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Khalil I, Sayad R, Kedwany AM, Sayed HH, Caprara ALF, Rissardo JP. Cardiovascular dysautonomia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (Review). MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2024; 4:70. [PMID: 39355336 PMCID: PMC11443310 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2024.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a prevalent non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which can result in significant disability and distress for patients and caregivers. There is a marked variation in the timing, characteristics and rate at which cognitive decline occurs in patients with PD. This decline can vary from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Cognitive impairment is associated with several pathophysiological mechanisms, including the accumulation of β-amyloid and tau in the brain, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions are commonly observed in patients with PD. These dysfunctions play a role in the progression of cognitive impairment, the incidents of falls and even in mortality. The majority of symptoms of dysautonomia arise from changes in the peripheral autonomic nervous system, including both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Cardiovascular changes, including orthostatic hypotension, supine hypertension and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure (BP), can occur in both the early and advanced stages of PD. These changes tend to increase as the disease advances. The present review aimed to describe the cognitive changes in the setting of cardiovascular dysautonomia and to discuss strategies through which these changes can be modified and managed. It is a multifactorial process usually involving decreased blood flow to the brain, resulting in the development of cerebral ischemic lesions, an increased presence of abnormal white matter signals in the brain, and a potential influence on the process of neurodegeneration in PD. Another possible explanation is this association being independent observations of PD progression. Patients with clinical symptoms of dysautonomia should undergo 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, as they are frequently subtle and underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khalil
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5372066, Egypt
| | - Reem Sayad
- Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | | | - Hager Hamdy Sayed
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71515, Egypt
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Rozani V, Bezimianski MG, Azuri J, Bitan M, Peretz C. Anti-diabetic drug use and reduced risk of Parkinson's disease: A community-based cohort study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 128:107132. [PMID: 39260107 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between certain anti-diabetic drugs and a reduced risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited population-based studies have investigated users of newer anti-diabetic drugs such as GLP-1 agonists or SGLT2 inhibitors. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the risk of PD among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were treated with various types of anti-diabetic drugs over time. METHODS A population-based cohort comprising T2DM patients aged over 30 who used metformin, GLP-1 agonists, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, or meglitinides between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2018. Data were obtained between the diabetes registration and drug purchase databases of Maccabi Healthcare Services. Time-dependent Cox regression models, adjusted for sex, age, and comorbidities were employed to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for the PD risk associated with different anti-diabetic drugs over time. RESULTS The study population comprised 86,229 T2DM patients, with 53.9 % males. The mean age at the first anti-diabetic drug purchase was 59.0 ± 11.0 and 62.0 ± 11.0 years for men and women respectively. Compared to metformin, several drug types were associated with a significantly lower PD risk: thiazolidinediones (HR = 0.91, 95 % CI:0.074-1.14); DPP4 inhibitors (HR = 0.60, 95 % CI:0.53-0.67); meglitinides (HR = 0.63, 95 % CI:0.53-0.74); GLP-1 agonists (HR = 0.54, 95 % CI:0.39-0.73); and SGLT2 inhibitors (HR = 0.15, 95 % CI:0.10-0.21). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a reduced risk of PD with certain anti-diabetic drugs, particularly SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists. Validation through extensive big-data studies is essential to confirm these results and to optimize PD prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Rozani
- Department of Nursing, Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Miri Glikshtein Bezimianski
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joseph Azuri
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Maccabi Healthcare Services, Israel
| | - Michal Bitan
- College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Chava Peretz
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Medical Technologies, HIT-Holon Institute for Technology, Israel
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Lin J, Yu Z, Gao X. Advanced Noninvasive Strategies for the Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22752-22779. [PMID: 39133564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed rapid progress in the discovery of therapeutic proteins and peptides for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, their clinical applications have been considerably hindered by challenges such as low biomembrane permeability, poor stability, short circulation time, and the formidable blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recently, substantial improvements have been made in understanding the dynamics of the BBB and developing efficient approaches for delivering proteins and peptides to the CNS, especially by using various nanoparticles. Herein, we present an overview of the up-to-date understanding of the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions, emphasizing their effects on brain drug delivery. We summarize advanced strategies and elucidate the underlying mechanisms for delivering proteins and peptides to the brain. We highlight the developments and applications of nanocarriers in treating CNS diseases via BBB crossing. We also provide critical opinions on the limitations and obstacles of the current strategies and put forward prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Das S, Ravi H, Babu A, Banerjee M, Kanagavalli R, Dhanasekaran S, Devi Rajeswari V, Venkatraman G, Ramanathan G. Therapeutic potentials of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in T2DM: Past, present, and future. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 142:293-328. [PMID: 39059989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide health problem that has raised major concerns to the public health community. This chronic condition typically results from the cell's inability to respond to normal insulin levels. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the primary incretin hormones secreted from the intestinal tract. While clinical research has extensively explored the therapeutic potential of GLP-1R in addressing various T2DM-related abnormalities, the possibility of GIPR playing an important role in T2DM treatment is still under investigation. Evidence suggests that GIP is involved in the pathophysiology of T2DM. This chapter focuses on examining the role of GIP as a therapeutic molecule in combating T2DM, comparing the past, present, and future scenarios. Our goal is to delve into how GIP may impact pancreatic β-cell function, adipose tissue uptake, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we will elucidate the mechanistic functions of GIP and its receptors in relation to other clinical conditions like cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and renal disorders. Additionally, this chapter will shed light on the latest advancements in pharmacological management for T2DM, highlighting potential structural modifications of GIP and the repurposing of drugs, while also addressing the challenges involved in bringing GIP-based treatments into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Das
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harini Ravi
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Achsha Babu
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manosi Banerjee
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Kanagavalli
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivaraman Dhanasekaran
- School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Pezzoli G, Cereda E, Calandrella D, Barichella M, Bonvegna S, Isaias IU. Metformin use is associated with reduced mortality risk in diabetic patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:309-312. [PMID: 38479927 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) and type-2 diabetes (T2D) arguably share pathophysiologic mechanisms, resulting in a more severe phenotype and progression and diabetes is currently considered a risk factor of PD. Besides, research suggests antidiabetic therapies as potential disease-modifying strategies. The main aim was to assess the impact of a metformin-inclusive antidiabetic treatment on patient all-cause mortality. METHODS A nested case-control prospective study including newly diagnosed PD patients reporting the onset of T2D within ±2 years from the onset of PD (n = 159) and matched (1:5; gender, year of PD onset and age at PD onset) non-diabetic cases (n = 795) followed until death or censoring. Patients on a metformin-inclusive treatment regimen were compared to those receiving other oral anti-diabetics (OADs). RESULTS Among patients with T2D, 123 were treated with a drug regimen containing metformin (alone [65.0%] or in combination with other drugs [35.0%]) and 36 were prescribed other OADs. During a median PD duration of 96 months [IQR, 60-144], 171 patients died. Diabetes was not associated with reduced survival: fully-adjusted HR = 1.19 [95%CI, 0.81-1.76] (P = 0.37). After stratifying for T2D treatment, a metformin-inclusive regimen was not associated with increased risk of death (HR = 1.06 [95%CI, 0.61-1.84]; P = 0.83), while patients receiving other OADs had reduced survival (HR = 1.83 [95%CI, 1.01-3.32]; P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS Metformin use was not associated with increased risk of death in diabetic patients with PD reporting concomitant onset of the two diseases. Metformin appears to be a promising disease-modifying therapy given also the preclinical background, low cost and satisfactory safety and tolerability. Further studies are warranted to investigate its impact on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G.Pini-CTO, via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cereda
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Calandrella
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G.Pini-CTO, via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G.Pini-CTO, via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Tatenhorst L, Maass F, Paul H, Dambeck V, Bähr M, Dono R, Lingor P. Glypican-4 serum levels are associated with cognitive dysfunction and vascular risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5005. [PMID: 38424123 PMCID: PMC10904781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glypicans are biomarkers for various pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Increasing evidence suggests that glypicans also play a role in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. Initially described as supporting functionality of synapses via glutamate receptors during CNS development, Glypican 4 (GPC-4) also plays a role in the context of dementia via tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease, which is also a co-pathology in Parkinson's disease dementia. However, clinical evidence of circulating GPC-4 in Parkinson's disease (PD) is missing so far. We therefore investigated GPC-4 in biofluids of PD patients. We analyzed GPC-4 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, n = 140), serum (n = 80), and tear fluid samples (n = 70) of PD patients and control subjects in a similar age range by ELISA (serum, CSF) and western blot (tear fluid). Expression of circulating GPC-4 was confirmed in all three biofluids, with highest levels in serum. Interestingly, GPC-4 levels were age-dependent, and multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between GPC-4 serum levels and MoCA score, suggesting an involvement of GPC-4 in PD-associated cognitive decline. Furthermore, stratification of PD patients for vascular risk factors revealed a significant increase of GPC-4 serum levels in PD patients with vascular risk factors. Our results suggest GPC-4 as a clinical biomarker for vascular risk stratification in order to identify PD patients with increased risk of developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Maass
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Paul
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rosanna Dono
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81679, Munich, Germany.
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Ebrahimi M, Thompson P, Lauer AK, Sivaprasad S, Perry G. The retina-brain axis and diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023; 33:2079-2095. [PMID: 37259525 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231172229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major contributor to permanent vision loss and blindness. Changes in retinal neurons, glia, and microvasculature have been the focus of intensive study in the quest to better understand DR. However, the impact of diabetes on the rest of the visual system has received less attention. There are reports of associations of changes in the visual system with preclinical and clinical manifestations of diabetes. Simultaneous investigation of the retina and the brain may shed light on the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in diabetics. Additionally, investigating the links between DR and other neurodegenerative disorders of the brain including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease may reveal shared mechanisms for neurodegeneration and potential therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas K Lauer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute of Health and Care Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas and San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Novikov NI, Brazhnik ES, Kitchigina VF. Pathological Correlates of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease: From Molecules to Neural Networks. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1890-1904. [PMID: 38105206 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and appearance of protein aggregates (Lewy bodies) consisting predominantly of α-synuclein in neurons. PD is currently recognized as a multisystem disorder characterized by severe motor impairments and various non-motor symptoms. Cognitive decline is one of the most common and worrisome non-motor symptoms. Moderate cognitive impairments (CI) are diagnosed already at the early stages of PD, usually transform into dementia. The main types of CI in PD include executive dysfunction, attention and memory decline, visuospatial impairments, and verbal deficits. According to the published data, the following mechanisms play an essential role demonstrates a crucial importance in the decline of the motor and cognitive functions in PD: (1) changes in the conformational structure of transsynaptic proteins and protein aggregation in presynapses; (2) synaptic transmission impairment; (3) neuroinflammation (pathological activation of the neuroglia); (4) mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress; (5) metabolic disorders (hypometabolism of glucose, dysfunction of glycolipid metabolism; and (6) functional rearrangement of neuronal networks. These changes can lead to the death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra and affect the functioning of other neurotransmitter systems, thus disturbing neuronal networks involved in the transmission of information related to the regulation of motor activity and cognitive functions. Identification of factors causing detrimental changes in PD and methods for their elimination will help in the development of new approaches to the therapy of PD. The goal of this review was to analyze pathological processes that take place in the brain and underlie the onset of cognitive disorders in PD, as well as to describe the impairments of cognitive functions in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I Novikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Elena S Brazhnik
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Valentina F Kitchigina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Li LY, Liu SF, Zhuang JL, Li MM, Huang ZP, Chen YH, Chen XR, Chen CN, Lin S, Ye LC. Recent research progress on metabolic syndrome and risk of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:719-735. [PMID: 36450297 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most widespread neurodegenerative diseases. PD is associated with progressive loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, including various motor symptoms (e.g., bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor), as well as non-motor symptoms (e.g., cognitive impairment, constipation, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression). PD involves multiple biological processes, including mitochondrial or lysosomal dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and neuroinflammation. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a collection of numerous connected cerebral cardiovascular conditions, is a common and growing public health problem associated with many chronic diseases worldwide. MetS components include central/abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, diabetes, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. MetS and PD share multiple pathophysiological processes, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. In recent years, MetS has been linked to an increased risk of PD, according to studies; however, the specific mechanism remains unclear. Researchers also found that some related metabolic therapies are potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and improve PD. This article reviews the epidemiological relationship between components of MetS and the risk of PD and discusses the potentially relevant mechanisms and recent progress of MetS as a risk factor for PD. Furthermore, we conclude that MetS-related therapies are beneficial for the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhuang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Mi-Mi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shishi General Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chun-Nuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li-Chao Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
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Cardinali DP, Garay A. Melatonin as a Chronobiotic/Cytoprotective Agent in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050797. [PMID: 37239269 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dream-enactment behavior that emerges during episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without muscle atonia is a parasomnia known as REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD constitutes a prodromal marker of α-synucleinopathies and serves as one of the best biomarkers available to predict diseases such as Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. Most patients showing RBD will convert to an α-synucleinopathy about 10 years after diagnosis. The diagnostic advantage of RBD relies on the prolonged prodromal time, its predictive power and the absence of disease-related treatments that could act as confounders. Therefore, patients with RBD are candidates for neuroprotection trials that delay or prevent conversion to a pathology with abnormal α-synuclein metabolism. The administration of melatonin in doses exhibiting a chronobiotic/hypnotic effect (less than 10 mg daily) is commonly used as a first line treatment (together with clonazepam) of RBD. At a higher dose, melatonin may also be an effective cytoprotector to halt α-synucleinopathy progression. However, allometric conversion doses derived from animal studies (in the 100 mg/day range) are rarely employed clinically regardless of the demonstrated absence of toxicity of melatonin in phase 1 pharmacological studies with doses up to 100 mg in normal volunteers. This review discusses the application of melatonin in RBD: (a) as a symptomatic treatment in RBD; (b) as a possible disease-modifying treatment in α-synucleinopathies. To what degree melatonin has therapeutic efficacy in the prevention of α-synucleinopathies awaits further investigation, in particular multicenter double-blind trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- CENECON, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina
| | - Arturo Garay
- Unidad de Medicina del Sueño-Sección Neurología, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno" (CEMIC), Buenos Aires C1431FWO, Argentina
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Sabari SS, Balasubramani K, Iyer M, Sureshbabu HW, Venkatesan D, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanaswamy A, Senthil Kumar N, Vellingiri B. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and Parkinson's Disease (PD): a Mechanistic Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y. [PMID: 37118323 PMCID: PMC10144908 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggest that there is a connection between Parkinson's disease (PD) and insulin dysregulation in the brain, whilst the connection between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still up for debate. Insulin is widely recognised to play a crucial role in neuronal survival and brain function; any changes in insulin metabolism and signalling in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to the development of various brain disorders. There is accumulating evidence linking T2DM to PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, they have a lot in common patho-physiologically, including insulin dysregulation, oxidative stress resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and inflammation. As a result, initial research should focus on the role of insulin and its molecular mechanism in order to develop therapeutic outcomes. In this current review, we will look into the link between T2DM and PD, the function of insulin in the brain, and studies related to impact of insulin in causing T2DM and PD. Further, we have also highlighted the role of various insulin signalling pathway in both T2DM and PD. We have also suggested that T2DM-targeting pharmacological strategies as potential therapeutic approach for individuals with cognitive impairment, and we have demonstrated the effectiveness of T2DM-prescribed drugs through current PD treatment trials. In conclusion, this investigation would fill a research gap in T2DM-associated Parkinson's disease (PD) with a potential therapy option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sri Sabari
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Balasubramani
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harysh Winster Sureshbabu
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Arul Narayanaswamy
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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12
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Yadav Y, Sharma M, Dey CS. PP1γ regulates neuronal insulin signaling and aggravates insulin resistance leading to AD-like phenotypes. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:82. [PMID: 37085815 PMCID: PMC10120118 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PP1γ is one of the isoforms of catalytic subunit of a Ser/Thr phosphatase PP1. The role of PP1γ in cellular regulation is largely unknown. The present study investigated the role of PP1γ in regulating neuronal insulin signaling and insulin resistance in neuronal cells. PP1 was inhibited in mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a) and human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). The expression of PP1α and PP1γ was determined in insulin resistant N2a, SH-SY5Y cells and in high-fat-diet-fed-diabetic mice whole-brain-lysates. PP1α and PP1γ were silenced by siRNA in N2a and SH-SY5Y cells and effect was tested on AKT isoforms, AS160 and GSK3 isoforms using western immunoblot, GLUT4 translocation by confocal microscopy and glucose uptake by fluorescence-based assay. RESULTS Results showed that, in one hand PP1γ, and not PP1α, regulates neuronal insulin signaling and insulin resistance by regulating phosphorylation of AKT2 via AKT2-AS160-GLUT4 axis. On the other hand, PP1γ regulates phosphorylation of GSK3β via AKT2 while phosphorylation of GSK3α via MLK3. Imbalance in this regulation results into AD-like phenotype. CONCLUSION PP1γ acts as a linker, regulating two pathophysiological conditions, neuronal insulin resistance and AD. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Medha Sharma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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13
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Ong WY, Leow DMK, Herr DR, Yeo CJJ. What Do Randomized Controlled Trials Inform Us About Potential Disease-Modifying Strategies for Parkinson's Disease? Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:1-13. [PMID: 35776238 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Research advances have shed new insight into cellular pathways contributing to PD pathogenesis and offer increasingly compelling therapeutic targets. In this review, we made a broad survey of the published literature that report possible disease-modifying effects on PD. While there are many studies that demonstrate benefits for various therapies for PD in animal and human studies, we confined our search to human "randomised controlled trials" and with the key words "neuroprotection" or "disease-modifying". It is hoped that through studying the results of these trials, we might clarify possible mechanisms that underlie idiopathic PD. This contrasts with studying the effect of pathophysiology of familial PD, which could be carried out by gene knockouts and animal models. Randomised controlled trials indicate promising effects of MAO-B inhibitors, dopamine agonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, therapies related to improving glucose utilization and energy production, therapies related to reduction of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, statin use, therapies related to iron chelation, therapies related to the use of phytochemicals, and therapies related to physical exercise and brain reward pathway on slowing PD progression. Cumulatively, these approaches fall into two categories: direct enhancement of dopaminergic signalling, and reduction of neurodegeneration. Overlaps between the two categories result in challenges in distinguishing between symptomatic versus disease-modifying effects with current clinical trial designs. Nevertheless, a broad-based approach allows us to consider all possible therapeutic avenues which may be neuroprotective. While the traditional standard of care focuses on symptomatic management with dopaminergic drugs, more recent approaches suggest ways to preserve dopaminergic neurons by attenuating excitotoxicity and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
- Neurobiology Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
| | - Damien Meng-Kiat Leow
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Crystal Jing-Jing Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*Star, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
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14
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Cullinane PW, de Pablo Fernandez E, König A, Outeiro TF, Jaunmuktane Z, Warner TT. Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson's Disease: A Focused Review of Current Concepts. Mov Disord 2023; 38:162-177. [PMID: 36567671 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly reproducible epidemiological evidence shows that type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk and rate of progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), and crucially, the repurposing of certain antidiabetic medications for the treatment of PD has shown early promise in clinical trials, suggesting that the effects of T2D on PD pathogenesis may be modifiable. The high prevalence of T2D means that a significant proportion of patients with PD may benefit from personalized antidiabetic treatment approaches that also confer neuroprotective benefits. Therefore, there is an immediate need to better understand the mechanistic relation between these conditions and the specific molecular pathways affected by T2D in the brain. Although there is considerable evidence that processes such as insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of both PD and T2D, the primary aim of this review is to highlight the evidence showing that T2D-associated dysregulation of these pathways occurs not only in the periphery but also in the brain and how this may facilitate neurodegeneration in PD. We also discuss the challenges involved in disentangling the complex relationship between T2D, insulin resistance, and PD, as well as important questions for further research. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Cullinane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo de Pablo Fernandez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annekatrin König
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Blommer J, Pitcher T, Mustapic M, Eren E, Yao PJ, Vreones MP, Pucha KA, Dalrymple-Alford J, Shoorangiz R, Meissner WG, Anderson T, Kapogiannis D. Extracellular vesicle biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2023; 146:195-208. [PMID: 35833836 PMCID: PMC10060702 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides motor symptoms, many individuals with Parkinson's disease develop cognitive impairment perhaps due to coexisting α-synuclein and Alzheimer's disease pathologies and impaired brain insulin signalling. Discovering biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease could help clarify the underlying pathogenic processes and improve Parkinson's disease diagnosis and prognosis. This study used plasma samples from 273 participants: 103 Parkinson's disease individuals with normal cognition, 121 Parkinson's disease individuals with cognitive impairment (81 with mild cognitive impairment, 40 with dementia) and 49 age- and sex-matched controls. Plasma extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin were immunocaptured by targeting the L1 cell adhesion molecule, then biomarkers were quantified using immunoassays. α-Synuclein was lower in Parkinson's disease compared to control individuals (P = 0.004) and in cognitively impaired Parkinson's disease individuals compared to Parkinson's disease with normal cognition (P < 0.001) and control (P < 0.001) individuals. Amyloid-β42 did not differ between groups. Phosphorylated tau (T181) was higher in Parkinson's disease than control individuals (P = 0.003) and in cognitively impaired compared to cognitively normal Parkinson's disease individuals (P < 0.001) and controls (P < 0.001). Total tau was not different between groups. Tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 was lower in Parkinson's disease compared to control individuals (P = 0.03) and in cognitively impaired compared to cognitively normal Parkinson's disease individuals (P = 0.02) and controls (P = 0.01), and also decreased with increasing motor symptom severity (P = 0.005); serine312-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 was not different between groups. Mechanistic target of rapamycin was not different between groups, whereas phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin trended lower in cognitively impaired compared to cognitively normal Parkinson's disease individuals (P = 0.05). The ratio of α-synuclein to phosphorylated tau181 was lower in Parkinson's disease compared to controls (P = 0.001), in cognitively impaired compared to cognitively normal Parkinson's disease individuals (P < 0.001) and decreased with increasing motor symptom severity (P < 0.001). The ratio of insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylated serine312 to insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylated tyrosine was higher in Parkinson's disease compared to control individuals (P = 0.01), in cognitively impaired compared to cognitively normal Parkinson's disease individuals (P = 0.02) and increased with increasing motor symptom severity (P = 0.003). α-Synuclein, phosphorylated tau181 and insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylated tyrosine contributed in diagnostic classification between groups. These findings suggest that both α-synuclein and tau pathologies and impaired insulin signalling underlie Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment. Plasma neuronal extracellular vesicles biomarkers may inform cognitive prognosis in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Blommer
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Toni Pitcher
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Maja Mustapic
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Erden Eren
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael P Vreones
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Krishna A Pucha
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - John Dalrymple-Alford
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Reza Shoorangiz
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Service de Neurologie—Maladies Neurodégénératives, CHU Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Tim Anderson
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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16
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Pezzoli G, Cereda E, Amami P, Colosimo S, Barichella M, Sacilotto G, Zecchinelli A, Zini M, Ferri V, Bolliri C, Calandrella D, Bonelli MG, Cereda V, Reali E, Caronni S, Cassani E, Canesi M, del Sorbo F, Soliveri P, Zecca L, Klersy C, Cilia R, Isaias IU. Onset and mortality of Parkinson's disease in relation to type II diabetes. J Neurol 2023; 270:1564-1572. [PMID: 36436068 PMCID: PMC9971073 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is growing evidence that Parkinson's disease and diabetes are partially related diseases; however, the association between the two, and the impact of specific treatments, are still unclear. We evaluated the effect of T2D and antidiabetic treatment on age at PD onset and on all-cause mortality. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The standardized rate of T2D was calculated for PD patients using the direct method and compared with subjects with essential tremor (ET) and the general Italian population. Age at onset and survival were also compared between patients without T2D (PD-noT2D), patients who developed T2D before PD onset (PD-preT2D) and patients who developed T2D after PD onset (PD-postT2D). RESULTS We designed a retrospective and prospective study. The T2D standardized ratio of PD (N = 8380) and ET (N = 1032) patients was 3.8% and 6.1%, respectively, while in the Italian general population, the overall prevalence was 5.3%. In PD-preT2D patients, on antidiabetic treatment, the onset of PD was associated with a + 6.2 year delay (p < 0.001) while no difference was observed in PD-postT2D. Occurrence of T2D before PD onset negatively affected prognosis (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.64 [95% CI 1.33-2.02]; p < 0.001), while no effect on survival was found in PD-postT2D subjects (hazard ratio = 0.86, [95% CI 0.53-1.39]; p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS T2D, treated with any antidiabetic therapy before PD, is associated with a delay in its onset. Duration of diabetes increases mortality in PD-preT2D, but not in PD-postT2D. These findings prompt further studies on antidiabetic drugs as a potential disease-modifying therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy ,grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cereda
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Amami
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy ,grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Santo Colosimo
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822University of Milan, Specialization School in Nutrition Science, Milan, Italy ,Clinical Nutrition Unit, ASST-Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Sacilotto
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Zini
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Ferri
- grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy ,Clinical Nutrition Unit, ASST-Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Bolliri
- grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy ,Clinical Nutrition Unit, ASST-Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Calandrella
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy ,grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bonelli
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Programming and Grant Offices (UPGO), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Cereda
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy ,grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Reali
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy ,grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Caronni
- grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy ,Clinical Nutrition Unit, ASST-Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Cassani
- grid.479062.e0000 0004 6080 596XFondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy ,Clinical Nutrition Unit, ASST-Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, ASST-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Canesi
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy ,Department of Parkinson’s Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” General Hospital, Como, Italy
| | | | - Paola Soliveri
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST-Pini-CTO, Via Bignami 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- grid.419425.f0000 0004 1760 3027Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Cilia
- grid.417894.70000 0001 0707 5492Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ioannis U. Isaias
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Gut-oriented disease modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:9-18. [PMID: 36182642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathology studies have shown that the pathognomonic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, may start from the gut enteric nervous system and then spread to the central dopaminergic neurons through the gut-brain axis. With the advent of metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic analysis, a plethora of evidence has revealed different gut microbiomes and gut metabolites in patients with PD compared with unaffected controls. Currently, although dopaminergic treatments and deep brain stimulation can provide some symptomatic benefits for motor symptoms of the disease, their long-term use is problematic. A mechanism-targeted therapy to halt the neurodegeneration is lacking. The recently observed gut microenvironmental changes in the early stages of the disease play a vital role in the PD pathogenesis. Patients whose disease begins in the gut may benefit most from interventions that target the gut microenvironments. In this review, we will summarize the current studies demonstrating multifunctional roles of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis of PD and the currently available evidence for targeting the gut microbiota as a novel approach to potential disease-modifying therapy in PD.
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18
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Yu H, Sun T, He X, Wang Z, Zhao K, An J, Wen L, Li JY, Li W, Feng J. Association between Parkinson's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: From Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Prevention to Treatment. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1591-1605. [PMID: 36465171 PMCID: PMC9662283 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are both age-related diseases of global concern being among the most common chronic metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. While both diseases can be genetically inherited, environmental factors play a vital role in their pathogenesis. Moreover, DM and PD have common underlying molecular mechanisms, such as misfolded protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis. Recently, epidemiological and experimental studies have reported that DM affects the incidence and progression of PD. Moreover, certain antidiabetic drugs have been proven to decrease the risk of PD and delay its progression. In this review, we elucidate the epidemiological and pathophysiological association between DM and PD and summarize the antidiabetic drugs used in animal models and clinical trials of PD, which may provide reference for the clinical translation of antidiabetic drugs in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Kaidong Zhao
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lulu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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19
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Ferrari F, Moretti A, Villa RF. Incretin-based drugs as potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: current status and perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Ramasubbu K, Devi Rajeswari V. Impairment of insulin signaling pathway PI3K/Akt/mTOR and insulin resistance induced AGEs on diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases: a perspective review. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1307-1324. [PMID: 36308670 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Impairment in insulin signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, would lead to insulin resistance. It might induce the synthesis and deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species, resulting in stress, protein misfolding, protein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reticulum function, and metabolic syndrome dysregulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. It plays a huge role in various neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyloid lateral sclerosis. In this review, we intend to focus on the possible effect of insulin resistance in the progression of neurodegeneration via the impaired P13K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, AGEs, and receptors for AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagavalli Ramasubbu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India.
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21
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Zhao H, Zhuo L, Sun Y, Shen P, Lin H, Zhan S. Thiazolidinedione use and risk of Parkinson's disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:138. [PMID: 36271052 PMCID: PMC9587207 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The health burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) and diabetes increases rapidly in China. However, no population-based study of the association between glucose lowering agents and PD incidence has been conducted in mainland Chinese population. Preclinical studies indicate that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have neuroprotective effects against PD through stimulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Nevertheless, debate remains in human studies. We assembled a retrospective cohort of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who were new users of TZDs or alpha glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) using the Yinzhou Regional Health Care Database. A Cox model with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of PD incidence associated with the use of TZDs compared with AGIs. The final cohort included 12,704 new users of TZDs and 49,696 new users of AGIs. The incidence of PD was 135 per 100,000 person-years in TZD users and 203 per 100,000 person-years in the AGI group. An inverse association between use of TZDs and incidence of PD, with a HR of 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.92), was observed after adjusting for potential confounding using IPTW. The results of various subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were consistent with the findings of the primary analysis. Our results indicated that the use of TZD is associated with a decreased risk of PD incidence in a mainland Chinese population with T2DM. Given the heavy disease burden of PD and diabetes in China, these findings could provide some evidence for developing effective prevention and control measures to reduce the future incidence of PD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyu Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhuo
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yexiang Sun
- Yinzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Yinzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongbo Lin
- Yinzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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22
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Crosstalk between neurological, cardiovascular, and lifestyle disorders: insulin and lipoproteins in the lead role. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:790-817. [PMID: 36149598 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and impaired lipoprotein metabolism contribute to a plethora of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. These alterations have been extensively linked with poor lifestyle choices, such as consumption of a high-fat diet, smoking, stress, and a redundant lifestyle. Moreover, these are also known to increase the co-morbidity of diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, insulin and lipoproteins exert a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, the tripping of balance between the periphery and center may alter the normal functioning of the brain and lead to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, and multiple sclerosis. These neurological disorders are further characterized by certain behavioral and molecular changes that show consistent overlap with alteration in insulin and lipoprotein signaling pathways. Therefore, targeting these two mechanisms not only reveals a way to manage the co-morbidities associated with the circle of the metabolic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders but also exclusively work as a disease-modifying therapy for neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of insulin resistance and lipoproteins in the progression of various neurological conditions and discuss the therapeutic options currently in the clinical pipeline targeting these two mechanisms; in addition, challenges faced in designing these therapeutic approaches have also been touched upon briefly.
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Chen HC, Wang CY, Chen HH, Liou HH. Cost-effectiveness of the add-on exenatide to conventional treatment in patients with Parkinson’s disease when considering the coexisting effects of diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269006. [PMID: 35951654 PMCID: PMC9371359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to investigate the cost-effectiveness of the add-on exenatide to conventional pharmacotherapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) when considering the coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods We used the Keelung and Community-based Integrated Screening databases to understand the medical utilisation in the Hoehn and Yahr stages of patients with PD. A Markov model with 1-year cycle length and 50-year time horizon was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of add-on exenatide to conventional pharmacotherapy compared to conventional pharmacotherapy alone. All costs were adjusted to the value of the new Taiwanese dollar (NT$) as of the year 2020. One-way sensitivity and probability analyses were performed to test the robustness of the results. Results From a societal perspective, the add-on exenatide brought an average of 0.39 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained, and a cost increment of NT$104,744 per person in a 50-year horizon compared to conventional pharmacotherapy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was NT$268,333 per QALY gained. As the ICER was less than the gross domestic product per capita (NT$839,558), the add-on exenatide was considered to be very cost-effective in the two models, according to the World Health Organization recommendation. Add-on exenatide had a 96.9% probability of being cost-effective in patients with PD, and a 100% probability of being cost-effective in patients with PD and DM. Conclusion Add-on exenatide is cost-effective in PD combined with DM. Considering that DM may be a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, exenatide provides both clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness when considering both PD and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Chih Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Douliu, Taiwan
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsi Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Prevention Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng- Huei Liou
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Soni R, Shah J. Deciphering Intertwined Molecular Pathways Underlying Metabolic Syndrome Leading to Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2240-2251. [PMID: 35856649 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that gradually develops over time in a progressive manner. The main culprit behind the disease pathology is dopaminergic deficiency in Substantia nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc) due to neuronal degeneration. However, there are other factors that are not only associated with it but also somehow responsible for inception of pathology. Metabolic syndrome is one such risk factor for PD. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of diseases mainly including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia which pose a risk for developing cardiovascular disorders. All of these disorders have their own pathological pathways that intertwine with PD pathology. This leads to alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress which are facets in initiating PD pathology. Although few reports are available, this area is underexplored and has contradictory views. Hence, further studies are needed in order to establish a definite relationship between PD and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms to confirm the association between them and pave the way for potential repurposing of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
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25
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Irisin, An Exercise-induced Bioactive Peptide Beneficial for Health Promotion During Aging Process. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sola P, Krishnamurthy PT, Kumari M, Byran G, Gangadharappa HV, Garikapati KK. Neuroprotective approaches to halt Parkinson's disease progression. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105380. [PMID: 35718278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant threats in Parkinson's disease (PD) is neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration at both nigral as well as non-nigral regions of the brain is considered responsible for disease progression in PD. The key factors that initiate neurodegeneration are oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial complex-1 inhibition, and abnormal α-synuclein (SNCA) protein aggregations. Nigral neurodegeneration results in motor symptoms (tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, shuffling gait, and postural instability) whereas; non-nigral neurodegeneration is responsible for non-motor symptoms (depression, cognitive dysfunctions, sleep disorders, hallucination, and psychosis). The available therapies for PD aim at increasing dopamine levels. The medications such as Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, catechol o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, Dopamine precursor (Levodopa), dopamine agonists, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors drastically improve the motor symptoms and quality of life only in the early stages of the disease. However, dopa resistant motor symptoms (abnormality in posture, speech impediment, gait, and balance problems), dopa resistant non-motor signs (sleep problems, autonomic dysfunction, mood, and cognitive impairment, pain), and drug-related side effects (motor fluctuations, psychosis, and dyskinesias) are considered responsible for the failure of these therapies. Further, none of the treatments, alone or in combination, are capable of halting the disease progression in the long run. Therefore, there is a need to develop safe and efficient neuroprotective agents, which can slow or stop the disease progression for the better management of PD. In this review, an effort has been made to discuss the various mechanisms responsible for progressive neurodegeneration (disease progression) in PD and also multiple strategies available for halting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyong Sola
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India.
| | - Mamta Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | - Gowramma Byran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
| | | | - Kusuma Kumari Garikapati
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 643001, India
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Colca JR, Finck BN. Metabolic Mechanisms Connecting Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Potential Avenues for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:929328. [PMID: 35782864 PMCID: PMC9243557 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.929328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's Diseases (PD) are common neurodegenerative disorders growing in incidence and prevalence and for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. While there are considerable complexities in the presentations of these diseases, the histological pictures of these pathologies, as well as several rare genetic predispositions for each, point to the involvement of maladaptive protein processing and inflammation. Importantly, the common presentations of AD and PD are connected to aging and to dysmetabolism, including common co-diagnosis of metabolic syndrome or diabetes. Examination of anti-diabetic therapies in preclinical models and in some observational clinical studies have suggested effectiveness of the first generation insulin sensitizer pioglitazone in both AD and PD. Recently, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) was shown to be a previously unrecognized target of pioglitazone. New insulin sensitizers are in development that can be dosed to full engagement of this previously unappreciated mitochondrial target. Here we review molecular mechanisms that connect modification of pyruvate metabolism with known liabilities of AD and PD. The mechanisms involve modification of autophagy, inflammation, and cell differentiation in various cell types including neurons, glia, macrophages, and endothelium. These observations have implications for the understanding of the general pathology of neurodegeneration and suggest general therapeutic approaches to disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R. Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Grotemeyer A, McFleder RL, Wu J, Wischhusen J, Ip CW. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease - Putative Pathomechanisms and Targets for Disease-Modification. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878771. [PMID: 35663989 PMCID: PMC9158130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating chronic disease that affects more than six million people worldwide, with rising prevalence. The hallmarks of PD are motor deficits, the spreading of pathological α-synuclein clusters in the central nervous system, and neuroinflammatory processes. PD is treated symptomatically, as no causally-acting drug or procedure has been successfully established for clinical use. Various pathways contributing to dopaminergic neuron loss in PD have been investigated and described to interact with the innate and adaptive immune system. We discuss the possible contribution of interconnected pathways related to the immune response, focusing on the pathophysiology and neurodegeneration of PD. In addition, we provide an overview of clinical trials targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Luo A, Xie Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Li S, Yan J, Zhan G, Zhou Z, Zhao Y, Li S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus-associated cognitive dysfunction: Advances in potential mechanisms and therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104642. [PMID: 35367221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its target organ injuries cause distressing impacts on personal health and put an enormous burden on the healthcare system, and increasing attention has been paid to T2D-associated cognitive dysfunction (TDACD). TDACD is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, delayed executive ability, and impeded information-processing speed. Brain imaging data suggest that extensive brain regions are affected in patients with T2D. Based on current findings, a wide spectrum of non-specific neurodegenerative mechanisms that partially overlap with the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases is hypothesized to be associated with TDACD. However, it remains unclear whether TDACD is a consequence of T2D or a complication that co-occurs with T2D. Theoretically, anti-diabetes methods are promising neuromodulatory approaches to reduce brain injury in patients with T2D. In this review, we summarize potential mechanisms underlying TDACD and promising neurotropic effects of anti-diabetes methods and some neuroprotective natural compounds. Constructing screening or diagnostic tools and developing targeted treatment and preventive strategies would be expected to reduce the burden of TDACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Zheng Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
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30
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Yang X, Feng P, Ji R, Ren Y, Wei W, Hölscher C. Therapeutic application of GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:445-460. [PMID: 35584372 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2079492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and shares similar dysregulated insulin pathways. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs originally designed to treat diabetes have shown potent neuroprotective activity in preclinical studies of PD. They are neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammation, improving neuronal survival, maintenance of synapses, and dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Building on this, three clinical studies have reported impressive effects in patients with PD, testing exendin-4 (Exenatide, Bydureon) or liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is another peptide hormone that has shown good effects in animal models of PD. Novel dual GLP-1/GIP agonists have been developed that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and show superior effects in animal models compared to GLP-1 drugs. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies testing GLP-1R agonists and dual GLP-1/GIPR agonists in PD and discusses possible mechanisms of action. EXPERT OPINION Current strategies to treat PD by lowering the levels of alpha-synuclein have not shown effects in clinical trials. It is time to move on from the 'misfolding protein' hypothesis. Growth factors such as GLP-1 that can cross the BBB have already shown impressive effects in patients and are the future of drug discovery in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Ren
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan' an Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.,Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 233 Zhongyuan Road, Zhengzhou, China
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Yang X, Qiang Q, Li N, Feng P, Wei W, Hölscher C. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Based Therapies in Ischemic Stroke: An Update Based on Preclinical Research. Front Neurol 2022; 13:844697. [PMID: 35370875 PMCID: PMC8964641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.844697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The public and social health burdens of ischemic stroke have been increasing worldwide. Hyperglycemia leads to a greater risk of stroke. This increased risk is commonly seen among patients with diabetes and is in connection with worsened clinical conditions and higher mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Therapy for stroke focuses mainly on restoring cerebral blood flow (CBF) and ameliorating neurological impairment caused by stroke. Although choices of stroke treatment remain limited, much advance have been achieved in assisting patients in recovering from ischemic stroke, along with progress of recanalization therapy through pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis. However, it is still necessary to develop neuroprotective therapies for AIS to protect the brain against injury before and during reperfusion, prolong the time window for intervention, and consequently improve neurological prognosis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are broadly regarded as effective drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Preclinical data on GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs have displayed an impressive neuroprotective efficacy in stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the preclinical studies in the past decade, we review recent progress in the biological roles of GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs in ischemic stroke. Emphasis will be placed on their neuroprotective effects in experimental models of cerebral ischemia stroke at cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Qiang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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Lv YQ, Yuan L, Sun Y, Dou HW, Su JH, Hou ZP, Li JY, Li W. Long-term hyperglycemia aggravates α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:14. [PMID: 35255986 PMCID: PMC8900445 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Growing evidence suggests an association between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). At the cellular level, long-term elevated levels of glucose have been shown to lead to nigrostriatal degeneration in PD models. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Previously, we have elucidated the potential of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in facilitating PD progression, involving aggregation of both alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and islet amyloid polypeptide in the pancreatic and brain tissues. However, due to the complicated effect of insulin resistance on PD onset, the actual mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced dopaminergic degeneration remains unknown.
Methods
We employed the type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) model induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection in a transgenic mouse line (BAC-α-syn-GFP) overexpressing human α-syn, to investigate the direct effect of elevated blood glucose on nigrostriatal degeneration.
Results
STZ treatment induced more severe pathological alterations in the pancreatic islets and T1DM symptoms in α-syn-overexpressing mice than in wild-type mice, at one month and three months after STZ injections. Behavioral tests evaluating motor performance confirmed the nigrostriatal degeneration. Furthermore, there was a marked decrease in dopaminergic profiles and an increase of α-syn accumulation and Serine 129 (S129) phosphorylation in STZ-treated α-syn mice compared with the vehicle-treated mice. In addition, more severe neuroinflammation was observed in the brains of the STZ-treated α-syn mice.
Conclusion
Our results solidify the potential link between DM and PD, providing insights into how hyperglycemia induces nigrostriatal degeneration and contributes to pathogenic mechanisms in PD.
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Arbo BD, Schimith LE, Goulart dos Santos M, Hort MA. Repositioning and development of new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on neuroinflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Troshneva A, Ametov A. Parkinson’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: interrelation of pathogenetic mechanisms and general therapeutic approaches. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:12-18. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212211212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chmiela T, Węgrzynek J, Kasprzyk A, Waksmundzki D, Wilczek D, Gorzkowska A. If Not Insulin Resistance so What? - Comparison of Fasting Glycemia in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonism. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1451-1460. [PMID: 35586204 PMCID: PMC9109887 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s359856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a synucleinopathy, which presents dysautonomia, as its common non-motor symptom. Some research suggests the existing interplay between the autonomic nervous system dysfunction and glucose metabolism dysregulation in PD. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of metabolic disorders with particular emphasis on glucose metabolism in patients with PD and atypical parkinsonism (AP). PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed by analyzing 461 clinical data of consecutive patients diagnosed with PD, multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) hospitalized from 2019 to 2021 in the authors' institution. The study group included 350 patients (303 PD, 14 MSA, 33 PSP), aged 65.8 ± 9.7 years (42% were female). Laboratory results (fasting glycemia, lipid parameters, TSH, homocysteine and vitamin D3 levels) were collected. The patient's clinical condition was assessed in III part of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS p. III), Hoehn-Yahr scale, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS Impaired fasting glycemia (IGF) was more prevalent in PD than in the PSP (43.43% vs 18.18%; p = 0.043). Similarly, PD presented a higher level of fasting glycemia (102.4 ± 16.7 mg/dl vs 92.2 ± 16.1mg/dl; p = 0.042). According to lipid parameters, patients with PD showed lower LDL cholesterol (92.3 ± 44.3mg/dl vs 119 ± 61.0mg/dl; p = 0.016) and lower BMI compared to patients with PSP (26.1 ± 4.0kg/m2 vs 29.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2; p = 0.024), but there were no statistically significant differences in triglycerides (TG) and HDL cholesterol levels. Males with PD presented greater frequency of IFG (35.05% vs 50.6%; p = 0.042), higher fasting glycemia (99.1 ± 14.3mg/dl vs 103.7 ± 14.7mg/dl; p = 0.006), lower total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and BMI compared to women with PD. CONCLUSION Our investigation supports an association between synucleinopathies and glucose metabolism dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Chmiela
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: Tomasz Chmiela, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Tel +48 32 789 46 01, Fax +48 32 789 45 55, Email
| | - Julia Węgrzynek
- Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Amadeusz Kasprzyk
- Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian Waksmundzki
- Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Wilczek
- Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gorzkowska
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Manglani K, Dey CS. CDK5 inhibition improves glucose uptake in insulin-resistant neuronal cells via ERK1/2 pathway. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:488-497. [PMID: 34865281 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Role of CDK5 and its inhibition in various neuronal processes and functions are well established. However, role of CDK5 and its inhibition in neuronal insulin-signaling and-resistance is not yet explored. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CDK5 inhibition in neuronal insulin signaling, specifically insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. CDK5 expression in neuro-2a cells was increased under insulin-resistant state, developed by chronic treatment of insulin, confirming the crucial role of CDK5 in insulin resistance in neuronal cells. However, whether increased expression of CDK5 in hyperinsulinemia-mediated insulin-resistant conditions is a cause or a consequence, is still an unanswered question. We showed that CDK5 inhibition did not affect basal insulin signaling; however, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake enhanced in insulin-resistant cells. Moreover, CDK5 inhibition could improve glucose uptake, the ultimate outcome of insulin signaling, in insulin-resistant neuro-2a cells. We first time showed that CDK5 inhibition by roscovitine could ameliorate insulin resistance and increase glucose uptake in neuronal cells via ERK1/2 pathway. Our study provides intriguing insights about the effect of CDK5 inhibition on neuronal insulin resistance and opens up a new paradigm to develop new therapeutic strategies for neuronal insulin resistance and associated pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Manglani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Chinmoy S Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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Tan C, Liu X, Zhang X, Peng W, Wang H, Zhou W, Jiang J, Mo L, Chen Y, Chen L. Fyn kinase regulates dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis in animal and cell models of high glucose (HG) treatment. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:58. [PMID: 34863087 PMCID: PMC8642997 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High glucose (HG) is linked to dopaminergic neuron loss and related Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the mechanism is unclear. Results Rats and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were used to investigate the effect of HG on dopaminergic neuronal apoptotic death. We found that a 40-day HG diet elevated cleaved caspase 3 levels and activated Fyn and mTOR/S6K signaling in the substantia nigra of rats. In vitro, 6 days of HG treatment activated Fyn, enhanced binding between Fyn and mTOR, activated mTOR/S6K signaling, and induced neuronal apoptotic death. The proapoptotic effect of HG was rescued by either the Fyn inhibitor PP1 or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. PP1 inhibited mTOR/S6K signaling, but rapamycin was unable to modulate Fyn activation. Conclusions HG induces dopaminergic neuronal apoptotic death via the Fyn/mTOR/S6K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | | | - Wuxue Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Lin KJ, Wang TJ, Chen SD, Lin KL, Liou CW, Lan MY, Chuang YC, Chuang JH, Wang PW, Lee JJ, Wang FS, Lin HY, Lin TK. Two Birds One Stone: The Neuroprotective Effect of Antidiabetic Agents on Parkinson Disease-Focus on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121935. [PMID: 34943038 PMCID: PMC8750793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease affecting more than 1% of the population over 65 years old. The etiology of the disease is unknown and there are only symptomatic managements available with no known disease-modifying treatment. Aging, genes, and environmental factors contribute to PD development and key players involved in the pathophysiology of the disease include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic-lysosomal imbalance, and neuroinflammation. Recent epidemiology studies have shown that type-2 diabetes (T2DM) not only increased the risk for PD, but also is associated with PD clinical severity. A higher rate of insulin resistance has been reported in PD patients and is suggested to be a pathologic driver in this disease. Oral diabetic drugs including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been shown to provide neuroprotective effects in both PD patients and experimental models; additionally, antidiabetic drugs have been demonstrated to lower incidence rates of PD in DM patients. Among these, the most recently developed drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors may provide neuroprotective effects through improving mitochondrial function and antioxidative effects. In this article, we will discuss the involvement of mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in the development of PD and potential benefits provided by antidiabetic agents especially focusing on sglt2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Jer Lee
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Systematic analysis of the molecular mechanisms mediated by coffee in Parkinson’s disease based on network pharmacology approach. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Dekens DW, Eisel ULM, Gouweleeuw L, Schoemaker RG, De Deyn PP, Naudé PJW. Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101414. [PMID: 34325073 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic (neuro)inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. Inflammation also characterizes many conditions that form a risk factor for these CNS disorders, such as physical inactivity, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an inflammatory protein shown to be involved in different age-related CNS diseases, as well as risk factor conditions thereof. Lcn2 expression is increased in the periphery and the brain in different age-related CNS diseases and also their risk factor conditions. Experimental studies indicate that Lcn2 contributes to various neuropathophysiological processes of age-related CNS diseases, including exacerbated neuroinflammation, cell death and iron dysregulation, which may negatively impact cognitive function. We hypothesize that increased Lcn2 levels as a result of age-related risk factor conditions may sensitize the brain and increase the risk to develop age-related CNS diseases. In this review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the known functions of Lcn2, and its effects in the CNS. Subsequently, this review explores Lcn2 as a potential (neuro)inflammatory link between different risk factor conditions and the development of age-related CNS disorders. Altogether, evidence convincingly indicates Lcn2 as a key constituent in ageing and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Bandyopadhyay I, Dave S, Rai A, Nampoothiri M, Chamallamudi MR, Kumar N. Oral semaglutide in the management of type 2 DM: Clinical status and comparative analysis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:311-327. [PMID: 34468297 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210901125420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the incretin system, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that inhibits the release of glucagon and regulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion. In type 2 diabetes, correcting the impaired incretin system using GLP-1 agonist is a well-defined therapeutic strategy. OBJECTIVES This review article aims to discuss the mechanism of action, key regulatory events, clinical trials for glycaemic control and comparative analysis of semaglutide with the second-line antidiabetic drugs. DESCRIPTION Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP 1) receptor agonist with enhanced glycaemic control in diabetes patients. In 2019, USFDA approved the first oral GLP-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide to be administered as a once-daily tablet. Further, recent studies highlight the ability of semaglutide to improve the glycaemic control in obese patients with a reduction in body weight. Still, in clinical practice, in type 2 DM treatment paradigm the impact of oral semaglutide remains unidentified. This review article discusses the mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, key regulatory events, and clinical trials regarding glycaemic control. CONCLUSION The review highlights the comparative analysis of semaglutide with the existing second-line drugs for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus by stressing on its benefits and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilora Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunny Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amita Rai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Hu K, Liu H. Downregulation of long noncoding RNA SNHG7 protects against inflammation and apoptosis in Parkinson's disease model by targeting the miR-425-5p/TRAF5/NF-κB axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22867. [PMID: 34369042 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has manifested that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in the progress of Parkinson's disease (PD). SNHG7, a novel lncRNA, has been found to be involved in tumorigenesis. However, SNHG7 expression and its functional effects on PD remain uncharted. Rotenone (Rot) was adopted to construct PD models in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and SH-SY5Y cells, respectively. The expression levels of caspase 3, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) in SD rat striatum were measured via immunohistochemistry and western blot. Additionally, the expressions of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α) and oxidative stress factors (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) in the brain tissues were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Moreover, the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF5), I-κB, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), HO-1, Nrf2 were detected via western blot. Bioinformatics was applied to predict the targeting relationship between SNHG7, miR-425-5p, and TRAF5. Dual-luciferase activity assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to verify their interactions. In comparison to healthy donors, SNHG7 was found upregulated while miR-425-5p expression was downregulated in PD patients. Functional experiments confirmed that SNHG7 downregulation or miR-425-5p overexpression attenuated neuronal apoptosis in the Rot-mediated PD model, TH-positive cell loss, and microglial activation by mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, SNHG7 served as a competitive endogenous RNA by sponging miR-425-5p and promoted TRAF5 mediated inflammation and oxidative stress. Inhibition of SNHG7 ameliorated neuronal apoptosis in PD through relieving miR-425-5p/TRAF5/NF-κB signaling pathway modulated inflammation and oxidative stress, and similar results were observed in the Rot-mediated rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYang Center Hospital, Xiangyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYang Center Hospital, Xiangyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang, China
| | - Keqi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYang Center Hospital, Xiangyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang, China
| | - Handong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYang Center Hospital, Xiangyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Sciences, Xiangyang, China
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Lv M, Xue G, Cheng H, Meng P, Lian X, Hölscher C, Li D. The GLP-1/GIP dual-receptor agonist DA5-CH inhibits the NF-κB inflammatory pathway in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease more effectively than the GLP-1 single-receptor agonist NLY01. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2231. [PMID: 34125470 PMCID: PMC8413783 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 has recently shown good effects in a phase II clinical trial in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Here, a comparison of the new GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonist DA5-CH and NLY01, a 40 kDa pegylated form of exendin-4, on motor impairments and reducing inflammation in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) PD mouse model is provided. The drug groups received either DA5-CH or NLY01 (25 nmol/kg) i.p. after daily MPTP intraperitoneal injection. Both drugs showed improvements in motor activity, open field experiments, rotarod tests, and gait analysis, but DA5-CH was more potent. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in dopaminergic neurons was much reduced by MPTP and improved by DA5-CH, while NLY01 showed weak effects. When analyzing levels of α-synuclein (α-Syn), DA5-CH reduced levels effectively while NLY01 had no effect. When measuring the levels of the inflammation markers Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), specific markers of microglia activation (Iba-1), the marker of astrocyte activation glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), DA5-CH was very effective in reducing the chronic inflammation response, while NLY01 did not show significant effects. Levels of key growth factors such as Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were much reduced by MPTP, and DA5-CH was able to normalize levels in the brain, while NLY01 showed little effect. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-Iβ) were much reduced by DA5-CH, too, while NLY01 showed no effect. In a separate experiment, we tested the ability of the two drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier. After injecting fluorescin-labelled peptides peripherally, the fluorescence in brain tissue was measured. It was found that the pegylated NLY01 peptide did not cross the BBB in meaningful quantities while exendin-4 and the dual agonist DA5-CH did. The results show that DA5-CH shows promise as a therapeutic drug for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiaoJun Lv
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - GuoFang Xue
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - HuiFeng Cheng
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - PengFei Meng
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Lian
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - DongFang Li
- Second Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Lin TK, Lin KJ, Lin HY, Lin KL, Lan MY, Wang PW, Wang TJ, Wang FS, Tsai PC, Liou CW, Chuang JH. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Ameliorates 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Neurotoxicity Through Enhancing Mitophagy Flux and Reducing α-Synuclein and Oxidative Stress. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:697440. [PMID: 34305527 PMCID: PMC8292641 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.697440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease without known disease modification therapy to slow down disease progression. This disease has pathological features of Lewy bodies with α-synuclein aggregation being the major component and selective dopaminergic neuronal loss over the substantia nigra. Although the exact etiology is still unknown, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be central in PD pathophysiology. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has recently been connected to PD, and anti-diabetic drugs, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), have been shown to possess neuroprotective effects in PD animal models. The GLP-1RA liraglutide is currently under a phase 2 clinical trial to measure its effect on motor and non-motor symptoms in PD patients. In this study, we used an acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD to test the possible mechanism of the GLP-1RA liraglutide in the pathogenesis of PD. We show that the neurobehavioral and motor dysfunction caused by the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, MPTP, can be partially reversed by liraglutide. The GLP-1RA can protect mice from apoptosis of substantia nigra neurons induced by MPTP. MPTP treatment led to imbalanced mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics, altered mitochondrial morphology, impeded autophagy flux, increased α-synuclein accumulation, and elevated oxidative stress. Specifically, the normalizing of mitochondrial fusion-fission dynamic-related proteins and enhancement of autophagy flux after administration of liraglutide is associated with improving neuronal survival. This suggests that GLP-1RAs may provide potential beneficial effects for PD caused by mitochondrial dysfunction through improvement of mitochondrial morphology balance and enhancing damaged organelle degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Tsai
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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45
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Diabetes, insulin and new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease: Focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100914. [PMID: 33845041 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus are two chronic disorders associated with aging that are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Parkinson is a multifactorial progressive condition with no available disease modifying treatments at the moment. Over the last few years there is growing interest in the relationship between diabetes (and impaired insulin signaling) and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the possible benefit of antidiabetic treatments as neuroprotectors, even in non-diabetic patients. Insulin regulates essential functions in the brain such as neuronal survival, autophagy of toxic proteins, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. We review the existing epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence that supports the interplay between insulin and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, as well as the role of antidiabetic treatments in this disease.
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Da Silva FC, Rode MP, Vietta GG, Iop RDR, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Martin AS, Da Silva R. Expression levels of specific microRNAs are increased after exercise and are associated with cognitive improvement in Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:618. [PMID: 34184078 PMCID: PMC8258464 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a consensus regarding the efficacy of physical exercise in maintaining or improving human health; however, there are few studies examining the effect of physical exercise on the expression levels of microRNAs (miRNA/miRs) in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an interval training program on a cycle ergometer on the expression levels of miR‑106a‑5p, miR‑103a‑3p and miR‑29a‑3p in serum samples from men with PD. This was a quasi‑experimental study with pre‑ and post‑testing and with a non‑equivalent group design. The participants were selected based on the eligibility criteria and subsequently classified into two groups: Experimental group and control group. The evaluations were performed at the beginning of the study (week 0) and after 8 weeks of the intervention program (week 9). The interval training program was performed on a cycle ergometer for 30 min, three times a week during an 8‑week period. The expression levels of miR‑106a‑5p, miR‑103a‑3p and miR‑29a‑3p in the experimental group were increased after physical exercise and were associated with cognitive improvement in men with PD. However, further studies are required to clarify the potential use of these circulating miRNAs as markers of adaptation to physical exercise. Collectively, the present results indicated that these three miRNAs may be associated with the exercise response and cognitive improvement in men with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Cascaes Da Silva
- Center for Health Sciences and Sports, Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
| | - Michele Patrícia Rode
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Grunewald Vietta
- Nucleus of Epidemiology, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina 88137‑270, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Da Rosa Iop
- Center for Health Sciences and Sports, Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Swarowsky Martin
- Center for Health and Sport Sciences, Physical Therapy Department, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
| | - Rudney Da Silva
- Center for Health Sciences and Sports, Adapted Physical Activity Laboratory, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88080‑350, Brazil
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Park SH, Nam GE, Han K, Huh Y, Kim W, Lee MK, Koh ES, Kim ES, Kim MK, Kwon HS, Kim SM, Cho KH, Park YG. Association of Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status with the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1751-1759. [PMID: 34120914 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longitudinal association between dynamic changes in the metabolic syndrome (MS) status and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been poorly studied. OBJECTIVE We examined whether dynamic changes in MS status are associated with altered risk for PD. METHODS This study was a nationwide retrospective cohort study. We enrolled 5,522,813 individuals aged≥40 years who had undergone health examinations under the National Health Insurance Service between 2009 and 2010 (two health examinations with a 2-year interval). Participants were followed up until the end of 2017. The participants were categorized into four groups according to MS status changes over 2 years: non-MS, improved MS, incident MS, and persistent MS groups. Multivariable Cox hazard regression was performed. RESULTS During the 7-year median follow-up, there were 20,524 cases of newly developed PD. Compared with non-MS group, improved, incident, and persistent MS groups for 2 years were significantly associated with higher risks of PD (model 3; hazard ratio: 1.12, 95%confidence interval: 1.06-1.19 [improved MS]; 1.15, 1.09-1.22 [incident MS]; and 1.25, 1.20-1.30 [persistent MS]). Individuals with incident and persistent abdominal obesity, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia had a significantly increased risks of PD compared with those without either condition over 2 years. CONCLUSION Persistent and incident MS and its components may be risk factors for incident PD. Ever exposure to MS may also be associated with PD risk. Appropriate intervention for preventing and improving MS may be crucial in decreasing the PD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Huh
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsock Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Koh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kyung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Vijiaratnam N, Girges C, Auld G, Chau M, Maclagan K, King A, Skene S, Chowdhury K, Hibbert S, Morris H, Limousin P, Athauda D, Carroll CB, Hu MT, Silverdale M, Duncan GW, Chaudhuri R, Lo C, Del Din S, Yarnall AJ, Rochester L, Gibson R, Dickson J, Hunter R, Libri V, Foltynie T. Exenatide once weekly over 2 years as a potential disease-modifying treatment for Parkinson's disease: protocol for a multicentre, randomised, double blind, parallel group, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial: The 'Exenatide-PD3' study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047993. [PMID: 34049922 PMCID: PMC8166598 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with substantial morbidity. No disease-modifying treatments currently exist. The glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide has been associated in single-centre studies with reduced motor deterioration over 1 year. The aim of this multicentre UK trial is to confirm whether these previous positive results are maintained in a larger number of participants over 2 years and if effects accumulate with prolonged drug exposure. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of exenatide at a dose of 2 mg weekly in 200 participants with mild to moderate PD. Treatment duration is 96 weeks. Randomisation is 1:1, drug to placebo. Assessments are performed at baseline, week 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 weeks.The primary outcome is the comparison of Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part 3 motor subscore in the practically defined OFF medication state at 96 weeks between participants according to treatment allocation. Secondary outcomes will compare the change between groups among other motor, non-motor and cognitive scores. The primary outcome will be reported using descriptive statistics and comparisons between treatment groups using a mixed model, adjusting for baseline scores. Secondary outcomes will be summarised between treatment groups using summary statistics and appropriate statistical tests to assess for significant differences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial has been approved by the South Central-Berkshire Research Ethics Committee and the Health Research Authority. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, presented at scientific meetings and to patients in lay-summary format. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT04232969, ISRCTN14552789.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosen Vijiaratnam
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Christine Girges
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Grace Auld
- The Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Marisa Chau
- The Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kate Maclagan
- The Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Alexa King
- The Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Simon Skene
- Surrey Clinical Trials Unit, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Steve Hibbert
- The Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Huw Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Dilan Athauda
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Camille B Carroll
- Applied Parkinson's Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michele T Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Monty Silverdale
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Gordon W Duncan
- Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson's Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King\'s College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Lo
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Silvia Del Din
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - John Dickson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hopsitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Research Dept of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Libri
- Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Gonzalez-Latapi P, Bayram E, Litvan I, Marras C. Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Profile, Protective and Risk Factors. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11050074. [PMID: 34068064 PMCID: PMC8152515 DOI: 10.3390/bs11050074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and an important source of patient disability and caregiver burden. The timing, profile and rate of cognitive decline varies widely among individuals with PD and can range from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and dementia (PDD). Beta-amyloid and tau brain accumulation, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are reported risk factors for cognitive impairment. Traumatic brain injury and pesticide and tobacco exposure have also been described. Genetic risk factors including genes such as COMT, APOE, MAPT and BDNF may also play a role. Less is known about protective factors, although the Mediterranean diet and exercise may fall in this category. Nonetheless, there is conflicting evidence for most of the factors that have been studied. The use of inconsistent criteria and lack of comprehensive assessment in many studies are important methodological issues. Timing of exposure also plays a crucial role, although identification of the correct time window has been historically difficult in PD. Our understanding of the mechanism behind these factors, as well as the interactions between gene and environment as determinants of disease phenotype and the identification of modifiable risk factors will be paramount, as this will allow for potential interventions even in established PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada;
| | - Ece Bayram
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (E.B.); (I.L.)
| | - Irene Litvan
- Parkinson and Other Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (E.B.); (I.L.)
| | - Connie Marras
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T2S8, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Pérez-Lloret S, Cardinali DP. Melatonin as a Chronobiotic and Cytoprotective Agent in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650597. [PMID: 33935759 PMCID: PMC8082390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the role that melatonin may have in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In parkinsonian patients circulating melatonin levels are consistently disrupted and the potential therapeutic value of melatonin on sleep disorders in PD was examined in a limited number of clinical studies using 2–5 mg/day melatonin at bedtime. The low levels of melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor density in substantia nigra and amygdala found in PD patients supported the hypothesis that the altered sleep/wake cycle seen in PD could be due to a disrupted melatonergic system. Motor symptomatology is seen in PD patients when about 75% of the dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta region degenerate. Nevertheless, symptoms like rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), hyposmia or depression may precede the onset of motor symptoms in PD for years and are index of worse prognosis. Indeed, RBD patients may evolve to an α-synucleinopathy within 10 years of RBD onset. Daily bedtime administration of 3–12 mg of melatonin has been demonstrated effective in RDB treatment and may halt neurodegeneration to PD. In studies on animal models of PD melatonin was effective to curtail symptomatology in doses that allometrically projected to humans were in the 40–100 mg/day range, rarely employed clinically. Therefore, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies are urgently needed in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Pérez-Lloret
- Universidad Abierta Interamericana-Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de La Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, UAI-CAECIHS. CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel P Cardinali
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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