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Stojičić D, Tošić S, Stojanović G, Zlatković B, Jovanović S, Budimir S, Uzelac B. Volatile Organic Compound Composition and Glandular Trichome Characteristics of In Vitro Propagated Clinopodium pulegium (Rochel) Bräuchler: Effect of Carbon Source. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020198. [PMID: 35050086 PMCID: PMC8778064 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Clinopodium pulegium (Rochel) Bräuchler (Lamiaceae) is an endangered species endemic to the Southern Carpathians. It is characterized by the production of high amounts of essential oils, which emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have an essential role in biotic and abiotic stress responses and in plant-plant and plant-insect interactions. The present study was initiated to phytochemically examine the influence of different carbon sources in the nutrition medium on VOC emissions of micropropagated C. pulegium plants, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of headspace VOCs. The volatile profiles were subjected to multivariate analysis with respect to the presence, concentration and type of carbon source in the nutrient medium. In addition, the effect of different carbohydrates on the density and size of the leaf glandular trichomes, the main structures involved in the emission of VOCs, was determined. A total of 19 VOCs, primarily belonging to mono- and sesquiterpenes previously described in plants, were tentatively identified. Six VOCs were produced at levels higher than 2% of the total VOC emission, dominated by pulegone, ß-pinene and menthone. Inclusion of the carbohydrates in the culture media affected the production of the main leaf trichome-associated volatile allelochemicals although the qualitative composition of the volatiles changed only slightly. Multivariate analysis showed that the concentration, rather than the carbohydrate type, influenced the VOC profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Stojičić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niche, Serbia; (D.S.); (S.T.); (B.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Tošić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niche, Serbia; (D.S.); (S.T.); (B.Z.)
| | - Gordana Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niche, Serbia; (G.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Bojan Zlatković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niche, Serbia; (D.S.); (S.T.); (B.Z.)
| | - Snežana Jovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niche, Serbia; (G.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Snežana Budimir
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Branka Uzelac
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence:
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Wani KI, Choudhary S, Zehra A, Naeem M, Weathers P, Aftab T. Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches. PLANTA 2021; 254:29. [PMID: 34263417 PMCID: PMC8279915 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review analyses the most recent scientific research conducted for the purpose of enhancing artemisinin production. It may help to devise better artemisinin enhancement strategies, so that its production becomes cost effective and becomes available to masses. Malaria is a major threat to world population, particularly in South-East Asia and Africa, due to dearth of effective anti-malarial compounds, emergence of quinine resistant malarial strains, and lack of advanced healthcare facilities. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone obtained from Artemisia annua L., is the most potent drug against malaria and used in the formulation of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). Artemisinin is also effective against various types of cancers, many other microbes including viruses, parasites and bacteria. However, this specialty metabolite and its derivatives generally occur in low amounts in the source plant leading to its production scarcity. Considering the importance of this drug, researchers have been working worldwide to develop novel strategies to augment its production both in vivo and in vitro. Due to complex chemical structure, its chemical synthesis is quite expensive, so researchers need to devise synthetic protocols that are economically viable and also work on increasing the in-planta production of artemisinin by using various strategies like use of phytohormones, stress signals, bioinoculants, breeding and transgenic approaches. The focus of this review is to discuss these artemisinin enhancement strategies, understand mechanisms modulating its biosynthesis, and evaluate if roots play any role in artemisinin production. Furthermore, we also have a critical analysis of various assays used for artemisinin measurement. This may help to develop better artemisinin enhancement strategies which lead to decreased price of ACTs and increased profit to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Iqbal Wani
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Sadaf Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Naeem
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Pamela Weathers
- Department of Biology/Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Tariq Aftab
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
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Kam MYY, Yap WSP. An oxidatively stressful situation: a case of Artemisia annua L. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2020; 36:1-31. [PMID: 32308142 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2020.1749818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is an antimalarial compound that possesses a variety of novel biological activities. Due to the low abundance of ART in natural sources, agricultural supply has been erratic, and prices are highly volatile. While heterologous biosynthesis and semi-synthesis are advantageous in certain aspects, these approaches remained disadvantageous in terms of productivity and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, further improvement in ART production calls for approaches that should supplement the agricultural production gap, while reducing production costs and stabilising supply. The present review offers a discussion on the elicitation of plants and/or in vitro cultures as an economically feasible yield enhancement strategy to address the global problem of access to affordable ART. Deemed critical for the manipulation of biosynthetic potential, the mechanism of ART biosynthesis is reviewed. It includes a discussion on the current biotechnological solutions to ART production, focusing on semi-synthesis and elicitation. A brief commentary on the possible aspects that influence elicitation efficiency and how oxidative stress modulates ART synthesis is also presented. Based on the critical analysis of current literature, a hypothesis is put forward to explain the possible involvement of enzymes in assisting the final non-enzymatic transformation step leading to ART formation. This review highlights the critical factors limiting the success of elicitor-induced modulation of ART metabolism, that will help inform strategies for future improvement of ART production. Additionally, new avenues for future research based on the proposed hypothesis will lead to exciting perspectives in this research area and continue to enhance our understanding of this intricate metabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Yit Yee Kam
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Winnie Soo Ping Yap
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Semenyih, Malaysia
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Chwil M, Kostryco M. Histochemical assays of secretory trichomes and the structure and content of mineral nutrients in Rubus idaeus L. leaves. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:119-139. [PMID: 31399808 PMCID: PMC6982638 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Rubus idaeus are a raw material, ingredients of herbal blend, and a source of antioxidants. There are no data concerning histochemistry of trichomes, and little is known about the leaf structure of this species. The aim of this study was to determine the histochemistry of active compounds and the structure of glandular trichomes, micromorphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of leaves as well as content of elements. To determine the histochemistry of glandular trichomes, different chemical compounds were used. The leaf structure was analysed using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The content of elements was determined with atomic absorption spectrometry, and the microanalysis of the epidermis ultrastructure was carried out with a transmission electron microscope equipped with a digital X-ray analyser. In glandular trichomes, polyphenols, terpenes, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates were identified. The main elements in the ultrastructure of the epidermis were Na, Mo, Se, Ca, and Mg. In dry matter of leaves, K, Mg, Ca, P, and Fe were dominant. Infusions from leaves are safe for health in terms of the Cd and Pb concentrations. Leaves can be a valuable raw material. Non-glandular trichomes prevent clumping of mixed raw materials in herbal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Chwil
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Kostryco
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Zarrelli A, Pollio A, Aceto S, Romanucci V, Carella F, Stefani P, De Natale A, De Vico G. Optimisation of artemisinin and scopoletin extraction from Artemisia annua with a new modern pressurised cyclic solid-liquid (PCSL) extraction technique. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:564-571. [PMID: 31238388 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artemisia annua is a small herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family declared therapeutic by the World Health Organisation, in particular for its artemisinin content, an active ingredient at the base of most antimalarial treatments, used every year by over 300 million people. In the last years, owing to low artemisinin content, research of new ways to increase the yield of the plant matrix has led to the use of the total extract taking advantage from the synergic and stabilising effects of the other components. OBJECTIVE In this work we evaluated and compared the content of artemisinin and scopoletin in extracts of A. annua collected in the Campania Region (southern Italy), by two different extraction processes. METHODOLOGY Artemisia annua plants were extracted by traditional maceration (TM) in hydroalcoholic solution as a mother tincture prepared according to the European Pharmacopeia and by pressurised cyclic solid-liquid (PCSL) extraction, a new generation method using the Naviglio extractor. RESULTS The results showed that the PCSL extraction technique is more effective than traditional methods in extracting both phytochemicals, up to 15 times more, reducing the extraction times, without using solvents or having risks for the operators, the environment and the users of the extracts. CONCLUSION The Naviglio extractor provides extracts with an artemisinin and scopoletin content eight times higher than the daily therapeutic dose, which should be evaluated for its stability over time and biological properties for possible direct use for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Stefani
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino De Natale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gionata De Vico
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Zhao Y, Xu F, Liu J, Guan F, Quan H, Meng F. The adaptation strategies of Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Ser.) Baill at altitude gradient of the Tibetan plateau by physiological and metabolomic methods. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:451. [PMID: 31159723 PMCID: PMC6547600 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Ser.) Baill is annual scandent herbs. They are used in the treatment of piles, inflammation of the stomach and the intestines. It can survive the extreme environment of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the underlying mechanisms of this adaptation to H. pedunculosum from TP remain unclear. Here, we combined physiological and metabolomics methods to analyze H. pedunculosum response to altitude gradient differences. RESULTS At high altitude, increases in the activities of Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Glutathione reductase (GR), Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been observed in leaves. Total Glutathion content, total Ascorbate content and the ASA (ascorbic acid)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ration were highly elevated from low altitude to high altitude. In addition, high altitude induces decrease of the Anthocyanidin content (ANTH) and increase of abscisic acid content (ABA). The GC-MS analyses identified of 50 metabolites from leaves of H. pedunculosum. In addition, a metabolic network was constructed based on metabolomic datasets using a weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) approach. The network analysis uncovered 4 distinguished metabolic modules highly associated with I, II, III and IV respectively. Furthermore, the analysis successfully classified 50 samples into seven groups: carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, lipid components, polyamine, secondary metabolism and others. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, the content of parts of amino acid components increased in samples collected at higher altitudes, and most of metabolites, including carbohydrates and organic acids were assigned to the carbon metabolic pathway comprising reductive pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis and TCA cycle, indicating the direct relationship between adaptability and the carbon metabolic pathway and amino acids in H. pedunculosum response to high altitude. The results of this study laid the foundation of the molecular mechanism on H. pedunculosum from high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fuling Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fachun Guan
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, 130033, China
- Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, 860000, China
| | - Hong Quan
- Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, 860000, China
| | - Fanjuan Meng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Moreno-Rodríguez A, Santos-Castro R, Vázquez-Medrano J, Quintanar-Zúñiga RE, García-García FA, Hernández-Portilla LB, Flores-Ortiz CM. Effect of jasmonic acid on major terpenes and density of glandular trichomes in Lippia graveolens kunth (Verbenaceae). Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:1942-1946. [PMID: 30724587 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1566721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) on the concentration of main terpenes and density of glandular trichomes was investigated in the Mexican oregano, propagated from seeds from 3 localities. JA 1 mM was applied locally and to the whole plant. JA locally applied increased the number of trichomes, with a mean of 20 trichomes more with respect to the controls in plants from Tecomavaca and Zapotitlán Salinas, and significantly increased the thymol concentration by 185% systemically and 255% locally, compared to the control. JA applied to the whole plant decreased the number of trichomes and increased the concentration of caryophyllene from 0.79 to 1.7 mg g-1, and α-caryophyllene from 0.3 to 0.8 mg g-1 in plants from San Rafael with reference to water control. The results suggest a plasticity of morphologic and phytochemical responses, and a potential use of JA to improve phenolic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Moreno-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Rosario Santos-Castro
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Josefina Vázquez-Medrano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Rafael E Quintanar-Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Fernando A García-García
- Área de Espectrometría de Masas, Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Luis B Hernández-Portilla
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México.,Área de Espectrometría de Masas, Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Cesar M Flores-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México.,Área de Espectrometría de Masas, Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
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Chen G, Klinkhamer PGL, Escobar-Bravo R, Leiss KA. Type VI glandular trichome density and their derived volatiles are differently induced by jasmonic acid in developing and fully developed tomato leaves: Implications for thrips resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:87-98. [PMID: 30348331 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the induction of plant defenses along the plant canopy can determine distribution and colonization of arthropod herbivores within the plant. In tomato, type VI glandular trichomes, which are epidermal defensive structures, and their derived volatiles are induced by the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). How JA-mediated induction of these trichome-associated chemical defenses depends on the leaf developmental stage and correlates with resistance against herbivory is unknown. We showed that application of JA reduced thrips-associated damage, however the amplitude of this response was reduced in the fully developed leaves compared to those still developing. Although JA increased type-VI trichome densities in all leaf developmental stages, as well as JA-inducible defensive proteins, these increases were stronger in developing leaves. Remarkably, the concentration of trichome-derived volatiles was induced by JA to a larger degree in developing leaves than in fully developed leaves. In fully developed leaves, the increase in trichome-derived volatiles was explained by an enhanced production per trichome, while in developing leaves this was mainly caused by increases in type-VI trichome densities. Together, we showed that JA-mediated induction of trichome density and chemistry depends on leaf development stage, and it might explain the degree of thrips-associated leaf damage in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Guerriero G, Berni R, Muñoz-Sanchez JA, Apone F, Abdel-Salam EM, Qahtan AA, Alatar AA, Cantini C, Cai G, Hausman JF, Siddiqui KS, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, Faisal M. Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Examples, Tips and Suggestions for Biotechnologists. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E309. [PMID: 29925808 PMCID: PMC6027220 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and, in order to defend themselves against exogenous (a)biotic constraints, they synthesize an array of secondary metabolites which have important physiological and ecological effects. Plant secondary metabolites can be classified into four major classes: terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds. These phytochemicals can be antimicrobial, act as attractants/repellents, or as deterrents against herbivores. The synthesis of such a rich variety of phytochemicals is also observed in undifferentiated plant cells under laboratory conditions and can be further induced with elicitors or by feeding precursors. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the production of representatives of three plant secondary metabolite classes: artemisinin (a sesquiterpene), lignans (phenolic compounds) and caffeine (an alkaloid). Their respective production in well-known plants, i.e., Artemisia, Coffea arabica L., as well as neglected species, like the fibre-producing plant Urtica dioica L., will be surveyed. The production of artemisinin and caffeine in heterologous hosts will also be discussed. Additionally, metabolic engineering strategies to increase the bioactivity and stability of plant secondary metabolites will be surveyed, by focusing on glycosyltransferases (GTs). We end our review by proposing strategies to enhance the production of plant secondary metabolites in cell cultures by inducing cell wall modifications with chemicals/drugs, or with altered concentrations of the micronutrient boron and the quasi-essential element silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Roberto Berni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - J Armando Muñoz-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Fabio Apone
- Arterra Biosciences srl/Vitalab srl, via B. Brin 69, 80142 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eslam M Abdel-Salam
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad A Qahtan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Zhou Y, Tang N, Huang L, Zhao Y, Tang X, Wang K. Effects of Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Glandular Trichome Density, and Volatile Exudates of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E252. [PMID: 29342961 PMCID: PMC5796199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a major abiotic factor affecting plant growth and secondary metabolism. However, no information is available about its effects on Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq., a traditional Chinese herb. Here, we investigated the changes of plant growth, antioxidant capacity, glandular trichome density, and volatile exudates of S. tenuifolia exposed to salt stress (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mM NaCl). Results showed that its dry biomass was reduced by salt treatments except 25 mM NaCl. Contents of antioxidants, including phenolics and flavonoids, increased at low (25 mM) or moderate (50 mM) levels, but declined at severe (75 and 100 mM) levels. On leaf surfaces, big peltate and small capitate glandular trichomes (GTs) were found. Salt treatments, especially at moderate and severe concentrations, enhanced the density of total GTs on both leaf sides. The most abundant compound in GT volatile exudates was pulegone. Under salinity, relative contents of this component and other monoterpenes decreased significantly; biosynthesis and accumulation of esters were enhanced, particularly sulfurous acid,2-ethylhexyl hexyl ester, which became the second major compound as salinity increased. In conclusion, salt stress significantly influenced the growth and secondary metabolism of S. tenuifolia, enabling us to study the changes of its pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Nanyu Tang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lijin Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yongjuan Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kangcai Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Ma D, Xu C, Alejos-Gonzalez F, Wang H, Yang J, Judd R, Xie DY. Overexpression of Artemisia annua Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Increases Lignin and Coumarin and Reduces Artemisinin and Other Sesquiterpenes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:828. [PMID: 29971081 PMCID: PMC6018409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is the only medicinal crop that produces artemisinin for malarial treatment. Herein, we describe the cloning of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (AaCAD) from an inbred self-pollinating (SP) A. annua cultivar and its effects on lignin and artemisinin production. A recombinant AaCAD was purified via heterogeneous expression. Enzyme assays showed that the recombinant AaCAD converted p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, which are key intermediates involved in the biosynthesis of lignin. Km, Vmax, and Vmax/Km values were calculated for all three substrates. To characterize its function in planta, AaCAD was overexpressed in SP plants. Quantification using acetyl bromide (AcBr) showed significantly higher lignin contents in transgenics compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, GC-MS-based profiling revealed a significant increase in coumarin contents in transgenic plants. By contrast, HPLC-MS analysis showed significantly reduced artemisinin contents in transgenics compared with WT plants. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed a decrease in the contents of arteannuin B and six other sesquiterpenes in transgenic plants. Confocal microscopy analysis showed the cytosolic localization of AaCAD. These data demonstrate that AaCAD plays a dual pathway function in the cytosol, in which it positively enhances lignin formation but negatively controls artemisinin formation. Based on these data, crosstalk between these two pathways mediated by AaCAD catalysis is discussed to understand the metabolic control of artemisinin biosynthesis in plants for high production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Chong Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzalez
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfen Yang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rika Judd
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: De-Yu Xie,
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12
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Ikram NKBK, Simonsen HT. A Review of Biotechnological Artemisinin Production in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1966. [PMID: 29187859 PMCID: PMC5694819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is still an eminent threat to major parts of the world population mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Researchers around the world continuously seek novel solutions to either eliminate or treat the disease. Artemisinin, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua, is the active ingredient in artemisinin-based combination therapies used to treat the disease. However, naturally artemisinin is produced in small quantities, which leads to a shortage of global supply. Due to its complex structure, it is difficult chemically synthesize. Thus to date, A. annua remains as the main commercial source of artemisinin. Current advances in genetic and metabolic engineering drives to more diverse approaches and developments on improving in planta production of artemisinin, both in A. annua and in other plants. In this review, we describe efforts in bioengineering to obtain a higher production of artemisinin in A. annua and stable heterologous in planta systems. The current progress and advancements provides hope for significantly improved production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur K. B. K. Ikram
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Henrik T. Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Kumar R, Vashisth D, Misra A, Akhtar MQ, Jalil SU, Shanker K, Gupta MM, Rout PK, Gupta AK, Shasany AK. RNAi down-regulation of cinnamate-4-hydroxylase increases artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26458. [PMID: 27220407 PMCID: PMC4879530 DOI: 10.1038/srep26458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) converts trans-cinnamic acid (CA) to p-coumaric acid (COA) in the phenylpropanoid/lignin biosynthesis pathway. Earlier we reported increased expression of AaCYP71AV1 (an important gene of artemisinin biosynthesis pathway) caused by CA treatment in Artemisia annua. Hence, AaC4H gene was identified, cloned, characterized and silenced in A. annua with the assumption that the elevated internal CA due to knock down may increase the artemisinin yield. Accumulation of trans-cinnamic acid in the plant due to AaC4H knockdown was accompanied with the reduction of p-coumaric acid, total phenolics, anthocyanin, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities but increase in salicylic acid (SA) and artemisinin. Interestingly, feeding trans-cinnamic acid to the RNAi line increased the level of artemisinin along with benzoic (BA) and SA with no effect on the downstream metabolites p-coumaric acid, coniferylaldehyde and sinapaldehyde, whereas p-coumaric acid feeding increased the content of downstream coniferylaldehyde and sinapaldehyde with no effect on BA, SA, trans-cinnamic acid or artemisinin. SA is reported earlier to be inducing the artemisinin yield. This report demonstrates the link between the phenylpropanoid/lignin pathway with artemisinin pathway through SA, triggered by accumulation of trans-cinnamic acid because of the blockage at C4H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Divya Vashisth
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Amita Misra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Md Qussen Akhtar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Syed Uzma Jalil
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Prashant Kumar Rout
- Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Anil Kumar Gupta
- Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow-226015, U.P., India
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14
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Singh ND, Kumar S, Daniell H. Expression of β-glucosidase increases trichome density and artemisinin content in transgenic Artemisia annua plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1034-45. [PMID: 26360801 PMCID: PMC4767539 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is highly effective against multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the aetiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. However, a low level of accumulation of artemisinin in Artemisia annua is a major limitation for its production and delivery to malaria endemic areas of the world. While several strategies to enhance artemisinin have been extensively explored, enhancing storage capacity in trichome has not yet been considered. Therefore, trichome density was increased with the expression of β-glucosidase (bgl1) gene in A. annua through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgene (bgl1) integration and transcript were confirmed by molecular analysis. Trichome density increased up to 20% in leaves and 66% in flowers of BGL1 transgenic plants than Artemisia control plants. High-performance liquid chromatography, time of flight mass spectrometer data showed that artemisinin content increased up to 1.4% in leaf and 2.56% in flowers (per g DW), similar to the highest yields achieved so far through metabolic engineering. Artemisinin was enhanced up to five-fold in BGL1 transgenic flowers. This study opens the possibility of increasing artemisinin content by manipulating trichomes' density, which is a major reservoir of artemisinin. Combining biosynthetic pathway engineering with enhancing trichome density may further increase artemisinin yield in A. annua. Because oral feeding of Artemisia plant cells reduced parasitemia more efficiently than the purified drug, reduced drug resistance and cost of prohibitively expensive purification process, enhanced expression should play a key role in making this valuable drug affordable to treat malaria in a large global population that disproportionally impacts low-socioeconomic areas and underprivileged children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henry Daniell
- Corresponding Author, Henry Daniell, Ph. D., Professor and Director of Translational Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, , Tel : 215-746-2563, Fax: 215-898-3695
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15
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Ma DM, Wang Z, Wang L, Alejos-Gonzales F, Sun MA, Xie DY. A Genome-Wide Scenario of Terpene Pathways in Self-pollinated Artemisia annua. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1580-98. [PMID: 26192869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Scenarios of genes to metabolites in Artemisia annua remain uninvestigated. Here, we report the use of an integrated approach combining metabolomics, transcriptomics, and gene function analyses to characterize gene-to-terpene and terpene pathway scenarios in a self-pollinating variety of this species. Eighty-eight metabolites including 22 sesquiterpenes (e.g., artemisinin), 26 monoterpenes, two triterpenes, one diterpene and 38 other non-polar metabolites were identified from 14 tissues. These metabolites were differentially produced by leaves and flowers at lower to higher positions. Sequences from cDNA libraries of six tissues were assembled into 18 871 contigs and genome-wide gene expression profiles in tissues were strongly associated with developmental stages and spatial specificities. Sequence mining identified 47 genes that mapped to the artemisinin, non-amorphadiene sesquiterpene, monoterpene, triterpene, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways. Pearson correlation analysis resulted in network integration that characterized significant correlations of gene-to-gene expression patterns and gene expression-to-metabolite levels in six tissues simultaneously. More importantly, manipulations of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene expression not only affected the activity of this pathway toward artemisinin, artemisinic acid, and arteannuin b but also altered non-amorphadiene sesquiterpene and genome-wide volatile profiles. Such gene-to-terpene landscapes associated with different tissues are fundamental to the metabolic engineering of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Ma
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Zhilong Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Liangjiang Wang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Fatima Alejos-Gonzales
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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16
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Comparison of photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure on two black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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