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Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Otsubo M, Sase K, Tsukahara C, Fujita N, Arizono I, Tokuda N, Kitaoka Y. Axonal protection by combination of ripasudil and brimonidine with upregulation of p-AMPK in TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:173. [PMID: 38598101 PMCID: PMC11006787 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ROCK inhibitor ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate was shown to have axonal protective effects in TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. The α2-adrenoreceptor agonist brimonidine was also shown to exert axonal protection. The current study aimed to elucidate whether additive axonal protection was achieved by the simultaneous injection of ripasudil and brimonidine and examine the association with AMPK activation. METHODS Intravitreal administration was performed in the following groups: PBS, TNF, or TNF with ripasudil, with brimonidine, or with a combination of ripasudil and brimonidine. Axon numbers were counted to evaluate the effects against axon loss. Immunoblot analysis was performed to examine phosphorylated AMPK expression in optic nerves, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the expression levels of p-AMPK and neurofilament in the optic nerve. RESULTS Both ripasudil alone or brimonidine alone resulted in significant neuroprotection against TNF-induced axon loss. The combination of ripasudil and brimonidine showed additive protective effects. Combined ripasudil and brimonidine plus TNF significantly upregulated p-AMPK levels in the optic nerve compared with the TNF groups. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that p-AMPK is present in axons and enhanced by combination therapy. CONCLUSION The combination of ripasudil and brimonidine may have additive protective effects compared with single-agent treatment alone. These protective effects may be at least partially associated with AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Otsubo
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-Ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kaswasaki, Japan.
| | - Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kaswasaki, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kaswasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kaswasaki, Japan
| | - Ibuki Arizono
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-Ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kaswasaki, Japan
| | - Naoto Tokuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kaswasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-Ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kaswasaki, Japan
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3
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Kitaoka Y, Sase K. Molecular aspects of optic nerve autophagy in glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101217. [PMID: 37839231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The optic nerve consists of the glia, vessels, and axons including myelin and axoplasm. Since axonal degeneration precedes retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma, the preceding axonal degeneration model may be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanisms of optic nerve degeneration. Optic nerve samples from these models can provide information on several aspects of autophagy. Autophagosomes, the most typical organelles expressing autophagy, are found much more frequently inside axons than around the glia. Thus, immunoblot findings from the optic nerve can reflect the autophagy state in axons. Autophagic flux impairment may occur in degenerating optic nerve axons, as in other central nervous system neurodegenerative diseases. Several molecular candidates are involved in autophagy enhancement, leading to axonal protection. This concept is an attractive approach to the prevention of further retinal ganglion cell death. In this review, we describe the factors affecting autophagy, including nicotinamide riboside, p38, ULK, AMPK, ROCK, and SIRT1, in the optic nerve and propose potential methods of axonal protection via enhancement of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
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4
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Wong NK, Yip SP, Huang CL. Establishing Functional Retina in a Dish: Progress and Promises of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Retinal Neuron Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13652. [PMID: 37686457 PMCID: PMC10487913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eye plays a critical role in vision perception, but various retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to vision loss or blindness. Although progress has been made in understanding retinal development and in clinical research, current treatments remain inadequate for curing or reversing these degenerative conditions. Animal models have limited relevance to humans, and obtaining human eye tissue samples is challenging due to ethical and legal considerations. Consequently, researchers have turned to stem cell-based approaches, specifically induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to generate distinct retinal cell populations and develop cell replacement therapies. iPSCs offer a novel platform for studying the key stages of human retinogenesis and disease-specific mechanisms. Stem cell technology has facilitated the production of diverse retinal cell types, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and photoreceptors, and the development of retinal organoids has emerged as a valuable in vitro tool for investigating retinal neuron differentiation and modeling retinal diseases. This review focuses on the protocols, culture conditions, and techniques employed in differentiating retinal neurons from iPSCs. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of molecular and functional validation of the differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonthaphat Kent Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Subramani M, Van Hook MJ, Ahmad I. Reproducible generation of human retinal ganglion cells from banked retinal progenitor cells: analysis of target recognition and IGF-1-mediated axon regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1214104. [PMID: 37519299 PMCID: PMC10373790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1214104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a common feature in glaucoma, a complex group of diseases, leading to irreversible vision loss. Stem cell-based glaucoma disease modeling, cell replacement, and axon regeneration are viable approaches to understand mechanisms underlying glaucomatous degeneration for neuroprotection, ex vivo stem cell therapy, and therapeutic regeneration. These approaches require direct and facile generation of human RGCs (hRGCs) from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we demonstrate a method for rapid generation of hRGCs from banked human pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs) by recapitulating the developmental mechanism. The resulting hRGCs are stable, functional, and transplantable and have the potential for target recognition, demonstrating their suitability for both ex vivo stem cell approaches to glaucomatous degeneration and disease modeling. Additionally, we demonstrate that hRGCs derived from banked hRPCs are capable of regenerating their axons through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism involving insulin-like growth factor 1 and the mTOR axis, demonstrating their potential to identify and characterize the underlying mechanism(s) that can be targeted for therapeutic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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6
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Wu S, Mo X. Optic Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potentials and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021447. [PMID: 36674963 PMCID: PMC9865663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular compilation of diabetes, is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Recent studies indicate that retinal neuron impairment occurs before any noticeable vascular changes in DR, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is one of the earliest signs. Axons of RGCs have little capacity to regenerate after injury, clinically leading the visual functional defects to become irreversible. In the past two decades, tremendous progress has been achieved to enable RGC axon regeneration in animal models of optic nerve injury, which holds promise for neural repair and visual restoration in DR. This review summarizes these advances and discusses the potential and challenges for developing optic nerve regeneration strategies treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-64377134
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7
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Kurysheva NI, Kim VY, Kim VE, Pliyeva HM. [The value of lamina cribrosa in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. Remodeling of lamina cribrosa collagen and approaches to its therapeutic treatment]. Vestn Oftalmol 2023; 139:121-126. [PMID: 37638582 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2023139041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Among the first structures suffering damage with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) and in early stage of glaucoma are the lamina cribrosa (LC) and peripapillary sclera (ppScl). Changes in these structures occur at the molecular and cellular level. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is the basis of connective tissue, provides mechanical support for the cells, facilitates intercellular interactions and transport of chemicals, including in LC and ppScl. Mechanical stress causes remodeling and disorganization of the ECM, which leads to changes in the structure of the tissue itself, an increase in its rigidity and a decrease in elasticity. Taking into account the molecular and cellular mechanisms of damage to LC and ppScl, various researchers have developed strategies and tactics for therapeutic intervention on these structures, contributing to a decrease in ECM secretion and, as a consequence, suspension of their remodeling. These approaches may in the future form the basis for the treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Yu Kim
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - V E Kim
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - H M Pliyeva
- Medical Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Mah KM, Wu W, Al-Ali H, Sun Y, Han Q, Ding Y, Muñoz M, Xu XM, Lemmon VP, Bixby JL. Compounds co-targeting kinases in axon regulatory pathways promote regeneration and behavioral recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114117. [PMID: 35588791 PMCID: PMC9443329 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) and other central nervous system (CNS) trauma is hampered by limits on axonal regeneration in the CNS. Regeneration is restricted by the lack of neuron-intrinsic regenerative capacity and by the repressive microenvironment confronting damaged axons. To address this challenge, we have developed a therapeutic strategy that co-targets kinases involved in both extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory pathways. Prior work identified a kinase inhibitor (RO48) with advantageous polypharmacology (co-inhibition of targets including ROCK2 and S6K1), which promoted CNS axon growth in vitro and corticospinal tract (CST) sprouting in a mouse pyramidotomy model. We now show that RO48 promotes neurite growth from sensory neurons and a variety of CNS neurons in vitro, and promotes CST sprouting and/or regeneration in multiple mouse models of spinal cord injury. Notably, these in vivo effects of RO48 were seen in several independent experimental series performed in distinct laboratories at different times. Finally, in a cervical dorsal hemisection model, RO48 not only promoted growth of CST axons beyond the lesion, but also improved behavioral recovery in the rotarod, gridwalk, and pellet retrieval tasks. Our results provide strong evidence for RO48 as an effective compound to promote axon growth and regeneration. Further, they point to strategies for increasing robustness of interventions in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Dept of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Melissa Muñoz
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - John L Bixby
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Dept of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dept of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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9
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Thomas NM, Nagrale P. Rho Kinase Inhibitors as a Neuroprotective Pharmacological Intervention for the Treatment of Glaucoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e28445. [PMID: 36176819 PMCID: PMC9512308 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and its prevalence has led to research into treatment modalities for glaucoma to prevent the progression of the disease. The primary treatment for glaucoma that has been extensively used is ocular hypotensives to reduce raised intraocular pressure. This treatment has its drawbacks due to the existence of other variants of glaucoma, such as normal-tension glaucoma, where the intraocular pressure is measured to be within regular levels. Hence, there is a need for new treatment interventions which can deliver a better prognosis for glaucoma. Neuroprotection is a new concept studied recently, and neuroprotective agents are being developed for glaucoma therapy. Rho kinase inhibitors are one such neuroprotective agent, and the most recent addition to the class of ocular hypotensives, where they function by reducing raised intraocular pressure. Its neuroprotective capabilities, such as cell survival and axon regeneration, are yet to be determined in detail. This literature review article aims to look into the need for new treatments such as neuroprotection to prevent the progression of glaucoma and the efficacy of rho kinase inhibitors in the treatment of glaucoma, with particular emphasis on its neuroprotective abilities. It also aims to identify the limitations that can occur while approaching neuroprotective therapy, as well as how it can enable future treatment modalities. By exploring this field, blindness caused by progressive glaucoma can be halted and managed by glaucoma therapy.
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10
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Martín-Cámara O, Arribas M, Wells G, Morales-Tenorio M, Martín-Requero Á, Porras G, Martínez A, Giorgi G, López-Alvarado P, Lastres-Becker I, Menéndez JC. Multitarget Hybrid Fasudil Derivatives as a New Approach to the Potential Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1867-1882. [PMID: 34985276 PMCID: PMC9132363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid compounds containing structural fragments of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil and the NRF2 inducers caffeic and ferulic acids were designed with the aid of docking and molecular mechanics studies. Following the synthesis of the compounds using a peptide-coupling methodology, they were characterized for their ROCK2 inhibition, radical scavenging, effects on cell viability (MTT assay), and NRF2 induction (luciferase assay). One of the compounds (1d) was selected in view of its good multitarget profile and good tolerability. It was able to induce the NRF2 signature, promoting the expression of the antioxidant response enzymes HO-1 and NQO1, via a KEAP1-dependent mechanism. Analysis of mRNA and protein levels of the NRF2 pathway showed that 1d induced the NRF2 signature in control and SOD1-ALS lymphoblasts but not in sALS, where it was already increased in the basal state. These results show the therapeutic potential of this compound, especially for ALS patients with a SOD1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olmo Martín-Cámara
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Arribas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Morales-Tenorio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Porras
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgio Giorgi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Alvarado
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lastres-Becker
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Kurysheva NI. [Neuroprotective properties of latanoprost]. Vestn Oftalmol 2022; 138:126-134. [PMID: 36004601 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Latanoprost - an ester prodrug of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) - was the first prostaglandin analogue used to treat glaucoma. The review shows that latanoprost possesses direct neuroprotective properties such as blocking the entry of calcium ions into neurons and inhibiting the action of caspase-3, inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase and activation of polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) and Klotho protein. It is emphasized that when the drug is instilled into the eye, the concentration of the drug inside the vitreous body is twice as high as what is required to ensure the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical and Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
- Ophthalmological Center of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Singh A, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Mani V, Alsubayiel AM, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Exploring the therapeutic promise of targeting Rho kinase in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1641-1651. [PMID: 34704172 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent systemic autoimmune disease caused by dysregulated inflammatory reactions, T lymphocyte invasion into the joints, and articular thickening. Immune cells, primarily tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and chemokines (interleukin or IL-1), which are predominantly generated by activated macrophages cells, have also been involved with the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rho GTPases are integral factors of biochemical cascades utilized by antigens, and also by cellular receptors, cytokines, and chemokines, to modulate inflammatory reactions, according to growing data. The Rho family is a group of G proteins that govern a variety of biological and physiological activities such as mobility, actin stress fiber production, growth, and polarity. Research suggests that the Rho A and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) regulatory cascade could be essential in several autoimmune conditions, including RA. ROCK is activated in the synovial of rheumatoid arthritis patients, while the blocking of ROCK with fasudil could also decrease IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1. This review covers current developments in understanding the overactivation of Rho enzyme activity in RA suppressed by ROCK inhibitors which can be utilized for the treatment of autoimmune disease. We offer an outline of the function of ROCK inhibitors in immune cells and discuss findings which emphasize the rising participation of this category of kinases within the pathological process of autoimmune disorders. Assuming the potential ability of ROCK as a therapeutic, we define approaches that might be used to inhibit Rho kinase activity in rheumatoid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Alsubayiel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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13
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Lin YE, Chen YC, Lu KH, Huang YJ, Panyod S, Liu WT, Yang SH, Lu YS, Chen MH, Sheen LY. Antidepressant-like effects of water extract of Cordyceps militaris (Linn.) Link by modulation of ROCK2/PTEN/Akt signaling in an unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced animal model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114194. [PMID: 33974945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Cordyceps militaris (Linn.) Link (CM) is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in tonics for treating several neurological disorders, including epilepsy and anxiety, in Asia. Reports have shown that CM has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects and may be beneficial for depression management. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the potential of CM as an antidepressant for a long-term unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) rodent models and explore its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were orally administered with 125 (low, L), 250 (medium, M), and 500 (high, H) mg/kg bodyweight (bw) of the water extract of CM (WCM) for 35 consecutive days in the UCMS protocol. The levels of cerebral serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and metabolites in the frontal cortex of the rats were measured. Blood was collected to investigate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and the brain was dissected to assay the stress-associated ROCK2/PTEN/Akt signaling. RESULTS All doses of the WCM prevented abnormal behaviors induced by UCMS, including anhedonia and hypoactivity. The LWCM treatment reduced the turnover rate of 5-HT, and all doses of the WCM reduced the turnover rate of DA in the frontal cortex. The LWCM also attenuated the elevation of serum IL-1β induced by chronic stress. All doses of the WCM attenuated the ROCK2 protein hyperactivation, and the LWCM further increased the down-regulation of p-Akt/Akt signaling. CONCLUSION The WCM has antidepressant-like effects, which may result from the regulation of the stress-related ROCK2/PTEN/Akt pathway. Therefore, the WCM may be developed and used for the complementary treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ju Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hui Yang
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Sheng Lu
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Hsing Chen
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Quadir H, Hakobyan K, Gaddam M, Ojinnaka U, Ahmed Z, Kannan A, Mostafa JA. Role of Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibition As Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson's Disease: Dopaminergic Survival and Enhanced Mitophagy. Cureus 2021; 13:e16973. [PMID: 34377615 PMCID: PMC8349301 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTP-binding protein, Rho, plays a significant role in the cellular pathology of Parkinson’s disease. The downstream effector of Rho, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), performs several functions, including microglial inflammatory response and enhanced Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Its inhibition shows neuroprotective effects in carried studies. Parkinson’s disease pathology also rests on incomplete removal of damaged mitochondria, leading to neuronal impairment. ROCK has different isoforms, inhibition of which have been shown to decrease the adverse changes in microglia. There has also been evidence of a decreased release of inflammatory cytokines and a reduction in degradation of dopaminergic neurons on the addition of ROCK inhibitors. Additionally, ROCK inhibitors have recently been shown to increase the activity of hexokinase 2 (HK2), relocating it to mitochondria, and therefore leading to upregulated mitochondrial targeting. Understanding the cellular basis of ROCK activity and its inhibition may help us advance in creating new strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Quadir
- Internal Medicine/Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Knkush Hakobyan
- Diagnostic Radiology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mrunanjali Gaddam
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ugochi Ojinnaka
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Zubayer Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Amudhan Kannan
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND.,General Surgery Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jihan A Mostafa
- Faculty Member, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, California, USA
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15
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Abstract
The damage or loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons accounts for the visual functional defects observed after traumatic injury, in degenerative diseases such as glaucoma, or in compressive optic neuropathies such as from optic glioma. By using optic nerve crush injury models, recent studies have revealed the cellular and molecular logic behind the regenerative failure of injured RGC axons in adult mammals and suggested several strategies with translational potential. This review summarizes these findings and discusses challenges for developing clinically applicable neural repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94303, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Shan SW, Do CW, Lam TC, Li HL, Stamer WD, To CH. Thrombospondin-1 mediates Rho-kinase inhibitor-induced increase in outflow-facility. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8226-8238. [PMID: 34180057 PMCID: PMC9292191 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rho‐kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, a novel class of anti‐glaucoma agents, act by increasing the aqueous humor outflow through the conventional trabecular meshwork pathway. However, the downstream signaling consequences of the ROCK inhibitor are not completely understood. Our data show that Y39983, a selective ROCK inhibitor, could induce filamentous actin remodeling, reduced cell motility (as measured by cell migration), and transepithelial resistance in primary human TM (hTM) cells. After 2 days Y39983 treatment of hTM cells, a proteomic study identified 20 proteins whose expression was significantly altered. Pathway analysis of those proteins revealed the involvement of the p53 pathway, integrin signaling pathway, and cytoskeletal pathway regulation by Rho GTPase. Thrombospondin‐1 (TSP1), a matricellular protein that is increased in glaucoma patients, was downregulated fivefold following Y39983 treatment. More importantly, both TSP1 antagonist leucine–serine–lysine–leucine (LSKL) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced TSP1 gene and protein expressions as well as hTM cell migration. In the presence of Y39983, no further inhibition of cell migration resulted after LSKL and TSP1 siRNA knockdown. Likewise, LSKL triggered a dose‐dependent increase in outflow facility in ex vivo mouse eyes, to a similar extent as Y39983 (83.8% increase by Y39983 vs. 71.2% increase by LSKL at 50 µM). There were no additive effects with simultaneous treatment with LSKL and Y39983, supporting the notion that the effects of ROCK inhibition were mediated by TSP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Wan Shan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Do
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, China.,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hoi-Lam Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, China
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17
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The role of PGS/PCL scaffolds in promoting differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into retinal ganglion cells. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:238-248. [PMID: 33771718 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The stem cell-based retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) replacement therapy offers a potential to restore vision in progressive optic neuropathies including glaucoma by replacing degenerated RGCs and by simulating axonal regeneration. Injured optic nerve axons do not regenerate owing to the limited intrinsic capacity of the neurons and the inhibitory environment at the injury site. Polymeric tissue scaffolds are able to modulate the physical environment while providing structural support for transplanted cells, however, their application specific to the RGC generation has been far from conclusive. The successful generation of clinically safe and functional RGCs that can appropriately integrate into the hosts' retinas still remain largely unresolved. Our study reports on a process that enables generation of RGCs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that is simple, straightforward and repeatable and, investigates the influence of the aligned poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold on this differentiation process. Our findings demonstrate that PGS/PCL scaffold promotes differentiation of hESCs into RGC-like cells possibly by the simulation of cell active environmental signalling and, facilitates the growth of RGCs neurites along their lengths. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Glaucoma can lead to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with consequential vision loss. RGCs are incapable of self-renewal, replacement of diseased RGCs with healthy cells has been a goal to restore vision in glaucoma patients. In this regard, stem cell RGC replacement therapy has been shown to improve vision in animal models of glaucoma, which could be facilitated by using tissue-engineered polymeric scaffolds. In this study, we generated homogenous stem cell-derived RGCs via a straightforward differentiation protocol and evaluated the effects of PGS/PCL scaffold on RGCs differentiation and growth of RGCs neurites. Our study contributes to the knowledge on how biomaterial scaffolds are able to support the regeneration of RGC neurites (i.e., axons or dendrites) as a part of a possible future clinical therapy for the treatment of glaucoma.
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18
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Advances in Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Optic Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094616. [PMID: 33924833 PMCID: PMC8125313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder due to the dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGCs function as the only output neurons conveying the detected light information from the retina to the brain, which is a bottleneck of vision formation. RGCs in mammals cannot regenerate if injured, and RGC subtypes differ dramatically in their ability to survive and regenerate after injury. Recently, novel RGC subtypes and markers have been uncovered in succession. Meanwhile, apart from great advances in RGC axon regeneration, some degree of experimental RGC regeneration has been achieved by the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells or in vivo somatic cell reprogramming, which provides insights into the future therapy of myriad neurodegenerative disorders. Further approaches to the combination of different factors will be necessary to develop efficacious future therapeutic strategies to promote ultimate axon and RGC regeneration and functional vision recovery following injury.
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19
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Zhang S, Liu B, Zhu H, Jin H, Gong Z, Qiu H, Xu M, Chen M, Nan K, Wu W. A Novel Rat Model with Long Range Optic Nerve Injury to Study Retinal Ganglion Cells Endogenous Regeneration. Neuroscience 2021; 465:71-84. [PMID: 33895340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, axon regeneration is limited within the lesion site after injury to the optic nerve. Changes in the microenvironment of lesion sites play an important role in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) axon regeneration along with other intrinsic factors. In this study, the effect of the lesion site on the microenvironment and axon growth was evaluated using a refined optic nerve crush (ONC) injury model, in which the injury range was extended compared to classical injury. The number of regenerated axons labeled anterogradely with cholera toxin B fragment (CTB) was significantly increased in the long-range crush injury (LI) group compared to the ONC group at distances of 500, 1000 and 1500 µm from the initial site of the injury. These data confirmed that RGC axons can regenerate inside the lesion site. Immunofluorescence and proteomic analysis showed that the microenvironment at the lesion site was highly heterogeneous. The levels of myelin-associated inhibitors, chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and other axon growth inhibitors decreased inside the lesion site compared to the posterior segment of the optic nerve lesion site. The expression of multiple lysosome-related enzymes, metabolic inhibitors including cholesterol esterase, cathepsin B, D, Z and arylsulfatase B (ARSB) were significantly increased inside the lesion site for the LI group compared to the normal optic nerves. Our results suggest that the model of long range optic nerve injury is more useful towards understanding the lesion microenvironment and the endogenous regeneration of RGCs. Also, we showed that myelin and neurocan (a CSPG) are differently expressed in the optic nerve between the interior and posterior lesion sites and may explain why axons cannot reach the brain through the lesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Haochen Jin
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zan Gong
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Haijun Qiu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Mingna Xu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, China
| | - Kaihui Nan
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Wencan Wu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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20
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Samelska K, Zaleska-Żmijewska A, Bałan B, Grąbczewski A, Szaflik JP, Kubiak AJ, Skopiński P. Immunological and molecular basics of the primary open angle glaucoma pathomechanism. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:111-117. [PMID: 33897292 PMCID: PMC8056342 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a degenerative process of the optic nerve. Increased intraocular pressure is believed to be the main factor leading to the glaucomatous damage. The in vitro and in vivo animal glaucoma research models provide insight into the molecular changes in the retina in response to the injury factor. The damage is a complex process incorporating molecular and immunological changes. Such changes involve NF kB activity and complement activation. The processes affect the human antigen, JNK, MAPK, p53, MT2 and DBA/2J molecular pathways, activate the autophagy processes and compromise neuroprotective mechanisms. Activation and inhibition of immunological responses contribute to cell injury. The immunological mechanisms of glaucomatous degeneration include glial response, the complement, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) pathways and toll-like receptors athways. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity are factors contributing to cell death in glaucoma. The authors present an up-to-date review of the mechanisms involved and update on research focusing on a possible innovative glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Samelska
- SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zaleska-Żmijewska
- SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Bałan
- Department of Immunology Biochemistry and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Paweł Szaflik
- SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Skopiński
- SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Harre J, Heinkele L, Steffens M, Warnecke A, Lenarz T, Just I, Rohrbeck A. Potentiation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Protection of Spiral Ganglion Neurons by C3 Exoenzyme/Rho Inhibitor. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:602897. [PMID: 33776650 PMCID: PMC7991574 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.602897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of the excitability of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) may contribute to an improved speech perception after cochlear implantation. Thus, the application of exogenous neurotrophic factors such as the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to increase SGN survival in vitro and in vivo is a promising pharmacological approach in cochlear implant (CI) research. Due to the difficult pharmacokinetic profile of proteins such as BDNF, there is a quest for small molecules to mediate the survival of SGN or to increase the efficacy of BDNF. The C3 exoenzyme from Clostridium botulinum could be a potential new candidate for the protection and regeneration of SGN. Inhibition of the RhoA GTPase pathway which can be mediated by C3 is described as a promising strategy to enhance axonal regeneration and to exert pro-survival signals in neurons. Nanomolar concentrations of C3, its enzymatically inactive form C3E174Q, and a 26mer C-terminal peptide fragment covering amino acid 156–181 (C3156-181) potentiated the neuroprotective effect on SGN mediated by BDNF in vitro. The neuroprotective effect of C3/BDNF was reduced to the neuroprotective effect of BDNF alone after the treatment with wortmannin, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K).The exoenzyme C3 (wild-type and enzyme-deficient) and the C3 peptide fragment C3154–181 present novel biologically active compounds for the protection of the SGN. The exact underlying intracellular mechanisms that mediate the neuroprotective effect are not clarified yet, but the combination of BDNF (TrkB stimulation) and C3 exoenzyme (RhoA inhibition) can be used to protect SGN in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Harre
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Heinkele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Steffens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Drummond NJ, Singh Dolt K, Canham MA, Kilbride P, Morris GJ, Kunath T. Cryopreservation of Human Midbrain Dopaminergic Neural Progenitor Cells Poised for Neuronal Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578907. [PMID: 33224948 PMCID: PMC7674628 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons by directing cells through a floor plate progenitor stage. The developmental identity of mDA neurons produced using floor plate protocols is similar to substantia nigra neurons, and this has improved the ability to model Parkinson's disease (PD) in a dish. Combined with the unlimited growth potential of pluripotent stem cells, mDA neural progenitor cell production can provide a scalable source of human dopaminergic (DA) neurons for diverse applications. However, due to the complexity and length of the protocols and inherent differences between cell lines, considerable variability of the final population of neurons is often observed. One solution to this problem is to cryopreserve committed mDA neural progenitor cells in a ready-to-use format. Creating a bank of cryopreserved mDA neural progenitor cells poised for neuronal differentiation could significantly improve reproducibility and facilitate collaborations. Here we have compared six (6) different commercial cryopreservation media and different freezing conditions for mDA neural progenitor cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. Significant differences in cell recovery were observed at 24 h post-thawing, but no differences were observed immediately upon thawing. The presence of ROCK inhibitors improved cell recovery at 24 h for all cryopreservation media tested. A faster cooling rate of 1-2°C/min was significantly better than 0.5°C/min for all conditions tested, while rapid thawing at 37°C was not always superior to slow thawing at 4°C. Importantly, cryopreservation of mDA neural progenitor cells did not alter their potential to resume differentiation into mDA neurons. Banks of cryopreserved committed mDA neural progenitor cells provide a method to generate human DA neurons with reduced batch-to-batch variability, and establish a mechanism to share lineage-primed cells for collaborative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Drummond
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karamjit Singh Dolt
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice A. Canham
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Tilo Kunath,
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23
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Marín-Ramos NI, Pérez-Hernández M, Tam A, Swenson SD, Cho HY, Thein TZ, Hofman FM, Chen TC. Inhibition of motility by NEO100 through the calpain-1/RhoA pathway. J Neurosurg 2020; 133:1020-1031. [PMID: 31419797 DOI: 10.3171/2019.5.jns19798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor with a high rate of tumor recurrence, and it often develops resistance over time to current standard of care chemotherapy. Its highly invasive nature plays an essential role in tumor progression and recurrence. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a subpopulation of glioma cells highly resistant to treatments and are considered responsible for tumor recurrence. METHODS Patient-derived populations of GSCs were analyzed by western blot, MTT, and cytoplasmic calcium labeling to determine the cytotoxicity of NEO100. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate the levels of NEO100 in the cell culture supernatants. The effects of the compound on GSC motility were studied using Boyden chamber migration, 3D spheroid migration and invasion assays, and an mRNA expression PCR array. A RhoA activation assay, western blot, and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to confirm the signaling pathways involved. Intracranial implantation of GSCs in athymic mice was used to evaluate the effects of NEO100 in vivo on tumor progression and overall survival. RESULTS Here, the authors show how NEO100, a highly purified good manufacturing practices-quality form of perillyl alcohol, is cytotoxic for different subtypes of GSCs, regardless of the mechanisms of DNA repair present. At doses similar to the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values, NEO100 induces ER stress and activates apoptotic pathways in all GSC populations tested. At subcytotoxic doses in the micromolar range, NEO100 blocks migration and invasion of GSCs. These results correlate with a decrease in calpain-1 expression and an increase in RhoA activation, leading to enhanced contractility of the GSCs. In addition, NEO100 blocks the activation of the kinases Src, p42/44 MAPK, Akt, and Stat3, all related to cell proliferation and migration. Intranasal administration of NEO100 in mice with GSC-derived intracranial tumors led to a decrease in tumor progression and a 32% increase in overall survival. Immunostaining studies showed that NEO100 induces apoptosis and reduces GSC invasion in vivo. CONCLUSIONS NEO100 could have significant value targeting GSCs and could be used for GBM therapy as either monotherapy or a coadjuvant therapy during temozolomide rest cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florence M Hofman
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 2Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 2Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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24
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Li B, Xu Y, Quan Y, Cai Q, Le Y, Ma T, Liu Z, Wu G, Wang F, Bao C, Li H. Inhibition of RhoA/ROCK Pathway in the Early Stage of Hypoxia Ameliorates Depression in Mice via Protecting Myelin Sheath. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2705-2716. [PMID: 32667781 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity and connectivity in the central nervous system (CNS) are easily damaged after hypoxia. Long-term exposure to an anoxic environment can lead to neuropsychiatric symptoms and increases the likelihood of depression. Demyelination is an important lesion of CNS injury that may occur in depression. Previous studies have found that the RhoA/ROCK pathway is upregulated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the chief aim of this study is to explore the regulatory role of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in the development of depression after hypoxia by behavioral tests, Western blotting, immunostaining as well as electron microscopy. Results showed that HIF-1α, S100β, RhoA/ROCK, and immobility time in FST were increased, sucrose water preference ratio in SPT was decreased, and the aberrant activity of neurocyte and demyelination occurred after hypoxia. After the administration of Y-27632 and fluoxetine in hypoxia, these alterations were improved. Lingo1, a negative regulatory factor, was also overexpressed after hypoxia and its expression was decreased when the pathway blocked. However, fluoxetine had no effect on the expression of Lingo1. Then, we demonstrated that demyelination was associated with failures of oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and increased apoptosis of oligodendrocytes. Collectively, our data indicate that the RhoA/ROCK pathway plays a vital role in the initial depression during hypoxia. Blocking this pathway in the early stage of hypoxia can enhance the effectiveness of antidepressants, rescue myelin damage, and reduce the expression of the negative regulatory protein of myelination. The findings provide new insight into the prophylaxis and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichuan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong Quan
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yifan Le
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guangyan Wu
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chuncha Bao
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Teaching Experiment Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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25
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Protective Effects of Intravitreal Injection of the Rho-Kinase Inhibitor Y-27632 in a Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rAION). J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:1485425. [PMID: 32724667 PMCID: PMC7366220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1485425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We sought to explore the effects of intravitreal injection of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION). Methods The rAION model was established by using laser-induced photoactivation of intravenously administered Rose Bengal in rats. The rats received intravitreal injections of Y-27632 or PBS 1, 3, and 6 days after rAION induction. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed at 2 days and 4 weeks after induction. Visual evoked potential (VEP) was used to evaluate the visual function at 4 weeks. Brn3a immunofluorescence staining of surviving RGCs and apoptosis assays of RGCs were performed at 4 weeks. Results Optic nerve head (ONH) width was significantly reduced in the Y-27632 group compared with that in the PBS group at 2 days after induction (p < 0.05). At 4 weeks, the P1 amplitude of flash-VEP (FVEP) in the Y-27632 group was significantly higher than that of the PBS group (p < 0.05). The RGC densities in the central and midperipheral retinas in the Y-27632 group were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in apoptotic RGCs in the Y-27632 group than in the PBS group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Intravitreal injection of Y-27632 had neuroprotective effects on ONH edema, RGC survival, and visual function preservation in rAION.
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26
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Huang T, Li H, Zhang S, Liu F, Wang D, Xu J. Nrn1 Overexpression Attenuates Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis, Promotes Axonal Regeneration, and Improves Visual Function Following Optic Nerve Crush in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:66-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Yin Y, De Lima S, Gilbert HY, Hanovice NJ, Peterson SL, Sand RM, Sergeeva EG, Wong KA, Xie L, Benowitz LI. Optic nerve regeneration: A long view. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 37:525-544. [PMID: 31609715 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The optic nerve conveys information about the outside world from the retina to multiple subcortical relay centers. Until recently, the optic nerve was widely believed to be incapable of re-growing if injured, with dire consequences for victims of traumatic, ischemic, or neurodegenerative diseases of this pathway. Over the past 10-20 years, research from our lab and others has made considerable progress in defining factors that normally suppress axon regeneration and the ability of retinal ganglion cells, the projection neurons of the retina, to survive after nerve injury. Here we describe research from our lab on the role of inflammation-derived growth factors, suppression of inter-cellular signals among diverse retinal cell types, and combinatorial therapies, along with related studies from other labs, that enable animals with optic nerve injury to regenerate damaged retinal axons back to the brain. These studies raise the possibility that vision might one day be restored to people with optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yin
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silmara De Lima
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui-Ya Gilbert
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hanovice
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheri L Peterson
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rheanna M Sand
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Wong
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lili Xie
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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So S, Lee Y, Choi J, Kang S, Lee JY, Hwang J, Shin J, Dutton JR, Seo EJ, Lee BH, Kim CJ, Mitalipov S, Oh SJ, Kang E. The Rho-associated kinase inhibitor fasudil can replace Y-27632 for use in human pluripotent stem cell research. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233057. [PMID: 32396545 PMCID: PMC7217428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor survival of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) following freezing, thawing, or passaging hinders the maintenance and differentiation of stem cells. Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) play a crucial role in hPSC survival. To date, a typical ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, has been the primary agent used in hPSC research. Here, we report that another ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, can be used as an alternative and is cheaper than Y-27632. It increased hPSC growth following thawing and passaging, like Y-27632, and did not affect pluripotency, differentiation ability, and chromosome integrity. Furthermore, fasudil promoted retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) differentiation and the survival of neural crest cells (NCCs) during differentiation. It was also useful for single-cell passaging of hPSCs and during aggregation. These findings suggest that fasudil can replace Y-27632 for use in stem research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun So
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Choi
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoon Kang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Hwang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Shin
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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29
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Ahmad I, Teotia P, Erickson H, Xia X. Recapitulating developmental mechanisms for retinal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100824. [PMID: 31843569 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of specific retinal neurons in diseases like glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Currently, there is no therapy to modify the disease-associated degenerative changes. With the advancement in our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate the development of the vertebrate retina, the approach to treat blinding diseases through regenerative medicine appears a near possibility. Recapitulation of developmental mechanisms is critical for reproducibly generating cells in either 2D or 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells for retinal repair and disease modeling. It is the key for unlocking the neurogenic potential of Müller glia in the adult retina for therapeutic regeneration. Here, we examine the current status and potential of the regenerative medicine approach for the retina in the backdrop of developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Helen Erickson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
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30
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Roig-Puiggros S, Vigouroux RJ, Beckman D, Bocai NI, Chiou B, Davimes J, Gomez G, Grassi S, Hoque A, Karikari TK, Kiffer F, Lopez M, Lunghi G, Mazengenya P, Meier S, Olguín-Albuerne M, Oliveira MM, Paraíso-Luna J, Pradhan J, Radiske A, Ramos-Hryb AB, Ribeiro MC, Schellino R, Selles MC, Singh S, Theotokis P, Chédotal A. Construction and reconstruction of brain circuits: normal and pathological axon guidance. J Neurochem 2019; 153:10-32. [PMID: 31630412 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perception of our environment entirely depends on the close interaction between the central and peripheral nervous system. In order to communicate each other, both systems must develop in parallel and in coordination. During development, axonal projections from the CNS as well as the PNS must extend over large distances to reach their appropriate target cells. To do so, they read and follow a series of axon guidance molecules. Interestingly, while these molecules play critical roles in guiding developing axons, they have also been shown to be critical in other major neurodevelopmental processes, such as the migration of cortical progenitors. Currently, a major hurdle for brain repair after injury or neurodegeneration is the absence of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By contrasts, PNS axons can regenerate. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this paradox but recent studies suggest that hacking neurodevelopmental mechanisms may be the key to promote CNS regeneration. Here we provide a seminar report written by trainees attending the second Flagship school held in Alpbach, Austria in September 2018 organized by the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) together with the Journal of Neurochemistry (JCN). This advanced school has brought together leaders in the fields of neurodevelopment and regeneration in order to discuss major keystones and future challenges in these respective fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin J Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Beckman
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nadia I Bocai
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Davimes
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gimena Gomez
- Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-CONICET-UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Frederico Kiffer
- Division of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Lopez
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicin, University of Milano, Segrate, Italy
| | - Pedzisai Mazengenya
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sonja Meier
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mauricio Olguín-Albuerne
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio M Oliveira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University Research Institute in Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonu Pradhan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andressa Radiske
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Belén Ramos-Hryb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mayara C Ribeiro
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Roberta Schellino
- Neuroscience Department "Rita Levi-Montalcini" and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Clara Selles
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Shripriya Singh
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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31
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Zhang J, Liu W, Zhang X, Lin S, Yan J, Ye J. Sema3A inhibits axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion cells via ROCK2. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146555. [PMID: 31733191 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Successful regeneration of injured axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is mainly limited by lesion-induced neuronal apoptosis and the inhibitory environment consisting of numerous extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a classic axonal guidance cue, contributes to the failure of axonal regeneration and can be neutralized to enhance axonal regeneration. Previous studies have suggested that blockage of rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) also exerts a protective effect on the survival and axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC, RGCs) after injury. Yet unresolved question is the interaction between the two factors. We thus evaluated the role of Sema3A and ROCK2 in RGC axonal regeneration. In this study, we first examined the expression of Sema3A and ROCK2 against optic nerve crush in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation insult to RGCs in vitro at different time points. Then Sema3A, ROCK2 inhibitor Y-27632, combination of both and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) only were injected into the vitreous cavity after optic nerve crush at various times in different experiments. In order to assess axonal regeneration, we detected the mRNA levels of small proline-rich protein 1A (Sprr1A) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), evaluated visual function by Flash Visual Evoked Potentials (F-VEPs), and checked the protein level of GAP43 by immunofluorescent staining. Our results demonstrated that Sema3A significantly suppressed optic nerve regeneration and this effect can be attenuated via blocking ROCK2. Moreover, Sema3A promoted the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) (specific downstream effector of ROCK2 concerning neurite growth). Collectively, Sema3A may negatively regulate axonal regeneration through ROCK2 in RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department 1, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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32
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Andries L, De Groef L, Moons L. Neuroinflammation and Optic Nerve Regeneration: Where Do We Stand in Elucidating Underlying Cellular and Molecular Players? Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:397-409. [PMID: 31567007 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1669664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) trauma are highly irreversible, in part because adult mammals lack a robust regenerative capacity. A multifactorial problem underlies the limited axonal regeneration potential. Strikingly, neuroinflammation seems able to induce axonal regrowth in the adult mammalian CNS. It is increasingly clear that both blood-borne and resident inflammatory cells as well as reactivated glial cells affect axonal regeneration. The scope of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the knowledge that links inflammation (with a focus on the innate immune system) to axonal regeneration and to critically reflect on the controversy that still prevails about the cells, molecules and pathways that are dominating the scene. Also, a brief overview is given of what is already known about the crosstalk between and the heterogeneity of cell types that might play a role in axonal regeneration. Recent research indicates that inflammation-induced axonal regrowth is not solely driven by a single-cell population but probably relies on the crosstalk between multiple cell types and the strong regulation of these cell populations in time and space. Moreover, there is growing evidence that the different cell populations are highly heterogeneous and as such can react differently upon injury. This could explain the controversial results that have been obtained over the past years. The primary focus of this manuscript is the retinofugal system of adult mammals, however, when relevant, insights or examples of the spontaneous regenerating zebrafish model and spinal cord research are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Andries
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Abstract
Permanent disabilities following CNS injuries result from the failure of injured axons to regenerate and rebuild functional connections with their original targets. By contrast, injury to peripheral nerves is followed by robust regeneration, which can lead to recovery of sensory and motor functions. This regenerative response requires the induction of widespread transcriptional and epigenetic changes in injured neurons. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding how peripheral axon injury elicits these widespread changes through the coordinated actions of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers and, to a lesser extent, microRNAs. Although many questions remain about the interplay between these mechanisms, these new findings provide important insights into the pivotal role of coordinated gene expression and chromatin remodelling in the neuronal response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mahar
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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34
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Leibinger M, Hilla AM, Andreadaki A, Fischer D. GSK3-CRMP2 signaling mediates axonal regeneration induced by Pten knockout. Commun Biol 2019; 2:318. [PMID: 31453382 PMCID: PMC6707209 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Knockout of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN-/-) is neuroprotective and promotes axon regeneration in mature neurons. Elevation of mTOR activity in injured neurons has been proposed as the primary underlying mechanism. Here we demonstrate that PTEN-/- also abrogates the inhibitory activity of GSK3 on collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Moreover, maintenance of GSK3 activity in Gsk3S/A knockin mice significantly compromised PTEN-/--mediated optic nerve regeneration as well as the activity of CRMP2, and to a lesser extent, mTOR. These GSK3S/A mediated negative effects on regeneration were rescued by viral expression of constitutively active CRMP2T/A, despite decreased mTOR activation. Gsk3S/A knockin or CRMP2 inhibition also decreased PTEN-/- mediated neurite growth of RGCs in culture and disinhibition towards CNS myelin. Thus, the GSK3/CRMP2 pathway is essential for PTEN-/- mediated axon regeneration. These new mechanistic insights may help to find novel strategies to promote axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leibinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander M. Hilla
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anastasia Andreadaki
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Fawcett JW. The Struggle to Make CNS Axons Regenerate: Why Has It Been so Difficult? Neurochem Res 2019; 45:144-158. [PMID: 31388931 PMCID: PMC6942574 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the CNS is inhibited by many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Because these act in parallel, no single intervention has been sufficient to enable full regeneration of damaged axons in the adult mammalian CNS. In the external environment, NogoA and CSPGs are strongly inhibitory to the regeneration of adult axons. CNS neurons lose intrinsic regenerative ability as they mature: embryonic but not mature neurons can grow axons for long distances when transplanted into the adult CNS, and regeneration fails with maturity in in vitro axotomy models. The causes of this loss of regeneration include partitioning of neurons into axonal and dendritic fields with many growth-related molecules directed specifically to dendrites and excluded from axons, changes in axonal signalling due to changes in expression and localization of receptors and their ligands, changes in local translation of proteins in axons, and changes in cytoskeletal dynamics after injury. Also with neuronal maturation come epigenetic changes in neurons, with many of the transcription factor binding sites that drive axon growth-related genes becoming inaccessible. The overall aim for successful regeneration is to ensure that the right molecules are expressed after axotomy and to arrange for them to be transported to the right place in the neuron, including the damaged axon tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
- Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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The protective effect of non-invasive low intensity pulsed electric field and fucoidan in preventing oxidative stress-induced motor neuron death via ROCK/Akt pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214100. [PMID: 30889218 PMCID: PMC6424404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of the aged population, it is predicted that neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) will become a major threat to public health worldwide. However, existing therapies can control the symptoms of the diseases at best, rather than offering a fundamental cure. As for the complex pathogenesis, clinical and preclinical researches have indicated that oxidative stress, a central role in neuronal degeneration, is a possible therapeutic target in the development of novel remedies. In this study, the motor neuron-like cell line NSC-34 was employed as an experimental model in probing the effects induced by the combination of non-invasive low intensity pulsed electric field (LIPEF) and fucoidan on the H2O2-induced neuron damage. It was found that single treatment of the LIPEF could protect the NSC-34 cells from oxidative stress, and the protective effect was enhanced by combining the LIPEF and fucoidan. Notably, it was observed that single treatment of the LIPEF obviously suppressed the H2O2-enhanced expression of ROCK protein and increased the phosphorylation of Akt in the H2O2-treated NSC-34 cells. Moreover, the LIPEF can be easily modified to concentrate on a specific area. Accordingly, this technique can be used as an advanced remedy for ROCK inhibition without the drawback of drug metabolism. Therefore, we suggest the LIPEF would be a promising strategy as a treatment for motor neurodegeneration and warrant further probe into its potential in treating other neuronal degenerations.
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37
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STAT3 signaling maintains homeostasis through a barrier function and cell survival in corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:132-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mesentier-Louro LA, Rosso P, Carito V, Mendez-Otero R, Santiago MF, Rama P, Lambiase A, Tirassa P. Nerve Growth Factor Role on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regrowth: Effects of Ocular Administration in Experimental Model of Optic Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:1056-1069. [PMID: 29869196 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration occurs within 2 weeks following optic nerve crush (ONC) as a consequence of reduced retro-transport of growth factors including nerve growth factor (NGF). The hypothesis that intravitreal (ivt) and eye drop (ed) administration of recombinant human NGF (rhNGF) might counteract ONC in adult rats is explored in this study. We found that both ivt- and ed-rhNGF reduced RGC loss and stimulated axonal regrowth. Chiefly, survival and regenerative effects of rhNGF were associated with a reduction of cells co-expressing Nogo-A/p75NTR at crush site borders, which contribute to glia scar formation following nerve injury, and induce further degeneration. We also found that ocular application of rhNGF reduced p75NTR and proNGF and enhanced phosphorylation of TrkA and its intracellular signals at retina level. Nogo-R and Rock2 expression was also normalized by ed-rhNGF treatment in both ONC and contralateral retina. Our findings that ocular applied NGF reaches and exerts biological actions on posterior segment of the eye give a further insight into the neurotrophin diffusion/transport through eye structures and/or their trafficking in optic nerve. In addition, the use of a highly purified NGF form in injury condition in which proNGF/p75NTR binding is favored indicates that increased availability of mature NGF restores the balance between TrkA and p75NGF, thus resulting in RGC survival and axonal growth. In conclusion, ocular applied NGF is confirmed as a good experimental paradigm to study mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration, disclose biomarkers, and time windows for efficacy treatment following cell or nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Mesentier-Louro
- Eye Repair Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pamela Rosso
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via di Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143), Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Carito
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via di Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143), Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paolo Rama
- Eye Repair Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via di Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143), Rome, Italy.
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Li H, Zhou X, Ye H, Sun X, Zhang P. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Several Fasudil Analogues. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyong Zhou
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Ye
- R&D of Danfoss (Tianjin) Ltd. Tianjin 301700 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Sun
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
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40
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Laughter MR, Bardill JR, Ammar DA, Pena B, Calkins DJ, Park D. Injectable Neurotrophic Factor Delivery System Supporting Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Regeneration Following Optic Nerve Crush. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3374-3383. [PMID: 31431919 PMCID: PMC6701853 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In general, neurons belonging to the central nervous system (CNS), such as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), do not regenerate. Due to this, strategies have emerged aimed at protecting and regenerating these cells. Neurotrophic factor (NTF) supplementation has been a promising approach but is limited by length of delivery and delivery vehicle. For this study, we tested a polymeric delivery system (sulfonated reverse thermal gel or SRTG) engineered to deliver cilliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), while also being injectable. A rat optic nerve crush (ONC) model was used to determine the neuroprotective and regenerative capacity of our system. The results demonstrate that one single intravitreal injection of SRTG-CNTF following ONC showed significant protection of RGC survival at both 1 and 2 week time points, when compared to the control groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the RGC count between the eyes that received the SRTG-CNTF following ONC and a healthy control eye. Intravitreal injection of the polymer system also induced noticeable axon regeneration 500 μm downstream from the lesion site compared to all other control groups. There was a significant increase in Müller cell response in groups that received the SRTG-CNTF injection following optic nerve crush also indicative of a regenerative response. Finally, higher concentrations of CNTF released from SRTG-CNTF showed a protective effect on RGCs and Müller cell response at a longer time point (4 weeks). In conclusion, we were able to show a neuroprotective and regenerative effect of this polymer SRTG-CNTF delivery system and the viability for treatment of neurodegenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Laughter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - James R. Bardill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David A. Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Brisa Pena
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David J. Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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41
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ROCK inhibition in models of neurodegeneration and its potential for clinical translation. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 189:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Li HJ, Sun ZL, Yang XT, Zhu L, Feng DF. Exploring Optic Nerve Axon Regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:861-873. [PMID: 28029073 PMCID: PMC5652030 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161227150250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic optic nerve injury is a leading cause of irreversible blindness across the world and causes progressive visual impairment attributed to the dysfunction and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To date, neither pharmacological nor surgical interventions are sufficient to halt or reverse the progress of visual loss. Axon regeneration is critical for functional recovery of vision following optic nerve injury. After optic nerve injury, RGC axons usually fail to regrow and die, leading to the death of the RGCs and subsequently inducing the functional loss of vision. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury remain poorly understood. Methods: Research content related to the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury have been reviewed. Results: The present review provides an overview of regarding potential strategies for axonal regeneration of RGCs and optic nerve repair, focusing on the role of cytokines and their downstream signaling pathways involved in intrinsic growth program and the inhibitory environment together with axon guidance cues for correct axon guidance. A more complete understanding of the factors limiting axonal regeneration will provide a rational basis, which contributes to develop improved treatments for optic nerve regeneration. These findings are encouraging and open the possibility that clinically meaningful regeneration may become achievable in the future. Conclusion: Combination of treatments towards overcoming growth-inhibitory molecules and enhancing intrinsic growth capacity combined with correct guidance using axon guidance cues is crucial for developing promising therapies to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
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Ni Y, Qin Y, Fang Z, Zhang Z. ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632 Promotes Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Survival by Altering Cellular Biomechanical Properties. Curr Mol Med 2018; 17:637-646. [PMID: 29546834 PMCID: PMC6040175 DOI: 10.2174/1566524018666180316150936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Dysfunction or death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is a common pathogenesis of various types of retinal degenerative diseases. Recent reports indicated that ROCK pathway inhibitors regulate cell proliferation or apoptosis in a cell-type-dependent manner. Here, we aim to investigate the effect of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vitro. Methods: Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry respectively. Cell proliferation markers were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot. Cell morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The topography and biomechanical properties of living cells were assessed using atomic force microscope (AFM). In addition, cytoskeleton and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. Results: 30μM Y-27632 significantly promoted cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Compared with control group, human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 cells treated with 30μM Y-27632 exhibited significantly decreased cytomembrane roughness (Ra: 41.04±1.63nm vs. 24.41±0.75nm, P<0.01; Rq: 51.56±2.03nm vs. 30.81±0.95nm, P<0.01) and increased elasticity modulus (16.66±0.83KPa vs. 32.55±1.48KPa, P<0.01). In addition, the inhibition of ROCK activity by Y-27632 caused cell elongation and reorganization of microfilaments and microtubules of cytoskeletons. Conclusion: Taken together, our data demonstrated that Y-27632 could alter biomechanical properties and reorganized cytoskeletons to promote RPE cell survival. These results are an important step toward the future application of Y-27632 in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Y Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Z Fang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Z Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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A Ser75-to-Asp phospho-mimicking mutation in Src accelerates ageing-related loss of retinal ganglion cells in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16779. [PMID: 29196663 PMCID: PMC5711949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Src knockout mice show no detectable abnormalities in central nervous system (CNS) post-mitotic neurons, likely reflecting functional compensation by other Src family kinases. Cdk1- or Cdk5-dependent Ser75 phosphorylation in the amino-terminal Unique domain of Src, which shares no homology with other Src family kinases, regulates the stability of active Src. To clarify the roles of Src Ser75 phosphorylation in CNS neurons, we established two types of mutant mice with mutations in Src: phospho-mimicking Ser75Asp (SD) and non-phosphorylatable Ser75Ala (SA). In ageing SD/SD mice, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) number in whole retinas was significantly lower than that in young SD/SD mice in the absence of inflammation and elevated intraocular pressure, resembling the pathogenesis of progressive optic neuropathy. By contrast, SA/SA mice and wild-type (WT) mice exhibited no age-related RGC loss. The age-related retinal RGC number reduction was greater in the peripheral rather than the mid-peripheral region of the retina in SD/SD mice. Furthermore, Rho-associated kinase activity in whole retinas of ageing SD/SD mice was significantly higher than that in young SD/SD mice. These results suggest that Src regulates RGC survival during ageing in a manner that depends on Ser75 phosphorylation.
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Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Modulates CNTF-Induced Axonal Growth and Neuroprotection in the Mouse Visual System. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6818970. [PMID: 29234527 PMCID: PMC5694992 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6818970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of axonal regeneration and neuronal cell death causes permanent neurological deficits in the injured CNS. Using the classical CNS injury model of optic nerve crush in mice, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was found to stimulate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal growth, but in an incomplete fashion. The elucidation of molecular mechanisms impairing CNTF-induced axonal regeneration is paramount to promote visual recovery. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the contribution of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) to the neuroprotective and regenerative effects of CNTF. The transduction of retinal cells with adeno-associated viruses (AAV) allowed to activate CNTF/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) signaling and to modulate S1PR1 expression in RGCs. Our results showed that CNTF/Stat3 prevented injury-induced S1PR1 downregulation. Silencing S1PR1 in RGCs significantly enhanced CNTF-induced axonal growth in the injured optic nerve. In contrast, RGC survival was markedly decreased when S1PR1 was repressed with viral vectors. The level of phosphorylated Stat3 (P-Stat3), an intracellular mediator of CNTF, did not fluctuate after S1PR1 inhibition and CNTF stimulation. Collectively, these results suggest that S1PR1 acts as a major regulator of retinal neuron survival and restricts the RGC growth response induced by CNTF.
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46
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Wang T, Kang W, Du L, Ge S. Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 facilitates the proliferation, migration and pluripotency of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3100-3112. [PMID: 28661039 PMCID: PMC5661246 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective in vitro expansion and differentiation of multipotent stem cells are critical steps in cell-based regenerative therapies, while technical challenges have limited cell yield and thus affected the success of these potential treatments. The Rho GTPases and downstream Rho kinases are central regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics during cell cycle and determine the balance between stem cells self-renewal, lineage commitment and apoptosis. Trans-4-[(1R)-aminoethyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl)cylohexanecarboxamidedihydrochloride (Y-27632), Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, involves various cellular functions that include actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, cell motility and anti-apoptosis. Here, human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated by limiting dilution method. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labelling assay, cell apoptosis assay, cell migration assay, wound-healing assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Alizarin Red S staining, Oil Red O staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to determine the effects of Y-27632 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, stemness, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Afterwards, Western blot analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism of cell proliferation. The results indicated that Y-27632 significantly promoted cell proliferation, chemotaxis, wound healing, fat droplets formation and pluripotency, while inhibited ALP activity and mineral deposition. Furthermore, Y-27632 induced PDLSCs proliferation through extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascade. Therefore, control of Rho-kinase activity may enhance the efficiency of stem cell-based treatments for periodontal diseases and the strategy may have the potential to promote periodontal tissue regeneration by facilitating the chemotaxis of PDLSCs to the injured site, and then enhancing the proliferation of these cells and maintaining their pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Lingqian Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of StomatologyThe Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue RegenerationSchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of StomatologyShandong UniversityJinanChina
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Kramer B, Tropitzsch A, Müller M, Löwenheim H. Myelin-induced inhibition in a spiral ganglion organ culture - Approaching a natural environment in vitro. Neuroscience 2017; 357:75-83. [PMID: 28596120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a cochlear implant depends on the defined interaction between afferent neurons of the spiral ganglion and the inserted electrode. Neurite outgrowth can be induced by neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via tropomyosin kinase receptor B (TrkB). However, neurotrophin signaling through the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) inhibits neurite outgrowth in the presence of myelin. Organotypic cultures derived from postnatal (P3-5) mice were used to study myelin-induced inhibition in the cochlear spiral ganglion. Neurite outgrowth was analyzed and quantified utilizing an adapted Sholl analysis. Stimulation of neurite outgrowth was quantified after application of BDNF, the selective TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) and a selective inhibitor of the Rho-associated kinase (Y27632), which inhibits the p75 pathway. Myelin-induced inhibition was assessed by application of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG-Fc) to stimulate the inhibitory p75 pathway. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth was achieved by the selective TrkB inhibitor K252a. Stimulation of neurite outgrowth was observed after treatment with BDNF, 7,8 DHF and a combination of BDNF and Y27632. The 7,8-DHF-induced growth effects could be inhibited by K252a. Furthermore, inhibition of neurite outgrowth was observed after supplementation with MAG-Fc. Myelin-induced inhibition could be overcome by 7,8-DHF and the combination of BDNF and Y27632. In this study, myelin-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth was established in a spiral ganglion model. We reveal that 7,8-DHF is a viable novel compound for the stimulation of neurite outgrowth in a myelin-induced inhibitory environment. The combination of TrkB stimulation and ROCK inhibition can be used to overcome myelin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kramer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Tropitzsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), University Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hubert Löwenheim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), University Tübingen, Germany
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48
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The role of timing in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:128-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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49
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Leibinger M, Andreadaki A, Golla R, Levin E, Hilla AM, Diekmann H, Fischer D. Boosting CNS axon regeneration by harnessing antagonistic effects of GSK3 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5454-E5463. [PMID: 28630333 PMCID: PMC5502600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621225114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Implications of GSK3 activity for axon regeneration are often inconsistent, if not controversial. Sustained GSK3 activity in GSK3S/A knock-in mice reportedly accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration via increased MAP1B phosphorylation and concomitantly reduces microtubule detyrosination. In contrast, the current study shows that lens injury-stimulated optic nerve regeneration was significantly compromised in these knock-in mice. Phosphorylation of MAP1B and CRMP2 was expectedly increased in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons upon enhanced GSK3 activity, but, surprisingly, no GSK3-mediated CRMP2 inhibition was detected in sciatic nerves, thus revealing a fundamental difference between central and peripheral axons. Conversely, genetic or shRNA-mediated conditional KO/knockdown of GSK3β reduced inhibitory phosphorylation of CRMP2 in RGCs and improved optic nerve regeneration. Accordingly, GSK3β KO-mediated neurite growth promotion and myelin disinhibition were abrogated by CRMP2 inhibition and largely mimicked in WT neurons upon expression of constitutively active CRMP2 (CRMP2T/A). These results underscore the prevalent requirement of active CRMP2 for optic nerve regeneration. Strikingly, expression of CRMP2T/A in GSK3S/A RGCs further boosted optic nerve regeneration, with axons reaching the optic chiasm within 3 wk. Thus, active GSK3 can also markedly promote axonal growth in central nerves if CRMP2 concurrently remains active. Similar to peripheral nerves, GSK3-mediated MAP1B phosphorylation/activation and the reduction of microtubule detyrosination contributed to this effect. Overall, these findings reconcile conflicting data on GSK3-mediated axon regeneration. In addition, the concept of complementary modulation of normally antagonistically targeted GSK3 substrates offers a therapeutically applicable approach to potentiate the regenerative outcome in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leibinger
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Andreadaki
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Renate Golla
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Evgeny Levin
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander M Hilla
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Diekmann
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fischer
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Mori A, Yabuta C, Kishimoto Y, Kozai S, Ohtori A, Shearer TR, Azuma M. In Silico Ocular Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Delivery of Topical FK962 to Retina. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:556-566. [PMID: 28598703 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSES To establish the in silico ocular pharmacokinetic modeling for eye drops, and to simulate the dose regimen for FK962 in human choroid/retinal diseases. METHODS Pharmacokinetics for FK962 in vivo was performed by a single instillation of drops containing 0.1% 14C-FK962 in rabbit eyes. Permeation of FK962 across the cornea, sclera, and choroid/retina was measured in vitro. Neurite elongation by FK962 was measured in cultured rat retinal ganglion cells. Parameters from the experimental data were used in an improved in silico model of ocular pharmacokinetics of FK962 in man. RESULTS The mean concentration of FK962 in ocular tissues predicted by in silico modeling was consistent with in vivo results, validating the in silico model. FK962 rapidly penetrated into the anterior and posterior segments of the eye and then diffused into the vitreous body. The in silico pharmacokinetic modeling also predicted that a dose regimen of 0.0054% FK962 twice per day would produce biologically effective concentrations of FK962 in the choroid/retina, where FK962 facilitates rat neurite elongation. CONCLUSIONS Our in silico model for ocular pharmacokinetics is useful (1) for predicting drug concentrations in specific ocular tissues after topical instillation, and (2) for suggesting the optimal dose regimens for eye drops. The pharmacodynamics for FK962 produced by this model may be useful for clinical trials against retinal neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Mori
- 1 Senju Laboratory, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Chiho Yabuta
- 1 Senju Laboratory, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kishimoto
- 1 Senju Laboratory, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiko Kozai
- 1 Senju Laboratory, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtori
- 1 Senju Laboratory, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Thomas R Shearer
- 2 Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Mitsuyoshi Azuma
- 1 Senju Laboratory, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan .,2 Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
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