 22489711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Impulsivity is a core symptom in many neuropsychiatric disorders. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of topiramate and pregabalin on the modulation of different impulsivity dimensions in DBA/2 mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of acute and chronic administration of pregabalin (10, 20 and 40 mg·kg(-1) ) and topiramate (12.5, 25 and 50 mg·kg(-1) ) were evaluated in the light-dark box (LDB), hole board test (HBT) and delayed reinforcement task (DRT). α(2A) -Adrenoceptor, D(2) -receptor and TH gene expression were evaluated by real-time PCR in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), accumbens (ACC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively. KEY RESULTS Acute pregabalin administration showed a clear anxiolytic-like effect (LDB) but did not modify novelty-seeking behaviour (HBT). In contrast, topiramate produced an anxiolytic effect only at the highest dose, whereas it reduced novelty seeking at all doses tested. In the DRT, acute pregabalin had no effect, whereas topiramate only reduced motor impulsivity. Chronically, pregabalin significantly increased motor impulsivity and topiramate diminished cognitive impulsivity. Pregabalin decreased α(2A) -adrenoceptor and D(2) -receptor gene expression in the PFC and ACC, respectively, and increased TH in the VTA. In contrast, chronic administration of topiramate increased α(2A) -adrenoceptor and D(2) -receptor gene expression in the PFC and ACC, respectively, and also increased TH in the VTA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that the usefulness of pregabalin in impulsivity-related disorders is related to its anxiolytic properties, whereas topiramate modulates impulsivity. These differences could be linked to their opposite effects on α(2A) -adrenoceptor and D(2) -receptor gene expression in the PFC and ACC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Flessner CA, Knopik VS, McGeary J. Hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania): genes, neurobiology, and a model for understanding impulsivity and compulsivity. Psychiatry Res 2012; 199:151-8. [PMID: 22537722 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania) affects at least 3.7 million people in the United States and results in marked functional impairment. This article reviews empirical research investigating the genetics and neurobiology of hair pulling disorder (HPD). We also discuss recent advances in the characterization of this phenotype which have led to evidence supporting the existence of at least two disparate pulling styles-automatic and focused pulling. These pulling styles exhibit facets of behavioral processes, impulsivity and compulsivity, characteristic of several classes of disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, impulse control disorders). Available genetic, neurobiological, and clinical data support the importance of impulsivity for conceptualizing HPD. Impulsivity alone is insufficient to fully understand this complex phenotype. Characterizations of both automatic and focused pulling as well as preliminary findings from affective neuroscience across species highlight the importance of compulsivity for understanding HPD. Opposing and complementary aspects to impulsivity-compulsivity provide a more comprehensive conceptualization of HPD and supports HPD's potential importance for advancing scientific inquiry in relation to the pathogenesis and treatment of related phenotypes. This review concludes with a description of areas-phenotype, neurobiology, and genes-in need of further study.
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Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern and personality in patients attending a primary health center. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:887-91. [PMID: 22709815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Personality influences lifestyle behaviors, and particularly dietary behavior. The possible association of personality with adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern (MDP) has not been reported. The objective of this study was to analyze the possible association of personality traits with adherence to the MDP, controlling for sociodemographic variables, presence of chronic illnesses, minor psychiatric morbidity, body mass index (BMI), daily smoking, and physical activity. This cross-sectional study included 206 patients, age 18 to 65 years, recruited at a primary health service in Granada, Spain, during 2007 to 2008. The participants answered a questionnaire, including sociodemographic characteristics, data on personality, and MDP. Personality was measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125). Adherence to MDP was measured using the validated 14-point Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). MEDAS score was directly associated with the character dimension of self-directedness, age, and minor psychiatric morbidity score; and inversely with marital status (widowed, separated, or divorced) and BMI. Because highly self-directed individuals may respond better to diet advice, consideration of personality may prove helpful in the design of interventions to enhance the adherence to MDP. To improve the adherence to MDP in interventions with patients with low self-directedness, more intensive professional support and counseling with tailored messages about the health benefits of MDP may be indicated.
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Abstract
Human studies indicate that high impulsivity, novelty seeking and anxiety predispose individuals to alcohol abuse. Unclear, however, is whether the same phenotypes can be observed in laboratory animals prone to uncontrolled alcohol drinking. To characterize a novelty-seeking trait, anxiety, impulsivity, compulsivity and the motivation for natural rewards in mice, numerous tests were performed in the automated IntelliCage learning system. The same mice then had extended access to alcohol for 70 days, followed by the evaluation of addiction-like behaviors, including (1) the motivation for alcohol in a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement; (2) persistent and compulsive alcohol seeking and taking during signaled 'no alcohol' periods and (3) when subjected to punishment; and (4) the intensity of relapse after alcohol withdrawal. Our data suggest that high levels of anxiety-related traits (i.e. low novelty seeking, low resistance to punishment and a high level of compulsive behaviors) and high impulsivity predict addiction-like alcohol drinking in mice. Future studies are, however, warranted to create a valid model of alcohol addiction in mice in the IntelliCage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Radwanska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Poland.
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Allen JS. "Theory of food" as a neurocognitive adaptation. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:123-9. [PMID: 22262561 PMCID: PMC3275678 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adult cognition emerges over the course of development via the interaction of multiple critical neurocognitive networks. These networks evolved in response to various selection pressures, many of which were modified or intensified by the intellectual, technological, and sociocultural environments that arose in connection with the evolution of genus Homo. Networks related to language and theory of mind clearly play an important role in adult cognition. Given the critical importance of food to both basic survival and cultural interaction, a "theory of food" (analogous to theory of mind) may represent another complex network essential for normal cognition. I propose that theory of food evolved as an internal, cognitive representation of our diets in our minds. Like other complex cognitive abilities, it relies on complex and overlapping dedicated neural networks that develop in childhood under familial and cultural influences. Normative diets are analogous to first languages in that they are acquired without overt teaching; they are also difficult to change or modify once a critical period in development is passed. Theory of food suggests that cognitive activities related to food may be cognitive enhancers, which could have implications for maintaining healthy brain function in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Allen
- Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1061, USA.
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Djamshidian A, O’Sullivan SS, Wittmann BC, Lees AJ, Averbeck BB. Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2483-8. [PMID: 21565210 PMCID: PMC3137690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novelty seeking can be a positive trait leading to creativity and innovation, but it is also related to increased risk of damaging addictive behaviour. We have assessed novelty seeking with a three armed bandit task, in which novel stimuli were occasionally introduced, replacing choice options from which the participants had been choosing. This allowed us to assess whether or not they would be prone to selecting novel stimuli. We tested 25 non impulsive patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 27 PD patients with impulsive compulsive behaviours (ICBs). Both patient groups were examined "on" and "off" dopaminergic medication in a counterbalanced order and their behaviour was compared with 24 healthy controls. We found that PD patients with ICBs were significantly more prone to choose novel options than either non impulsive PD patients or controls, regardless of medication status. Our findings suggest that attraction to novelty is a personality trait in all PD patients with ICBs which is independent of medication status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean S. O’Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew J. Lees
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno B. Averbeck
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892-4415
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Djamshidian A, Cardoso F, Grosset D, Bowden-Jones H, Lees AJ. Pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease--a review of the literature. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1976-84. [PMID: 21661054 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of pathological gambling is 3.4% to 6% in treated Parkinson's disease, which is higher than the background population rate. In this review we discuss current evidence to indicate that dopamine agonists are much more likely to trigger this behavior than either L-dopa or selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor monotherapy. New insights from recent behavioral and functional imaging studies and possible treatment approaches are also covered. A PubMed literature search using the terms "gambling" and "Parkinson's disease," "impulse control disorder," "impulsive compulsive behaviour," "dopamine agonist," of individual dopamine agonists, and of ongoing drug trials, using http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, was carried out for the period up to January 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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