1
|
Chen M, Zhang Y, Kong X, Du Z, Zhou H, Yu Z, Qin J, Chen C. Leaf Cuticular Transpiration Barrier Organization in Tea Tree Under Normal Growth Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:655799. [PMID: 34276719 PMCID: PMC8278822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.655799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays a major role in restricting nonstomatal water transpiration in plants. There is therefore a long-standing interest to understand the structure and function of the plant cuticle. Although many efforts have been devoted, it remains controversial to what degree the various cuticular parameters contribute to the water transpiration barrier. In this study, eight tea germplasms were grown under normal conditions; cuticle thickness, wax coverage, and compositions were analyzed from the epicuticular waxes and the intracuticular waxes of both leaf surfaces. The cuticular transpiration rates were measured from the individual leaf surface as well as the intracuticular wax layer. Epicuticular wax resistances were also calculated from both leaf surfaces. The correlation analysis between the cuticular transpiration rates (or resistances) and various cuticle parameters was conducted. We found that the abaxial cuticular transpiration rates accounted for 64-78% of total cuticular transpiration and were the dominant factor in the variations for the total cuticular transpiration. On the adaxial surface, the major cuticular transpiration barrier was located on the intracuticular waxes; however, on the abaxial surface, the major cuticular transpiration barrier was located on the epicuticular waxes. Cuticle thickness was not a factor affecting cuticular transpiration. However, the abaxial epicuticular wax coverage was found to be significantly and positively correlated with the abaxial epicuticular resistance. Correlation analysis suggested that the very-long-chain aliphatic compounds and glycol esters play major roles in the cuticular transpiration barrier in tea trees grown under normal conditions. Our results provided novel insights about the complex structure-functional relationships in the tea cuticle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
- The Fujian Research Branch of the National Tea Genetic Improvement Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zhaoxi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jianheng Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
- The Fujian Research Branch of the National Tea Genetic Improvement Center, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jaroensuk J, Intasian P, Wattanasuepsin W, Akeratchatapan N, Kesornpun C, Kittipanukul N, Chaiyen P. Enzymatic reactions and pathway engineering for the production of renewable hydrocarbons. J Biotechnol 2020; 309:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
3
|
Analysis of the cuticular wax composition and ecophysiological studies in an arid plant - Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 27:318-323. [PMID: 31889853 PMCID: PMC6933168 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants in arid regions are exposed to various abiotic stresses and the presence of the waxy cuticular layer acts as a defensive barrier, which consists mainly of long chain fatty acids, hydrocarbons and other derived compounds. Studies on the chemical composition and properties of cuticles of arid plants are scanty. The present study deals with the analysis of cuticular wax composition and effect of temperature on some ecophysiological parameters of an important arid plant Ziziphus nummularia. A total of 59 different wax compounds were detected from the leaf cuticle by capillary GC-MS. 4-Hydroxycyclohexanone, Heptacosane and 2,7-Dimethyloctane-3,5-dione were the dominant wax compounds in Z. nummularia. The variation of photosynthetic rate varied from 0.70 to 7.70 µmol CO2 m-2s-1 against the studied temperature range of 15-55 °C. The transpiration rate varies from 1.80 to 8.40 mmol H2O m-2s-1 within the temperature range of 15-55 °C. The quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) also exhibited much variation due to the variation of temperature. The results clearly shows that Z. nummularia is highly adapted to restrict water loss and can tolerate high temperatures and can be considered as an appropriate species for vegetating the arid areas.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma P, Madhyastha H, Madhyastha R, Nakajima Y, Maruyama M, Verma KS, Verma S, Prasad J, Kothari SL, Gour VS. An appraisal of cuticular wax of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.: Extraction, chemical composition, biosafety and application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:397-403. [PMID: 30690392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastic and polythene as hydrophobic materials become a grave concern due to their non-biodegradable nature, cumbersome recycling and waste management. Cuticular wax derived from Calotropis procera is explored as an eco-friendly and safe hydrophobic material. The effects of duration of exposure to solvent, solvent type, size and side of the leaf on cuticular wax yield have been studied. Leaf with the smallest area (10 cm2-25 cm2) was found to be the most suitable to isolate the wax. GC-MS analysis of the wax revealed that the wax consists of mainly esters, alkane and alkene. Mitochondrial reductase (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay have been carried out on M5S cell line at various concentrations and the results indicate that up to 1 μg/ml (acetone as solvent) and 3 μg/ml (chloroform as solvent) use of wax has no toxic effect. To evaluate the hydrophobic potential of the wax in developing hydrophobic paper water regains and contact angle has been measured. The gain in hydrophobicity of the paper is evident from the rise in contact angle (≥90˚) of paper coated with wax. Scanning electron micrograph and FTIR spectra generated physical and chemical evidence of coating of wax on paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyal Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Yuchi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | - Masugi Maruyama
- Department of Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake-cho, Kihara Miyazaki, 5200, Japan
| | | | - Shashi Verma
- Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Jagdish Prasad
- Amity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - S L Kothari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Vinod Singh Gour
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evaluation of Variation in Cuticular Wax Yield with Season, Solvent, and Species in Calotropis. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-019-00803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Venditti A, Frezza C, Rossi G, Serafini I, Ciccòla A, Sciubba F, Foddai S, Tomassini L, Bianco A, Serafini M. A new byciclic monoterpene glucoside and a new biflavone from the male reproduction organs of Wollemia nobilis. Fitoterapia 2018; 133:62-69. [PMID: 30572087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the fifth part of an ongoing phytochemical study on Wollemia nobilis was reported. The attention was now focused on the male reproduction organs of which the content in both primary and secondary metabolites was analyzed. Twenty compounds, belonging to seven different classes of natural compounds, were identified from the ethanolic extract by means of Column Chromatography and NMR and MS Spectroscopy. They all represent new compounds for the studied organ whereas some of them are also new constituents of the genus or even previously undescribed phytochemicals. Their presence was able to display a general overview of these organs from the phytochemical standpoint and to provide more elements in confirmation with the current botanical classification of the species. Moreover, they add a further experimental evidence of the tendency of this species to accumulate different metabolites in different organs. This characteristic as well as the occurrence of several compounds with added value, make this plant a possible candidate for large scale cultivation with extractive purposes to obtain useful phytochemicals for botanicals and pharmaceutical fields. Moreover, they offer the opportunity to develop an additional method of conservation and protection for this endangered and very rare species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venditti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Frezza
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciccòla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Foddai
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lamberto Tomassini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Armandodoriano Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao Y, Guo R, Fan R, Liu Z, Kong W, Zhang P, Du FP. Wettability of pear leaves from three regions characterized at different stages after flowering using the OWRK method. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1804-1809. [PMID: 29389059 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of leaf surface wettability is critical to improve the adhesion of liquid pesticides. Leaf surface wettability is dependent on the property of the liquid as well as the physical and chemical properties of the leaf, which vary with climate and growth stage. The aim of this study was to characterize the wettability of pear leaves from three different climatic regions at different stages after flowering. RESULTS The contact angles of different test liquids were measured on both adaxial and abaxial pear leaf surfaces and the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble (OWRK) method was used to calculate surface free energy (SFE) and its polar and non-polar components. The results demonstrated that the SFE of both the adaxial and abaxial surface of the pear leaf, and the proportion of polar component, increased with increasing time after flowering. At early growth stages, pear leaves were highly hydrophobic, similar to a polytetrafluoroethylene surface, whereas at later growth stages, pear leaves were hydrophobic, more similar to a polymethylmethacrylate surface. Also, the SFE differed with climatic region. Factors influencing these changes are discussed. CONCLUSION Changes in contact angles and SFE correlated with the change of the leaf surface wettability. Leaves became easier to wet (higher SFE), with an overall increasing polar component to the surface, with increasing age after flowering. As expected, changes in wettability were found in pear leaves at different stages after flowering and in different regions (P < 0.05). Pear leaves from Yuanping were easier to wet than leaves from Yuci and Linyi, and adaxial surfaces were easier to wet than abaxial surfaces. These results provide beneficial information for the application of agrochemicals for improved wetting and spreading behavior. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Fan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfang Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Kong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengjiu Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Pei Du
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Müller HM, Schäfer N, Bauer H, Geiger D, Lautner S, Fromm J, Riederer M, Bueno A, Nussbaumer T, Mayer K, Alquraishi SA, Alfarhan AH, Neher E, Al-Rasheid KAS, Ache P, Hedrich R. The desert plant Phoenix dactylifera closes stomata via nitrate-regulated SLAC1 anion channel. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:150-162. [PMID: 28670699 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Date palm Phoenix dactylifera is a desert crop well adapted to survive and produce fruits under extreme drought and heat. How are palms under such harsh environmental conditions able to limit transpirational water loss? Here, we analysed the cuticular waxes, stomata structure and function, and molecular biology of guard cells from P. dactylifera. To understand the stomatal response to the water stress phytohormone of the desert plant, we cloned the major elements necessary for guard cell fast abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and reconstituted this ABA signalosome in Xenopus oocytes. The PhoenixSLAC1-type anion channel is regulated by ABA kinase PdOST1. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) demonstrated that date palm guard cells release chloride during stomatal closure. However, in Cl- medium, PdOST1 did not activate the desert plant anion channel PdSLAC1 per se. Only when nitrate was present at the extracellular face of the anion channel did the OST1-gated PdSLAC1 open, thus enabling chloride release. In the presence of nitrate, ABA enhanced and accelerated stomatal closure. Our findings indicate that, in date palm, the guard cell osmotic motor driving stomatal closure uses nitrate as the signal to open the major anion channel SLAC1. This initiates guard cell depolarization and the release of anions together with potassium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike M Müller
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Schäfer
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Bauer
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Geiger
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Lautner
- Department of Wood Science, University Hamburg, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Fromm
- Department of Wood Science, University Hamburg, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- Biocenter, Institute for Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amauri Bueno
- Biocenter, Institute for Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Ahmed H Alfarhan
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erwin Neher
- Department for Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Khaled A S Al-Rasheid
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Ache
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Biocenter, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Hegebarth D, Jetter R. Cuticular Waxes of Arabidopsis thaliana Shoots: Cell-Type-Specific Composition and Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E27. [PMID: 28686187 PMCID: PMC5620583 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that all plant epidermis cells are covered with cuticles, and the distinct surface geometries of pavement cells, guard cells, and trichomes imply functional differences and possibly different wax compositions. However, experiments probing cell-type-specific wax compositions and biosynthesis have been lacking until recently. This review summarizes new evidence showing that Arabidopsis trichomes have fewer wax compound classes than pavement cells, and higher amounts of especially long-chain hydrocarbons. The biosynthesis machinery generating this characteristic surface coating is discussed. Interestingly, wax compounds with similar, long hydrocarbon chains had been identified previously in some unrelated species, not all of them bearing trichomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rigg JL, Offord CA, Singh BK, Anderson I, Clarke S, Powell JR. Soil microbial communities influence seedling growth of a rare conifer independent of plant-soil feedback. Ecology 2016; 97:3346-3358. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Rigg
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Cathy A. Offord
- Australian PlantBank; Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust; Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan; Sydney New South Wales 2587 Australia
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Ian Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Steve Clarke
- NSW Parks and Wildlife Services; Office of Environment and Heritage; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernández V, Guzmán-Delgado P, Graça J, Santos S, Gil L. Cuticle Structure in Relation to Chemical Composition: Re-assessing the Prevailing Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27066059 PMCID: PMC4814898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface of most aerial plant organs is covered with a cuticle that provides protection against multiple stress factors including dehydration. Interest on the nature of this external layer dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and since then, several studies facilitated a better understanding of cuticular chemical composition and structure. The prevailing undertanding of the cuticle as a lipidic, hydrophobic layer which is independent from the epidermal cell wall underneath stems from the concept developed by Brongniart and von Mohl during the first half of the 19th century. Such early investigations on plant cuticles attempted to link chemical composition and structure with the existing technologies, and have not been directly challenged for decades. Beginning with a historical overview about the development of cuticular studies, this review is aimed at critically assessing the information available on cuticle chemical composition and structure, considering studies performed with cuticles and isolated cuticular chemical components. The concept of the cuticle as a lipid layer independent from the cell wall is subsequently challenged, based on the existing literature, and on new findings pointing toward the cell wall nature of this layer, also providing examples of different leaf cuticle structures. Finally, the need for a re-assessment of the chemical and structural nature of the plant cuticle is highlighted, considering its cell wall nature and variability among organs, species, developmental stages, and biotic and abiotic factors during plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - José Graça
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pan S, Guo R, Xu W. Investigating and biomimicking the surface wetting behaviors of ginkgo leaf. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:8800-8803. [PMID: 25299973 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01844c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the surface composite Cassie-Baxter wetting state is carefully investigated using ginkgo biloba as natural model. Investigations follow two directions: (a) low local solid contact areal fraction leading to high apparent contact angles; and (b) thick air plastron trapped at the contacting interface leading to stable dewetting state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Orona-Tamayo D, Heil M. Stabilizing Mutualisms Threatened by Exploiters: New Insights from Ant-Plant Research. Biotropica 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domancar Orona-Tamayo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética; CINVESTAV-Irapuato; Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH); Edif. B3, Ciudad Universitaria 58060 Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética; CINVESTAV-Irapuato; Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nikolić B, Tešević V, Đorđević I, Todosijević M, Jadranin M, Bojović S, Marin PD. Variability ofn-Alkanes and Nonacosan-10-ol in Natural Populations ofPicea omorika. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:473-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Epicuticular Waxes and Stomata of Adult Scale Leaves of the Chinese Juniper Juniperus chinensis. Appl Microsc 2012. [DOI: 10.9729/am.2012.42.3.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
18
|
Nikolić B, Tešević V, Dorđević I, Todosijević M, Jadranin M, Bojović S, Marin PD. Population variability of nonacosan-10-ol and n-alkanes in needle cuticular waxes of Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce GRISEB.). Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1155-65. [PMID: 22700233 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on population variability of nonacosan-10-ol and n-alkanes in needle epicuticular waxes of Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce GRISEB.) Hexane extracts of needle samples, originating from two natural populations in Montenegro (Zeletin and Sjekirica) and from one population in Serbia (Mokra Gora) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The amount of nonacosan-10-ol varied individually from 41.3 to 72.31% (average 55.9%), with the Sjekirica population being statistically divergent (64.4% on average). The results showed n-alkanes in epicuticular waxes ranging from C₁₈ to C₃₃. The most abundant alkanes were C₂₉, C₂₅, C₂₇, and C₂₃ (15.5, 11.1, 10.6, and 10.5% on average, resp.). The carbon preference index of Pinus peuce ranged from 1.0 to 4.3 (1.9 on average). Average chain length ranged from 18.4 to 27.7 (average 25.7). A high level of inidividual quantitative variation in all of these hydrocarbon parameters was also detected. These results were compared with published data on other species from the Pinus genus.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nikolić B, Tešević V, Đordđević I, Todosijević M, Jadranin M, Bojović S, Marin PD. Chemodiversity of Nonacosan-10-ol and n-Alkanes in the Needle Wax of Pinus heldreichii. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:80-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
Puente DWM, Baur P. Wettability of soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves by foliar sprays with respect to developmental changes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:798-806. [PMID: 21413140 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf wettability considerably defines the degree of retention of water and agrochemical sprays on crop and non-target plant surfaces. Plant surface structure varies with development therefore the goal was to characterise the wettability of soybean leaf surfaces as a function of growth stage (GS). RESULTS Adaxial surfaces of leaves developed at GS 16 (BBCH) were 10 times more wettable with water than leaves at the lower canopy (GS 13). By measuring contact angles of a liquid having an intermediate surface tension on different leaf patches, an illustrative wetting profile was elucidated, showing to what degree wetting varies (from > 120° to < 20°) depending on leaf patch and GS. While the critical surface tension of leaf surfaces at different GSs did not correlate with the observed changes, the slope of the Zisman plot accurately represented the increase in wettability of leaves at the upper canopy and lateral shoots (GSs 17 to 19, 21 and 24). The discrimination given by the slopes was even better than that by water contact angles. SEM observations revealed that the low wettability observed at early GSs is mainly due to a dense layer of epicuticular wax crystals. The Zisman plot slope does not represent the changes in leaf roughness (i.e. epicuticular wax deposition), but provides an insight into chemical and compositional surface characteristics at the droplet-leaf interface. CONCLUSIONS The results with different wettability measurement methods demonstrated that wetting is a feature that characterises each developmental stage of soybean leaves. Positional wettability differences among leaves at the same plant and within the same leaf are relevant for performance, selectivity and plant compatibility of agrochemicals. Implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Composition of epicuticular wax layer of two species of Mandevilla (Apocynoideae, Apocynaceae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Ringelmann A, Riedel M, Riederer M, Hildebrandt U. Two sides of a leaf blade: Blumeria graminis needs chemical cues in cuticular waxes of Lolium perenne for germination and differentiation. PLANTA 2009; 230:95-105. [PMID: 19352695 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant surface characteristics were repeatedly shown to play a pivotal role in plant-pathogen interactions. The abaxial leaf surface of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is extremely glossy and wettable compared to the glaucous and more hydrophobic adaxial surface. Earlier investigations have demonstrated that the abaxial leaf surface was rarely infected by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), even when the adaxial surface was densely colonized. This led to the assumption that components of the abaxial epicuticular leaf wax might contribute to the observed impairment of growth and development of B. graminis conidia on abaxial surfaces of L. perenne. To re-assess this hypothesis, we analyzed abundance and chemical composition of L. perenne ab- and adaxial epicuticular wax fractions. While the adaxial epicuticular waxes were dominated by primary alcohols and esters, the abaxial fraction was mainly composed of n-alkanes and aldehydes. However, the major germination and differentiation inducing compound, the C26-aldehyde n-hexacosanal, was not present in the abaxial epicuticular waxes. Spiking of isolated abaxial epicuticular Lolium waxes with synthetically produced n-hexacosanal allowed reconstituting germination and differentiation rates of B. graminis in an in vitro germination assay using wax-coated glass slides. Hence, the absence of the C26-aldehyde from the abaxial surface in combination with a distinctly reduced surface hydrophobicity appears to be primarily responsible for the failure of normal germling development of B. graminis on the abaxial leaf surfaces of L. perenne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ringelmann
- Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Botanik II, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
McCully ME, Canny MJ, Huang CX. Invited Review: Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (CSEM) in the advancement of functional plant biology. Morphological and anatomical applications. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:97-124. [PMID: 32688631 DOI: 10.1071/fp08304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (CSEM) is reviewed by exploring how the images obtained have changed paradigms of plant functions and interactions with their environment. Its power to arrest and stabilise plant parts in milliseconds, and to preserve them at full hydration for examination at micrometre resolution has changed many views of plant function. For example, it provides the only feasible way of accurately measuring stomatal aperture during active transpiration, and volume and shape changes in guard cells, or examining the contents of laticifers. It has revealed that many xylem conduits contain gas, not liquid, during the day, and that they can be refilled with sap and resume water transport. It has elucidated the management of ice to prevent cell damage in frost tolerant plants and has revealed for the first time inherent biological and physical features of root/soil interactions in the field. CSEM is increasingly used to reveal complementary structural information in studies of metabolism, fungal infection and symbiosis, molecular and genetic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J Canny
- Functional Ecology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Cheng X Huang
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shan H, Wilson WK, Phillips DR, Bartel B, Matsuda SPT. Trinorlupeol: a major nonsterol triterpenoid in Arabidopsis. Org Lett 2008; 10:1897-900. [PMID: 18410124 DOI: 10.1021/ol800389q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the structure determination of 20,29,30-trinorlup-18-en-3beta-ol (trinorlupeol) and establish this novel C 27 metabolite as a major nonsterol triterpenoid in Arabidopsis thaliana. Trinorlupeol was concentrated in cuticular waxes, notably in the plant stem, floral buds, and seedpods, but not in leaves. Based on expression data and functional characterization of A. thaliana oxidosqualene cyclases, we propose that LUP1 is the cyclase responsible for trinorlupeol biosynthesis. Also described are two oxidized trinorlupeols and additional biosynthetic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|