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Sutthinon P, Meesawat U, Ulrich S, Schönenberger J. Histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of tapetum and sporoderm development in relation to precocious pollenkitt production of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01969-4. [PMID: 39012484 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) is a medicinal plant native to Southeastern Asia, with a peculiar, precocious pollenkitt production in early microspore development. We aimed to find out whether different secretory activities of the tapetum or a premature sporoderm development provides additional evidence for our recent hypothesis for the precocious pollenkitt production. Histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of tapetum and sporoderm development during pollenkitt secretion in Garcinia dulcis were conducted, based on light and electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that Garcinia dulcis possesses normal pollen development. The presence of two different pollen coating types, precocious pollenkitt (L1) and common pollenkitt (L2), in the anther tapetum indicate that they are produced in two different active stages of the secretory tapetum. The precocious pollenkitt production and transport to the locule takes place in early active tapetal cells at early tetrad to early microspore stage and is ongoing until late microspore stage. The production of the second type of pollenkitt (L2) starts shortly after the first active tapetum stage together with the formation of sporopollenin precursors. The sporoderm formation was completed at late microspore stage, when the tapetal cell walls start to disintegrate. Orbicules are lining the inner tapetum wall at middle to late microspore stage. ER (during early microspore stage) and plastids (during late microspore stage) were the two main sources of pollenkitt, which finally fused to pollenkitt droplets when the tapetal cells degenerated at mature bicellular pollen stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsawan Sutthinon
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Upatham Meesawat
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Historical Archaeology, Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Masuda K, Akagi T. Evolution of sex in crops: recurrent scrap and rebuild. BREEDING SCIENCE 2023; 73:95-107. [PMID: 37404348 PMCID: PMC10316312 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexuality is the main strategy for maintaining genetic diversity within a species. In flowering plants (angiosperms), sexuality is derived from ancestral hermaphroditism and multiple sexualities can be expressed in an individual. The mechanisms conferring chromosomal sex determination in plants (or dioecy) have been studied for over a century by both biologists and agricultural scientists, given the importance of this field for crop cultivation and breeding. Despite extensive research, the sex determining gene(s) in plants had not been identified until recently. In this review, we dissect plant sex evolution and determining systems, with a focus on crop species. We introduced classic studies with theoretical, genetic, and cytogenic approaches, as well as more recent research using advanced molecular and genomic techniques. Plants have undergone very frequent transitions into, and out of, dioecy. Although only a few sex determinants have been identified in plants, an integrative viewpoint on their evolutionary trends suggests that recurrent neofunctionalization events are potentially common, in a "scrap and (re)build" cycle. We also discuss the potential association between crop domestication and transitions in sexual systems. We focus on the contribution of duplication events, which are particularly frequent in plant taxa, as a trigger for the creation of new sexual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Masuda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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3
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Abrahamczyk S, Struck JH, Weigend M. The best of two worlds: ecology and evolution of ambophilous plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:391-420. [PMID: 36270973 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambophily, the mixed mode of wind and insect pollination is still poorly understood, even though it has been known to science for over 130 years. While its presence has been repeatedly inferred, experimental data remain regrettably rare. No specific suite of morphological or ecological characteristics has yet been identified for ambophilous plants and their ecology and evolution remain uncertain. In this review we summarise and evaluate our current understanding of ambophily, primarily based on experimental studies. A total of 128 ambophilous species - including several agriculturally important crops - have been reported from most major habitat types worldwide, but this probably represents only a small subset of ambophilous species. Ambophilous species have evolved both from wind- and insect-pollinated ancestors, with insect-pollinated ancestors mostly representing pollination by small, generalist flower visitors. We compiled floral and reproductive traits for known ambophilous species and compared our results to traits of species pollinated either by wind or by small generalist insects only. Floral traits were found to be heterogeneous and strongly overlap especially with those of species pollinated by small generalist insects, which are also the prominent pollinator group for ambophilous plants. A few ambophilous species are only pollinated by specialised bees or beetles in addition to pollination by wind. The heterogeneity of floral traits and high similarity to generalist small insect-pollinated species lead us to conclude that ambophily is not a separate pollination syndrome but includes species belonging to different insect- as well as wind-pollination syndromes. Ambophily therefore should be regarded as a pollination mode. We found that a number of ecological factors promoted the evolution of ambophily, including avoidance of pollen limitation and self-pollination, spatial flower interference and population density. However, the individual ecological factors favouring the transition to ambophily vary among species depending on species distribution, habitat, population structure and reproductive system. Finally, a number of experimental studies in combination with observations of floral traits of living and fossil species and dated phylogenies may indicate evolutionary stability. In some clades ambophily has likely prevailed for millions of years, for example in the castanoid clade of the Fagaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Struck
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Dong T, Wang L, Wang R, Yang X, Jia W, Yi M, Zhou X, He J. Transcriptomic analysis reveals candidate genes associated with anther development in Lilium Oriental Hybrid 'Siberia'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128911. [PMID: 36844086 PMCID: PMC9945121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lily (Lilium spp. and hybrids) is an important cut flower crop worldwide. Lily flowers have large anthers, which release a large amount of pollen that stains the tepals or clothing and thus can affect the commercial value of cut flowers. In this study, lily Oriental 'Siberia' was used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of lily anther development, which may provide information to prevent pollen pollution in the future. Based on the flower bud length, anther length and color, and anatomical observations, lily anther development was categorized into five stages: green (G), green-to-yellow 1 (GY1), green-to-yellow 2 (GY2), yellow (Y), and purple (P). Total RNA was extracted from the anthers at each stage for transcriptomic analysis. A total of 268.92-Gb clean reads were generated, and 81,287 unigenes were assembled and annotated. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and unique genes were largest for the pairwise comparison between the G and GY1 stages. The G and P samples were clustered separately, whereas the GY1, GY2, and Y samples were clustered together in scatter plots from a principal component analysis. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses of DEGs detected in the GY1, GY2, and Y stages revealed that the pectin catabolic process, hormone levels, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were enriched. The DEGs associated with jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling were highly expressed at the early stages (G and GY1), whereas the DEGs associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were mainly expressed in the intermediate stages (GY1, GY2, and Y). The DEGs involved in the pectin catabolic process were expressed at advanced stages (Y and P). Cucumber mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of LoMYB21 and LoAMS caused a strongly inhibited anther dehiscence phenotype, but without affecting the development of other floral organs. These results provide novel insights for understanding the regulatory mechanism of anther development in lily and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Mingfang Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junna He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hu M, Li Y, Zhang X, Song W, Jin W, Huang W, Zhao H. Maize sterility gene DRP1 encodes a desiccation-related protein that is critical for Ubisch bodies and pollen exine development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6800-6815. [PMID: 35922377 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance is a remarkable feature of pollen, seeds, and resurrection-type plants. Exposure to desiccation stress can cause sporophytic defects, resulting in male sterility. Here, we report the novel maize sterility gene DRP1 (Desiccation-Related Protein 1), which was identified by bulked-segregant analysis sequencing and encodes a desiccation-related protein. Loss of function of DRP1 results in abnormal Ubisch bodies, defective tectum of the pollen exine, and complete male sterility. Our results suggest that DRP1 may facilitate anther dehydration to maintain appropriate water status. DRP1 is a secretory protein that is specifically expressed in the tapetum and microspore from the tetrad to the uninucleate microspore stage. Differentially expressed genes in drp1 are enriched in Gene Ontology terms for pollen exine formation, polysaccharide catabolic process, extracellular region, and response to heat. In addition, DRP1 is a target of selection that appears to have played an important role in the spread of maize from tropical/subtropical to temperate regions. Taken together, our results suggest that DRP1 encodes a desiccation-related protein whose loss of function causes male sterility. Our findings provide a potential genetic resource that may be used to design crops for heterosis utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Xie F, Vahldick H, Lin Z, Nowack M. Killing me softly - Programmed cell death in plant reproduction from sporogenesis to fertilization. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102271. [PMID: 35963096 PMCID: PMC7613566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulated or programmed cell death (RCD or PCD) is a fundamental biological principle integral to a considerable variety of functions in multicellular organisms. In plants, different PCD processes are part of biotic and abiotic stress responses, but also occur as an essential aspect of unperturbed plant development. PCD is particularly abundant during plant reproduction, eliminating unwanted or no longer needed cells, tissues, or organs in a precisely controlled manner. Failure in reproductive PCD can have detrimental consequences for plant reproduction. Here we shed a light on the latest research into PCD mechanisms in plant reproduction from sex determination over sporogenesis to pollination and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Vahldick
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Moritz Nowack
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Geng X, Wang X, Wang J, Yang X, Zhang L, Song X. TaEXPB5 functions as a gene related to pollen development in thermo-sensitive male-sterility wheat with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111377. [PMID: 35820549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterility line with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm (K-TCMS) is completely male sterile under low temperature (< 18 ℃) during Zadoks growth stages 45-52, whereas its fertility can be restored under hot temperature (≥ 20 ℃). The K-TCMS line may facilitate hybrid breeding and hybrid wheat production. Therefore, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its male sterility/fertility conversion, we conducted the association analysis of proteins and transcript expression to screen fertility related genes using RNA-seq, iTRAQ, and PRM-based assay. A gene encoding expansin protein in wheat, TaEXPB5, was isolated in K-TCMS line KTM3315A, which upregulated expression in the fertility anthers. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that TaEXPB5 protein localized to nucleus and cell wall. The silencing of TaEXPB5 displayed pollen abortion and the declination of fertility. Further, cytological investigation indicated that the silencing of TaEXPB5 induced the early degradation of tapetum and abnormal development of pollen wall. These results implied that TaEXPB5 may be essential for anther or pollen development and male fertility of KTM3315A. These findings provide a novel insight into molecular mechanism of fertility conversion for thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterility wheat, and contribute to the molecular breeding of hybrid wheat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxia Geng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingchen Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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8
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Hao M, Yang W, Li T, Shoaib M, Sun J, Liu D, Li X, Nie Y, Tian X, Zhang A. Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of Anthers of AL-type Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line and Its Maintainer Line Reveals New Insights into Mechanism of Male Sterility in Common Wheat. Front Genet 2022; 12:762332. [PMID: 34976010 PMCID: PMC8718765 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) plays an essential role in hybrid seeds production. In wheat, orf279 was reported as a CMS gene of AL-type male sterile line (AL18A), but its sterility mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the anthers of AL18A and its maintainer line (AL18B) were performed to interpret the sterility mechanism. Results showed that the electron transport chain and ROS scavenging enzyme expression levels changed in the early stages of the anther development. Biological processes, i.e., fatty acid synthesis, lipid transport, and polysaccharide metabolism, were abnormal, resulting in pollen abortion in AL18A. In addition, we identified several critical regulatory genes related to anther development through combined analysis of transcriptome and proteome. Most of the genes were enzymes or transcription factors, and 63 were partially homologous to the reported genic male sterile (GMS) genes. This study provides a new perspective of the sterility mechanism of AL18A and lays a foundation to study the functional genes of anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazhu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbin Nie
- Institute of Crop Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agri-Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaoming Tian
- Institute of Crop Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agri-Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology/Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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JUDKEVICH MARINAD, SALAS ROBERTOM, GONZALEZ ANAM. Anther structure and pollen development in species of Rubiaceae and anatomical evidence of pathway to morphological dioecy. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20191362. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220191362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - ROBERTO M. SALAS
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina
| | - ANA M. GONZALEZ
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina
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10
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Åstrand J, Knight C, Robson J, Talle B, Wilson ZA. Evolution and diversity of the angiosperm anther: trends in function and development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:307-319. [PMID: 34173886 PMCID: PMC8566645 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anther development and dehiscence is considered from an evolutionary perspective to identify drivers for differentiation, functional conservation and to identify key questions for future male reproduction research. Development of viable pollen and its timely release from the anther are essential for fertilisation of angiosperm flowers. The formation and subsequent dehiscence of the anther are under tight regulatory control, and these processes are remarkably conserved throughout the diverse families of the angiosperm clade. Anther development is a complex process, which requires timely formation and communication between the multiple somatic anther cell layers (the epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum) and the developing pollen. These layers go through regulated development and selective degeneration to facilitate the formation and ultimate release of the pollen grains. Insight into the evolution and divergence of anther development and dehiscence, especially between monocots and dicots, is driving greater understanding of the male reproductive process and increased, resilient crop yields. This review focuses on anther structure from an evolutionary perspective by highlighting their diversity across plant species. We summarise new findings that illustrate the complexities of anther development and evaluate how they challenge established models of anther form and function, and how they may help to deliver future sustainable crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Åstrand
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Christopher Knight
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Jordan Robson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Behzad Talle
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Zoe A. Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
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11
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Pan C, Yang D, Zhao X, Liu Y, Li M, Ye L, Ali M, Yu F, Lamin-Samu AT, Fei Z, Lu G. PIF4 negatively modulates cold tolerance in tomato anthers via temperature-dependent regulation of tapetal cell death. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2320-2339. [PMID: 34009394 PMCID: PMC8364245 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Extreme temperature conditions seriously impair male reproductive development in plants; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of anthers to extreme temperatures remain poorly described. The transcription factor phytochrome-interacting factor4 (PIF4) acts as a hub that integrates multiple signaling pathways to regulate thermosensory growth and architectural adaptation in plants. Here, we report that SlPIF4 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plays a pivotal role in regulating cold tolerance in anthers. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-associated nuclease Cas9-generated SlPIF4 knockout mutants showed enhanced cold tolerance in pollen due to reduced temperature sensitivity of the tapetum, while overexpressing SlPIF4 conferred pollen abortion by delaying tapetal programmed cell death (PCD). SlPIF4 directly interacts with SlDYT1, a direct upstream regulator of SlTDF1, both of which (SlDYT1 and SlTDF1) play important roles in regulating tapetum development and tapetal PCD. Moderately low temperature (MLT) promotes the transcriptional activation of SlTDF1 by the SlPIF4-SlDYT1 complex, resulting in pollen abortion, while knocking out SlPIF4 blocked the MLT-induced activation of SlTDF1. Furthermore, SlPIF4 directly binds to the canonical E-box sequence in the SlDYT1 promoter. Collectively, these findings suggest that SlPIF4 negatively regulates cold tolerance in anthers by directly interacting with the tapetal regulatory module in a temperature-dependent manner. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of anthers to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtian Pan
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengzhuo Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangjie Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Rossig C, Le Lievre L, Pilkington SM, Brownfield L. A simple and rapid method for imaging male meiotic cells in anthers of model and non-model plant species. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:37-46. [PMID: 33599868 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple method to view meiotic cells in whole anthers from a range of plants. The method retains spatial organisation and enables simultaneous analysis of many meiotic cells. Understanding the process of male meiosis in flowering plants, and the role of genes involved in this process, offers potential for plant breeding, such as through increasing the level of genetic variation or the manipulation of ploidy levels in the gametes. A key to the characterisation of meiotic gene function and meiosis in non-model crop plants, is the analysis of cells undergoing meiosis, a task made difficult by the inaccessible nature of these cells. Here, we describe a simple and rapid method to analyse plant male meiosis in intact anthers in a range of plant species. This method allows analysis of numerous cells undergoing meiosis and, as meiotic cells stay within the anther, it retains information of the three-dimensional organisation and the location of organelles in meiotic cells. We show that the technique provides information on male meiosis by looking at the synchrony of meiotic progression between and within locules, and comparing wildtype and mutant plants through the chromosome separation stages in Arabidopsis thaliana. Additionally, we demonstrate that the protocol can be adopted to other plants with different floral morphology using Medicago truncatula as an example with small floral buds and the non-model plant kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) with larger buds and anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Liam Le Lievre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Pilkington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Zhu T, Li Z, An X, Long Y, Xue X, Xie K, Ma B, Zhang D, Guan Y, Niu C, Dong Z, Hou Q, Zhao L, Wu S, Li J, Jin W, Wan X. Normal Structure and Function of Endothecium Chloroplasts Maintained by ZmMs33-Mediated Lipid Biosynthesis in Tapetal Cells Are Critical for Anther Development in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1624-1643. [PMID: 32956899 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genic male sterility (GMS) is critical for heterosis utilization and hybrid seed production. Although GMS mutants and genes have been studied extensively in plants, it has remained unclear whether chloroplast-associated photosynthetic and metabolic activities are involved in the regulation of anther development. In this study, we characterized the function of ZmMs33/ZmGPAT6, which encodes a member of the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) family that catalyzes the first step of the glycerolipid synthetic pathway. We found that normal structure and function of endothecium (En) chloroplasts maintained by ZmMs33-mediated lipid biosynthesis in tapetal cells are crucial for maize anther development. ZmMs33 is expressed mainly in the tapetum at early anther developmental stages and critical for cell proliferation and expansion at late stages. Chloroplasts in En cells of wild-type anthers function as starch storage sites before stage 10 but as photosynthetic factories since stage 10 to enable starch metabolism and carbohydrate supply. Loss of ZmMs33 function inhibits the biosynthesis of glycolipids and phospholipids, which are major components of En chloroplast membranes, and disrupts the development and function of En chloroplasts, resulting in the formation of abnormal En chloroplasts containing numerous starch granules. Further analyses reveal that starch synthesis during the day and starch degradation at night are greatly suppressed in the mutant anthers, leading to carbon starvation and low energy status, as evidenced by low trehalose-6-phosphate content and a reduced ATP/AMP ratio. The energy sensor and inducer of autophagy, SnRK1, was activated to induce early and excessive autophagy, premature PCD, and metabolic reprogramming in tapetal cells, finally arresting the elongation and development of mutant anthers. Taken together, our results not only show that ZmMs33 is required for normal structure and function of En chloroplasts but also reveal that starch metabolism and photosynthetic activities of En chloroplasts at different developmental stages are essential for normal anther development. These findings provide novel insights for understanding how lipid biosynthesis in the tapetum, the structure and function of En chloroplasts, and energy and substance metabolism are coordinated to maintain maize anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xueli An
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yan Long
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yijian Guan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Canfang Niu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Zhenying Dong
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Quancan Hou
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Suowei Wu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China.
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Huo Y, Pei Y, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Li K, Liu J, Xiao S, Chen H, Liu J. IRREGULAR POLLEN EXINE2 Encodes a GDSL Lipase Essential for Male Fertility in Maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1438-1454. [PMID: 32913046 PMCID: PMC7608179 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anther cuticle and pollen exine are two physical barriers protecting plant reproductive cells against environmental stresses; defects in either often cause male sterility. Here, we report the characterization of a male-sterile mutant irregular pollen exine2 (ipe2) of maize (Zea mays), which displays shrunken anthers and no starch accumulation in mature pollen grains. We cloned the causal gene IPE2 and confirmed its role in male fertility in maize with a set of complementary experiments. IPE2 is specifically expressed in maize developing anthers during stages 8 to 9 and encodes an endoplasmic-reticulum-localized GDSL lipase. Dysfunction of IPE2 resulted in delayed degeneration of tapetum and middle layer, leading to defective formation of anther cuticle and pollen exine, and complete male sterility. Aliphatic metabolism was greatly altered, with the contents of lipid constituents, especially C16/C18 fatty acids and their derivatives, significantly reduced in ipe2 developing anthers. Our study elucidates GDSL function in anther and pollen development and provides a promising genetic resource for breeding hybrid maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Yuanrong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Youhui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaogui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Senlin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huabang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhang X, Chen H, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Guo Y, Yu F, Hu S. Cytological and genetic characterisation of dominant GMS line Shaan-GMS in Brassica napus L. J Appl Genet 2020; 61:477-488. [PMID: 32715437 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genic male sterility (GMS) is an effective pollination control system applied in the hybrid breeding of Brassica napus L. Shaan-GMS is a spontaneous mutant of dominant GMS in B. napus. In this research, anther abortion in the homozygous two-type line 9A15AB derived from Shaan-GMS was characterised with the combined use of light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results indicated that the most striking differences between the fertile and sterile plants occurred in the tapetum in the early microsporocyte stage. In sterile plants, the tapetal cells were irregularly arranged, multi-layered and occupied the growing space of microsporocytes. When entering into meiosis, the tapetum cells degraded and the cytoplasm fused. Some oval monolayer or bilayer membrane organelles existed in the tapetal cells in sterile anthers. Mitochondria in the tapetal cells were abnormal, and middle layer cells degraded early. Pollen mother cells of Shaan-GMS degenerated at the start of meiosis and ceased at the anaphase I stage, with no dyads or tetrads formed. The combined effects of the abnormal development of the tapetum, the middle layer cells and meiosis lead to male sterility in Shaan-GMS. Inheritance of male sterility of Shaan-GMS is controlled by a monogenically multiallelic locus with three different alleles (Ms, ms and Mf), with a relationship expressed as Mf > Ms and Ms > ms. The findings help lay the foundation for illustrating the mechanism of male sterility and the utilisation of Shaan-GMS in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaodi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengwu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Ferradás Y, Rey M, González MV. Expression analysis of ethylene synthesis and signalling genes in kiwifruit stigmatic arms and their involvement in programmed cell death processes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 243:153021. [PMID: 31639534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A. Chev) A. Chev.) is a widely cultivated crop due to the nutritional value of its fruits. Its commercialization is related to the fruit size, which is directly linked with the number of seeds and, consequently, with pollination. In this dioecious species pollination is dependent on a short effective pollination period which is related to a Programmed Cell Death (PCD) process. At the same time, this PCD process allows the growth of many pollen tubes. Several studies suggest that ethylene can play an important role in PCD in a number of systems. In this report, we determined the full sequence of the AcACS gene, encoding the enzyme that catalyses a rate-limiting step of the ethylene synthesis. Next, we monitored the expression pattern of this gene as well as of other genes involved in ethylene synthesis (ACO2-5) and signalling (AdERS1a, AdERS1b, AdETR1, AdETR2, AdETR3, AdCTR1, AdCTR2, AdEIL1) in pollinated and non-pollinated stigmatic arms of kiwifruit female flowers. The relative expression patterns observed for AcACS, ACOs and ethylene perception and signalling genes (AdERS1, AdETR1, AdCTR1 and AdEIL1) showed that they are expressed before anthesis. After anthesis, expression of the studied genes was detected earlier in pollinated than in non-pollinated stigmatic arms, as it was previously determined for PCD hallmarks. In addition, the expression pattern of the studied genes showed a clear relationship with the PCD hallmarks described in a previous report in the secretory tissue both in non-pollinated stigmatic arms (related to the short EPP in this species) and in pollinated ones (related to the growth of many pollen tubes during progamic phase). Overall, these results suggest an involvement of ethylene with PCD contributing to the high reproductive success of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ferradás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rey
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencia del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain; CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Mª Victoria González
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Cause for Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species During Pollen Abortion in Cytoplasmic Male-Sterile Kenaf Line 722HA. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215515. [PMID: 31694312 PMCID: PMC6862637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait used for hybrid production in plants, a novel kenaf CMS line 722HA was derived from the thermo-sensitive male-sterile mutant ‘HMS’ by recurrent backcrossing with 722HB. The line 722HA has great potential for hybrid breeding in kenaf. However, the underlying molecular mechanism that controls pollen abortion in 722HA remains unclear, thus limiting the full utilization of this line. To understand the possible mechanism governing pollen abortion in 722HA, cytological, transcriptomic, and biochemical analyses were carried out to compare the CMS line 722HA and its maintainer line 722HB. Cytological observations of the microspore development revealed premature degradation of the tapetum at the mononuclear stage, which resulted in pollen dysfunction. The k-means clustering analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that these genes are related to processes associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including electron transport chain, F1F0-ATPase proton transport, positive regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxide catabolic, and oxidation-reduction. Biochemical analysis indicated that ROS-scavenging capability was lower in 722HA than in 722HB, resulting in an accumulation of excess ROS, which is consistent with the transcriptome results. Taken together, these results demonstrate that excessive ROS accumulation may affect the normal development of microspores. Our study provides new insight into the molecular mechanism of pollen abortion in 722HA and will promote further studies of kenaf hybrids.
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Begcy K, Nosenko T, Zhou LZ, Fragner L, Weckwerth W, Dresselhaus T. Male Sterility in Maize after Transient Heat Stress during the Tetrad Stage of Pollen Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:683-700. [PMID: 31378720 PMCID: PMC6776839 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in the duration and intensity of ambient temperature impair plant development and reproduction, particularly male gametogenesis. Stress exposure causes meiotic defects or premature spore abortion in male reproductive organs, leading to male sterility. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying stress and male sterility. To elucidate these mechanisms, we imposed a moderate transient heat stress on maize (Zea mays) plants at the tetrad stage of pollen development. After completion of pollen development at optimal conditions, stress responses were assessed in mature pollen. Transient heat stress resulted in reduced starch content, decreased enzymatic activity, and reduced pollen germination, resulting in sterility. A transcriptomic comparison pointed toward misregulation of starch, lipid, and energy biosynthesis-related genes. Metabolomic studies showed an increase of Suc and its monosaccharide components, as well as a reduction in pyruvate. Lipidomic analysis showed increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids and decreased levels of saturated fatty acids. In contrast, the majority of genes involved in developmental processes such as those required for auxin and unfolded protein responses, signaling, and cell wall biosynthesis remained unaltered. It is noteworthy that changes in the regulation of transcriptional and metabolic pathway genes, as well as heat stress proteins, remained altered even though pollen could recover during further development at optimal conditions. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that a short moderate heat stress during the highly susceptible tetrad stage strongly affects basic metabolic pathways and thus generates germination-defective pollen, ultimately leading to severe yield losses in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Begcy
- University of Regensburg, Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0670
| | - Tetyana Nosenko
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Environmental Simulations, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Liang-Zi Zhou
- University of Regensburg, Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lena Fragner
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- University of Regensburg, Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Hernández-Cruz R, Silva-Martínez J, García-Campusano F, Cruz-García F, Orozco-Arroyo G, Alfaro I, Vázquez-Santana S. Comparative development of staminate and pistillate flowers in the dioecious cactus Opuntia robusta. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:257-273. [PMID: 30852671 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PCD role in unisexual flowers. The developmental processes underlying the transition from hermaphroditism to unisexuality are key to understanding variation and evolution of floral structure and function. A detailed examination of the cytological and histological patterns involved in pollen and ovule development of staminate and pistillate flowers in the dioecious Opuntia robusta was undertaken, and the potential involvement of programmed cell death in the abortion of the sex whorls was explored. Flowers initiated development as hermaphrodites and became functionally unisexual by anthesis. Female individuals have pistillate flowers with a conspicuous stigma, functional ovary, collapsed stamens and no pollen grains. Male individuals have staminate flowers, with large yellow anthers, abundant pollen grains, underdeveloped stigma, style and an ovary that rarely produced ovules. In pistillate flowers, anther abortion resulted from the premature degradation of the tapetum by PCD, followed by irregular deposition of callose wall around the microsporocytes, and finally by microspore degradation. In staminate flowers, the stigma could support pollen germination; however, the ovaries were reduced, with evidence of placental arrest and ovule abortion through PCD, when ovules were present. We demonstrate that PCD is recruited in both pistillate and staminate flower development; however, it occurs at different times of floral development. This study contributes to the understanding of the nature of the O. robusta breeding system and identifies developmental landmarks that contribute to sexual determination in Cactaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Hernández-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Silva-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Florencia García-Campusano
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, CENID-COMEF, 04010, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Cruz-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Conjunto E, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gregorio Orozco-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Santana
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Caporali E, Testolin R, Pierce S, Spada A. Sex change in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.): a developmental framework for the bisexual to unisexual floral transition. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:323-330. [PMID: 31115664 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The developmental morphology of male and female kiwifruit flowers is tracked to delimit a framework of events to aid the study of divergence in floral gene expression. The transition from hermaphrodite to unisexual development of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch) flowers has been reported previously, but differences in gene expression controlling sexual development for this species have not been associated with the major developmental changes occurring within pistils. We investigated the key stages in male and female flower development to define the point at which meristematic activities diverge in the two sexes. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy was used to investigate pistil development from the earliest stages. We identified seven distinct stages characterized by differences in ovary size and shape, macrosporogenesis, ovule primordium development, anther locule lengthening, microspore wall thickening, and pollen degeneration. Sex differences were evident from the initial stage of development, with a laterally compacted gynoecium in male flowers. However, the key developmental stage, at which tissue differentiation clearly deviated between the two sexes, was stage 3, when flowers were 3.5 to 4.5 mm in length at approximately 10 d from initiation of stamen development. At this stage, male flowers lacked evident carpel meristem development as denoted by a lack of ovule primordium formation. Pollen degeneration in female flowers, probably driven by programmed cell death, occurred at the late stage 6, while the final stage 7 was represented by pollen release. As the seven developmental stages are associated with specific morphological differences, including flower size, the scheme suggested here can provide the required framework for the future study of gene expression during the regulation of flower development in this crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaele Testolin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Simon Pierce
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Spada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Akagi T, Pilkington SM, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Henry IM, Sugano SS, Sonoda M, Firl A, McNeilage MA, Douglas MJ, Wang T, Rebstock R, Voogd C, Datson P, Allan AC, Beppu K, Kataoka I, Tao R. Two Y-chromosome-encoded genes determine sex in kiwifruit. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:801-809. [PMID: 31383971 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy, the presence of male and female individuals, has evolved independently in multiple flowering plant lineages1-3. Although theoretical models for the evolution of dioecy, such as the 'two-mutations' model, are well established4,5, little is known about the specific genes determining sex and their evolutionary history3. Kiwifruit, a major tree crop consumed worldwide, is a dioecious species. In kiwifruit we previously identified a Y-encoded sex-determinant candidate gene acting as the suppressor of feminization (SuF), named Shy Girl (SyGI)6. Here, we identify a second Y-encoded sex-determinant that we named Friendly Boy (FrBy), which exhibits strong expression in tapetal cells. Gene-editing and complementation analyses in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum indicated that FrBy acts for the maintenance of male (M) functions, independently of SyGI, and that these functions are conserved across angiosperm species. We further characterized the genomic architecture of the small (<1 megabase pairs (Mb)) male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY), which harbours only two genes expressed extensively in developing gynoecia and androecia, respectively: SyGI and FrBy. Re-sequencing of the genome of a natural hermaphrodite kiwifruit revealed that this individual is genetically male but carries deletion(s) of parts of the Y chromosome, including SyGI. Additionally, expression of FrBy in female kiwifruit resulted in hermaphrodite plants. These results clearly indicate that Y-encoded SyGI and FrBy act independently as the SuF and M factors in kiwifruit, respectively, and provide insight into not only the evolutionary path leading to a two-factor sex-determination system, but also a new breeding approach for dioecious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Sarah M Pilkington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle M Henry
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, Japan
- R-GIRO, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Minori Sonoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alana Firl
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark A McNeilage
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mikaela J Douglas
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Datson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kenji Beppu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kataoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tao
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Comprehensive analysis of Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility-related genes in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera) using RNA sequencing analysis and bioinformatics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218029. [PMID: 31199816 PMCID: PMC6568414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ogura-type cytoplasmic male sterility (Ogura-CMS) has been widely used in the hybrid breeding industry for cruciferous vegetables. Turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera) is one of the most important local cruciferous vegetables in China, cultivated for its fleshy root as a flat disc. Here, morphological characteristics of an Ogura-CMS line ‘BY10-2A’ and its maintainer fertile (MF) line ‘BY10-2B’ of turnip were investigated. Ogura-CMS turnip showed a reduction in the size of the fleshy root, and had distinct defects in microspore development and tapetum degeneration during the transition from microspore mother cells to tetrads. Defective microspore production and premature tapetum degeneration during microgametogenesis resulted in short filaments and withered white anthers, leading to complete male sterility of the Ogura-CMS line. Additionally, the mechanism regulating Ogura-CMS in turnip was investigated using inflorescence transcriptome analyses of the Ogura-CMS and MF lines. The de novo assembly resulted in a total of 84,132 unigenes. Among them, 5,117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1,339 up- and 3,778 down-regulated genes in the Ogura-CMS line compared to the MF line. A number of functionally known members involved in anther development and microspore formation were addressed in our DEG pool, particularly genes regulating tapetum programmed cell death (PCD), and associated with pollen wall formation. Additionally, 185 novel genes were proposed to function in male organ development based on GO analyses, of which 26 DEGs were genotype-specifically expressed. Our research provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding anther development and the CMS mechanism in turnip.
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23
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Nugent JM, Byrne T, McCormack G, Quiwa M, Stafford E. Progressive programmed cell death inwards across the anther wall in male sterile flowers of the gynodioecious plant Plantago lanceolata. PLANTA 2019; 249:913-923. [PMID: 30483868 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A cell death signal is perceived and responded to by epidermal cells first before being conveyed inwards across the anther wall in male sterile Plantago lanceolata flowers. In gynodioecious plants, floral phenotype is determined by an interplay between cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-promoting factors and fertility-restoring genes segregating in the nuclear background. Plantago lanceolata exhibits at least four different sterilizing cytoplasms. MS1, a "brown-anther" male sterile phenotype, segregates with a CMSI cytoplasm and a non-restoring nuclear background in P. lanceolata populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytology of early anther development in segregating hermaphrodite and male sterile flowers sharing the same CMSI cytoplasm, and to determine if the sterility phenotype correlates with any changes to the normal pattern of programmed cell death (PCD) that occurs during anther development. Cytology shows cellular abnormalities in all four anther wall layers (epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum), the persistence and enlargement of middle layer and tapetal cells, and the failure of microspore mother cells to complete meiosis in male sterile anthers. In these anthers, apoptotic-PCD occurs earlier than in fertile anthers and is detected in all four cell layers of the anther wall before the middle layer and tapetal cells become enlarged. PCD is separated spatially and temporally within the anther wall, occurring first in epidermal cells before extending radially to cells in the inner anther wall layers. This is the first evidence of a cell death signal being perceived and responded to by epidermal cells first before being conveyed inwards across the anther wall in male sterile plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Nugent
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Tómas Byrne
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Grace McCormack
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Marc Quiwa
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Elaine Stafford
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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24
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Zhang D, Chen Q, Liu Q, Liu F, Cui L, Shao W, Wu S, Xu J, Tian D. Histological and Cytological Characterization of Anther and Appendage Development in Asian Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051015. [PMID: 30813609 PMCID: PMC6429509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lotus (Nelumbo Adans.) is a perennial aquatic plant with important value in horticulture, medicine, food, religion, and culture. It is rich in germplasm and more than 2000 cultivars have been cultivated through hybridization and natural selection. Microsporogenesis and male gametogenesis in the anther are important for hybridization in flowering plants. However, little is known about the cytological events, especially related to the stamen, during the reproduction of the lotus. To better understand the mechanism controlling the male reproductive development of the lotus, we investigated the flower structure of the Asian lotus (N. nucifera). The cytological analysis of anther morphogenesis showed both the common and specialized cytological events as well as the formation of mature pollen grains via meiosis and mitosis during lotus anther development. Intriguingly, an anatomical difference in anther appendage structures was observed between the Asian lotus and the American lotus (N. lutea). To facilitate future study on lotus male reproduction, we categorized pollen development into 11 stages according to the characterized cytological events. This discovery expands our knowledge on the pollen and appendage development of the lotus as well as improving the understanding of the species differentiation of N. nucifera and N. lutea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasheng Zhang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Fengluan Liu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Lijie Cui
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Wen Shao
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Shaohua Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Daike Tian
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai 201602, China.
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25
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Damayanti F, Lombardo F, Masuda JI, Shinozaki Y, Ichino T, Hoshikawa K, Okabe Y, Wang N, Fukuda N, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Functional Disruption of the Tomato Putative Ortholog of HAWAIIAN SKIRT Results in Facultative Parthenocarpy, Reduced Fertility and Leaf Morphological Defects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1234. [PMID: 31681360 PMCID: PMC6801985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of plant microRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate developmental processes by integrating internal and environmental cues. Recently, the Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein HAWAIIAN SKIRT (HWS) gene has been described for its role in miRNA biogenesis. We have isolated in a forward genetic screen a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) line mutated in the putative ortholog of HWS. We show that the tomato hws-1 mutant exhibits reduction in leaflet serration, leaflet fusion, some degree of floral organ fusion, and alteration in miRNA levels, similarly to the original A. thaliana hws-1 mutant. We also describe novel phenotypes for hws such as facultative parthenocarpy, reduction in fertility and flowering delay. In slhws-1, the parthenocarpy trait is influenced by temperature, with higher parthenocarpy rate in warmer environmental conditions. Conversely, slhws-1 is able to produce seeds when grown in cooler environment. We show that the reduction in seed production in the mutant is mainly due to a defective male function and that the levels of several miRNAs are increased, in accordance with previous HWS studies, accounting for the abnormal leaf and floral phenotypes as well as the altered flowering and fruit development processes. This is the first study of HWS in fleshy fruit plant, providing new insights in the function of this gene in fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Damayanti
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fabien Lombardo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Masuda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shinozaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Innovation Center, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukuda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Ezura,
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26
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Tapetal-Delayed Programmed Cell Death (PCD) and Oxidative Stress-Induced Male Sterility of Aegilops uniaristata Cytoplasm in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061708. [PMID: 29890696 PMCID: PMC6032135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) plays a crucial role in the utilization of hybrid vigor. Pollen development is often accompanied by oxidative metabolism responses and tapetal programmed cell death (PCD), and deficiency in these processes could lead to male sterility. Aegilops uniaristata cytoplasmic male sterility (Mu-CMS) wheat is a novel male-sterile line in wheat, which possess important potential in hybrid wheat breeding. However, its CMS mechanisms remain poorly understood. In our study, U87B1-706A, with the Aegilops uniaristata cytoplasm, and the maintainer line 706B were used to explore the abortive reason. Compared with 706B, histological analysis and PCD detection of the anther demonstrated that U87B1-706A appeared as delayed tapetal PCD as well as a disorganized organelle phenotype in the early uninucleate stage. Subsequently, a shrunken microspore and disordered exine structure were exhibited in the late uninucleate stage. While the activities of antioxidase increased markedly, the nonenzymatic antioxidant contents declined obviously following overacummulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during pollen development in U87B1-706A. Real-time quantitative PCR testified that the transcript levels of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) genes, encoding pivotal antioxidant enzymes, were up-regulated in early pollen development. Therefore, we deduce excess ROS as a signal may be related to the increased expression levels of enzyme genes, thereby breaking the antioxidative system balance, resulting in delayed tapetal PCD initiation, which finally led to pollen abortion and male sterility in U87B1-706A. These results provide evidence to further explore the mechanisms of abortive pollen in CMS wheat.
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27
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Kovaleva LV, Voronkov AS, Zakharova EV, Andreev IM. ABA and IAA control microsporogenesis in Petunia hybrida L. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:751-759. [PMID: 29134282 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The formation of fertile male gametophyte is known to require timely degeneration of polyfunctional tapetum tissue. The last process caused by the programmed cell death (PCD) is a part of the anther program maturation which leads to sequential anther tissue destruction coordinated with pollen differentiation. In the present work, distribution of abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in developing anthers of male-fertile and male-sterile lines of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) was analyzed by using the immunohistochemical method. It was established that the development of fertile male gametophyte was accompanied by monotonous elevation of ABA and IAA levels in reproductive cells and, in contrast, their monotonous lowering in tapetum cells and the middle layers. Abortion of microsporocytes in the meiosis prophase in the sterile line caused by premature tapetum degeneration along with complete maintenance of the middle layers was accompanied by dramatic, twofold elevation in the levels of both the phytohormones in reproductive cells. The data obtained allowed us to conclude that at the meiosis stage ABA and IAA are involved in the PCD of microsporocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kovaleva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - A S Voronkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
- State Humanitarian-Technological University, Zelenaya St. 22, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, 142611, Russia
| | - E V Zakharova
- Russian State Agrarian University-Agricultural Academy named by Timiryazev, Timiryazevskaya St. 49, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | - I M Andreev
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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28
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Akagi T, Henry IM, Ohtani H, Morimoto T, Beppu K, Kataoka I, Tao R. A Y-Encoded Suppressor of Feminization Arose via Lineage-Specific Duplication of a Cytokinin Response Regulator in Kiwifruit. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:780-795. [PMID: 29626069 PMCID: PMC5969274 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy, the presence of male and female flowers on distinct individuals, has evolved independently in multiple plant lineages, and the genes involved in this differential development are just starting to be uncovered in a few species. Here, we used genomic approaches to investigate this pathway in kiwifruits (genus Actinidia). Genome-wide cataloging of male-specific subsequences, combined with transcriptome analysis, led to the identification of a type-C cytokinin response regulator as a potential sex determinant gene in this genus. Functional transgenic analyses in two model systems, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum, indicated that this gene acts as a dominant suppressor of carpel development, prompting us to name it Shy Girl (SyGI). Evolutionary analyses in a panel of Actinidia species revealed that SyGI is located in the Y-specific region of the genome and probably arose from a lineage-specific gene duplication. Comparisons with the duplicated autosomal counterpart, and with orthologs from other angiosperms, suggest that the SyGI-specific duplication and subsequent evolution of cis-elements may have played a key role in the acquisition of separate sexes in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Isabelle M Henry
- Genome Center and Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Haruka Ohtani
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Morimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Beppu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kataoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tao
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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29
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Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) family can be related to male sterility in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:343-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Somaratne Y, Tian Y, Zhang H, Wang M, Huo Y, Cao F, Zhao L, Chen H. ABNORMAL POLLEN VACUOLATION1 (APV1) is required for male fertility by contributing to anther cuticle and pollen exine formation in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:96-110. [PMID: 28078801 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anther cuticle and pollen exine are the major protective barriers against various stresses. The proper functioning of genes expressed in the tapetum is vital for the development of pollen exine and anther cuticle. In this study, we report a tapetum-specific gene, Abnormal Pollen Vacuolation1 (APV1), in maize that affects anther cuticle and pollen exine formation. The apv1 mutant was completely male sterile. Its microspores were swollen, less vacuolated, with a flat and empty anther locule. In the mutant, the anther epidermal surface was smooth, shiny, and plate-shaped compared with the three-dimensional crowded ridges and randomly formed wax crystals on the epidermal surface of the wild-type. The wild-type mature pollen had elaborate exine patterning, whereas the apv1 pollen surface was smooth. Only a few unevenly distributed Ubisch bodies were formed on the apv1 mutant, leading to a more apparent inner surface. A significant reduction in the cutin monomers was observed in the mutant. APV1 encodes a member of the P450 subfamily, CYP703A2-Zm, which contains 530 amino acids. APV1 appeared to be widely expressed in the tapetum at the vacuolation stage, and its protein signal co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal. RNA-Seq data revealed that most of the genes in the fatty acid metabolism pathway were differentially expressed in the apv1 mutant. Altogether, we suggest that APV1 functions in the fatty acid hydroxylation pathway which is involved in forming sporopollenin precursors and cutin monomers that are essential for the development of pollen exine and anther cuticle in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna Somaratne
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Youhui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fengge Cao
- Heze Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heze, Shandong, 274000, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huabang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Li DD, Xue JS, Zhu J, Yang ZN. Gene Regulatory Network for Tapetum Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1559. [PMID: 28955355 PMCID: PMC5601042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, male gametophyte development occurs in the anther. Tapetum, the innermost of the four anther somatic layers, surrounds the developing reproductive cells to provide materials for pollen development. A genetic pathway of DYT1-TDF1-AMS-MS188 in regulating tapetum development has been proven. Here we used laser microdissection and pressure catapulting to capture and analyze the transcriptome data for the Arabidopsis tapetum at two stages. With a comprehensive analysis by the microarray data of dyt1, tdf1, ams, and ms188 mutants, we identified possible downstream genes for each transcription factor. These transcription factors regulate many biological processes in addition to activating the expression of the other transcription factor. Briefly, DYT1 may also regulate early tapetum development via E3 ubiquitin ligases and many other transcription factors. TDF1 is likely involved in redox and cell degradation. AMS probably regulates lipid transfer proteins, which are involved in pollen wall formation, and other E3 ubiquitin ligases, functioning in degradating proteins produced in previous processes. MS188 is responsible for most cell wall-related genes, functioning both in tapetum cell wall degradation and pollen wall formation. These results propose a more complex gene regulatory network for tapetum development and function.
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Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis involves a broad repertoire of genes, and complex expression patterns controlled by a concerted gene regulatory network. The present work describes this regulatory network focusing on the main aspects involved, with the aim of providing a deeper insight into understanding the total reprogramming of cells into a new organism through a somatic way. To the aim, the chromatin remodeling necessary to totipotent stem cell establishment is described, as the activity of numerous transcription factors necessary to cellular totipotency reprogramming. The eliciting effects of various plant growth regulators on the induction of somatic embryogenesis is also described and put in relation with the activity of specific transcription factors. The role of programmed cell death in the process, and the related function of specific hemoglobins as anti-stress and anti-death compounds is also described. The tools for biotechnology coming from this information is highlighted in the concluding remarks.
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Shi J, Cui M, Yang L, Kim YJ, Zhang D. Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms of Pollen Wall Development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:741-753. [PMID: 26442683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pollen wall is a specialized extracellular cell wall matrix that surrounds male gametophytes and plays an essential role in plant reproduction. Uncovering the mechanisms that control the synthesis and polymerization of the precursors of pollen wall components has been a major research focus in plant biology. We review current knowledge on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying pollen wall development in eudicot model Arabidopsis thaliana and monocot model rice (Oryza sativa), focusing on the genes involved in the biosynthesis, transport, and assembly of various precursors of pollen wall components. The conserved and divergent aspects of the genes involved as well as their regulation are addressed. Current challenges and future perspectives are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meihua Cui
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia.
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Quilichini TD, Douglas CJ, Samuels AL. New views of tapetum ultrastructure and pollen exine development in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1189-201. [PMID: 24723448 PMCID: PMC4195548 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Arabidopsis thaliana pollen cell wall is a complex structure consisting of an outer sporopollenin framework and lipid-rich coat, as well as an inner cellulosic wall. Although mutant analysis has been a useful tool to study pollen cell walls, the ultrastructure of the arabidopsis anther has proved to be challenging to preserve for electron microscopy. METHODS In this work, high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the sequence of developmental events in the anther that lead to sporopollenin deposition to form the exine and the dramatic differentiation and death of the tapetum, which produces the pollen coat. KEY RESULTS Cryo-fixation revealed a new view of the interplay between sporophytic anther tissues and gametophytic microspores over the course of pollen development, especially with respect to the intact microspore/pollen wall and the continuous tapetum epithelium. These data reveal the ultrastructure of tapetosomes and elaioplasts, highly specialized tapetum organelles that accumulate pollen coat components. The tapetum and middle layer of the anther also remain intact into the tricellular pollen and late uninucleate microspore stages, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This high-quality structural information, interpreted in the context of recent functional studies, provides the groundwork for future mutant studies where tapetum and microspore ultrastructure is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagen D Quilichini
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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Ferradás Y, López M, Rey M, González MV. Programmed cell death in kiwifruit stigmatic arms and its relationship to the effective pollination period and the progamic phase. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:35-45. [PMID: 24782437 PMCID: PMC4071096 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Kiwifruit is a crop with a highly successful reproductive performance, which is impaired by the short effective pollination period of female flowers. This study investigates whether the degenerative processes observed in both pollinated and non-pollinated flowers after anthesis may be considered to be programmed cell death (PCD). METHODS Features of PCD in kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa, were studied in both non-pollinated and pollinated stigmatic arms using transmission electron microscopy, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling) assays, DNA gel electrophoresis and caspase-like activity assays. KEY RESULTS In the secretory tissues of the stigmatic arms, cell organelles disintegrated sequentially while progressive vacuolization was detected. At the same time, chromatin condensation, nuclear deformation, and DNA fragmentation and degradation were observed. These features were detected in both non-pollinated and pollinated stigmatic arms; they were evident in the stigmas of pollinated flowers by the second day after anthesis but only by 4 d after anthesis in non-pollinated flowers. In addition, in pollinated stigmatic arms, these features were first initiated in the stigma and gradually progressed through the style, consistent with pollen tube growth. This timing of events was also observed in both non-pollinated and pollinated stigmatic arms for caspase-3-like activity. CONCLUSIONS The data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that PCD processes occurring in the secretory tissue of non-pollinated kiwifruit stigmatic arms could be the origin for the observed short effective pollination period. The results obtained in the secretory tissue of pollinated kiwifruit stigmatic arms upon pollination support the idea that PCD might be accelerated by pollination, pointing to the involvement of PCD during the progamic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ferradás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marián López
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rey
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencia del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ma Victoria González
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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