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Liu C, Yuan ZY, Yuan H, Wu KX, Cao B, Ren KY, Cui MJ, Liu JH, Chen HX, Pang YW. Status of Gene Methylation and Polymorphism in Different Courses of Ulcerative Colitis and Their Comparison with Sporadic Colorectal Cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:522-529. [PMID: 32793962 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to explore the common genetic and epigenetic mechanism of ulcerative colitis (UC) and sporadic colorectal cancer (SCRC) by observing genes methylation level and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of different disease courses in UC and SCRC. METHODS Two hundred subjects were enrolled, including 40 in the healthy control (HC) group, 50 in the short disease course UC group (SUC), 52 in the long disease course UC group (LUC), and 58 in the SCRC group. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the methylation of MINT1 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-23R rs10889677 and IL-1β rs1143627 were detected by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Compared with HCs (32.5%), methylation level of MINT1 was significantly increased in SCRC (67.2%; P = 0.001) and was a risk factor for CRC (odds ratio, [OR] 4.26). The methylation ratios of COX-2 were 95.0%, 58.0%, 23.1%, and 24.1% in HC, SUC, LUC, and SCRC, respectively, which were negatively correlated with the disease course of UC (r = -0.290). Hypermethylation of COX-2 was a protective factor for SUC (OR, 0.11), LUC (OR, 0.02), and SCRC (OR, 0.03; P < 0.05). Compared with HCs, rs10889677 allele A was a risk factor for SUC and LUC, and rs1143627 allele T was a protective factor for SUC and LUC. Genotype TT was a protective factor for SUC. CONCLUSION The hypomethylation of COX-2 gene was a common risk factor and epigenetic modification for UC and SCRC, which might be one of the mechanisms through which UC patients were susceptible to CRC. The hypermethylation of MINT1 was a risk factor for SCRC but not for UC; alleles of IL-23Rrs10889677 and IL-1βrs1143627 were related to UC but not to SCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Departments of School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Ying Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ke-Xiang Wu
- Department of Electrophysiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ke-Yu Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Juan Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jun-Heng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hai-Xing Chen
- Departments of School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yao-Wei Pang
- Departments of School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Two-stage 3-methylcholanthrene and butylated hydroxytoluene-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 163:153-173. [PMID: 33785163 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer and as such requires disease models that are useful for identification of novel pathways for biomarkers as well as to test therapeutic agents. Adenocarcinoma (ADC), the most prevalent type of lung cancer, is a subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and a disease driven mainly by smoking. However, it is also the most common subtype of lung cancer found in non-smokers with environmental exposures. Chemically driven models of lung cancer, also called primary models of lung cancer, are important because they do not overexpress or delete oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, respectively, to increase oncogenesis. Instead these models test tumor development without forcing a specific pathway (i.e., Kras). The primary focus of this chapter is to discuss a well-established 2-stage mouse model of lung adenocarcinomas. The initiator (3-methylcholanthrene, MCA) does not elicit many, if any, tumors if not followed by exposure to the tumor promoter (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT). In sensitive strains, such as A/J, FVB, and BALB, significantly greater numbers of tumors develop following the MCA/BHT protocol compared to MCA alone. BHT does not elicit tumors on its own; it is a non-genotoxic carcinogen and promoter. In these sensitive strains, promotion is also associated with inflammation characterized by infiltrating macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, and other inflammatory cell types in addition to increases in total protein content reflective of lung hyperpermeability. This 2-stage model is a useful tool to identify unique promotion specific events to then test in future intervention studies.
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Yang W, Yaggie RE, Jiang MC, Rudick CN, Done J, Heckman CJ, Rosen JM, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. Acyloxyacyl hydrolase modulates pelvic pain severity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R353-R365. [PMID: 29118019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00239.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pelvic pain causes significant patient morbidity and is a challenge to clinicians. Using a murine neurogenic cystitis model that recapitulates key aspects of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC), we recently showed that pseudorabies virus (PRV) induces severe pelvic allodynia in BALB/c mice relative to C57BL/6 mice. Here, we report that a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of PRV-induced allodynia in F2CxB progeny identified a polymorphism on chromosome 13, rs6314295 , significantly associated with allodynia (logarithm of odds = 3.11). The nearby gene encoding acyloxyacyl hydrolase ( Aoah) was induced in the sacral spinal cord of PRV-infected mice. AOAH-deficient mice exhibited increased vesicomotor reflex in response to bladder distension, consistent with spontaneous bladder hypersensitivity, and increased pelvic allodynia in neurogenic cystitis and postbacterial chronic pain models. AOAH deficiency resulted in greater bladder pathology and tumor necrosis factor production in PRV neurogenic cystitis, markers of increased bladder mast cell activation. AOAH immunoreactivity was detectable along the bladder-brain axis, including in brain sites previously correlated with human chronic pelvic pain. Finally, AOAH-deficient mice had significantly higher levels of bladder vascular endothelial growth factor, an emerging marker of chronic pelvic pain in humans. These findings indicate that AOAH modulates pelvic pain severity, suggesting that allelic variation in Aoah influences pelvic pain in IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Yang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan E Yaggie
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mingchen C Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles N Rudick
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph Done
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles J Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - John M Rosen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Anthony J Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - David J Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
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Oxidative Stability of α-Linolenic Acid in Corn Chips Enriched with Linseed Oil Pro/Antioxidative Activity of Tocopherol. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zeidler-Erdely PC, Meighan TG, Erdely A, Battelli LA, Kashon ML, Keane M, Antonini JM. Lung tumor promotion by chromium-containing welding particulate matter in a mouse model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:45. [PMID: 24107379 PMCID: PMC3774220 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiology suggests that occupational exposure to welding particulate matter (PM) may increase lung cancer risk. However, animal studies are lacking to conclusively link welding with an increased risk. PM derived from stainless steel (SS) welding contains carcinogenic metals such as hexavalent chromium and nickel. We hypothesized that welding PM may act as a tumor promoter and increase lung tumor multiplicity in vivo. Therefore, the capacity of chromium-containing gas metal arc (GMA)-SS welding PM to promote lung tumors was evaluated using a two-stage (initiation-promotion) model in lung tumor susceptible A/J mice. METHODS Male mice (n = 28-30/group) were treated either with the initiator 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA;10 μg/g; IP) or vehicle (corn oil) followed by 5 weekly pharyngeal aspirations of GMA-SS (340 or 680 μg/exposure) or PBS. Lung tumors were enumerated at 30 weeks post-initiation. RESULTS MCA initiation followed by GMA-SS welding PM exposure promoted tumor multiplicity in both the low (12.1 ± 1.5 tumors/mouse) and high (14.0 ± 1.8 tumors/mouse) exposure groups significantly above MCA/sham (4.77 ± 0.7 tumors/mouse; p = 0.0001). Multiplicity was also highly significant (p < 0.004) across all individual lung regions of GMA-SS-exposed mice. No exposure effects were found in the corn oil groups at 30 weeks. Histopathology confirmed the gross findings and revealed increased inflammation and a greater number of malignant lesions in the MCA/welding PM-exposed groups. CONCLUSIONS GMA-SS welding PM acts as a lung tumor promoter in vivo. Thus, this study provides animal evidence to support the epidemiological data that show welders have an increased lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road MS L2015, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Genetic analysis of hematological parameters in incipient lines of the collaborative cross. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2012; 2:157-65. [PMID: 22384394 PMCID: PMC3284323 DOI: 10.1534/g3.111.001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematological parameters, including red and white blood cell counts and hemoglobin concentration, are widely used clinical indicators of health and disease. These traits are tightly regulated in healthy individuals and are under genetic control. Mutations in key genes that affect hematological parameters have important phenotypic consequences, including multiple variants that affect susceptibility to malarial disease. However, most variation in hematological traits is continuous and is presumably influenced by multiple loci and variants with small phenotypic effects. We used a newly developed mouse resource population, the Collaborative Cross (CC), to identify genetic determinants of hematological parameters. We surveyed the eight founder strains of the CC and performed a mapping study using 131 incipient lines of the CC. Genome scans identified quantitative trait loci for several hematological parameters, including mean red cell volume (Chr 7 and Chr 14), white blood cell count (Chr 18), percent neutrophils/lymphocytes (Chr 11), and monocyte number (Chr 1). We used evolutionary principles and unique bioinformatics resources to reduce the size of candidate intervals and to view functional variation in the context of phylogeny. Many quantitative trait loci regions could be narrowed sufficiently to identify a small number of promising candidate genes. This approach not only expands our knowledge about hematological traits but also demonstrates the unique ability of the CC to elucidate the genetic architecture of complex traits.
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Vikis HG, Gelman AE, Franklin A, Stein L, Rymaszewski A, Zhu J, Liu P, Tichelaar JW, Krupnick AS, You M. Neutrophils are required for 3-methylcholanthrene-initiated, butylated hydroxytoluene-promoted lung carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:993-1002. [PMID: 22006501 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown a link between chronic inflammation and lung tumorigenesis. Inbred mouse strains vary in their susceptibility to methylcholanthrene (MCA)-initiated butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-promoted lung carcinogenesis. In the present study we investigated whether neutrophils play a role in strain dependent differences in susceptibility to lung tumor promotion. We observed a significant elevation in homeostatic levels of neutrophils in the lungs of tumor-susceptible BALB/cByJ (BALB) mice compared to tumor-resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Additionally, BHT treatment further elevated neutrophil numbers as well as neutrophil chemoattractant keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1) levels in BALB lung airways. Lung CD11c+ cells were a major source of KC expression and depletion of neutrophils in BALB mice resulted in a 71% decrease in tumor multiplicity. However, tumor multiplicity did not depend on the presence of T cells, despite the accumulation of T cells following BHT treatment. These data demonstrate that neutrophils are essential to promote tumor growth in the MCA/BHT two-step lung carcinogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris G Vikis
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Rondini EA, Walters DM, Bauer AK. Vanadium pentoxide induces pulmonary inflammation and tumor promotion in a strain-dependent manner. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:9. [PMID: 20385015 PMCID: PMC2861012 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of air pollution are associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Particulate matter (PM) contains transition metals that may potentiate neoplastic development through the induction of oxidative stress and inflammation, a lung cancer risk factor. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a component of PM derived from fuel combustion as well as a source of occupational exposure in humans. In the current investigation we examined the influence of genetic background on susceptibility to V2O5-induced inflammation and evaluated whether V2O5 functions as a tumor promoter using a 2-stage (initiation-promotion) model of pulmonary neoplasia in mice. Results A/J, BALB/cJ (BALB), and C57BL/6J (B6) mice were treated either with the initiator 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA; 10 μg/g; i.p.) or corn oil followed by 5 weekly aspirations of V2O5 or PBS and pulmonary tumors were enumerated 20 weeks following MCA treatment. Susceptibility to V2O5-induced pulmonary inflammation was assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and chemokines, transcription factor activity, and MAPK signaling were quantified in lung homogenates. We found that treatment of animals with MCA followed by V2O5 promoted lung tumors in both A/J (10.3 ± 0.9 tumors/mouse) and BALB (2.2 ± 0.36) mice significantly above that observed with MCA/PBS or V2O5 alone (P < 0.05). No tumors were observed in the B6 mice in any of the experimental groups. Mice sensitive to tumor promotion by V2O5 were also found to be more susceptible to V2O5-induced pulmonary inflammation and hyperpermeability (A/J>BALB>B6). Differential strain responses in inflammation were positively associated with elevated levels of the chemokines KC and MCP-1, higher NFκB and c-Fos binding activity, as well as sustained ERK1/2 activation in lung tissue. Conclusions In this study we demonstrate that V2O5, an occupational and environmentally relevant metal oxide, functions as an in vivo lung tumor promoter among different inbred strains of mice. Further, we identified a positive relationship between tumor promotion and susceptibility to V2O5-induced pulmonary inflammation. These findings suggest that repeated exposures to V2O5 containing particles may augment lung carcinogenesis in susceptible individuals through oxidative stress mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Dwyer-Nield LD, McQuillan J, Hill-Baskin A, Radcliffe RA, You M, Nadeau JH, Malkinson AM. Epistatic interactions govern chemically-induced lung tumor susceptibility and Kras mutation site in murine C57BL/6J-ChrA/J chromosome substitution strains. Int J Cancer 2009; 126:125-32. [PMID: 19609923 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer susceptibility results from interactions between sensitivity and resistance alleles. We employed murine chromosome substitution strains to study how resistance alleles affected sensitive alleles during chemically-induced lung carcinogenesis. The C57BL/6J-Chr#(A/J) strains, constructed by selectively breeding sensitive A/J and resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice, each contain one pair of A/J chromosomes within an otherwise B6 genome. Pas1, the major locus responsible for this differential strain response to urethane carcinogenesis, resides on Chr 6, but C57BL/6J-Chr6(A/J) mice (hereafter CSS-6) developed few tumors following a single urethane injection, which demonstrates epistatic interactions with other B6 alleles. CSS6 mice developed dozens of lung tumors after chronic urethane exposure, however, indicating that these epistatic interactions could be overcome by repeated carcinogen administration. Unlike A/J, but similar to B6 mice, CSS6 mice were resistant to lung carcinogenesis induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). Tumor multiplicity increased if BHT administration followed urethane exposure, showing that a Chr 6 gene(s) regulates sensitivity to chemically-induced tumor promotion. Unlike A/J tumors (predominantly codon 61 A-->T transversions), Kras mutations in tumors induced by urethane in CSS-6 mice were similar to B6 tumors (codon 61 A-->G transitions). DNA repair genes not located on Chr 6 may determine the nature of Kras mutations. CSS-6 mice are a valuable resource for testing the ability of candidate genes to modulate lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori D Dwyer-Nield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Bauer AK, Fostel J, Degraff LM, Rondini EA, Walker C, Grissom SF, Foley J, Kleeberger SR. Transcriptomic analysis of pathways regulated by toll-like receptor 4 in a murine model of chronic pulmonary inflammation and carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:107. [PMID: 19925653 PMCID: PMC2785769 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic strategies exist for human pulmonary neoplasia, however due to the heterogeneity of the disease, most are not very effective. The innate immunity gene, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), protects against chronic pulmonary inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice, but the mechanism is unclear. This study was designed to identify TLR4-mediated gene expression pathways that may be used as prognostic indicators of susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis in mice and provide insight into the mechanism. Methods Whole lung mRNA was isolated from C.C3H-Tlr4Lps-d (BALBLps-d; Tlr4 mutant) and BALB/c (Tlr4 normal) mice following butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-treatment (four weekly ip. injections; 150-200 mg/kg/each; "promotion"). mRNA from micro-dissected tumors (adenomas) and adjacent uninvolved tissue from both strains were also compared 27 wks after a single carcinogen injection (3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), 10 μg/g; "control") or followed by BHT (6 weekly ip. injections; 125-200 mg/kg/each; "progression"). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for inflammatory cell content and total protein determination, a marker of lung hyperpermeability; inflammation was also assessed using immunohistochemical staining for macrophages (F4/80) and lymphocytes (CD3) in mice bearing tumors (progression). Results During promotion, the majority of genes identified in the BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice (P < 0.05) were involved in epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling (e.g. epiregulin (Ereg)), secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1)), which can lead to cell growth and eventual tumor development. Inflammation was significantly higher in BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice during progression, similar to the observed response during tumor promotion in these strains. Increases in genes involved in signaling through the EGFR pathway (e.g. Ereg, Spp1) were also observed during progression in addition to continued inflammation, chemotactic, and immune response gene expression in the BALBLps-d versus BALB/c mice (P < 0.05), which appears to provide more favorable conditions for cell growth and tumor development. In support of these findings, the BALB/c mice also had significantly reduced expression of many immune response and inflammatory genes in both the tumors and uninvolved tissue. Conclusion This transcriptomic study determined the protective effect of TLR4 in lung carcinogenesis inhibition of multiple pathways including EGFR (e.g. Ereg), inflammatory response genes (e.g. Cxcl5), chemotaxis (e.g. Ccr1) and other cell proliferation genes (e.g. Arg1, Pthlh). Future studies will determine the utility of these pathways as indicators of immune system deficiencies and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Prows DR, Winterberg AV, Gibbons WJ, Burzynski BB, Liu C, Nick TG. Reciprocal backcross mice confirm major loci linked to hyperoxic acute lung injury survival time. Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:158-68. [PMID: 19417010 PMCID: PMC2712219 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90392.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome remain substantial. Although many candidate genes have been tested, a clear understanding of the pathogenesis is lacking, as is our ability to predict individual outcome. Because ALI is a complex disease, single gene approaches cannot easily identify effectors that must be treated concurrently. We employed a strategy to help identify critical genes and gene combinations involved in ALI mortality. Using hyperoxia to induce ALI, a mouse model for genetic analyses of ALI survival time was identified: C57BL/6J (B) mice are sensitive (i.e., die early), whereas 129X1/SvJ (S) mice are significantly more resistant, but with low penetrance. Segregation analysis of reciprocal F(2) mice generated from B and S strains revealed significant sex, cross, and parent of origin effects. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified five chromosomal regions significantly linked to hyperoxic ALI survival time (named Shali1-Shali5). Further analyses demonstrated that both parental strains contribute resistance alleles to their offspring and that the phenotype demonstrated parent of origin effects. To validate earlier findings, we generated and tested mice from all eight possible B-S-derived backcrosses. Results from segregation and QTL analyses of 935 backcrosses, alone and combined with the previous 840 B-S-derived F(2) population, further supported the highly significant QTLs on chromosomes 1 (Shali1) and 4 (Shali2) and confirmed that the sex, cross, and parent of origin all contribute to survival time with hyperoxic ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Prows
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Gordon T, Bosland M. Strain-dependent differences in susceptibility to lung cancer in inbred mice exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke. Cancer Lett 2009; 275:213-20. [PMID: 19118942 PMCID: PMC2708971 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic susceptibility is an important host factor determining the effects of exposure to a number of airborne particles and gases. Although numerous studies have identified a genetic component for spontaneous pulmonary tumor development and for chemically induced lung cancer (e.g., urethane) in mice, a systematic examination of murine inter-strain differences in response to cigarette smoke inhalation has not been conducted. We addressed this research gap by examining the strain distribution pattern of lung cancer in nine inbred strains of mice exposed to 258 mg/m(3) mainstream cigarette smoke for 5 months followed by 4 months of rest. Lung tumors were enumerated on fixed lungs visualized at low magnification and on serial step sections examined microscopically. With the low magnification examination, we observed statistically significant increases in the number of lung tumors in cigarette smoke-exposed A/J and the genetically-related A/HeJ mice (p<0.05). While fewer tumors were identified by the microscopic enumeration method, it confirmed that significant increases in lung tumors occurred only in A/J and A/HeJ mice exposed to cigarette smoke (p<0.05). Thus, as predicted by epidemiologic studies and animal experiments using chemically induced lung cancer models, these findings suggest that genetic host factors play a significant role in the pulmonary tumorigenic response of mice to mainstream cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
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Bauer AK, Rondini EA. Review paper: the role of inflammation in mouse pulmonary neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:369-90. [PMID: 19176494 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0217-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a risk factor for the development of many types of neoplasia, including skin, colon, gastric, and mammary cancers, among others. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, predispose to lung neoplasia. We will review the mouse literature examining the role of inflammation in lung neoplasia, focusing specifically on genetic susceptibility, pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory pathways, and both transgenic and knockout mouse models used to assess pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways involved in lung neoplasia. Identification of molecular mechanisms that govern the association between inflammation and pulmonary neoplasia could provide novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for a disease in which few biomarkers currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA).
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Saini RK, Sanyal SN. Pulmonary carcinogenesis in mice with a single intratracheal instillation of 9, 10-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 31:459-71. [PMID: 18850356 DOI: 10.1080/01480540802390544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A single intratracheal instillation of 9,10-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) at 3 different doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight to Balb/c mice for 12 weeks had caused a significant incidence of pulmonary tumors along with inflammatory changes. The number of macrophages in the broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid increased significantly, while the neutrophil and lymphocyte count as well as the protein content in the BAL fluid remained unchanged. A marked elevation in the lipid peroxidation product as well as the antioxidative enzymes were noted in the DMBA-treated group. The BAL fluid, which contains the surfactant membrane, was tested for rotational diffusion of the small hydrocarbon fluorophore, diphenyl hexatriene, and resulted in an enhanced fluorescence polarization and anisotropy value as well as the order parameter. DMBA treatment also altered the toxicity parameters, such as the lipid peroxidation, catalase, total protein, reduced glutathione, and alanine and amino transferase activities in the liver and kidney tissues. The results suggest that DMBA-induced lung tumor development in Balb/c mice could be an important model for the study of pathophysiology of BAL-fluid-associated surfactant and offers to test a variety of promising chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Lemay AM, Haston CK. Radiation-induced lung response of AcB/BcA recombinant congenic mice. Radiat Res 2008; 170:299-306. [PMID: 18763862 DOI: 10.1667/rr1319.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The genetic factors that influence the development of radiotherapy-induced lung disease are largely unknown. Herein we identified a strain difference in lung response to radiation wherein A/J mice developed alveolitis with increased levels of pulmonary mast cells and cells in bronchoalveolar lavage while the phenotype in C57BL/6J mice was fibrosis with fewer inflammatory cells. To identify genomic loci that may influence these phenotypes, we assessed recombinant congenic (RC) mice derived from the A/J and C57BL/6J strains for their propensity to develop alveolitis or fibrosis after 18 Gy whole-thorax irradiation. Mouse survival, lung histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage cell types were recorded. Informative strains for each of mast cell influx, bronchoalveolar cell numbers, alveolitis and fibrosis were identified. In mice with the A/J strain background, the severity of alveolitis correlated with increased mast cell numbers while in C57BL/6J background strain mice fibrosis was correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in lavage. The data for RC mice support the association of specific inflammatory cells with the development of radiation-induced lung disease and provide informative strains with which to dissect the genetic basis of these complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lemay
- Department of Medicine and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 2P2
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16
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17
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Coates PJ, Rundle JK, Lorimore SA, Wright EG. Indirect macrophage responses to ionizing radiation: implications for genotype-dependent bystander signaling. Cancer Res 2008; 68:450-6. [PMID: 18199539 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the directly mutagenic effects of energy deposition in DNA, ionizing radiation is associated with a variety of untargeted and delayed effects that result in ongoing bone marrow damage. Delayed effects are genotype dependent with CBA/Ca mice, but not C57BL/6 mice, susceptible to the induction of damage and also radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia. Because macrophages are a potential source of ongoing damaging signals, we have determined their gene expression profiles and we show that bone marrow-derived macrophages show widely different intrinsic expression patterns. The profiles classify macrophages derived from CBA/Ca mice as M1-like (pro-inflammatory) and those from C57BL/6 mice as M2-like (anti-inflammatory); measurements of NOS2 and arginase activity in normal bone marrow macrophages confirm these findings. After irradiation in vivo, but not in vitro, C57BL/6 macrophages show a reduction in NOS2 and an increase in arginase activities, indicating a further M2 response, whereas CBA/Ca macrophages retain an M1 phenotype. Activation of specific signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathways in irradiated hemopoietic tissues supports these observations. The data indicate that macrophage activation is not a direct effect of radiation but a tissue response, secondary to the initial radiation exposure, and have important implications for understanding genotype-dependent responses and the mechanisms of the hemotoxic and leukemogenic consequences of radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Coates
- Cancer Biology and Clinical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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18
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Sargent LM, Ensell MX, Ostvold AC, Baldwin KT, Kashon ML, Lowry DT, Senft JR, Jefferson AM, Johnson RC, Li Z, Tyson FL, Reynolds SH. Chromosomal changes in high- and low-invasive mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell strains derived from early passage mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 233:81-91. [PMID: 18367224 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lung is increasing in the United States, however, the difficulties in obtaining lung cancer families and representative samples of early to late stages of the disease have lead to the study of mouse models for lung cancer. We used Spectral Karyotyping (SKY), mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays, gene expression arrays, Western immunoblot and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to analyze nine pairs of high-invasive and low-invasive tumor cell strains derived from early passage mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells to detect molecular changes associated with tumor invasion. The duplication of chromosomes 1 and 15 and deletion of chromosome 8 were significantly associated with a high-invasive phenotype. The duplication of chromosome 1 at band C4 and E1/2-H1 were the most significant chromosomal changes in the high-invasive cell strains. Mapping with FISH and CGH array further narrowed the minimum region of duplication of chromosome 1 to 71-82 centimorgans (cM). Expression array analysis and confirmation by real time PCR demonstrated increased expression of COX-2, Translin (TB-RBP), DYRK3, NUCKS and Tubulin-alpha4 genes in the high-invasive cell strains. Elevated expression and copy number of these genes, which are involved in inflammation, cell movement, proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and telomere elongation, were associated with an invasive phenotype. Similar linkage groups are altered in invasive human lung adenocarcinoma, implying that the mouse is a valid genetic model for the study of the progression of human lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Sargent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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19
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Radiloff DR, Rinella ES, Threadgill DW. Modeling cancer patient populations in mice: complex genetic and environmental factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:83-88. [PMID: 19122874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic differences among individuals contribute to differential susceptibility to cancer and, undoubtedly, to variable efficacy and toxicity of pharmacological-based therapeutics. Many of the specific molecular processes involved in human tumorigenesis have been elucidated and accurately modeled in mice. However, the current models used for drug testing do not accurately predict how new treatments will fare in clinical trials. More sophisticated models that treat cancer as a complex disease present within heterogenous patient populations will provide better predictive power to identify patients that may benefit from specific therapies or that may develop potential drug-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Radiloff
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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20
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Lemay AM, Haston CK. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility genes in AcB/BcA recombinant congenic mice. Physiol Genomics 2006; 23:54-61. [PMID: 16179420 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00095.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of susceptibility to pulmonary fibrosis is largely unknown. Initially, in this study, loci regulating the response of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis were mapped using a set of recombinant congenic strains bred from pulmonary fibrosis-resistant A/J and susceptible C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Linkage was identified (logarithm of the odds score = 4.9) on chromosome 9, and other suggestive loci were detected. The putative loci included alleles from both the B6 and A/J strains as increasing the fibrosis response of congenic mice. Gene expression analysis with microarrays revealed 3,304 genes or expressed sequence tags to be differentially expressed (P < 0.01) in lung tissue between bleomycin-treated B6 and A/J mice, and 246 of these genes mapped to potential susceptibility loci. Pulmonary genes differentially expressed between bleomycin-treated B6 and A/J mice included those of heparin binding and extracellular matrix deposition pathways. A review of available genomic sequences revealed 809 (43% of total) genes in the linkage intervals to have variations predicted to alter the encoded proteins or their regulation, 68 (8.4%) of which were also differentially expressed. Genomic approaches were combined to produce a set of candidate genes that may influence susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the A/J:B6 mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lemay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Ribeiro OG, Cabrera WH, Maria DA, De Franco M, Massa S, Di Pace RF, de Souza VRC, Starobinas N, Semen M, Ibañez OM. Genetic selection for high acute inflammatory response confers resistance to lung carcinogenesis in the mouse. Exp Lung Res 2005; 31:105-16. [PMID: 15765921 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490495237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mice selected for a high acute inflammatory response (AIRmax) are resistant to chemically induced lung tumorigenesis, whereas the low responders (AIRmin) are susceptible. In urethane-treated mice, anti-inflammatory drugs increased the tumor incidence in AIRmax but not AIRmin mice, and an inverse correlation (P<.001) between the degree of acute inflammatory response (AIR) and lung tumorigenesis was found in an F2 (AIRmax x AIRmin) intercross population. The results provide evidence for the involvement of lung tumor modifier loci in AIR regulation and implicate AIR quantitative trait loci in the inherited predisposition to lung cancer.
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22
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Abstract
Peritumoral and intratumoral macrophages are associated with human and mouse lung cancer The mouse model allows manipulation of the macrophage population to experimentally evaluate its contribution to tumor growth. Genetic and pharmacologic strategies also permit testing the invol vement of specific inflammatory mediators in tumor progression. Among those endogenous mediators thus identified are interleukin (IL)-10, glucocorticoids, prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and surfactant apoprotein D (SP-D); serum SP-D levels are a useful biomarker to monitor tumor growth rate. The importance of understanding the mutually antagonistic roles of individual prostaglandins downstream from cycloxygenase (COX) and how this affects the efficacy of COX-inhibitory drugs is discussed. Promising drug candidates include synthetic glucocorticoids such as budesonide and the sulfone derivative of sulindac, apotosyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver CO 80262, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Cancers arise as a consequence of the accumulation of multiple genetic mutations in a susceptible cell, resulting in perturbation of regulatory networks that control proliferation, survival, and cellular function. Here, the sources of cellular stress that can cause oncogenic mutations and the responses of cells to DNA damage are reviewed. The role of different repair pathways and the potential for cell- and tissue-specific reliance on individual repair mechanisms are discussed. Evidence for cell- and tissue-specific activation of p53-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis after exposure to an individual genotoxin is assessed and some of the potential mediators of these different responses are provided. These cell- and tissue-specific responses to particular forms of DNA damage are likely to be key determinants of tissue-specific tumour susceptibility, and there is good evidence for genetic variations in these responses. The role that genotoxic agents play in altering the microenvironment to produce indirect effects on tumourigenesis through altered production of free radicals and cytokines that are characteristic of inflammatory-type processes is also evaluated. Changes to the microenvironment as direct or indirect effects of genotoxic stress can be involved in both tumour initiation and progression and may even be a prerequisite for tumourigenesis. Therefore, tumour susceptibility after endogenous or exogenous genotoxic stress represents a balance between cell-intrinsic responses of target cells and changes to the microenvironment. A fuller understanding of cell- and tissue-specific responses, alterations to the microenvironment, and genetic modifiers of these responses could lead to novel prevention and therapeutic strategies for common forms of human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Coates
- Cancer Biology and Clinical Pathology Unit, Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Bauer AK, Malkinson AM, Kleeberger SR. Susceptibility to neoplastic and non-neoplastic pulmonary diseases in mice: genetic similarities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L685-703. [PMID: 15355860 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00223.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation predisposes toward many types of cancer. Chronic bronchitis and asthma, for example, heighten the risk of lung cancer. Exactly which inflammatory mediators (e.g., oxidant species and growth factors) and lung wound repair processes (e.g., proangiogenic factors) enhance pulmonary neoplastic development is not clear. One approach to uncover the most relevant biochemical and physiological pathways is to identify genes underlying susceptibilities to inflammation and to cancer development at the same anatomic site. Mice develop lung adenocarcinomas similar in histology, molecular characteristics, and histogenesis to this most common human lung cancer subtype. Over two dozen loci, called Pas or pulmonary adenoma susceptibility, Par or pulmonary adenoma resistance, and Sluc or susceptibility to lung cancer genes, regulate differential lung tumor susceptibility among inbred mouse strains as assigned by QTL (quantitative trait locus) mapping. Chromosomal sites that determine responsiveness to proinflammatory pneumotoxicants such as ozone (O3), particulates, and hyperoxia have also been mapped in mice. For example, susceptibility QTLs have been identified on chromosomes 17 and 11 for O3-induced inflammation (Inf1, Inf2), O3-induced acute lung injury (Aliq3, Aliq1), and sulfate-associated particulates. Sites within the human and mouse genomes for asthma and COPD phenotypes have also been delineated. It is of great interest that several susceptibility loci for mouse lung neoplasia also contain susceptibility genes for toxicant-induced lung injury and inflammation and are homologous to several human asthma loci. These QTLs are described herein, candidate genes are suggested within these sites, and experimental evidence that inflammation enhances lung tumor development is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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25
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Jung YJ, Isaacs JS, Lee S, Trepel J, Neckers L. IL-1beta-mediated up-regulation of HIF-1alpha via an NFkappaB/COX-2 pathway identifies HIF-1 as a critical link between inflammation and oncogenesis. FASEB J 2003; 17:2115-7. [PMID: 12958148 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0329fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that inflammation is a contributing factor leading to cancer development. However, pathways involved in this progression are not well understood. To examine whether HIF-1alpha is a factor linking inflammation and tumorigenesis, we investigated whether the HIF-1 signaling pathway was stimulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in A549 cells. We find that IL-1beta up-regulated HIF-1alpha protein under normoxia and activated the HIF-1-responsive gene vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via a pathway dependent on nuclear factor kappaB (NFkB). Interestingly, although this pathway is stimulated by upstream signaling via AKT and mTOR and requires new transcription, IL-1 mediated HIF-1alpha induction also utilizes a post-transcriptional mechanism that involves antagonism of VHL-dependent HIF-1alpha degradation, which results in increased HIF-1alpha protein stability. IL-1 mediated NFkB-dependent cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) expression served as a positive effector for HIF-1alpha induction. Although COX-2 inhibitors attenuated IL-1 mediated HIF-1alpha induction, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a physiological product of COX-2, induced HIF-1alpha protein in a dose-dependent manner. Our data, therefore, demonstrate that IL-1beta up-regulates functional HIF-1alpha protein through a classical inflammatory signaling pathway involving NFkB and COX-2, culminating in up-regulation of VEGF, a potent angiogenic factor required for tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, HIF-1 is identified as a pivotal transcription factor linking the inflammatory and oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jin Jung
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, CCR, National Cancer Institute, 9610 Medical Center Dr., Suite 300, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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26
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Miller YE, Dwyer-Nield LD, Keith RL, Le M, Franklin WA, Malkinson AM. Induction of a high incidence of lung tumors in C57BL/6 mice with multiple ethyl carbamate injections. Cancer Lett 2003; 198:139-44. [PMID: 12957351 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Murine pulmonary adenomas progress to malignancy with many similarities to human pulmonary adenocarcinoma, the most common form of lung cancer. Inbred mice vary in their susceptibility to lung tumor development, and induced genetic modifications are a powerful tool for understanding this susceptibility. Many transgenic and null mutations relevant to lung cancer pathogenesis were derived on the highly resistant C57BL/B6 (B6) background. Since the inability to reliably induce lung tumors in B6 mice limits these studies, we systematically examined several carcinogenesis protocols in B6 mice. Ten weekly ethyl carbamate (EC) doses caused a nearly 100% lung tumor incidence with a tumor multiplicity >2; multiple EC dosing is thus an alternative to the time-consuming transfer of transgenes and null mutations to susceptible backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- York E Miller
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary Section 111A, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1055 Clermont St, Denver, CO 80220-3808, USA.
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27
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Ballaz S, Mulshine JL. The Potential Contributions of Chronic Inflammation to Lung Carcinogenesis. Clin Lung Cancer 2003; 5:46-62. [PMID: 14596704 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2003.n.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of lines of evidence suggests that chronic inflammation contributes to the process of carcinogenesis. In this article, this theme is explored with particular emphasis on the involvement of inflammation in the development of lung cancer. A number of molecular pathways activated in chronic inflammation may contribute to lung carcinogenesis. The challenge is to conceptualize a cohesive picture of this complex biology that allows for effective pharmaceutical intervention. Initial therapeutic efforts involve strategies to block single pathways, such as with cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. However, the more that is learned about the consequences of COX activity, the more evident are the relationships of this enzyme to other classes of regulatory molecules such as the potent nuclear factor-kB. In light of this emerging picture, more global intervention strategies, such as with drug combinations, may be essential for success. Further basic study is essential to sort out possible molecular relationships and to permit elucidation of the most critical regulatory circuits. Given the complexity of these molecular interactions, well-designed clinical trials that specifically evaluate the precise effects of particular antiinflammatory drugs on lung carcinogenesis will also be critical to sort out the complexity and to validate successful approaches to arresting lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ballaz
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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28
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Cook R, Lu L, Gu J, Williams RW, Smeyne RJ. Identification of a single QTL, Mptp1, for susceptibility to MPTP-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuron loss in mice. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 110:279-88. [PMID: 12591164 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons seen in idiopathic Parkinson's disease is hypothesized to result from a genetic susceptibility to an unknown environmental toxin. MPTP has been used as a prototypical toxin, since exposure to this drug results in variable SNpc cell death in several vertebrate species, including man and mouse. Previously, we have shown that C57BL/6J mice are sensitive to this compound, while Swiss-Webster mice are resistant. In this study, we intercrossed these mouse strains to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for MPTP sensitivity. Using genome wide PCR analysis, we found that a single major QTLs, Mptp1, located near the distal end of chromosome 1 between D1Mit113 and D1Mit293, accounts for the majority of the strain sensitivity to MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Cook
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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29
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Maria DA, Manenti G, Galbiati F, Ribeiro OG, Cabrera WHK, Barrera RG, Pettinicchio A, De Franco M, Starobinas N, Siqueira M, Dragani TA, Ibañez OM. Pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) locus affects inflammatory response. Oncogene 2003; 22:426-32. [PMID: 12545163 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two outbred mouse lines, phenotypically selected for differential subcutaneous (s.c.) acute inflammatory response (AIR), were analysed for urethane-induced lung inflammatory response and susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis. AIR(min) mice, which show a low response to s.c. acute inflammation, developed a persistent subacute lung inflammatory response and a 40-fold higher lung tumor multiplicity than did AIR(max) mice, which are selected for high response to s.c. acute inflammation and showed a transient lung inflammatory response. A highly significant linkage disequilibrium pattern was observed in AIR(max) and AIR(min) mice at marker alleles located within a 452-kb pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) locus region, thus defining the location of gene candidacy for inflammatory response and for the biological effects of Pas1 in this region. AIR(min) and AIR(max) mice segregated by descent the Pas1(s) and Pas1(r) alleles, respectively, providing evidence for the involvement of the Pas1 locus in the inflammatory response. The 452-kb region contains Kras2 and four additional genes, including the lymphoid-restricted membrane protein (Lrmp) gene, whose Pro-->Leu nonconservative variation was linked with inflammatory response and Pas1 allelotype. These results provide a model to explore the mechanism underlying inherited predisposition to lung cancer in the context of a link to inflammation.
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