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Liu L, Shang X, Ma L, Yan D, Adetula AA, Bai Y, Dong X. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Effects of Walnut Kernel Cake on Adipose Deposition in Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:667. [PMID: 38927603 PMCID: PMC11202485 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rising cost of animal feed protein, finding affordable and effective substitutes is crucial. Walnut kernel cake, a polyphenol-, fiber-, protein- and fat-rich byproduct of walnut oil extraction, has been underexplored as a potential protein replacement in pig feed. In this study, we found that feeding large Diqing Tibetan pigs walnut kernel cake promoted adipose deposition and improved pork quality during pig growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed the upregulation of genes ANGPTL8, CCNP, ETV4, and TRIB3, associated with adipose deposition. Pathway analysis highlighted enrichment in adipose deposition-related pathways, including PPAR, insulin, PI3K-Akt, Wnt, and MAPK signaling. Further analysis identified DEGs (differentially expressed genes) positively correlated with adipose-related traits, such as PER2 and PTGES. Single-cell transcriptome data pointed to the specific expression of CD248 and PTGES in adipocyte progenitor/stem cells (APSCs), pivotal for adipocyte differentiation and adipose deposition regulation. This study demonstrates walnut kernel cake's potential to substitute soybean cake in pig feed, providing high-quality protein and promoting adipose deposition. It offers insights into feed protein replacement, human functional food, fat metabolism, and related diseases, with marker genes and pathways supporting pig breeding and pork quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (D.Y.)
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaodan Shang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China;
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture, Kunming 650212, China;
| | - Dawei Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Adeyinka Abiola Adetula
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Ying Bai
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China;
| | - Xinxing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (L.L.); (D.Y.)
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Nora CL, Zhang L, Castro RJ, Marx A, Carman HB, Lum T, Tsimikas S, Hong MY. Effects of mixed nut consumption on LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and other cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1529-1538. [PMID: 37263914 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elevated LDL-C, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], and inflammation are associated with greater risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Consumption of individual nut types decreases these risk factors but knowledge about the effect of mixed nuts on Lp(a) is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of consuming 42.5 g/day of mixed nuts on LDL-C, Lp(a), and inflammatory markers in individuals with overweight or obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 16-week randomized control trial, 29 participants with overweight or obesity (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) consumed either 42.5 g/day of mixed nuts (cashews, almonds, macadamia nuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts) or 69 g/day isocaloric pretzels. Blood samples were collected at baseline, week 8, and week 16 for analysis on total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, Lp(a), inflammation markers, glucose, insulin, adiponectin and liver function enzymes. No significant differences were seen in TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Lp(a), or liver function enzymes between the two groups. Participants consuming mixed nuts had significantly lower body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure, and higher adiponectin (all P ≤ 0.05). C-reactive protein (CRP) and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosis (8-oxodG) showed non-significant decreasing trends and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) had a non-significant increasing trend in the mixed nut group. CONCLUSION Consumption of mixed nuts had no evidence of an effect on LDL-C or Lp(a) throughout the intervention. Notably, mixed nut consumption lowered body fat percentage without significant changes in body weight or BMI. Future studies with larger sample sizes investigating the changing trends of CRP, 8-oxodG, and TAC are warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTER NCT03375866.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Nora
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Liyue Zhang
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Robert J Castro
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Amanda Marx
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Hannah B Carman
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Tiffany Lum
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Pan L, Sui J, Xu Y, Zhao Q. Effect of Nut Consumption on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102394. [PMID: 37242277 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previous epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between nut consumption and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the evidence remains inconclusive and contentious. The aim of our study was to further conduct a meta-analysis of observational studies to explore the latest evidence of the influence of nut consumption on NAFLD. This meta-analysis included a comprehensive search of all articles published in the PubMed and Web of Science online databases as of April 2023. A total of 11 articles were included, comprising 2 prospective cohort studies, 3 cross-sectional studies, and 7 case-control studies, and a random effects model was used to evaluate the relationship between nuts and NAFLD. Results showed that the odds ratio (OR) of NAFLD was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.81-0.99, p < 0.001) when comparing the highest and lowest total nut intake, indicating a significant negative correlation. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the protective effect of nuts on NAFLD was more significant in females (OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.98, I2 = 76.2%). In summary, our findings provide support for a protective relationship between nut intake and risk of NAFLD. Further exploration of the association between other dietary components and NAFLD is an important avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- Research Institute for Environment and Health, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jing Sui
- Research Institute for Environment and Health, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Research Institute for Environment and Health, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Research Institute for Environment and Health, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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4
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Jones JL, Sabaté J, Heskey C, Oda K, Miles F, Rajaram S. Macadamia nut effects on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomised trial. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e55. [PMID: 37180485 PMCID: PMC10173088 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to examine the effects of daily consumption of macadamia nuts on body weight and composition, plasma lipids and glycaemic parameters in a free-living environment in overweight and obese adults at elevated cardiometabolic risk. Utilising a randomised cross-over design, thirty-five adults with abdominal obesity consumed their usual diet plus macadamia nuts (~15 % of daily calories) for 8 weeks (intervention) and their usual diet without nuts for 8 weeks (control), with a 2-week washout. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance; dietary intake was assessed with 24-h dietary recalls. Consumption of macadamia nuts led to increased total fat and MUFA intake while SFA intake was unaltered. With mixed model regression analysis, no significant changes in mean weight, BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat or glycaemic parameters, and non-significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol of 2⋅1 % (-4⋅3 mg/dl; 95 % CI -14⋅8, 6⋅1) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) of 4 % (-4⋅7 mg/dl; 95 % CI -14⋅3, 4⋅8) were observed. Cholesterol-lowering effects were modified by adiposity: greater lipid lowering occurred in those with overweight v. obesity, and in those with less than the median percent body fat. Daily consumption of macadamia nuts does not lead to gains in weight or body fat under free-living conditions in overweight or obese adults; non-significant cholesterol lowering occurred without altering saturated fat intake of similar magnitude to cholesterol lowering seen with other nuts. Clinical Trial Registry Number and Website: NCT03801837 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03801837?term = macadamia + nut&draw = 2&rank = 1.
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Key Words
- % Body fat, percent body fat
- Adiposity
- Apo A1, apoprotein A1
- Apo B, apoprotein B
- BFM, body fat mass
- Body composition
- CV, coefficient of variation
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Cholesterol
- DLM, dry lean mass
- HOMA2, homeostasis model assessment 2
- IR, insulin resistance
- LBM, lean body mass
- LDL-C
- Mac, macadamia nuts
- Macadamia nuts
- Palmitoleic acid
- SMM, skeletal muscle mass
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TBW, total body water
- TC, total cholesterol
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- VLDL,, very low-density lipoprotein
- WC, waist circumference
- oxLDL, oxidised LDL
- sdLDL, small dense low-density lipoprotein
- se, standard error
- sem, standard error of the mean
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Jones
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joan Sabaté
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Celine Heskey
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Keiji Oda
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Fayth Miles
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Sujatha Rajaram
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Corresponding author: Sujatha Rajaram, email
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da Silva Costa N, Almeida PP, Da Cruz BO, Brito ML, Maldonado-Campos J, Menezes AC, Figueiredo MS, Magliano DAC, Pereira AD, Stockler-Pinto MB. Supplementation of diet with Brazil nut modulates body composition, bone parameters, and lipid peroxidation in Wistar rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14294. [PMID: 35762459 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, adipose tissue, and bone compartments can be disturbed in chronic diseases. Non-pharmacological strategies, such as Brazil nuts (BNs), can improve these parameters. This study evaluated the effects of BN supplementation at different concentrations on body composition, lipid profile, and peroxidation in healthy rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (CT), Brazil nut 5% (BN5), and Brazil nut 10% (BN10) groups. Body composition, brown adipose tissue (BAT), plasma lipid peroxidation, and lipid profile were evaluated in the three groups. The BN5 group showed an improvement in all bone parameters compared with that of the CT group (p < .0001). The BN5 and BN10 groups showed reduced plasma lipid peroxidation compared with that of the CT group (p = .0009), whereas the BN10 group presented lower BAT lipid peroxidation than that of the other groups (p = .01). High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were higher in the BN5 group than in the CT group (p = .01). Conclusively, the use of BNs in a controlled manner promoted improvement in bone parameters, HDL-c levels, and lipid peroxidation in healthy rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nuts has been included in the diet because of their versatility, acceptance, and easy access. Among them, Brazil nut (BN) is considered one of the major known food sources of selenium as well as a source of fibers, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic compounds. Studies have shown that BN supplementation is effective in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and selenium deficiency when used as a non-pharmacological strategy in experimental models of chronic diseases and in clinical trials. The present study showed that controlled administration of BN improved bone parameters, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, and lipid peroxidation in healthy rats. Therefore, BN is a promising non-pharmacological agent for the prevention of the onset of chronic non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia da Silva Costa
- Cardiovascular Sciences Graduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pereira Almeida
- Cardiovascular Sciences Graduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oliveira Da Cruz
- Cardiovascular Sciences Graduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Michele Lima Brito
- Nutrition Graduation, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Agatha Cristie Menezes
- Cardiovascular Sciences Graduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - D' Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Cardiovascular Sciences Graduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Cardiovascular Sciences Graduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Nutrition Sciences Graduation Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
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Verde A, Míguez JM, Leao-Martins JM, Gago-Martínez A, Gallardo M. Melatonin content in walnuts and other commercial nuts. Influence of cultivar, ripening and processing (roasting). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Franco Estrada YM, Caldas APS, da Silva A, Bressan J. Effects of acute and chronic nuts consumption on energy metabolism: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 73:296-306. [PMID: 34607514 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1984401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuts are high-energy density foods and are associated with beneficial effects on health, including weight control. Effects on resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, and diet-induced thermogenesis are suggested mechanisms behind the effects of nuts consumption on weight control. Thus, we revised the randomised clinical trials that assessed acute and chronic nuts consumption effects on energy metabolism. Walnuts (22.1 g to 56 g) consumption appears to modulate energy metabolism markers differently depending on the dose and profile of the evaluated subject. In its turn, 56 g of high-oleic peanuts increased postprandial energy expenditure and thermic effect of food after three hours postprandial compared to consumption of conventional peanuts. Almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, and a mix of nuts were the nuts studies in the chronic studies, which does not seem to influence energy metabolism markers. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of other types of nuts consumption on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandra da Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fernández-Rodríguez R, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Garrido-Miguel M, Martínez-Ortega IA, Álvarez-Bueno C, Eumann Mesas A. Nut consumption, body weight, and adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:645-655. [PMID: 34338788 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT It seems that nut consumption does not lead to weight gain in the general population. However, fewer studies have explored this relationship in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). PURPOSE To synthesize evidence on the effects of nut (specifically, tree nuts and peanuts) consumption on adiposity-related measures in individuals diagnosed with T2D. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION Four databases were searched up to December 31, 2020. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of nut consumption vs a control diet on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and percent body fat were included. DATA EXTRACTION The pooled effect sizes (p-ESs) and 95%CIs of nut consumption were estimated using random effects models. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 15 randomized controlled trials including 899 individuals were included. No significant effects of nut-enriched interventions were found for body weight (p-ES = -0.04; 95%CI: -0.16 to 0.08), body mass index (p-ES = -0.05; 95%CI: -0.17 to 0.08), waist circumference (p-ES = -0.02; 95%CI: -0.20 to 0.15), or percent body fat (p-ES = -0.03; 95%CI: -0.28 to 0.21). CONCLUSION Nut consumption has no effect, positive or negative, on weight or adiposity parameters in people with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Fernández-Rodríguez
- R. Fernández-Rodríguez and I.A. Martínez-Ortega are with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain. V. Martínez-Vizcaíno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. M. Garrido-Miguel is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Enfermería, Albacete, Spain. C. Álvarez-Bueno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain and Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay. A. Eumann Mesas is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- R. Fernández-Rodríguez and I.A. Martínez-Ortega are with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain. V. Martínez-Vizcaíno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. M. Garrido-Miguel is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Enfermería, Albacete, Spain. C. Álvarez-Bueno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain and Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay. A. Eumann Mesas is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- R. Fernández-Rodríguez and I.A. Martínez-Ortega are with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain. V. Martínez-Vizcaíno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. M. Garrido-Miguel is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Enfermería, Albacete, Spain. C. Álvarez-Bueno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain and Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay. A. Eumann Mesas is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Isabel A Martínez-Ortega
- R. Fernández-Rodríguez and I.A. Martínez-Ortega are with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain. V. Martínez-Vizcaíno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. M. Garrido-Miguel is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Enfermería, Albacete, Spain. C. Álvarez-Bueno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain and Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay. A. Eumann Mesas is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- R. Fernández-Rodríguez and I.A. Martínez-Ortega are with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain. V. Martínez-Vizcaíno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. M. Garrido-Miguel is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Enfermería, Albacete, Spain. C. Álvarez-Bueno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain and Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay. A. Eumann Mesas is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eumann Mesas
- R. Fernández-Rodríguez and I.A. Martínez-Ortega are with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain. V. Martínez-Vizcaíno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. M. Garrido-Miguel is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Enfermería, Albacete, Spain. C. Álvarez-Bueno is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain and Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay. A. Eumann Mesas is with the Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain, and Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Health Sciences Centre, Londrina, Brazil
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Neale EP, Tran G, Brown RC. Barriers and Facilitators to Nut Consumption: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239127. [PMID: 33297407 PMCID: PMC7729435 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Habitual nut intake is associated with a range of health benefits; however, population consumption data suggests that most individuals do not meet current recommendations for nut intake. The literature has highlighted a range of barriers and facilitators to nut consumption, which should be considered when designing strategies to promote nut intake. Common barriers include confusion regarding the effects of nut consumption on body weight, perceptions that nuts are high in fat, or too expensive, and challenges due to dentition issues or nut allergies. Conversely, demographic characteristics such as higher education and income level, and a healthier lifestyle overall, are associated with higher nut intakes. Health professionals appear to play an important role in promoting nut intake; however, research suggests that knowledge of the benefits of nut consumption could be improved in many health professions. Future strategies to increase nut intake to meet public health recommendations must clarify misconceptions of the specific benefits of nut consumption, specifically targeting sectors of the population known to have lower nut consumption, and educate health professionals to promote nut intake. In addition, given the relatively small body of evidence exploring barriers and facilitators to nut consumption, further research exploring these factors is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P. Neale
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Georgie Tran
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Rachel C. Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, Otago, New Zealand;
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A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041161. [PMID: 32331288 PMCID: PMC7231187 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mass media has increasingly frequently suggested to the general population that specific foods or nutritional schemes are able to affect both human metabolism and energy expenditure, thus facilitating weight loss. This critical review is aimed at assessing available evidence on the roles of nutrients, food and dietary regimens in energy intake and energy expenditure. We queried the National Library of Medicine, the Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASEand the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database, and a search strategy was performed by using database-specific subject headings and keywords. We found that available scientific evidence on these topics is scarce, and that the limited number of available studies often have poor methodological quality. Only a few foods show beneficial effects on metabolism and energy expenditure, as the human energy balance is complex and multifactorial. Finally, microbiota may interfere with the intake, use and expenditure of energy in the human body. Conclusive evidence is still lacking, and, at present, it is not possible to identify a food or a diet with a significant impact on human energy expenditure.
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Nut consumption in a representative survey of Australians: a secondary analysis of the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:3368-3378. [PMID: 32151295 PMCID: PMC7737041 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Nut consumption is associated with a range of health benefits. The current study aimed to examine nut consumption in the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) and to investigate associations between nut intake, nutrient intake and anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Design: Secondary analysis of the 2011–2012 NNPAS. Usual consumption of nuts in the 2011–2012 NNPAS was determined, and nut consumption was compared with population recommendations of 30 g nuts per day. The relationship between nut consumption and intakes of key nutrients, anthropometric outcomes (weight, BMI and waist circumference) and blood pressure was examined using linear regression for participants aged over 18 years. Setting: Australia. Participants: Australians (2 years and older, n 12 153) participating in the representative 2011–2012 NNPAS. Results: Mean nut intake was 4·61 (95 % CI: 4·36, 4·86) g/d, with only 5·6 % of nut consumers consuming 30 g of nuts per day. Nut consumption was associated with significantly greater intakes of fibre, vitamin E, Fe, Mg and P. There was no association between nut consumption and body weight, BMI, waist circumference, or blood pressure. Conclusions: Exploration of nut consumption in a representative sample of Australians identified that nut intake does not meet recommendations. Higher nut consumption was not adversely associated with higher body weight, aligning with the current evidence base. Given the current levels of nut consumption in Australia, strategies to increase nut intake to recommended levels are required.
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Adipokines and Adipose Tissue-Related Metabolites, Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10010032. [PMID: 31940832 PMCID: PMC7022531 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex structure responsible for fat storage and releasing polypeptides (adipokines) and metabolites, with systemic actions including body weight balance, appetite regulation, glucose homeostasis, and blood pressure control. Signals sent from different tissues are generated and integrated in adipose tissue; thus, there is a close connection between this endocrine organ and different organs and systems such as the gut and the cardiovascular system. It is known that functional foods, especially different nuts, may be related to a net of molecular mechanisms contributing to cardiometabolic health. Despite being energy-dense foods, nut consumption has been associated with no weight gain, weight loss, and lower risk of becoming overweight or obese. Several studies have reported beneficial effects after nut consumption on glucose control, appetite suppression, metabolites related to adipose tissue and gut microbiota, and on adipokines due to their fatty acid profile, vegetable proteins, l-arginine, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and phytosterols. The aim of this review is to briefly describe possible mechanisms implicated in weight homeostasis related to different nuts, as well as studies that have evaluated the effects of nut consumption on adipokines and metabolites related to adipose tissue and gut microbiota in animal models, healthy individuals, and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention.
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Konieczna J, Romaguera D, Pereira V, Fiol M, Razquin C, Estruch R, Asensio EM, Babio N, Fitó M, Gómez-Gracia E, Ros E, Lapetra J, Arós F, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Toledo E, Sorlí JV, Bulló M, Schröder H, Martínez-González MA. Longitudinal association of changes in diet with changes in body weight and waist circumference in subjects at high cardiovascular risk: the PREDIMED trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:139. [PMID: 31882021 PMCID: PMC6935084 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of certain foods is associated with long-term weight gains and abdominal fat accumulation in healthy, middle-aged and young, non-obese participants. Whether the same foods might be associated with changes in adiposity in elderly population at high cardiovascular risk is less known. OBJECTIVE Using yearly repeated measurements of both food habits and adiposity parameters, we aimed to investigate how changes in the consumption of specific foods were associated with concurrent changes in weight or waist circumference (WC) in the PREDIMED trial. DESIGN We followed-up 7009 participants aged 55-70 years at high cardiovascular risk for a median time of 4.8 years. A validated 137-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire was used for dietary assessment with yearly repeated measurements. We longitudinally assessed associations between yearly changes in food consumption (serving/d) and concurrent changes in weight (kg) or WC (cm). RESULTS Yearly increments in weight were observed with increased consumption (kg per each additional increase in 1 serving/d) for refined grains (0.32 kg/serving/d), red meat (0.24), potatoes (0.23), alcoholic beverages (0.18), processed meat (0.15), white bread (0.07) and sweets (0.04); whereas inverse associations were detected for increased consumption of low-fat yogurt (- 0.18), and low-fat milk (- 0.06). Annual WC gain (cm per each additional increase in 1 serving/d) occurred with increased consumption of snacks, fast-foods and pre-prepared dishes (0.28), processed meat (0.18), alcoholic beverages (0.13), and sweets (0.08); whereas increased consumption of vegetables (- 0.23), and nuts (- 0.17), were associated with reductions in WC. CONCLUSIONS In this assessment conducted in high-risk subjects using yearly repeated measurements of food habits and adiposity, some ultra-processed foods, refined carbohydrates (including white bread), potatoes, red meats and alcohol were associated with higher weight and WC gain, whereas increases in consumption of low-fat dairy products and plant foods were associated with less gain in weight and WC. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at controlled-trials.com with International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 35739639. Registration date: 5 October 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Konieczna
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases, Bldg I, Floor -1, Ctra de Valldemossa 79, 07120, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases, Bldg I, Floor -1, Ctra de Valldemossa 79, 07120, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Veronica Pereira
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases, Bldg I, Floor -1, Ctra de Valldemossa 79, 07120, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fiol
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases, Bldg I, Floor -1, Ctra de Valldemossa 79, 07120, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Razquin
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M Asensio
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nancy Babio
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgil. Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia. Unitat de Nutrició Humana, IISPV, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Familiy Medicine, Primary Care Division of Sevilla, San Pablo Health Center, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Arós
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Alava, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Toledo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - José V Sorlí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Monica Bulló
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgil. Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia. Unitat de Nutrició Humana, IISPV, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Helmut Schröder
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Institut Hospital del Mar d' Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martínez-González
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Najjar RS, Feresin RG. Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112712. [PMID: 31717463 PMCID: PMC6893503 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects over one-third of Americans and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Interventional trials have consistently demonstrated that consumption of plant-based diets reduces body fat in overweight and obese subjects, even when controlling for energy intake. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been well-defined. This review discusses six major dietary mechanisms that may lead to reduced body fat. These include (1) reduced caloric density, (2) improved gut microbiota symbiosis, (3) increased insulin sensitivity, (4) reduced trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), (5) activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and (6) over-expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Collectively, these factors improve satiety and increase energy expenditure leading to reduced body weight.
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