1
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Guo Q, Liu XL, Zhai K, Chen C, Ke XX, Zhang J, Xu G. The Emerging Roles and Mechanisms of PAQR3 in Human Cancer: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4321-4328. [PMID: 37767187 PMCID: PMC10521929 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s422523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer was one of the common causes of death in the world, and it was increasing year by year. At present, Progestin and AdipoQ receptor family member 3 (PAQR3) was widely studied in cancer. It has been found that PAQR3 was down regulated in various cancers, such as the gastric cancer, osteosarcoma, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. The decreased expression of PAQR3 was associated with short overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. PAQR3 could inhibit cancer progression by using the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3/AKT, EMT and other mechanisms, and was negatively regulated by the miR-543, miR-15b-5p and miR-15b. The roles and signaling mechanisms of PAQR3, and the relationship between the expression of PAQR3 and prognosis in cancer progression are reviewed in this article, and provides new tumor marker and idea to guide cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Jianyang City, Jianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Zhai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xingyi People’s Hospital, Xinyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-Xian Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
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Kobayashi M, Onozawa M, Watanabe S, Nagashima T, Tamura K, Kubo Y, Ikeda A, Ochiai K, Michishita M, Bonkobara M, Kobayashi M, Hori T, Kawakami E. Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:221-230. [PMID: 36745053 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine prostate cancer (cPCa) is a malignant neoplasm with no effective therapy. The BRAF V595E mutation, corresponding to the human BRAF V600E mutation, is found frequently in cPCa. Activating BRAF mutations are recognized as oncogenic drivers, and blockade of MAPK/ERK phosphorylation may be an effective therapeutic target against BRAF-mutated tumours. The aim of this study was to establish a novel cPCa cell line and to clarify the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors on cPCa in vitro and in vivo. We established the novel CHP-2 cPCa cell line that was derived from the prostatic tissue of a cPCa patient. Sequencing of the canine BRAF gene in two cPCa cell lines revealed the presence of the BRAF V595E mutation. MEK inhibitors (trametinib, cobimetinib and mirdametinib) strongly suppressed cell proliferation in vitro, and trametinib showed the highest efficacy against cPCa cells with minimal cytotoxicity to non-cancer COPK cells. Furthermore, we orally administered 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg trametinib to CHP-2 xenografted mice and examined its antitumor effects in vivo. Trametinib reduced tumour volume, decreased phosphorylated ERK levels, and lowered Ki-67 expression in xenografts in a dose-dependent manner. Although no clear adverse events were observed with administration, trametinib-treated xenografts showed osteogenesis that was independent of dosage. Our results indicate that trametinib induces cell cycle arrest by inhibiting ERK activation, resulting in cPCa tumour regression in a dose-dependent manner. MEK inhibitors, in addition to BRAF inhibitors, may be a targeted agent option for cPCa with the BRAF V595E mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Onozawa
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Nagashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Tamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Bonkobara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hori
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Institute of Small Animal Reproduction (Bio Art), Tokyo, Japan
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Wu Y, Hong L, Ling Z, Hu X, Liu Z, Li P, Ling Z. Golgi scaffold protein
PAQR3
as a candidate suppressor of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma via regulating
TGF
‐β/Smad pathway. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24617. [PMID: 35870178 PMCID: PMC9459307 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the function of PAQR3 in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and understand the possible mechanism of PAQR3 in regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods We detected PAQR3 protein in 146 GCA tissues and paired normal adjacent tissues (PNTs) specimens using immunohistochemical analysis, and explored its clinical significance. The expression levels of PAQR3 protein in 20 GCA tissues, their paired PNTs, HGC27, SGC7901, and GES‐1 cells were analyzed by Western blot. Wild‐type PAQR3 was overexpressed in HGC27 cells. The effects of PAQR3 overexpression on the function of HGC27 cells and its underlying mechanisms were then analyzed through a series of cell and molecular biology experiments. Results PAQR3 was significantly down‐regulated in GCA tissues when compared with paired PNTs (p < 0.0001). The expression level of PAQR3 in GCA tissues was significantly negatively correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection (p = 0.000), venous invasion (p = 0.000), invasion depth (p = 0.000), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.022), tumor stage (p = 0.000), and patient survival (p = 0.009). Downregulation of PAQR3 was highly correlated with increased EMT signature and activated TGF‐β/Smad pathway in GCA tissues. Overexpression of PAQR3 in HGC27 cells negatively regulates its cellular functions, such as cell proliferation and migration, and suppresses EMT. Mechanistically, overexpression of PAQR3 significantly down‐regulates the protein expression levels of TGF‐1, p‐Smad2, and p‐Smad3 in HGC27 cells. Conclusion PAQR3 was significantly down‐regulated in GCA tissues, HGC27, and SGC7901 cells. PAQR3 significantly inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HGC27 cells. Mechanistically, PAQR3 can inhibit the EMT process in HGC27 cells by regulating TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Li Wu
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou China
- Department of anaesthesiology Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou China
| | - Lian‐Lian Hong
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou China
| | - Zhe‐Nan Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xuan‐Yu Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou China
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou China
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Spano D, Colanzi A. Golgi Complex: A Signaling Hub in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:1990. [PMID: 35805075 PMCID: PMC9265605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi Complex is the central hub in the endomembrane system and serves not only as a biosynthetic and processing center but also as a trafficking and sorting station for glycoproteins and lipids. In addition, it is an active signaling hub involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, including cell polarity, motility, growth, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, DNA repair and stress responses. As such, the dysregulation of the Golgi Complex-centered signaling cascades contributes to the onset of several pathological conditions, including cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the signaling pathways regulated by the Golgi Complex and implicated in promoting cancer hallmarks and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Spano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Cao Q, You X, Xu L, Wang L, Chen Y. PAQR3 suppresses the growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells via modulation of EGFR-mediated autophagy. Autophagy 2020; 16:1236-1247. [PMID: 31448672 PMCID: PMC7469495 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process that recycles and degrades intracellular components to sustain homeostasis in response to deficiency of nutrients or growth factors. PAQR3 is a newly discovered tumor suppressor that also regulates autophagy induced by nutrient starvation via AMPK and MTORC1 signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated whether PAQR3 modulates EGFR-mediated autophagy and whether such regulation is associated with the tumor suppressive activity of PAQR3. PAQR3 is able to inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. PAQR3 potentiates autophagy induced by EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. Knockdown of PAQR3 abrogates erlotinib-mediated reduction of BECN1 interaction with autophagy inhibitory proteins RUBCN/Rubicon and BCL2. PAQR3 blocks the interaction of BECN1 with the activated form of EGFR and inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of BECN1. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy by knocking down ATG7 abrogates the tumor suppressive activity of PAQR3 in NSCLC cells. Collectively, these data indicate that PAQR3 suppresses tumor progression of NSCLC cells through modulating EGFR-regulated autophagy. ABBREVIATIONS AKT: thymoma viral proto-oncogene; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG14: autophagy related 14; BCL2: B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2; BECN1: beclin 1; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8; CQ: chloroquine diphosphate; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; MTT: thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; MAP2K/MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; PAQR3: progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 3; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4/VPS15: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PRKAA/AMPK: protein kinase, AMP-activated alpha catalytic; RUBCN: rubicon autophagy regulator; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; RAS: Ras proto-oncogene; RAF: Raf proto-oncogene; TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TUBA4A: tubulin alpha 4a; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijiao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Peng W, Mo X, Li L, Lu T, Hu Z. PAQR3 protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced injury through the ERK signaling pathway in N2A cells. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:307-315. [PMID: 32448978 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is pivotal in the development of multiple-subcellular organelle and tissue injury after acute ischemic stroke. Recently, the Golgi apparatus (GA) has been shown to be a key subcellular organelle that plays an important role in neuroprotection against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. PAQR3, a scaffold protein exclusively localized in the GA, was originally discovered as a potential tumor suppressor protein. PAQR3 acts as a spatial regulator of Raf-1 that binds Raf-1 and sequesters it to the GA, where it negatively modulates the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in tumor models. Studies suggest that suppression of the ERK pathway can alleviate OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis. However, whether PAQR3 has potential effects on ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanism(s) remain unexplored. The current study is the first to show that PAQR3 was significantly downregulated in mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) cells upon OGD/R exposure, both at the mRNA and protein levels. Compared to that in controls, the mRNA level of PAQR3 began to decline at 0 h (0 h) after reperfusion, while the protein level began to decline at 4 h. Furthermore, overexpression of PAQR3 reduced OGD/R-induced apoptosis. The mRNA and protein levels of total ERK1 and ERK2 were unaltered, while activated p-ERK1 and p-ERK2 were decreased in N2A cells transfected with a PAQR3 expression vector after OGD for 4 h plus 24 h of reperfusion. Collectively, these data indicated that increased PAQR3 expression protected against OGD/R-induced apoptosis possibly by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway. Therefore, PAQR3 might be a new attractive target in the treatment of OGD/R insult, and the underlying mechanism will pave the way for its potential experimental and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoye Mo
- Department of Emergency, First Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Colleges of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Tonglin Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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7
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Lei L, Ling ZN, Chen XL, Hong LL, Ling ZQ. Characterization of the Golgi scaffold protein PAQR3, and its role in tumor suppression and metabolic pathway compartmentalization. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:353-362. [PMID: 32021448 PMCID: PMC6970510 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s210919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is critical in the compartmentalization of signaling cascades originating from the cytoplasmic membrane and various organelles. Scaffold proteins, such as progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR)3, specifically regulate this process, and have recently been identified in the Golgi apparatus. PAQR3 belongs to the PAQR family, and was recently described as a tumor suppressor. Accumulating evidence demonstrates PAQR3 is downregulated in different cancers to suppress its inhibitory effects on malignant potential. PAQR3 functions biologically through the pathological regulation of altered signaling pathways. Significant cell proliferation networks, including Ras proto-oncogene (Ras)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), insulin, and vascular endothelial growth factor, are closely controlled by PAQR3 for physiologically relevant effects. Meanwhile, genetic/epigenetic susceptibility and environmental factors, may have functions in the downregulation of PAQR3 in human cancers. This study aimed to assess the subcellular localization of PAQR3 and determine its topological features and functional domains, summarizing its effects on cell signaling compartmentalization. The pathophysiological functions of PAQR3 in cancer pathogenesis, metabolic diseases, and developmental ailments were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lei
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Nan Ling
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Liu Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Lian Hong
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China
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Associations of the BRAF V600E Mutation and PAQR3 Protein Expression with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Clinicopathological Features. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1833-1841. [PMID: 31758408 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The BRAFV600E mutation is the most prevalent genetic event in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, no study has investigated the expression of PAQR3 in papillary thyroid tissues in relation to the BRAFV600E mutation and the clinicopathological features of PTC patients. Furthermore, the potential associations of the BRAFV600E mutation, PAQR3 expression and clinicopathological parameters in the cancerous tissues of PTC patients have not been investigated. This study was conducted on 60 patients with PTC who were treated surgically at our institution from 2017 to 2018. PCR was used to amplify DNA by the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method to detect BRAFV600E gene mutations. In addition, immunohistochemical techniques were utilized to assess PAQR3 expression in tumor tissue sections. The BRAFV600E mutation was associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM, p < 0.05) but not with other clinicopathological features. Low PAQR3 expression was associated with extrathyroidal extension and LNM (χ2 = 7.143, p = 0.009; χ2 = 6.459, p = 0.014, respectively). Furthermore, a statistically significant association was observed between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and LNM (χ2 = 5.275, p = 0.0250). A linear relationship between the BRAFV600E mutation and PAQR3 protein expression has not been identified. These factors may be independent risk factors of extrathyroidal extension and LNM in PTC and be used to indicate the invasiveness of PTC tumors. Higher quality, multivariate analyses based on larger samples from around the world are urgently needed to further validate and revise our findings in the future.
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Huang M, Zhao Z, Cao Q, You X, Wei S, Zhao J, Bai M, Chen Y. PAQR3 modulates blood cholesterol level by facilitating interaction between LDLR and PCSK9. Metabolism 2019; 94:88-95. [PMID: 30831144 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the hallmark of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR) plays an important role in clearance of circulating LDL-C. PCSK9 facilitates degradation of LDLR in the lysosome and antagonizing PCSK9 has been successfully used in the clinic to reduce blood LDL-C level. Here we identify a new player that modulates LDLR interaction with PCSK9, thus controlling LDLR degradation and cholesterol homeostasis. METHODS The blood LDL-C and cholesterol levels were analyzed in mice with hepatic deletion of Paqr3 gene. The half-life of LDLR was analyzed in HepG2 cells. The interaction of PAQR3 with LDLR and PCSK9 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS The blood LDL-C and total cholesterol levels in the mice with hepatic deletion of Paqr3 gene were significantly lower than the control mice after feeding with high-fat diet (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively). The steady-state level of LDLR protein is elevated by Paqr3 knockdown/deletion and reduced by PAQR3 overexpression. The half-life of LDLR protein is increased by Paqr3 knockdown and accelerated by PAQR3 overexpression. PAQR3 interacts with the β-sheet domain of LDLR and the P-domain of PCSK9 respectively. In addition, PAQR3 can be localized in early endosomes and colocalized with LDLR, PCSK9 and LDL. Mechanistically, PAQR3 enhances the interaction between LDLR and PCSK9. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that PAQR3 plays a pivotal role in controlling hepatic LDLR degradation and blood LDL-C level via modulating LDLR-PCSK9 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue You
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Siying Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Meijuan Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China.
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10
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Abstract
The role of the Golgi apparatus in carcinogenesis still remains unclear. A number of structural and functional cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi proteins as well as a complexity of metabolic pathways which they mediate may indicate a central role of the Golgi apparatus in the development and progression of cancer. Pleiotropy of cellular function of the Golgi apparatus makes it a "metabolic heart" or a relay station of a cell, which combines multiple signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Therefore, any damage to or structural abnormality of the Golgi apparatus, causing its fragmentation and/or biochemical dysregulation, results in an up- or downregulation of signaling pathways and may in turn promote tumor progression, as well as local nodal and distant metastases. Three alternative or parallel models of spatial and functional Golgi organization within tumor cells were proposed: (1) compacted Golgi structure, (2) normal Golgi structure with its increased activity, and (3) the Golgi fragmentation with ministacks formation. Regardless of the assumed model, the increased activity of oncogenesis initiators and promoters with inhibition of suppressor proteins results in an increased cell motility and migration, increased angiogenesis, significantly activated trafficking kinetics, proliferation, EMT induction, decreased susceptibility to apoptosis-inducing factors, and modulating immune response to tumor cell antigens. Eventually, this will lead to the increased metastatic potential of cancer cells and an increased risk of lymph node and distant metastases. This chapter provided an overview of the current state of knowledge of selected Golgi proteins, their role in cytophysiology as well as potential involvement in tumorigenesis.
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Hey F, Andreadi C, Noble C, Patel B, Jin H, Kamata T, Straatman K, Luo J, Balmanno K, Jones DT, Collins VP, Cook SJ, Caunt CJ, Pritchard C. Over-expressed, N-terminally truncated BRAF is detected in the nucleus of cells with nuclear phosphorylated MEK and ERK. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01065. [PMID: 30603699 PMCID: PMC6304467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF is a cytoplasmic protein kinase, which activates the MEK-ERK signalling pathway. Deregulation of the pathway is associated with the presence of BRAF mutations in human cancer, the most common being V600E BRAF, although structural rearrangements, which remove N-terminal regulatory sequences, have also been reported. RAF-MEK-ERK signalling is normally thought to occur in the cytoplasm of the cell. However, in an investigation of BRAF localisation using fluorescence microscopy combined with subcellular fractionation of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagged proteins expressed in NIH3T3 cells, surprisingly, we detected N-terminally truncated BRAF (ΔBRAF) in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. In contrast, ΔCRAF and full-length, wild-type BRAF (WTBRAF) were detected at lower levels in the nucleus while full-length V600EBRAF was virtually excluded from this compartment. Similar results were obtained using ΔBRAF tagged with the hormone-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor (hbER) and with the KIAA1549-ΔBRAF translocation mutant found in human pilocytic astrocytomas. Here we show that GFP-ΔBRAF nuclear translocation does not involve a canonical Nuclear Localisation Signal (NLS), but is suppressed by N-terminal sequences. Nuclear GFP-ΔBRAF retains MEK/ERK activating potential and is associated with the accumulation of phosphorylated MEK and ERK in the nucleus. In contrast, full-length GFP-WTBRAF and GFP-V600EBRAF are associated with the accumulation of phosphorylated ERK but not phosphorylated MEK in the nucleus. These data have implications for cancers bearing single nucleotide variants or N-terminal deleted structural variants of BRAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hey
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Catherine Andreadi
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Catherine Noble
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Bipin Patel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Tamihiro Kamata
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Kees Straatman
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jinli Luo
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Kathryn Balmanno
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - David T.W. Jones
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Histopathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - V. Peter Collins
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Histopathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Christopher J. Caunt
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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Li X, Li M, Chen D, Shi G, Zhao H. PAQR3 inhibits proliferation via suppressing PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1289-1297. [PMID: 30393483 PMCID: PMC6209724 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.72220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. PAQR (progestin and adipoQ receptor family) 3, a Golgi-anchored membrane protein, has been demonstrated to act as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. However, the expression and role of PAQR3 have never been explored in NSCLC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and role of PAQR3 in NSCLC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression of PAQR3 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of PAQR3 was downregulated in NSCLC tissue samples and cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.05). Overexpression of PAQR3 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and promoted cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in NSCLC cell lines (p < 0.05). In contrast, knockdown of PAQR3 showed a reverse effect on NSCLC cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, PAQR3 may exert its tumor suppressive roles via suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PAQR3 is a tumor suppressor in the development of NSCLC and may serve as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gongning Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Bai G, Yang M, Zheng C, Zhang L, Eli M. Suppressor PAQR3 associated with the clinical significance and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5703-5711. [PMID: 29552204 PMCID: PMC5840698 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 3 (PAQR3) is a novel tumor suppressor; however, its function in esophageal cancer is not well understood. The present study explored the association between PAQR3, and the survival and clinical phenotype in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The expression of PAQR3 in 80 cases of ESCC and its corresponding adjacent tissues was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that PAQR3 expression in cancer tissues was significantly lower compared with that in adjacent tissues. Clinicopathological analysis indicated that PAQR3 expression was significantly correlated with ethnicity (P=0.032), tumor length (P=0.019), lymph node metastasis (P=0.011) and local recurrence (P=0.009). Notably, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve demonstrated that a decrease in PAQR3 expression was associated with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC. Multivariate analysis indicated that PAQR3 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for patients with ESCC. PAQR3 may serve an important role in the progress of ESCC and become a potential candidate for ESCC targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Bai
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- VIP Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
| | - Mayinur Eli
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830011, P.R. China
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Watson U, Jain R, Asthana S, Saini DK. Spatiotemporal Modulation of ERK Activation by GPCRs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:111-140. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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15
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Wang L, Zhang R, You X, Zhang H, Wei S, Cheng T, Cao Q, Wang Z, Chen Y. The steady-state level of CDK4 protein is regulated by antagonistic actions between PAQR4 and SKP2 and involved in tumorigenesis. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:409-421. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostic Core Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue You
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siying Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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Xu Y, Deng N, Wang X, Chen Y, Li G, Fan H. RKTG overexpression inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human leukemia cells via suppression of the ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:965-970. [PMID: 28693259 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase trapping to Golgi (RKTG) is reported to be a tumor suppressor in a number of solid tumors due to its negative modulation of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. However, the role of RKTG in the progression of leukemia remains unknown. In the present study, a human leukemia U937 cell line overexpressing RKTG was established, and the effect of RKTG on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of human leukemia cells was analyzed. The results of the present study demonstrated that exogenous overexpression of RKTG significantly inhibited cell proliferation, which was accompanied by cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis assay and Hoechst staining demonstrated that the percentage of apoptotic cells in RKTG overexpressing cells was markedly increased. Furthermore, western blotting showed that RKTG overexpression significantly increased the level of cleaved caspase 3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)-associated X apoptosis regulator and reduced the level of Bcl-2. In addition, the activation of ERK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 signaling pathways in human leukemia cells was also suppressed by RKTG overexpression. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the tumor-suppressive effect of RKTG on human leukemia cells, which seem to be partially dependent on the suppression of ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling. Overexpression of RKTG may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Na Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoou Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Guiji Li
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Hua Fan
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
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PAQR3 augments amino acid deprivation-induced autophagy by inhibiting mTORC1 signaling. Cell Signal 2017; 33:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Liang X, Sun B, Han J, Zhao X, Liu Z. [Expression and Clinical Significance of Progesterone and Adiponectin Receptor Family Member 3 in Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2017; 20:259-263. [PMID: 28442015 PMCID: PMC5999676 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone and adiponectin receptor family member 3 (PAQR3) is a recently discovered tumor suppressor gene, which affects the development of a tumor by inhibiting cell proliferation, cell malignant transformation, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. This study investigates the expression of PAQR3 in lung cancer and its clinical significance. METHODS A total of 106 patients with lung cancer received surgical treatment in hospital, and adjacent normal tissues of these patients were utilized as control group. The diagnosis of all patients was confirmed through clinical pathology. The expression of PAQR3 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in lung cancer and adjacent normal tissues. The clinical significance of its expression was also investigated. RESULTS The positive expression rate of PAQR3 protein in lung cancer was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.01). The positive expression rate of PAQR3 protein was unrelated to age, tumor size, and gender, but it exhibited a significant relationship with the pathological type and differentiation, TNM staging, and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the five-year survival rate of patients with PAQR3 protein positive expression was higher than that in patients with negative expression (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS The expression of PAQR3 protein significantly decreased in lung cancer, indicating that PAQR3 protein plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PAQR3 in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jiyuan Han
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zenghui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Mikula H, Stapleton S, Kohler RH, Vinegoni C, Weissleder R. Design and Development of Fluorescent Vemurafenib Analogs for In Vivo Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1257-1265. [PMID: 28435463 PMCID: PMC5399591 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe fluorescent derivatives of vemurafenib to probe therapeutic BRAF inhibition in live cells and in vivo. The compounds were evaluated and compared by determining target binding, inhibition of mutant BRAF melanoma cell lines and live cell imaging. We show that vemurafenib-BODIPY is a superior imaging drug to visualize the targets of vemurafenib in live cells and in vivo in non-resistant and resistant melanoma tumors.
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20
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Li RH, Zhang AM, Li S, Li TY, Wang LJ, Zhang HR, Shi JW, Liu XR, Chen Y, Chen YC, Wei TY, Gao Y, Li W, Tang HY, Tang MY. PAQR3 gene expression and its methylation level in colorectal cancer tissues. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1773-1778. [PMID: 27588124 PMCID: PMC4998131 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the PAQR3 gene expression and its methylation level in colorectal cancer tissues, as well as the association with colorectal cancer clinical data. In total, 54 cases of colorectal cancer tissue samples and normal adjacent tissue samples were collected between June, 2013 and July, 2014. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of PAQR3 in colorectal samples, respectively. MSP was used to detect the methylation level of PAQR3 gene in colorectal samples, which was compared with colorectal data. The results showed that a decreased expression level of PAQR3 mRNA in colorectal cancer tissues and the expression reduction rate was 57.4% (31/54). Similarly, the expression level of PAQR3 protein was reduced in cancer tissues, and the reduction rate was 46.3% (25/54), while the protein expression reduction rate in cancer adjacent tissue was 5.6% (3/54), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Furthermore, the methylation rates of PAQR3 in cancer tissues and cancer adjacent tissues were 33.3% (18/54) and 5.6% (3/54), respectively. In addition, PAQR3 mRNA and protein levels in colorectal cancer tissues were associated with the differentiation degree, lymphatic metastasis and tumor infiltration depth. The methylation level of PAQR3 was associated with age, differentiated degree, lymphatic metastasis and tumor infiltration depth. In conclusion, the expression of PAQR3 mRNA and protein in colorectal cancer was reduced and methylation of PAQR3 occurred. Although the PAQR3 mRNA and protein levels were not associated with gender, age or the location of tumor, there was an association with differentiation degree, lymphatic metastasis and tumor infiltration depth. In addition, the methylation level of PAQR3 was not correlated with gender or tumor location, but was correlated with age, differentiation degree, lymphatic metastasis and tumor infiltration depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Heng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Min Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Neimenggu Xinganleague People's Hospital, Wulanhaote, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 137400, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Yang Li
- Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Jing Wang
- Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Ran Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Rui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Chao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Teng-Yao Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yu Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Hou Y, Liu C, Li Y, Guo W, Wu JL, Xu D, You X, Pan Y, Chen Y. Identification of an adaptor protein that facilitates Nrf2-Keap1 complex formation and modulates antioxidant response. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:38-49. [PMID: 27212020 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 plays a key role in the protection of the body against environmental stress via inducible expression of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes. Keap1 functions as a sensor for oxidative and electrophilic stresses and promotes Nrf2 degradation via its E3 ligase activity. Modulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway has been extensively explored as a strategy to combat against drug toxicity and stress-induced diseases. Here we report a new player that modulates the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. PAQR3, a membrane protein specifically localized in the Golgi apparatus, negatively regulates the expression of an array of Nrf2 target genes and alters cellular level of reactive oxygen species. PAQR3 tethers Nrf2 and Keap1, but not small MAF proteins to the Golgi apparatus. PAQR3 interacts with both Nrf2 and Keap1 and facilitates the interaction of Nrf2 with Keap1. PAQR3 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Disruption of PAQR3 interaction with Nrf2 and Keap1 by a synthetic peptide reduces Nrf2 ubiquitination and elevates expression of Nrf2 target genes. At the animal level, deletion of PAQR3 increases Nrf2 protein level and the expression of Nrf2 target genes. In conclusion, our study pinpoints that PAQR3 functions as an adaptor protein to promote Nrf2-Keap1 complex formation, thereby modulating the Nrf2-Keap2 pathway and playing an important role in controlling antioxidant response of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongfan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chunchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yinlong Li
- The National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiu-Lin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Daqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue You
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Chen J, Wang F, Xu J, He Z, Lu Y, Wang Z. The role of PAQR3 gene promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer and prognosis. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1612-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li Z, Ling ZQ, Guo W, Lu XX, Pan Y, Wang Z, Chen Y. PAQR3 expression is downregulated in human breast cancers and correlated with HER2 expression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12357-68. [PMID: 25900239 PMCID: PMC4494943 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PAQR3 is a newly discovered tumor suppressor and its functional role in breast cancer has not been well characterized. We report here that PAQR3 is associated with the progression and survival of human patients with breast cancer, as well as cell proliferation and migration of human breast cancer cells. PAQR3 mRNA level was robustly downregulated in human breast cancer samples compared with their corresponding para-cancerous histological normal tissues (n = 82, P < 0.0001). The mRNA level of PAQR3 was negatively correlated with HER2 expression (P < 0.0001) and disease-free survival of the patients (P < 0.0001). PAQR3 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation and migration of breast cancer cells including MCF7, SKBR3, MDA-MD-231, MDA-MD-468 and MDA-MD-453 cells. Knockdown of PAQR3 in MDA-MD-231 cells elevated cell proliferation and migration. Inhibition of HER2 by trastuzumab increased PAQR3 expression in SKBR3 cells. In conclusion, PAQR3 expression is frequently downregulated in human breast cancers inversely correlated with HER2 expression. PAQR3 is able to modulate the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that PAQR3 functions as a tumor suppressor in the development of human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghu Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Guo W, You X, Xu D, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Man K, Wang Z, Chen Y. PAQR3 enhances Twist1 degradation to suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:397-407. [PMID: 26905590 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Twist1 is an essential transcription factor required to initiate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promote tumor metastasis. PAQR3 is a newly found tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in many types of human cancers. Downregulation of PAQR3 is associated with accelerated metastasis and poor prognosis of the patients with gastric cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that PAQR3 is actively involved in the degradation of Twist1 and whereby regulates EMT and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. PAQR3 overexpression reduces the protein level but not the mRNA level of Twist1. The protein stability and polyubiquitination of Twist1 are altered by PAQR3. PAQR3 forms a complex with Twist1 and BTRC, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. PAQR3 enhances the interaction between Twist1 and BTRC. Twist1 is mobilized from the nucleus to a proteasome-containing structure in the cytoplasm upon overexpression of PAQR3 and BTRC, which is required for PAQR3-induced degradation of Twist1. The Twist1 box domain of the Twist1 protein is required for the interaction of Twist1 with both PAQR3 and BTRC, indispensable for PAQR3-mediated degradation of Twist1. Both BTRC and Twist1 are required for the inhibitory effects of PAQR3 on migration and EMT phenotype of gastric cancers cells. Importantly, Twist1 is indispensable for the inhibitory effect of PAQR3 on metastasis of gastric cancer cells in vivo Collectively, these findings not only pinpoint that Twist1 mediates the modulatory function of PAQR3 on EMT and metastasis but also suggest that targeting Twist1 is a promising strategy to control metastasis of tumors with downregulation of PAQR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031 , China and
| | - Xue You
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031, China and.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Daqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031 , China and
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031 , China and
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031 , China and
| | - Kaiyang Man
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031, China and.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031 , China and
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, New Life Science Building, A2214, Shanghai 200031, China and.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Hewavitharana T, Wedegaertner PB. PAQR3 regulates Golgi vesicle fission and transport via the Gβγ-PKD signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2444-51. [PMID: 26327583 PMCID: PMC4684484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins function at diverse subcellular locations, in addition to canonical signaling at the plasma membrane (PM). Gβγ signals at the Golgi, via protein kinase D (PKD), to regulate fission of PM-destined vesicles. However, the mechanism by which Gβγ is regulated at the Golgi in this process remains elusive. Recent studies have revealed that PAQR3 (Progestin and AdipoQ Receptor 3), also called RKTG (Raf Kinase Trapping to the Golgi), interacts with the Gβ subunit and localizes Gβ to the Golgi thereby inhibiting Gβγ signaling at the PM. Herein we show that, in contrast to this inhibition of canonical Gβγ signaling at the PM, PAQR3 promotes Gβγ signaling at the Golgi. Expression of PAQR3 causes fragmentation of the Golgi, while a Gβ binding-deficient mutant of PAQR3 does not cause Golgi fragmentation. Also, a C-terminal fragment of GRK2 (GRK2ct), which interacts with Gβγ and inhibits Gβγ signaling, and gallein, a small molecule inhibitor of Gβγ, are both able to inhibit PAQR3-mediated Golgi fragmentation. Furthermore, a dominant negative form of PKD (PKD-DN) and a pharmacological inhibitor of PKD, Gö6976, also inhibit PAQR3-mediated fragmentation of the Golgi. Importantly, expression of the Gβ binding-deficient mutant of PAQR3 inhibits the constitutive transport of the model cargo protein VSV-G from the Golgi to the PM, indicating the involvement of PAQR3 in Golgi-to PM vesicle transport and a dominant negative role for this mutant. Collectively, these results reveal a novel role for the newly characterized, Golgi-localized PAQR3 in regulating Gβγ at the non-canonical subcellular location of the Golgi and thus for controlling Golgi-to-PM protein transport via the Gβγ-PKD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara Hewavitharana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St., 839 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Philip B Wedegaertner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St., 839 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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PAQR3 modulates cholesterol homeostasis by anchoring Scap/SREBP complex to the Golgi apparatus. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8100. [PMID: 26311497 PMCID: PMC4560833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis is regulated by transcription factors SREBPs and their escort protein Scap. On sterol depletion, Scap/SREBP complex is transported from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus where SREBP is activated. Under cholesterol sufficient condition, Insigs act as anchor proteins to retain Scap/SREBP in the ER. However, the anchor protein of Scap/SREBP in the Golgi is unknown. Here we report that a Golgi-localized membrane protein progestin and adipoQ receptors 3 (PAQR3) interacts with Scap and SREBP and tethers them to the Golgi. PAQR3 promotes Scap/SREBP complex formation, potentiates SREBP processing and enhances lipid synthesis. The mutually exclusive interaction between Scap and PAQR3 or Insig-1 is regulated by cholesterol level. PAQR3 knockdown in liver blunts SREBP pathway and decreases hepatic cholesterol content. Disrupting the interaction of PAQR3 with Scap/SREBP by a synthetic peptide inhibits SREBP processing and activation. Thus, PAQR3 regulates cholesterol homeostasis by anchoring Scap/SREBP to the Golgi and disruption of such function reduces cholesterol biosynthesis. Under conditions of sterol depletion, the Scap/SREBP complex is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Here Xu and Wang et al. show that the Golgi protein PAQR3 interacts with Scap and SREBP in a cholesterol regulated manner to help regulate sterol homeostasis.
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27
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Wu Q, Zhuang K, Li H. PAQR3 plays a suppressive role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:561-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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PAQR3 modulates H3K4 trimethylation by spatial modulation of the regulatory subunits of COMPASS-like complexes in mammalian cells. Biochem J 2015; 467:415-24. [PMID: 25706881 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone modification plays important roles in many biological processes such as development and carcinogenesis. Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) is commonly associated with transcriptional activation of genes. H3K4 methylation in mammalian cells is carried out by COMPASS (complex of proteins associated with Set1)-like complexes that are composed of catalytic subunits such as MLL1 (mixed-lineage leukaemia 1) and multiple regulatory subunits in which WDR5 (WD40 repeat-containing protein 5), RBBP5 (retinoblastoma-binding protein 5), ASH2 (absent, small or homoeotic discs 2) and DPY30 [constituting the WRAD sub-complex (WDR5-ASH2-RBBP5-DPY30 complex)] are the major ones shared from yeast to metazoans. We report, in the present paper, a new mode of spatial regulation of H3K4 methyltransferase complexes. PAQR3 (progestin and adipoQ receptors member 3), a tumour suppressor specifically localized in the Golgi apparatus, negatively regulates H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) in mammalian cells. Consistently, HOXC8 and HOXA9 gene expression was negatively regulated by PAQR3 expression levels. Hypoxia-induced H3K4me3 was augmented by PAQR3 knockdown and suppressed by PAQR3 overexpression in AGS gastric cancer cells. PAQR3 was able to interact directly or indirectly with the four members of the WRAD sub-complex and tether them to the Golgi apparatus, accompanied by reduction in histone methyltransferase activity in the nucleus. PAQR3 also interfered with the interaction of WDR5 with the C-terminus of MLL1 (C-ter). Collectively, our study indicates that PAQR3 negatively modulates H3K4 methylation via altering the subcellular compartmentalization of the core regulatory subunits of the COMPASS-like complexes in mammalian cells.
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DDB2 is involved in ubiquitination and degradation of PAQR3 and regulates tumorigenesis of gastric cancer cells. Biochem J 2015. [PMID: 26205499 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DDB2 (damage-specific DNA-binding protein 2) is the product of the xeroderma pigmentosum group E gene which is involved in the initiation of nucleotide excision repair via an ubiquitin ligase complex together with DDB1 and CUL4A (cullin 4A). PAQR3 (progestin and adipoQ receptor family member III) is a newly discovered tumour suppressor that is implicated in the development of many types of human cancers. In the present paper, we report that DDB2 is involved in ubiquitination and degradation of PAQR3. DDB2 is able to interact with PAQR3 in vivo and in vitro. Both overexpression and knockdown experiments reveal that the protein expression level, protein stability and polyubiquitination of PAQR3 are changed by DDB2. Negative regulation of EGF (epidermal growth factor)- and insulin-induced signalling by PAQR3 is also altered by DDB2. At the molecular level, Lys(61) of PAQR3 is targeted by DDB2 for ubiquitination. The cell proliferation rate and migration of gastric cancer cells are inhibited by DDB2 knockdown and such effects are abrogated by PAQR3 knockdown, indicating that the effect of DDB2 on the cancer cells is mediated by PAQR3. Collectively, our studies not only pinpoint that DDB2 is a post-translational regulator of PAQR3, but also indicate that DDB2 may play an active role in tumorigenesis via regulating PAQR3.
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Xiu Y, Liu Z, Xia S, Jin C, Yin H, Zhao W, Wu Q. MicroRNA-137 upregulation increases bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting PAQR3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109734. [PMID: 25330156 PMCID: PMC4199610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that dysregulation of some microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to tumor progression and metastasis and have been proposed to be key regulators of diverse biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, cell growth and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown that miR-137 is dysregulated in some malignancies, but its role in bladder cancer is still unknown. In our study, we find that miR-137 is up-regulated in human bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. Moreover, the higher level of miR-137 was associated with pM or pTNM stage in clinical bladder cancer patients. Enforced expression of miR-137 in bladder cancer cells significantly enhanced their proliferation, migration and invasion. Bioinformatics analysis identified the tumor suppressor gene PAQR3 as a potential miR-137 target gene. Further studies indicated that miR-137 suppressed the expression of PAQR3 by binding to its 3′-untranslated region. Silencing of PAQR3 by small interfering RNAs phenocopied the effects of miR-137 overexpression, whereas restoration of PAQR3 in bladder cancer cells bladder cancer cells overexpressing miR-137, partially reversed the suppressive effects of miR-137. These findings indicate that miR-137 could be a potential oncogene in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Xiu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shunyao Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengjun Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huaifu Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Wu HG, Zhang WJ, Ding Q, Peng G, Zou ZW, Liu T, Cao RB, Fei SJ, Li PC, Yang KY, Hu JL, Dai XF, Wu G, Li PD. Identification of PAQR3 as a new candidate tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2687-95. [PMID: 25310770 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Progestin and adipoQ receptor family member III (PAQR3) is a regulator that negatively modulates the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade and the GPCR Gβγ subunit signaling pathway. The role of PAQR3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been elucidated. The present study investigated the expression of PAQR3 and its prognostic value in primary HCC patients. Furthermore, the functional aspects of PAQR3 were also studied using an in vitro cell model. PAQR3 expression was examined in paired HCC and adjacent noncancerous tissues using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (62 pairs) and western blotting (26 pairs). We also analyzed PAQR3 expression in 132 additional HCC samples by immunohistochemistry. The functional impact of PAQR3 on the proliferation and colony formation of an HCC cell line was analyzed by transfecting cells with a full-length PAQR3 expression vector or siRNA targeting PAQR3. The expression of PAQR3 was significantly decreased in the cancer tissues. Clinicopathological analyses showed that the expression of PAQR3 was significantly correlated with expression of serum α-fetoprotein (AFP), mitotic count, tumor size, histological grade and recurrence. Notably, Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed a correlation between decreased expression of PAQR3 and the poor prognosis of HCC patients. Multivariate analyses showed that PAQR3 expression is an independent prognostic marker for overall and disease-free survival of HCC patients. Furthermore, restoring PAQR3 expression in HCC cells significantly diminished Hep3B cell proliferation and colony formation. Silencing PAQR3 expression in hepatic normal cell line LO2 significantly enhanced cell growth. PAQR3 may play an important role in the progression of HCC and serve as a potential candidate for the targeted therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ge Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Wen Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Qian Ding
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Gang Peng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wei Zou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Ru Bo Cao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Shi Jiang Fei
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Peng Cheng Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Fang Dai
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
| | - Pin Dong Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, P.R. China
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Ling ZQ, Guo W, Lu XX, Zhu X, Hong LL, Wang Z, Wang Z, Chen Y. A Golgi-specific protein PAQR3 is closely associated with the progression, metastasis and prognosis of human gastric cancers. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1363-1372. [PMID: 24799462 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to determine whether PAQR3, a protein specifically localized in the Golgi apparatus, is associated with tumor progression, metastasis and survival of human patients with gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS PAQR3 expression status was investigated in a large panel of gastric cancer (n = 300) and their corresponding para-cancerous histological normal tissues (PCHNT) at both mRNA and protein levels. The correlation of PAQR3 expression levels with clinical features such as metastasis and prognosis was analyzed. The effect of PAQR3 on the growth and migration of gastric cancer cells was also determined. RESULTS PAQR3 was frequently down-regulated in gastric cancer samples compared with PCHNT at both mRNA and protein levels (both P < 0.0001). The expression level of PAQR3 was negatively correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection (P < 0.0001), tumor size (P < 0.0001), tumor stage (P < 0.0001), venous and lymphatic invasion (P < 0.0001), distant and nodal metastasis (P < 0.0001), and patient survival (P < 0.0001). Down-regulation of PAQR3 was highly correlated with increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastric cancer samples. In addition, PAQR3 overexpression was able to negatively modulate cell proliferation, migration and EMT of gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSION PAQR3 is markedly down-regulated in human gastric cancers. PAQR3 expression level is closely associated with the progression and metastasis of gastric cancers. PAQR3 is also a new genetic signature that can predict the prognosis of the patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou
| | - W Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - X X Lu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou
| | - X Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou
| | - L L Hong
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou
| | - Z Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Peng W, Lei Q, Jiang Z, Hu Z. Characterization of Golgi scaffold proteins and their roles in compartmentalizing cell signaling. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:435-45. [PMID: 24337566 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalization has become an important theme in cell signaling. In particular, the Golgi apparatus (GA) plays a prominent role in compartmentalizing signaling cascades that originate at the plasma membrane or other organelles. To precisely regulate this process, cells have evolved a unique class of organizer proteins, termed "scaffold proteins". Sef, PAQR3, PAQR10 and PAQR11 are scaffold proteins that have recently been identified on the GA and are referred to as Golgi scaffolds. The major cell growth signaling pathways, such as Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, insulin and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), are tightly regulated spatially and temporally by these Golgi scaffolds to ensure a physiologically appropriate outcome. Here, we discuss the subcellular localization and characterization of the topology and functional domains of these Golgi scaffolds and summarize their roles in the compartmentalization of cell signaling. We also highlight the physiological and pathological roles of these Golgi scaffolds in tumorigenesis and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Guan D, Li J, Yin H, Pan Y, Xie D, Chen Y. Critical roles of p53 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72846. [PMID: 24023784 PMCID: PMC3759437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant tumors and the biggest obstacle in curing HCC is its high metastasis potential. Alteration of p53 is the most frequent genetic change found in HCC. Although the biological function of p53 in tumor initiation and progression has been well characterized, whether or not p53 is implicated in metastasis of HCC is largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the potential functions of p53 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis of HCC cells. Both insulin- and TGF-β1-induced changes of critical EMT markers were greatly enhanced by p53 knockdown in HCC cells. The insulin- and TGF-β1-stimulated migration of HCC cells were enhanced by p53 knockdown. Furthermore, in vivo metastasis of HCC cells using different mouse models was robustly enhanced by p53 knockdown. In addition, we found that p53 regulation on EMT and metastasis involves β-catenin signaling. The nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity of β-catenin was modulated by p53. The enhanced EMT phenotype, cell migration and tumor metastasis of HCC cells by p53 knockdown were abrogated by inhibiting β-catenin signal pathway. In conclusion, this study reveals that p53 plays a pivotal role in EMT and metastasis of HCC cells via its regulation on β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxian Guan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongkun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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35
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Wang X, Wang L, Zhu L, Pan Y, Xiao F, Liu W, Wang Z, Guo F, Liu Y, Thomas WG, Chen Y. PAQR3 modulates insulin signaling by shunting phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α to the Golgi apparatus. Diabetes 2013; 62:444-56. [PMID: 23086038 PMCID: PMC3554364 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) mediates insulin actions by relaying signals from insulin receptors (IRs) to downstream targets. The p110α catalytic subunit of class IA PI3K is the primary insulin-responsive PI3K implicated in insulin signaling. We demonstrate here a new mode of spatial regulation for the p110α subunit of PI3K by PAQR3 that is exclusively localized in the Golgi apparatus. PAQR3 interacts with p110α, and the intracellular targeting of p110α to the Golgi apparatus is reduced by PAQR3 downregulation and increased by PAQR3 overexpression. Insulin-stimulated PI3K activity and phosphoinositide (3,4,5)-triphosphate production are enhanced by Paqr3 deletion and reduced by PAQR3 overexpression in hepatocytes. Deletion of Paqr3 enhances insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3β, but not phosphorylation of IR and IR substrate-1 (IRS-1), in hepatocytes, mouse liver, and skeletal muscle. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose uptake are enhanced by Paqr3 ablation. Furthermore, PAQR3 interacts with the domain of p110α involved in its binding with p85, the regulatory subunit of PI3K. Overexpression of PAQR3 dose-dependently reduces the interaction of p85α with p110α. Thus, PAQR3 negatively regulates insulin signaling by shunting cytosolic p110α to the Golgi apparatus while competing with p85 subunit in forming a PI3K complex with p110α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingdi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Walter G. Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author: Yan Chen,
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Wang X, Li X, Fan F, Jiao S, Wang L, Zhu L, Pan Y, Wu G, Ling ZQ, Fang J, Chen Y. PAQR3 Plays a Suppressive Role in the Tumorigenesis of Colorectal Cancers. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2228-35. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Huang H, Jin T, He J, Ding Q, Xu D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Wang Z, Chen Y. Progesterone and adipoQ receptor 11 links ras signaling to cardiac development in zebrafish. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2158-70. [PMID: 22814753 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.252775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progesterone and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) 10 and PAQR11 are 2 highly homologous genes involved in compartmentalized Ras signaling in the Golgi apparatus. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological functions of PAQR10 and PAQR11. METHODS AND RESULTS We used zebrafish as a model system to analyze the potential function of PAQR10/PAQR11. The expression profiles of PAQR10 and PAQR11 in zebrafish embryos are overlapping in many areas, but only PAQR11 is expressed in the developing heart. Knockdown of PAQR11 but not PAQR10 in zebrafish embryos causes cardiac developmental defects, including dilation of cardiac chambers, abnormal heart looping, disruption of atrioventricular cushion formation, heart edema, and blood regurgitation. PAQR11 knockdown markedly reduces the number and proliferation rate of cardiomyocytes and alters the morphology of myocardial cells during early heart development. The cardiac defects caused by PAQR11 knockdown can be phenocopied by MEK inhibitors and a dominant negative Ras. Furthermore, constitutively active Ras and especially a Golgi-localized but not a plasma membrane-localized Ras are able to rescue the cardiac defects caused by PAQR11 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS This study not only provides in vivo evidence that PAQR11 plays a critical role in heart morphogenesis but also pinpoints the importance of compartmentalized Ras signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
PAQR10 (progestin and adipoQ receptor 10) is a Golgi-localized protein that is able to enhance the retention and activation of Ras proteins in the Golgi apparatus, subsequently leading to a sustained ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) signalling. However, little is known about the topology and functional domains of PAQR10. In the present study, we extensively dissected and analysed the structure of PAQR10. The topology analysis reveals that PAQR10 is an integral membrane protein with its N-terminus facing the cytosol. Multiple domains, including the membrane-proximal region at the N-terminus, the membrane-proximal region at the C-terminus and the three loops facing the cytosol, were found to be required for PAQR10 to reside in the Golgi apparatus, to stimulate ERK phosphorylation and to tether Ras to the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, when PAQR10 was artificially forced to be expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, it could neither mobilize Ras to the Golgi apparatus nor increase ERK phosphorylation. Finally, the PAQR10 mutants that lost Golgi localization failed to promote differentiation of PC12 cells. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that Golgi localization is indispensable for PAQR10 to implement its regulatory functions in the Ras signalling cascade.
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Abstract
The strength and duration of intracellular signalling pathway activation is a key determinant of the biological outcome of cells in response to extracellular cues. This has been particularly elucidated for the Ras/Raf/MEK [mitogen-activated growth factor/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase]/ERK signalling pathway with a number of studies in fibroblasts showing that sustained ERK signalling is a requirement for S-phase entry, whereas transient ERK signalling does not have this capability. A major unanswered question, however, is how a cell can sustain ERK activation, particularly when ERK-specific phosphatases are transcriptionally up-regulated by the pathway itself. A major point of ERK regulation is at the level of Raf, and, to sustain ERK activation in the presence of ERK phosphatases, sustained Raf activation is a requirement. Three Raf proteins exist in mammals, and the activity of all three is induced following growth factor stimulation of cells, but only B-Raf activity is maintained at later time points. This observation points to B-Raf as a regulator of sustained ERK activation. In the present review, we consider evidence for a link between B-Raf and sustained ERK activation, focusing on a potential role for the subcellular localization of B-Raf in this key physiological event.
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Jin T, Ding Q, Huang H, Xu D, Jiang Y, Zhou B, Li Z, Jiang X, He J, Liu W, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Wang Z, Thomas WG, Chen Y. PAQR10 and PAQR11 mediate Ras signaling in the Golgi apparatus. Cell Res 2012; 22:661-76. [PMID: 21968647 PMCID: PMC3317553 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras plays a pivotal role in many cellular activities, and its subcellular compartmentalization provides spatial and temporal selectivity. Here we report a mode of spatial regulation of Ras signaling in the Golgi apparatus by two highly homologous proteins PAQR10 and PAQR11 of the progestin and AdipoQ receptors family. PAQR10 and PAQR11 are exclusively localized in the Golgi apparatus. Overexpression of PAQR10/PAQR11 stimulates basal and EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation and increases the expression of ERK target genes in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of PAQR10/PAQR11 markedly elevates Golgi localization of HRas, NRas and KRas4A, but not KRas4B. PAQR10 and PAQR11 can also interact with HRas, NRas and KRas4A, but not KRas4B. The increased Ras protein at the Golgi apparatus by overexpression of PAQR10/PAQR11 is in an active state. Consistently, knockdown of PAQR10 and PAQR11 reduces EGF-stimulated ERK phosphorylation and Ras activation at the Golgi apparatus. Intriguingly, PAQR10 and PAQR11 are able to interact with RasGRP1, a guanine nucleotide exchange protein of Ras, and increase Golgi localization of RasGRP1. The C1 domain of RasGRP1 is both necessary and sufficient for the interaction of RasGRP1 with PAQR10/PAQR11. The simulation of ERK phosphorylation by overexpressed PAQR10/PAQR11 is abrogated by downregulation of RasGRP1. Furthermore, differentiation of PC12 cells is significantly enhanced by overexpression of PAQR10/PAQR11. Collectively, this study uncovers a new paradigm of spatial regulation of Ras signaling in the Golgi apparatus by PAQR10 and PAQR11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiurong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Heng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Daqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ben Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenghu Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaomeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Monocyte to macrophage differentiation-associated (MMD) positively regulates ERK and Akt activation and TNF-α and NO production in macrophages. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5643-50. [PMID: 22203480 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation is modulated by both environmental cues and endogenous programs. In the present study, we investigated the role of a PAQR family protein, monocyte to macrophage differentiation-associated (MMD), in macrophage activation and unveiled its underlying molecular mechanism. Our results showed that while MMD expression could be detected in all tissues examined, its expression level is significantly up-regulated upon monocyte differentiation. Within cells, EGFP-MMD fusion protein could be co-localized to endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, but not lysosomes and cytoplasm. MMD expression is up-regulated in macrophages after LPS stimulation, and this might be modulated by RBP-J, the critical transcription factor of Notch signaling. Overexpression of MMD in macrophages increased the production of TNF-α and NO upon LPS stimulation. We found that MMD overexpression enhanced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in macrophages after LPS stimulation. Blocking Erk or Akt by pharmacological agent reduced TNF-α or NO production in MMD-overexpressing macrophages, respectively. These results suggested that MMD modulates TNF-α and NO production in macrophages, and this process might involves Erk or Akt.
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Ras trafficking, localization and compartmentalized signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 23:145-53. [PMID: 21924373 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins are proto-oncogenes that are frequently mutated in human cancers. Three closely related isoforms, HRAS, KRAS and NRAS, are expressed in all cells and have overlapping but distinctive functions. Recent work has revealed how differences between the Ras isoforms in their trafficking, localization and protein-membrane orientation enable signalling specificity to be determined. We review the various strategies used to characterize compartmentalized Ras localization and signalling. Localization is an important contextual modifier of signalling networks and insights from the Ras system are of widespread relevance for researchers interested in signalling initiated from membranes.
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Chen Y, Lin X, Liu Y, Xie D, Fang J, Le Y, Ke Z, Zhai Q, Wang H, Guo F, Wang F, Liu Y. Research advances at the Institute for Nutritional Sciences at Shanghai, China. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:428-39. [PMID: 22332084 PMCID: PMC3183593 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition-related health issues have emerged as a major threat to public health since the rebirth of the economy in China starting in the 1980s. To meet this challenge, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS) at Shanghai, China ≈ 8 y ago. The mission of the INS is to apply modern technologies and concepts in nutritional research to understand the molecular mechanism and provide means of intervention in the combat against nutrition-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and many types of cancers. Through diligent and orchestrated efforts by INS scientists, graduate students, and research staff in the past few years, the INS has become the leading institution in China in the areas of basic nutritional research and metabolic regulation. Scientists at the INS have made important progress in many areas, including the characterization of genetic and nutritional properties of the Chinese population, metabolic control associated with nutrient sensing, molecular mechanisms underlying glucose and lipid metabolism, regulation of metabolism by adipokines and inflammatory pathways, disease intervention using functional foods or extracts of Chinese herbs, and many biological studies related to carcinogenesis. The INS will continue its efforts in understanding the optimal nutritional needs for Chinese people and the molecular causes associated with metabolic diseases, thus paving the way for effective and individualized intervention in the future. This review highlights the major research endeavors undertaken by INS scientists in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
The protein processing and trafficking function of the Golgi is intimately linked to multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Assembly of Golgi trafficking structures and lipid sorting at the Golgi complex is controlled and coordinated by specific phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. The intra-Golgi transport machinery is also regulated by kinases belonging to several functionally distinct families, for example, MAP kinase signaling is required for mitotic disassembly of the Golgi. However, the Golgi plays an additional, prominent role in compartmentalizing other signaling cascades that originate at the plasma membrane or at other organelles. This article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the signaling network that converges at the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mayinger
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Jiang Y, Xie X, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Ling ZQ, Ling Z, Pan Y, Wang Z, Chen Y. Functional cooperation of RKTG with p53 in tumorigenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2959-68. [PMID: 21385899 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Raf kinase trapping to Golgi (RKTG) is a potential tumor suppressor gene due to its negative roles in regulating Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway and GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) Gβγ subunit signaling. Interestingly, RKTG-deficient mice are free of tumors, although they are prone to form skin cancer on carcinogen administration. On the other hand, p53 is a well-characterized tumor suppressor gene and p53 heterozygous mice develop sarcoma and other tumors starting from 12 months of age. In RKTG-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts, lypophosphatidic acid (LPA), but not EGF (epidermal growth factor), could stimulate hyperphosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β, accompanied by increases in phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 and accumulation of p53, as well as its target genes p21 and p16. Spontaneous skin cancer-like tumors were detected in about 25% of RKTG nullizygous and p53 heterozygous mice within 7 months of age. Hyperplasia and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were observed in the tumor-overlying epidermis, in which LOH of p53 occurred and EMT features emerged. In p53-mutated A431 epithelial carcinoma cells, knockdown of RKTG led to enhancement of LPA-stimulated AKT and GSK3β phosphorylation, together with increased accumulation of β-catenin and appearance of EMT features that were antagonized by p53 overexpression. In HepG2 epithelial cells, LPA-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and EMT features reached maximum when both RKTG and p53 were simultaneously silenced. In summary, these results not only indicate that RKTG has an in vivo tumor suppressor function to cooperate with p53 in tumorigenesis but also suggest that p53 has an EMT checkpoint function and the loss of this function can combine with loss of RKTG to drive EMT and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Matallanas D, Birtwistle M, Romano D, Zebisch A, Rauch J, von Kriegsheim A, Kolch W. Raf family kinases: old dogs have learned new tricks. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:232-60. [PMID: 21779496 PMCID: PMC3128629 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911407323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
First identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, the Raf proteins have been the objects of intense research. The discoveries 10 years later that the Raf family members (Raf-1, B-Raf, and A-Raf) are bona fide Ras effectors and upstream activators of the ubiquitous ERK pathway increased the interest in these proteins primarily because of the central role that this cascade plays in cancer development. The important role of Raf in cancer was corroborated in 2002 with the discovery of B-Raf genetic mutations in a large number of tumors. This led to intensified drug development efforts to target Raf signaling in cancer. This work yielded not only recent clinical successes but also surprising insights into the regulation of Raf proteins by homodimerization and heterodimerization. Surprising insights also came from the hunt for new Raf targets. Although MEK remains the only widely accepted Raf substrate, new kinase-independent roles for Raf proteins have emerged. These include the regulation of apoptosis by suppressing the activity of the proapoptotic kinases, ASK1 and MST2, and the regulation of cell motility and differentiation by controlling the activity of Rok-α. In this review, we discuss the regulation of Raf proteins and their role in cancer, with special focus on the interacting proteins that modulate Raf signaling. We also describe the new pathways controlled by Raf proteins and summarize the successes and failures in the development of efficient anticancer therapies targeting Raf. Finally, we also argue for the necessity of more systemic approaches to obtain a better understanding of how the Ras-Raf signaling network generates biological specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Remarkable advances have been made during the last few decades in defining the organizational principles of the secretory pathway. The Golgi complex in particular has attracted special attention due to its central position in the pathway, as well as for its fascinating and complex structure. Analytical studies of this organelle have produced significant advances in our understanding of its function, although some aspects still seem to elude our comprehension. In more recent years a level of complexity surrounding this organelle has emerged with the discovery that the Golgi complex is involved in cellular processes other than the 'classical' trafficking and biosynthetic pathways. The resulting picture is that the Golgi complex can be considered as a cellular headquarters where cargo sorting/processing, basic metabolism, signalling and cell-fate decisional processes converge.
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Zhang Y, Jiang X, Qin X, Ye D, Yi Z, Liu M, Bai O, Liu W, Xie X, Wang Z, Fang J, Chen Y. RKTG inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing MAPK-mediated autocrine VEGF signaling and is downregulated in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2010; 29:5404-15. [PMID: 20603618 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are crucial regulators of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The autocrine VEGF signaling is required for maintaining the homeostasis of vasculature. Dysregulation of angiogenesis is implicated in the development of many human cancers, especially in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), a highly vascularized tumor. Meanwhile, antiangiogenesis has become a mainstay in the treatment of human cancers. In this study, we analyzed the functional roles of RKTG (Raf Kinase Trapping to Golgi), a negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (Raf/MEK/ERK) signaling, by sequestration of Raf kinase to the Golgi apparatus, in angiogenesis and ccRCC. Through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that RKTG has a negative effect on cell proliferation, migration, sprouting and angiogenesis of endothelial cells. RKTG, by suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, negatively regulates the transactivation activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by inhibiting formation of HIF-1α/p300 complex and suppressing VEGF transcription, thereby reducing hypoxia-induced VEGF production. The expression level of RKTG is significantly downregulated in clinical ccRCC tumor samples, with an inverse correlation with VEGF expression level. These results highlight the functional roles of RKTG and its regulated Raf/ERK/MEK signaling cascade in angiogenesis and autocrine VEGF signaling. In addition, this study indicates that RKTG is likely implicated in the development of ccRCC through its regulation on angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Regulation of G-protein signaling by RKTG via sequestration of the G betagamma subunit to the Golgi apparatus. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:78-90. [PMID: 19884349 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01038-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon ligand binding, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) impart the signal to heterotrimeric G proteins composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, leading to dissociation of the G alpha subunit from the G betagamma subunit. While the G alpha subunit is imperative for downstream signaling, the G betagamma subunit, in its own right, mediates a variety of cellular responses such as GPCR desensitization via recruiting GRK to the plasma membrane and AKT stimulation. Here we report a mode of spatial regulation of the G betagamma subunit through alteration in subcellular compartmentation. RKTG (Raf kinase trapping to Golgi apparatus) is a newly characterized membrane protein specifically localized at the Golgi apparatus. The N terminus of RKTG interacts with G beta and tethers G betagamma to the Golgi apparatus. Overexpression of RKTG impedes the interaction of G betagamma with GRK2, abrogates the ligand-induced change of subcellular distribution of GRK2, reduces isoproterenol-stimulated phosphorylation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR), and alters beta 2AR desensitization. In addition, RKTG inhibits G betagamma- and ligand-mediated AKT phosphorylation that is enhanced in cells with downregulation of RKTG. Silencing of RKTG also alters GRK2 internalization and compromises ligand-induced G beta translocation to the Golgi apparatus. Taken together, our results reveal that RKTG can modulate GPCR signaling through sequestering G betagamma to the Golgi apparatus and thereby attenuating the functions of G betagamma.
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Garitaonandia I, Smith JL, Kupchak BR, Lyons TJ. Adiponectin identified as an agonist for PAQR3/RKTG using a yeast-based assay system. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 29:67-73. [PMID: 19519172 DOI: 10.1080/10799890902729456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The PAQR family of proteins comprises an intriguing group of newly discovered receptors. Although the agonist is known for 5 of the 11 human PAQRs, most are considered "orphan" receptors. We developed a yeast-based assay system for PAQR receptor activity that can be used to identify agonists for PAQRs of unknown function. Using this system, we found that the proteinaceous hormone adiponectin functions as an agonist of PAQR3, a previously uncharacterized member of this family. This is not surprising given that PAQR3 is most closely related to PAQR1 (AdipoR1) and PAQR2 (AdipoR2), which also sense adiponectin. The identification of adiponectin as an agonist for PAQR3 is of considerable clinical relevance because adiponectin suppresses the proliferation of tumor cells and it has been reported that PAQR3 suppresses tumorigenesis. Thus, the interaction between PAQR3 and adiponectin may help explain the antiproliferative properties of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Garitaonandia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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