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Liu SP, Li YF, Zhang D, Li CY, Dai XF, Lan DF, Cai J, Zhou H, Song T, Zhao YY, He ZX, Tan J, Zhang JD. Pharmacological actions of the bioactive compounds of Epimedium on the male reproductive system: current status and future perspective. Asian J Androl 2024:00129336-990000000-00204. [PMID: 38978290 DOI: 10.4103/aja20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Compounds isolated from Epimedium include the total flavonoids of Epimedium, icariin, and its metabolites (icaritin, icariside I, and icariside II), which have similar molecular structures. Modern pharmacological research and clinical practice have proved that Epimedium and its active components have a wide range of pharmacological effects, especially in improving sexual function, hormone regulation, anti-osteoporosis, immune function regulation, anti-oxidation, and anti-tumor activity. To date, we still need a comprehensive source of knowledge about the pharmacological effects of Epimedium and its bioactive compounds on the male reproductive system. However, their actions in other tissues have been reviewed in recent years. This review critically focuses on the Epimedium, its bioactive compounds, and the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that modulate vital pathways associated with the male reproductive system. Such intrinsic knowledge will significantly further studies on the Epimedium and its bioactive compounds that protect the male reproductive system and provide some guidances for clinical treatment of related male reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Po Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Zunyi Medical University Library, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Dai
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Dong-Feng Lan
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ji Cai
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - He Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yan-Yu Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ji-Dong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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Gong T, Mu Q, Xu Y, Wang W, Meng L, Feng X, Liu W, Ao Z, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xu H. Expression of the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 in porcine testis of: Function in regulating testosterone synthesis and autophagy in Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 236:106429. [PMID: 38035949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is a vital male hormone responsible for male sexual characteristics. The taste receptor family 1 subunit 3 (T1R3) regulates testosterone synthesis and autophagy in non-taste cells, and the links with the taste receptor family 1 subunit 1 (T1R1) for umami perception. However, little is known about these mechanisms. Thus, we aimed to determine the relationship between the umami taste receptor (T1R1/T1R3) and testosterone synthesis or autophagy in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig. There was a certain proportion of spermatogenic tubular dysplasia in the Xiang pig at puberty, in which autophagy was enhanced, and the testosterone level was increased with a weak expression of T1R3. Silenced T1R3 decreased testosterone level and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content and inhibited the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of testosterone synthesis enzyme genes [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (3β-HSD1), cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (CYP17A1) and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3)]. In addition, T1R3 increased the number of acidic autophagy bubbles and upregulated the expression levels of autophagy markers [Microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1] in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig. Using an umami tasting agonist (10 mM L-glutamate for 6 h), the activation of T1R1/T1R3 enhanced the testosterone synthesis ability by increasing the intracellular cAMP level and upregulated the expression levels of StAR, 3β-HSD1, CYP17A1 and 17β-HSD3 in Leydig cells. Furthermore, the number of acidic autophagy bubbles decreased in the T1R1/T1R3-activated group with the downregulation of the expression levels of the autophagy markers, including LC3 and Beclin-1. These data suggest that the function of T1R1/T1R3 expressed in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig is related to testosterone synthesis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Qi Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Weiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Lijie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xianzhou Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Wenjiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zheng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Houqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
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Zhang P, Zhang Y, Li P, Tu D, Zheng X. Effects of the adsorption behavior of polyamide microplastics on male reproductive health by reduction of testosterone bioavailability. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115747. [PMID: 38070415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are global environmental pollutants with potential toxicity concerns, and their effects on the reproductive system have attracted increasing attention. This study investigated the interaction between MPs and mammalian biomolecules, focusing on the relationship between the testosterone adsorption behavior of MPs and male reproductive health. The adsorption capacity of different types of MPs for testosterone was evaluated in vitro experiments. Polyamide (PA)-MPs exhibited stronger adsorption, while polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-MPs displayed the weakest adsorption. Sorption equilibrium between PA-MPs and testosterone was achieved within 6 h, fitting the Pseudo-2nd-order model and Langmuir isotherm. The effects of MPs on male reproduction in mice was determined in vivo experiments. Male mice were treated with 0.1 and 0.5 mg/d PA-MPs/PMMA-MPs by gavage once per day for 28 days. The results showed that only 0.5 mg/d PA-MP exposure induced decreased serum testosterone levels, increased testicular testosterone levels compared to the control, and more severe damage to seminiferous tubule structure, sperm motility and sperm morphology compared to the PMMA-MPs group. Meanwhile, PA-MPs could reduce intracellular nuclear translocation of androgen receptor (AR) mediated by testosterone, while PMMA-MPs had no impact. The study revealed that PA-MP adsorption reduced testosterone bioavailability and caused sperm quality to decline, offering new insights into the combined toxicity mechanism of MPs in male mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Pishun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
| | - Di Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China.
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4
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Ijaz MU, Rafi Z, Hamza A, Sayed AA, Albadrani GM, Al-Ghadi MQ, Abdel-Daim MM. Mitigative potential of kaempferide against polyethylene microplastics induced testicular damage by activating Nrf-2/Keap-1 pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115746. [PMID: 38035520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) are one of the environmental contaminants that instigate oxidative stress (OS) in various organs of the body, including testes. Kaempferide (KFD) is a plant-derived natural flavonol with potential neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the alleviative effects of KFD against PE-MPs-prompted testicular toxicity in rats. Fourty eight adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups: control, PE-MPs-administered (1.5 mgkg-1), PE-MPs (1.5 mgkg-1) + KFD (20 mgkg-1) co-treated and KFD (20 mgkg-1) only treated group. PE-MPs intoxication significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the expression of Nrf-2 and anti-oxidant enzymes, while increasing the expression of Keap-1. The activities of anti-oxidants i.e., catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), hemeoxygene-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were reduced, besides malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents were increased significantly (P < 0.05) following the PE-MPs exposure. Moreover, PE-MPs exposure significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the sperm motility, viability and count, whereas considerably (P < 0.05) increased the dead sperm number and sperm structural anomalies. Furthermore, PE-MPs remarkably (P < 0.05) decreased steroidogenic enzymes and Bcl-2 expression, while increasing the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax. PE-MPs exposure significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, whereas inflammatory indices were increased. PE-MPs exposure also induced significant histopathological damages in the testes. Nevertheless, KFD supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) abrogated all the damages induced by PE-MPs. The findings of our study demonstrated that KFD could significantly attenuate PE-MPs-instigated OS and testicular toxicity, due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, androgenic and anti-apoptotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Zainab Rafi
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hamza
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Amany A Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muath Q Al-Ghadi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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5
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Baburski AZ, Becin AP, Travicic DZ, Medar MLJ, Andric SA, Kostic TS. REVERBA couples the circadian clock to Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 38147453 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the molecular clock in regulating cell physiological processes on a specific time scale is a recognized concept, yet its specific impact on optimizing androgen production in Leydig cells has been unclear. This study aimed to confirm the role of the REVERBA (NR1D1) gene in controlling the transcription of key genes related to Leydig cell steroid production. We investigated daily variations by collecting Leydig cells from rats at various times within a 24-h period. Chromatin immunoprecipitation study showed a time-dependent pattern for genes linked to steroid production (Nur77, Star, Cyp11a1, and Cyp17a1), which closely matched the 24-h REVERBA levels in Leydig cells, peaking between zeitgeber time (ZT) 7-11. To understand the physiological significance of REVERBA's interaction with promoters of steroidogenesis-related genes, Leydig cells from rats at two different times (ZT7 and ZT16; chosen based on REVERBA expression levels), were treated with either an agonist (GSK4112) or an antagonist (SR8278). The results revealed that the REVERBA agonist stimulated gene transcription, while the antagonist inhibited it, but only when REVERBA was sufficiently present, indicating a reliance on REVERBA's circadian fluctuation. Moreover, this REVERBA-dependent stimulation had a clear impact on testosterone production in the culture medium, underscoring REVERBA's involvement in the circadian regulation of testosterone. This study indicates that REVERBA, in addition to being a core component of the cellular clock, plays a key role in regulating androgen production in Leydig cells by influencing the transcription of critical steroidogenesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Z Baburski
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Alisa P Becin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dijana Z Travicic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija L J Medar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silvana A Andric
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
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He M, Liu K, Cao J, Chen Q. An update on the role and potential mechanisms of clock genes regulating spermatogenesis: A systematic review of human and animal experimental studies. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:585-610. [PMID: 36792803 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks can be traced in nearly all life kingdoms, with the male reproductive system no exception. However, our understanding of the circadian clock in spermatogenesis seems to fall behind other scenarios. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the role and especially the potential mechanisms of clock genes in spermatogenesis regulation. Accumulating studies have revealed rhythmic oscillation in semen parameters and some physiological events of spermatogenesis. Disturbing the clock gene expression by genetic mutations or environmental changes will also notably damage spermatogenesis. On the other hand, the mechanisms of spermatogenetic regulation by clock genes remain largely unclear. Some recent studies, although not revealing the entire mechanisms, indeed attempted to shed light on this issue. Emerging clues hinted that gonadal hormones, retinoic acid signaling, homologous recombination, and the chromatoid body might be involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis by clock genes. Then we highlight the challenges and the promising directions for future studies so as to stimulate attention to this critical field which has not gained adequate concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao He
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Theatre Command, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Travicic DZ, Pavlovic MV, Medar MLJ, Becin A, Cetnik M, Lalosevic D, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Circadian desynchrony disturbs the function of rat spermatozoa. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151323. [PMID: 37201364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased male fertility is a growing health problem that requires a better understanding of molecular events regulating reproductive competence. Here the effects of circadian desynchrony on the rat spermatozoa functionality were studied. Circadian desynchrony was induced in rats that lived for 2 months under disturbed light conditions designed to mimic shiftwork in humans (two days of constant light, two days of continual dark, and three days of 14:10 h light:dark schedule). Such a condition abolished circadian oscillations in the rats' voluntary activity, followed by a flattened transcriptional pattern of the pituitary gene encoding follicle stimulating hormone subunit (Fshb), and genes important for germ cell maturation (Tnp1 and Prm2) as well as the clock in seminiferous tubules. However, the number of spermatozoa isolated from the epididymis of the rats suffering from circadian desynchrony did not deviate from the controls. Nevertheless, spermatozoa functionality, estimated by motility and progesterone-induced acrosome reaction, was reduced compared to the control. These changes were associated with the altered level of main markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (Pprgc1a/PGC1A, Nrf1/NRF1, Tfam, Cytc), decreased mitochondrial DNA copy number, ATP content, and clock genes (Bmal1/BMAL1, Clock, Cry1/2, and Reverba). The principal-component-analysis (PCA) points to a positive association of the clock and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes in spermatozoa from rats suffering circadian desynchrony. Altogether, the results show the harmful effect of circadian desynchrony on spermatozoa functionality, targeting energetic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Z Travicic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja V Pavlovic
- University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Marija L J Medar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Alisa Becin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mia Cetnik
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dusan Lalosevic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silvana A Andric
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Furtado A, Costa D, Lemos MC, Cavaco JE, Santos CRA, Quintela T. The impact of biological clock and sex hormones on the risk of disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 137:39-81. [PMID: 37709381 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clocks are responsible for defining 24-h cycles of behaviour and physiology that are called circadian rhythms. Several structures and tissues are responsible for generating these circadian rhythms and are named circadian clocks. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to be the master circadian clock receiving light input via the optic nerve and aligning internal rhythms with environmental cues. Studies using both in vivo and in vitro methodologies have reported the relationship between the molecular clock and sex hormones. The circadian system is directly responsible for controlling the synthesis of sex hormones and this synthesis varies according to the time of day and phase of the estrous cycle. Sex hormones also directly interact with the circadian system to regulate circadian gene expression, adjust biological processes, and even adjust their own synthesis. Several diseases have been linked with alterations in either the sex hormone background or the molecular clock. So, in this chapter we aim to summarize the current understanding of the relationship between the circadian system and sex hormones and their combined role in the onset of several related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Furtado
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Manuel C Lemos
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - J Eduardo Cavaco
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Portugal; UDI-IPG, Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal.
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Wang CY, Qiu ZJ, Zhang P, Tang XQ. Differentiated Embryo-Chondrocyte Expressed Gene1 and Parkinson's Disease: New Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2251-2265. [PMID: 37132111 PMCID: PMC10556388 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230502123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated embryo-chondrocyte expressed gene1 (DEC1), an important transcription factor with a basic helix-loop-helix domain, is ubiquitously expressed in both human embryonic and adult tissues. DEC1 is involved in neural differentiation and neural maturation in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies suggest that DEC1 protects against Parkinson's disease (PD) by regulating apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, immune system, and glucose metabolism disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the role of DEC1 in the pathogenesis of PD and provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of PD and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zheng-Jie Qiu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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10
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Pavlovic MV, Marinkovic DZ, Andric SA, Kostic TS. The cost of the circadian desynchrony on the Leydig cell function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15520. [PMID: 36109553 PMCID: PMC9478133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased frequency of different lifestyles that disrupts circadian rhythms, together with a trend in the accretion of male idiopathic infertility, imposes the necessity to understand the contribution of circadian rhythms disruption to fertility regulation. In this study, the effects of circadian desynchrony (CD) on the steroidogenic capacity of adult Leydig cells were studied. Adult rats were housed under a disturbing light regime (2 days of constant light, 2 days of continual dark, and 3 days of 12:12 h light:dark schedule) designed to mimic shiftwork in humans. CD was characterized by changed and decreased rhythmic locomotor activity and reduced blood testosterone. In the Leydig cells changed transcription of the clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Cry1 and Reverba/b increased while Per1/2 reversed phase) was detected. This was followed by reduced transcription of genes (Star, Cyp11a1, and Hsd3b1/2) primarily involved in mitosteroidogenesis. In parallel, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψi) and ATP production declined losing their characteristic oscillatory pattern. Also, the main markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (Ppargc1a, Nrf1, Tfam, Cytc), fusion (Mfn2), and mitophagy (Pink1 and Tfeb) were disturbed. Collectively, CD targets mitochondria in Leydig cells by reducing mitosteroidogenesis, mitoenergetics, and disturbing mitochondrial dynamics. These changes contribute to testosterone decline compromising androgen-dependent functions, including reproduction.
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11
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Liu Q, Wang H, Wang H, Li N, He R, Liu Z. Per1/Per2 Disruption Reduces Testosterone Synthesis and Impairs Fertility in Elderly Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137399. [PMID: 35806403 PMCID: PMC9266724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disorders caused by genetic or environmental factors lead to decreased male fertility but the mechanisms are poorly understood. The current study reports that the mechanism of Per1/Per2 Double knockout (DKO) reduced the reproductive capacity of elderly male mice. The sperm motility and spermatogenic capacity of male DKO mice were weak. Hormone-targeted metabolomics showed reduced plasma levels of free testosterone in DKO male mice compared with WT male mice. Transcriptomic analysis of testicular tissue showed the down-regulation of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes (Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd17b3, Hsd3b1, and Star) in the steroid hormone synthesis pathway. Spermatogenesis genes, Tubd1 and Pafah1b were down-regulated, influencing tubulin dynamics and leading to impaired motility. Seleno-compound metabolic loci, Scly and Sephs2, were up-regulated and Slc7a11 and Selenop were down-regulated. Western-blotting showed that steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) and p-CREB, PKA and AC1 were reduced in testicular tissue of DKO mice compared to WT. Therefore, Per1/Per2 disruption reduced testosterone synthesis and sperm motility by affecting the PKA-StAR pathway, leading to decreased fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruyi He
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (Z.L.)
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12
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Moralia MA, Quignon C, Simonneaux M, Simonneaux V. Environmental disruption of reproductive rhythms. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:100990. [PMID: 35227765 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is a key biological function requiring a precise synchronization with annual and daily cues to cope with environmental fluctuations. Therefore, humans and animals have developed well-conserved photoneuroendocrine pathways to integrate and process daily and seasonal light signals within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, in the past century, industrialization and the modern 24/7 human lifestyle have imposed detrimental changes in natural habitats and rhythms of life. Indeed, exposure to an excessive amount of artificial light at inappropriate timing because of shift work and nocturnal urban lighting, as well as the ubiquitous environmental contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals, threaten the integrity of the daily and seasonal timing of biological functions. Here, we review recent epidemiological, field and experimental studies to discuss how light and chemical pollution of the environment can disrupt reproductive rhythms by interfering with the photoneuroendocrine timing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Azélie Moralia
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Clarisse Quignon
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marine Simonneaux
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France.
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13
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Medar ML, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Stress alters the transcriptional activity of Leydig cells dependently on the diurnal time. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C322-C332. [PMID: 35704696 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00412.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing amount of data points to the circadian timing system as an essential part of processes regulating androgen homeostasis. However, the relationship between stress response, timekeeping-, and steroidogenesis-related systems is unexplored. Here, the stress-response of the testosterone-producing rat Leydig cells depending on the time of stressful events was studied. The study analyzes the effects of 3-hour immobilization (IMO) applied at different periods during the day. The IMO performed once (1xIMO) or repeated in 10 consecutive days (10xIMO). Both types of IMO increased corticosterone and decreased testosterone blood level. However, the effect of 10xIMO occurring in the active phase on blood testosterone was less pronounced. This is related to different sensitivity to IMO-events depending on the diurnal time. Most steroidogenesis-related genes (Lhcgr, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1/2, Cyp17a1) were down-regulated in the inactive but unchanged or even up-regulated in the active phase of the day. Both types of IMO stimulated the expression of clock elements Bmal1/BMAL1, Per1/PER1 regardless of the day's stage and reduced Rev-erba in the inactive phase. The principal-component-analysis (PCA) confirmed a major shift, for both IMO-types, in the transcription of the genes across the passive/active stage. Further, 10xIMO changed a diurnal pattern of the glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1/GR) expression while the observed time-dependent IMO-response of the Leydig cells correlated with different corticosterone engagements. Altogether, the Leydig cell's stress-response depends on the daytime of the stressful event, emphasizing the importance of the circadian-system in supporting androgen homeostasis and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Lj Medar
- The University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro
| | - Silvana A Andric
- The University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- The University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro
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14
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Yao Y, Silver R. Mutual Shaping of Circadian Body-Wide Synchronization by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Circulating Steroids. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:877256. [PMID: 35722187 PMCID: PMC9200072 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.877256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroids are lipid hormones that reach bodily tissues through the systemic circulation, and play a major role in reproduction, metabolism, and homeostasis. All of these functions and steroids themselves are under the regulation of the circadian timing system (CTS) and its cellular/molecular underpinnings. In health, cells throughout the body coordinate their daily activities to optimize responses to signals from the CTS and steroids. Misalignment of responses to these signals produces dysfunction and underlies many pathologies. Questions Addressed To explore relationships between the CTS and circulating steroids, we examine the brain clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the daily fluctuations in plasma steroids, the mechanisms producing regularly recurring fluctuations, and the actions of steroids on their receptors within the SCN. The goal is to understand the relationship between temporal control of steroid secretion and how rhythmic changes in steroids impact the SCN, which in turn modulate behavior and physiology. Evidence Surveyed The CTS is a multi-level organization producing recurrent feedback loops that operate on several time scales. We review the evidence showing that the CTS modulates the timing of secretions from the level of the hypothalamus to the steroidogenic gonadal and adrenal glands, and at specific sites within steroidogenic pathways. The SCN determines the timing of steroid hormones that then act on their cognate receptors within the brain clock. In addition, some compartments of the body-wide CTS are impacted by signals derived from food, stress, exercise etc. These in turn act on steroidogenesis to either align or misalign CTS oscillators. Finally this review provides a comprehensive exploration of the broad contribution of steroid receptors in the SCN and how these receptors in turn impact peripheral responses. Conclusion The hypothesis emerging from the recognition of steroid receptors in the SCN is that mutual shaping of responses occurs between the brain clock and fluctuating plasma steroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yao
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yifan Yao,
| | - Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Barnard College, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Graduate School, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
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15
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Crislip GR, Johnston JG, Douma LG, Costello HM, Juffre A, Boyd K, Li W, Maugans CC, Gutierrez-Monreal M, Esser KA, Bryant AJ, Liu AC, Gumz ML. Circadian Rhythm Effects on the Molecular Regulation of Physiological Systems. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2769-2798. [PMID: 34964116 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nearly every system within the body contains an intrinsic cellular circadian clock. The circadian clock contributes to the regulation of a variety of homeostatic processes in mammals through the regulation of gene expression. Circadian disruption of physiological systems is associated with pathophysiological disorders. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the known circadian rhythms in physiological function. This article focuses on what is known in humans, along with discoveries made with cell and rodent models. In particular, the impact of circadian clock components in metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, immune, and central nervous systems are discussed. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-30, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jermaine G Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren G Douma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyla Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cheoting C Maugans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel Gutierrez-Monreal
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew J Bryant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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16
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Novel InDel variations of the Cry2 gene are associated with litter size in Australian White sheep. Theriogenology 2021; 179:155-161. [PMID: 34875538 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) gene regulates circadian rhythm and affects reproduction and pregnancy. Therefore, this study aimed to explore polymorphisms of the Cry2 gene and their associations with litter size at different parity in Australian White (AuW) ewes. Five putative insertion or deletion mutations within the Cry2 gene were selected to study their association with litter size. Two novel deletion mutations were identified in intronic region of Cry2 gene and were genotyped by agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. The polymorphism information content (PIC) indicated that both mutations were low polymorphism in tested groups. Statistical analysis revealed that the P1-Del-6-bp was significantly correlated with litter size at third parity (P = 0.010), in which individuals with insertion/deletion (ID) genotype had larger litter size than insertion/insertion (II) genotype (P < 0.05). Whereas, the P2-Del-6-bp was significantly correlated with litter size at first parity (P = 0.036), in which individuals with insertion/insertion (II) genotype had larger litter size than insertion/deletion (ID) genotype (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings may provide new insights to expedite molecular breeding in sheep through marker-assisted selection strategies (MAS).
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17
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Medar ML, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Stress-induced glucocorticoids alter the Leydig cells' timing and steroidogenesis-related systems. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111469. [PMID: 34601003 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze the time-dependent consequences of stress on gene expression responsible for diurnal endocrine Leydig cell function connecting them to the glucocorticoid-signaling. In the first 24h after the stress event, a daily variation of blood corticosterone increased, and testosterone decreased; the testosterone/corticosterone were lowest at the end of the stress session overlapping with inhibition of Leydig cells' steroidogenesis-related genes (Nr3c1/GR, Hsd3b1/2, Star, Cyp17a1) and changed circadian activity of the clock genes (the increased Bmal1/BMAL1 and Per1/2/PER1 and decreased Cry1 and Rev-erba). The glucocorticoid-treated rats showed a similar response. The principal-component-analysis (PCA) displayed an absence of significant differences between treatments especially on Per1 and Rev-erba, the findings confirmed by the in vivo blockade of the testicular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) during stress and ex vivo treatment of the Leydig cells with hydrocortisone and GR-blocker. In summary, stressful stimuli can entrain the clock in the Leydig cells through glucocorticoid-mediated communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Lj Medar
- The University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silvana A Andric
- The University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- The University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Laboratory for Chronobiology and Aging, Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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18
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Improvement of Astragalin on Spermatogenesis in Oligoasthenozoospermia Mouse Induced by Cyclophosphamide. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1738-1748. [PMID: 34846706 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 40% of infertile men are diagnosed with oligoasthenozoospermia and the incidence is still rising, but the effective treatments are not been found until now. Astragalin, one of the main active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, may be effective in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of astragalin for treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia in male mice, induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Male mice were intraperitoneally injected by CTX (50 mg/kg), and astragalin (30 mg/kg) was given via oral gavage once daily. RNA-seq analysis highlighted astragalin upregulated gene expression of anti-apoptosis (AKT1and BCL2-XL), cell proliferation (ETV1, MAPKAPK2, and RPS6KA5) and synthesis of testosterone (STAR, CYP11A1, and PRKACB), but downregulated gene expression of cell apoptosis (BAD, BCL-2, CASPASE9, and CASPASE3) in mouse testis. Astragalin also significantly reversed the reduction in body weight, reproductive organs index, and sperm parameters (sperm concentration, viability, and motility) induced by CTX, and restored testicular abnormal histopathologic morphology induced by CTX. Furthermore, astragalin dramatically rescued the gene expression related to spermatogenesis (AKT1, BCL-2, CASPASE9, CASPASE3, MAPKAPK2, RPS6KA5, STAR, and PRKACB), and increased the level of testosterone by improving related proteins (STAR, CYP11A1, PRKACB) for oligoasthenozoospermia induced by CTX. In conclusion, astragalin may be a potential beneficial agent for oligoasthenozoospermia by increasing the testosterone levels in testis.
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19
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Banihani SA. Human semen quality as affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection: An up-to-date review. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14295. [PMID: 34716614 PMCID: PMC8646253 DOI: 10.1111/and.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Revealing the effect of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on semen quality is a dynamic priority for many healthcare providers in the field as well as subfertile patients. Therefore, the collective summary in this research approach is still highly needed, especially with the continuous increase in original publications. Here, we provide an up‐to‐date review and discussion to collectively reveal the effect of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on human semen quality. To do this, we reviewed all articles and abstracts published in Scopus and PubMed using the keywords ‘SARS‐CoV‐2’ and ‘COVID’ versus ‘sperm’ and ‘semen’. In summary, it can be revealed that, at both symptomatic and recovery stages of infection, no investigational evidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 shedding in human semen. Also, the mainstream of the up‐to‐date published work reveals a negative impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on semen quality parameters, particularly sperm count and motility. However, long‐term post‐recovery comparative studies seem very important in this particular setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ali Banihani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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20
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Expression of cell proliferation regulatory factors bricd5, tnfrsf21, cdk1 correlates with expression of clock gene cry1 in testes of Hu rams during puberty. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7379-7385. [PMID: 34626314 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptochrome 1 (cry1), the core regulator of the circadian clock, is essential for ontogeny and mammalian reproduction. Unlike in other tissues, the cry1 gene have noncircadian functions in spermatogenesis, which implies the unique role of cry1 gene in the development of testis. The role of cry1 during the puberty has not been described yet. This study aimed to explore the relationship between cry1 expression and spermatogenic cell numbers. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed testicular tissues from Hu sheep aged 0-180 days by hematoxylin and eosin staining, measured cry1 and cell proliferation regulatory factors (bricd5, tnfrsf21, cdk1) expression by quantitative real-time PCR and characterized the transcription factor in the 5' flanking region of cry1 gene. The data revealed that the number of spermatocytes and early spermatocytes increased rapidly from 90 to 120 dpp (day postpartum). Correspondingly, there was a marked variation in the cry1 and cell proliferation related genes (bricd5, tnfrsf21, cdk1) mRNA expression in the testes from the age of 90 days to 180 days (p < 0.05). We also identified some transcription factors (tcfl5) related to cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant causal relationship between the transcription level of cry1 gene in Hu sheep testes and the number of spermatogenic cells. It is speculated that cry1 gene may regulate the proliferation of spermatogenic cells by regulating the expression of cell proliferation related genes such as bricd5, tnfrsf21 and cdk1.
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21
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Guo H, Luo X, Sun L, Li J, Cui S. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B acts as a novel molecule to mediate testosterone synthesis and secretion in mouse Leydig cells by luteinizing hormone (LH) signaling pathway. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:742-752. [PMID: 34355300 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (Cdkn1b, p27) plays important regulatory roles in many cellular processes. p27 is highly expressed in the mouse testis, but its roles and underlying mechanisms for testosterone synthesis and secretion remain not well understood. In the current study, we found that p27 located in Leydig cells and Sertoli cells of adult mouse testis. To explore the function of p27 in Leydig cells, p27 inhibitor and activator were injected into the adult mice, primary Leydig cells and TM3 cells. Our in vivo and in vitro results showed that change in the expression of p27 significantly alters the testosterone in both globe serum and culture medium. Meanwhile, the steroidogenesis-related gene expression was significantly regulated too. Moreover, our in vitro study showed that luteinizing hormone (LH) significantly increased p27 mRNA levels. Furthermore, our results proved that altering the mRNA expression of p27 leads to the synchronized changes of Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b6, Cyp11a1, and Hsd17b3. Alterations of p27 also result in synchronously changes of RAF1 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings indicate that p27 plays vital roles in LH-induced testosterone production, providing a novel mechanism that p27 acts as an upstream molecule to elevate ERK1/2 phosphorylation to promote the expression of StAR and other cholesterol-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhou Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnolpgy, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnolpgy, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10021, People's Republic of China
| | - Longjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnolpgy, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnolpgy, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 10021, People's Republic of China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Advances in stem cell research for the treatment of primary hypogonadism. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:487-507. [PMID: 34188209 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Leydig cell dysfunction, cells respond weakly to stimulation by pituitary luteinizing hormone, and, therefore, produce less testosterone, leading to primary hypogonadism. The most widely used treatment for primary hypogonadism is testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). However, TRT causes infertility and has been associated with other adverse effects, such as causing erythrocytosis and gynaecomastia, worsening obstructive sleep apnoea and increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risks. Stem-cell-based therapy that re-establishes testosterone-producing cell lineages in the body has, therefore, become a promising prospect for treating primary hypogonadism. Over the past two decades, substantial advances have been made in the identification of Leydig cell sources for use in transplantation surgery, including the artificial induction of Leydig-like cells from different types of stem cells, for example, stem Leydig cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSC-derived Leydig-like cells have already provided a powerful in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying Leydig cell differentiation and could be used to treat men with primary hypogonadism in a more specific and personalized approach.
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23
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Shen YC, Shami AN, Moritz L, Larose H, Manske GL, Ma Q, Zheng X, Sukhwani M, Czerwinski M, Sultan C, Chen H, Gurczynski SJ, Spence JR, Orwig KE, Tallquist M, Li JZ, Hammoud SS. TCF21 + mesenchymal cells contribute to testis somatic cell development, homeostasis, and regeneration in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3876. [PMID: 34162856 PMCID: PMC8222243 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular development and function rely on interactions between somatic cells and the germline, but similar to other organs, regenerative capacity declines in aging and disease. Whether the adult testis maintains a reserve progenitor population remains uncertain. Here, we characterize a recently identified mouse testis interstitial population expressing the transcription factor Tcf21. We found that TCF21lin cells are bipotential somatic progenitors present in fetal testis and ovary, maintain adult testis homeostasis during aging, and act as potential reserve somatic progenitors following injury. In vitro, TCF21lin cells are multipotent mesenchymal progenitors which form multiple somatic lineages including Leydig and myoid cells. Additionally, TCF21+ cells resemble resident fibroblast populations reported in other organs having roles in tissue homeostasis, fibrosis, and regeneration. Our findings reveal that the testis, like other organs, maintains multipotent mesenchymal progenitors that can be potentially leveraged in development of future therapies for hypoandrogenism and/or infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Shen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lindsay Moritz
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hailey Larose
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel L Manske
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qianyi Ma
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xianing Zheng
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Integrative Systems Biology Graduate Program, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Czerwinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Caleb Sultan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haolin Chen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins, USA
| | | | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Integrative Systems Biology Graduate Program, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Tallquist
- University of Hawaii, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Saher Sue Hammoud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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24
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Reyes-García J, Montaño LM, Carbajal-García A, Wang YX. Sex Hormones and Lung Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:259-321. [PMID: 34019274 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes, synthetize and release cytokines involved in the inflammatory process. Gender differences in the incidence and severity of inflammatory lung ailments including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), lung cancer (LC), and infectious related illnesses have been reported. Moreover, the effects of sex hormones on both androgens and estrogens, such as testosterone (TES) and 17β-estradiol (E2), driving characteristic inflammatory patterns in those lung inflammatory diseases have been investigated. In general, androgens seem to display anti-inflammatory actions, whereas estrogens produce pro-inflammatory effects. For instance, androgens regulate negatively inflammation in asthma by targeting type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T-helper (Th)-2 cells to attenuate interleukin (IL)-17A-mediated responses and leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis pathway. Estrogens may promote neutrophilic inflammation in subjects with asthma and COPD. Moreover, the activation of estrogen receptors might induce tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we summarize the most recent advances in the functional roles and associated signaling pathways of inflammatory cellular responses in asthma, COPD, PF, LC, and newly occurring COVID-19 disease. We also meticulously deliberate the influence of sex steroids on the development and progress of these common and severe lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abril Carbajal-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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25
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L-carnitine extenuates endocrine disruption, inflammatory burst and oxidative stress in carbendazim-challenged male rats via upregulation of testicular StAR and FABP9, and downregulation of P38-MAPK pathways. Toxicology 2021; 457:152808. [PMID: 33965443 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have addressed in the current study the potential of L-carnitine (LC) to extenuate the reproductive toxic insults of carbendazim (CBZ) in male rats, and the molecular mechanisms whereby carnitine would modify the spermatogenic and steroidogenic derangements invoked by the endocrine disruptor. Herein, animals received daily doses of carbendazim (100 mg/kg) by gavage for 8 weeks. Another CBZ-challenged group was co-supplemented with LC (500 mg/kg, IP) twice weekly for 8 weeks. Sperm quantity and quality (morphology, motility and viability), serum testosterone and gonadotropins, and thyroid hormone levels were assessed. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations were determined by ELISA. Oxidant/antioxidant status in rat testis was investigated via measuring testicular contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Immunohistochemical localizations of the junctional protein; occludin, and inflammatory markers; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) were further analyzed. A host of transduction genes that regulate spermatogenic and steroidogenic pathways, and their encoded proteins namely, Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR), Fatty acid binding protein 9 (FABP9) and P38-mitogen activated protein kinase (P38-MAPK) were assessed by real time quantitative (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. LC improved rat spermiogram, testicular histological alterations and endocrine perturbances, and modulated genes' expressions and their respective proteins. In conclusion, LC effects appear to reside for the most part on its endocrine-preserving, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through a myriad of interlaced signal transductions that ultimately recapitulated its beneficial effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.
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26
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Xiao Y, Zhao L, Li W, Wang X, Ma T, Yang L, Gao L, Li C, Zhang M, Yang D, Zhang J, Jiang H, Zhao H, Wang Y, Chao HW, Wang A, Jin Y, Chen H. Circadian clock gene BMAL1 controls testosterone production by regulating steroidogenesis-related gene transcription in goat Leydig cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6706-6725. [PMID: 33598947 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is produced by Leydig cells (LCs) and undergoes diurnal changes in serum levels in rats, mice, and humans, but little is known in goats. The present study revealed that goat serum testosterone levels displayed diurnal rhythmic changes (peak time at ZT11.2). Immunohistochemical staining showed that BMAL1, a circadian clock protein, is highly expressed in goat LCs. ELISA revealed that both hCG (0-5 IU/ml) and 22R-OH-cholesterol (0-30 μM) addition stimulated testosterone synthesis in primary goat LCs in a dose-dependent manner. Treating goat LCs with hCG (5 IU/ml) significantly increased intracellular cAMP levels. Additionally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that the circadian clock (BMAL1, PER1, PER2, DBP, and NR1D1) and steroidogenesis-related genes (SF1, NUR77, StAR, HSD3B2, CYP17A1, CYP11A1, and HSD17B3) showed rhythmic expression patterns in goat LCs following dexamethasone synchronization. Several Bmal1-Luc circadian oscillations were clearly observed in dexamethasone-treated goat LCs transfected with the pLV6-Bmal1-Luc plasmid. BMAL1 knockdown significantly downregulated mRNA levels of PER2, NR1D1, DBP, StAR, HSD3B2, SF1, NUR77, and GATA4, and dramatically decreased StAR and HSD3B2 protein levels and testosterone production. In contrast, BMAL1 overexpression significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of StAR and HSD17B3 and enhanced testosterone production. Reporter assays revealed that goat BMAL1, or in combination with mouse CLOCK, activated goat HSD17B3 transcription in vitro. These data indicate that BMAL1 contributes to testosterone production by regulating transcription of steroidogenesis-related genes in goat LCs, providing a basis for further exploring the underlying mechanism by which the circadian clock regulates ruminant reproductive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Luda Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuimei Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manhui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongcong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hsu-Wen Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Bottalico LN, Weljie AM. Cross-species physiological interactions of endocrine disrupting chemicals with the circadian clock. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113650. [PMID: 33166531 PMCID: PMC7993548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are endocrine-active chemical pollutants that disrupt reproductive, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular and metabolic health across species. The circadian clock is a transcriptional oscillator responsible for entraining 24-hour rhythms of physiology, behavior and metabolism. Extensive bidirectional cross talk exists between circadian and endocrine systems and circadian rhythmicity is present at all levels of endocrine control, from synthesis and release of hormones, to sensitivity of target tissues to hormone action. In mammals, a range of hormones directly alter clock gene expression and circadian physiology via nuclear receptor (NR) binding and subsequent genomic action, modulating physiological processes such as nutrient and energy metabolism, stress response, reproductive physiology and circadian behavioral rhythms. The potential for EDCs to perturb circadian clocks or circadian-driven physiology is not well characterized. For this reason, we explore evidence for parallel endocrine and circadian disruption following EDC exposure across species. In the reviewed studies, EDCs dysregulated core clock and circadian rhythm network gene expression in brain and peripheral organs, and altered circadian reproductive, behavioral and metabolic rhythms. Circadian impacts occurred in parallel to endocrine and metabolic alterations such as impaired fertility and dysregulated metabolic and energetic homeostasis. Further research is warranted to understand the nature of interaction between circadian and endocrine systems in mediating physiological effects of EDC exposure at environmental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Bottalico
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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28
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Marinkovic DZ, Medar MLJ, Becin AP, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Growing Up Under Constant Light: A Challenge to the Endocrine Function of the Leydig Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:653602. [PMID: 33796081 PMCID: PMC8008111 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.653602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors influencing Leydig cell maturity and the acquisition of functional capacity are incompletely defined. Here we analyzed the constant light (LL) influence on Leydig cells' endocrine function during reproductive maturation. Rats were exposed to LL from P21 to P90. Data were collected at juvenile (P35), peri/pubertal (P42, P49), and adult (P90) stages of life. The results proved the effect of LL on rats' physiology by changing of bimodal voluntary activity pattern into free-running. Additionally, the peripheral clock in Leydig cells changed in LL condition, indicating disturbed rhythm: the positive element (Bmal1) increased in pre-/pubertal but decreased in the adult period, while negative elements (Per2 and Reverba) were increased. The effects of LL were most prominent in puberty: pituitary genes encoding gonadotropic hormones (Cga, Lhb, Fshb) decreased; serum corticosterone increased, while serum androgens and mass of testicular and sex accessory organs reduced; markers of Leydig cells maturity/differentiation (Insl3, Lhcgr) and steroidogenesis-related genes (Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1) decreased; the steroidogenic and energetic capacity of the Leydig cell mitochondria decreased; the mtDNA copy number reduced, and mitochondrial dynamics markers changed: fusion decreased (Opa1 and Mfn2), and mitophagy increased (Pink1). In adults, the negative effect of LL on mitochondrial function and steroidogenic capacity persists in adult Leydig cells while other parameters reached control values. Altogether, the results indicate that LL slows down Leydig cells' maturation by reducing the endocrine and energy capacity of cells leading to the delay of reproductive development.
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29
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Medar MLJ, Marinkovic DZ, Kojic Z, Becin AP, Starovlah IM, Kravic-Stevovic T, Andric SA, Kostic TS. Dependence of Leydig Cell's Mitochondrial Physiology on Luteinizing Hormone Signaling. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:life11010019. [PMID: 33396202 PMCID: PMC7824612 DOI: 10.3390/life11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the relationship between steroidogenesis and the regulation of the mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics, in steroidogenic cells, is not completely elucidated. Here we employed in vivo and ex vivo experimental models to analyze mitochondrial physiology in Leydig cells depending on the different LH-cAMP environments. Activation of LH-receptor in rat Leydig cells ex and in vivo triggered cAMP, increased oxygen consumption, mitoenergetic and steroidogenic activities. Increased mitoenergetic activity i.e., ATP production is achieved through augmented glycolytic ATP production and a small part of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Transcription of major genes responsible for mitochondrial dynamics was upregulated for Ppargc1a (regulator of mitogenesis and function) and downregulated for Drp1 (main fission marker), Prkn, Pink1 and Tfeb (mitophagy markers). Leydig cells from gonadotropin-treated rats show increased mitogenesis confirmed by increased mitochondrial mass, increased mtDNA, more frequent mitochondria observed by a transmission electron microscope and increased expression of subunits of respiratory proteins Cytc/CYTC and COX4. Opposite, Leydig cells from hypogonadotropic-hypogonadal rats characterized by low LH-cAMP, testosterone, and ATP production, reduced markers of mitogenesis and mitofusion (Mfn1/2, Opa1) associated with reduced mtDNA content. Altogether results underline LH-cAMP signaling as an important regulator of mitochondrial physiology arranging mitochondrial dynamics, bioenergetic and steroidogenic function in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija L. J. Medar
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.L.J.M.); (D.Z.M.); (A.P.B.); (I.M.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Dijana Z. Marinkovic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.L.J.M.); (D.Z.M.); (A.P.B.); (I.M.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Zvezdana Kojic
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Alisa P. Becin
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.L.J.M.); (D.Z.M.); (A.P.B.); (I.M.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Isidora M. Starovlah
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.L.J.M.); (D.Z.M.); (A.P.B.); (I.M.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Tamara Kravic-Stevovic
- Institute of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Silvana A. Andric
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.L.J.M.); (D.Z.M.); (A.P.B.); (I.M.S.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Tatjana S. Kostic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.L.J.M.); (D.Z.M.); (A.P.B.); (I.M.S.); (S.A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-63-514-716
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30
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Chustecka M, Blügental N, Majewski PM, Adamska I. 24 hour patterning in gene expression of pineal neurosteroid biosynthesis in young chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus L.). Chronobiol Int 2020; 38:46-60. [PMID: 32990093 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1823404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland, one of the three equivalent avian biological clock structures, is also the site of intensive neurosteroid synthesis (7α-hydroxypregnenolone and allopregnanolone). Pineal neurosteroid biosynthesis involves six enzymes: cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage - Cyp11a1 encoded, cytochrome P4507α - Cyp7b1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - Hsd3b2, 5α-reductase - Srd5a1, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - Akr1d1, and 5β-reductase - Srd5a3. Regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis is not fully understood; although it is known that the E4BP4 transcription factor induces activation of biosynthetic cholesterol genes, which are the targets for SREBP (element-binding protein transcription factor). SREBP principal activity in the pineal gland is suppression and inhibition of the Period2 canonical clock gene, suggesting our hypothesis that genes encoding enzymes involved in neurosteroidogenesis are under circadian clock control and are the Clock Control Genes (CCGs). Therefore, through investigation of daily changes in Cyp11a1, Cyp7b1, Hsd3b2, Akr1d1, Srd5a1, and Srd5a3, pineal genes were tested in vivo and in vitro, in cultured pinealocytes. Experiments were carried out on pineal glands taken from 16-day-old chickens in vivo or using in vitro cultures of pinealocytes collected from 16-day-old animals. Both the birds in the in vivo experiments and the pinealocytes were kept under controlled light conditions (LD 12:12) or in constant darkness (DD). Subsequently, materials were prepared for RT-qPCR analysis. Results revealed that three of the six tested genes: Cyp11a1, Cyp7b1, and Srd5a3 demonstrated significant 24-hour variation in in vivo and in vitro. Findings of this study confirm that these genes could be under clock control and satisfy many of the requirements to be identified as CCGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chustecka
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Blügental
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Marek Majewski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Adamska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Chen P, Zirkin BR, Chen H. Stem Leydig Cells in the Adult Testis: Characterization, Regulation and Potential Applications. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5610863. [PMID: 31673697 PMCID: PMC7753054 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deficiency (hypogonadism) affects males of all ages. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is effective in restoring serum testosterone and relieving symptoms. TRT, however, is reported to have possible adverse effects in part because administered testosterone is not produced in response to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Progress in stem cell biology offers potential alternatives for treating hypogonadism. Adult Leydig cells (ALCs) are generated by stem Leydig cells (SLCs) during puberty. SLCs persist in the adult testis. Considerable progress has been made in the identification, isolation, expansion and differentiation of SLCs in vitro. In addition to forming ALCs, SLCs are multipotent, with the ability to give rise to all 3 major cell lineages of typical mesenchymal stem cells, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Several regulatory factors, including Desert hedgehog and platelet-derived growth factor, have been reported to play key roles in the proliferation and differentiation of SLCs into the Leydig lineage. In addition, stem cells from several nonsteroidogenic sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mature fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord have been transdifferentiated into Leydig-like cells under a variety of induction protocols. ALCs generated from SLCs in vitro, as well as Leydig-like cells, have been successfully transplanted into ALC-depleted animals, restoring serum testosterone levels under HPG control. However, important questions remain, including: How long will the transplanted cells continue to function? Which induction protocol is safest and most effective? For translational purposes, more work is needed with primate cells, especially human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Barry R Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wang Y, Zheng W, Shan Y, Qiu L, Dong Y, Ni C, Li X, Huang T, Zhu Q, Lian Q, Ge RS. Flurbiprofen Inhibits Androgen Productions in Rat Immature Leydig Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1504-1514. [PMID: 31184881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flurbiprofen is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Whether flurbiprofen affects androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells is still unknown. Immature Leydig cells (ILCs) isolated from 35-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured with 0-100 μM flurbiprofen for 24 h and medium androgen levels and Leydig cell mRNA levels were measured. Immature Leydig cells were also incubated with 100 μM flurbiprofen for 3 h in combination with luteinizing hormone (LH), 8bromo-cAMP, 22R-OH-cholesterol, pregnenolone, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone, respectively, and medium androgen levels were measured. The ROS generation and apoptosis rate were also investigated. The direct effects of flurbiprofen on androgen biosynthetic and metabolizing enzyme activities were measured. Flurbiprofen significantly inhibited basal, LH, and 8bromo-cAMP stimulated androgen production at 10 and 100 μM. Further study demonstrated that flurbiprofen competitively inhibited rat and human testis 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B) activity with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.95 μM for rat enzyme and 6.31 μM for human enzyme. In addition, flurbiprofen down-regulated the expression of Srd5a1 and Akr1c14 at 1, 10, and 100 μM. Flurbiprofen also down-regulated Lhcgr expression at 100 μM. Flurbiprofen at 10 and 100 μM increased ROS production and apoptosis rate of rat Leydig cells. In conclusion, flurbiprofen directly inhibits HSD3B activity and the expression levels of Srd5a1 and Akr1c14 in rat Leydig cells, thus leading to the reduction of androgen secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- Department of Pathology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou 550001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Dong
- Department of Pathology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , People's Republic of China
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