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Hossu G, Fantin L, Charroud C, Felblinger J, Jacquot M, Ceyte H. Neural mechanisms of odour imagery induced by non-figurative visual cues. Neuropsychologia 2024; 196:108836. [PMID: 38373518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Odour imagery, the ability to experience smell when an appropriate stimulus is absent, has widely been documented as being particularly difficult. However, previous studies have shown the beneficial effect of visual cues (e.g., pictures or words) to facilitate performance in numerous tasks of olfactory nature. Therefore, the use of visual cues to evoke odours seems relevant. In this study, our interest is directed towards non-figurative coloured arrangements, which result from a patented technology and aim at chromatically representing any smell from its chemical composition and sensory description. The aim of this study was to characterise the neural mechanisms of odour imagery facilitated by these non-figurative coloured arrangements. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we recorded and compared hemodynamic responses during odour imagery facilitated by non-figurative coloured arrangements and pictures. Our findings reveal that the use of non-figurative coloured arrangements during odour imagery solicits olfactory and non-olfactory brain regions (orbitofrontal cortex, insula, hippocampus, thalamus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area), which are mainly involved in olfactory processing and multimodal integration. Moreover, very similar cortical activity was found between the use of non-figurative coloured arrangements and pictures during odour imagery, with increased activity in the supplementary motor area during the use of coloured arrangements only. Overall, non-figurative coloured arrangements could become a robust tool to visually evoke odours without requiring prior familiarity with the depicted odour. Future studies should use psychometric measures to determine the relationships between brain activation, odour imagery ability and vividness of the generated odour images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hossu
- CHRU-Nancy, Inserm, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Innovation Technologique, F-54000, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IADI, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Luca Fantin
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IADI, F-54000, Nancy, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Charroud
- Unité de recherche sur les comportements et mouvements anormaux (URCMA, IGF, INSERM U661 UMR 5203), Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, F-34000, Montpellier, France; Unité de pathologie cérébrale résistante, Department of Neurosurgery, Montpellier University Hospital Center, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Felblinger
- CHRU-Nancy, Inserm, Université de Lorraine, CIC, Innovation Technologique, F-54000, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IADI, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Muriel Jacquot
- Givaudan France SAS, 43 voie des bans, 95100, Argenteuil Cedex, France
| | - Hadrien Ceyte
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
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2
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Gao M, Turner BM, Sloutsky VM. The Role of Attention in Category Representation. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13438. [PMID: 38605457 PMCID: PMC11018344 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have found that selective attention affects category learning. However, previous research did not distinguish between the contribution of focusing and filtering components of selective attention. This study addresses this issue by examining how components of selective attention affect category representation. Participants first learned a rule-plus-similarity category structure, and then were presented with category priming followed by categorization and recognition tests. Additionally, to evaluate the involvement of focusing and filtering, we fit models with different attentional mechanisms to the data. In Experiment 1, participants received rule-based category training, with specific emphasis on a single deterministic feature (D feature). Experiment 2 added a recognition test to examine participants' memory for features. Both experiments indicated that participants categorized items based solely on the D feature, showed greater memory for the D feature, were primed exclusively by the D feature without interference from probabilistic features (P features), and were better fit by models with focusing and at least one type of filtering mechanism. The results indicated that selective attention distorted category representation by highlighting the D feature and attenuating P features. To examine whether the distorted representation was specific to rule-based training, Experiment 3 introduced training, emphasizing all features. Under such training, participants were no longer primed by the D feature, they remembered all features well, and they were better fit by the model assuming only focusing but no filtering process. The results coupled with modeling provide novel evidence that while both focusing and filtering contribute to category representation, filtering can also result in representational distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcun Gao
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
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3
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Dong X, Gui X, Klich S, Zhu L, Chen D, Sun Z, Shi Y, Chen A. The effects of football juggling learning on executive function and brain functional connectivity. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1362418. [PMID: 38516307 PMCID: PMC10954781 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1362418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationship between motor skill learning and executive function (EF), with an emphasis on the potential effects of football juggling learning. A randomized controlled trial involving 111 participants aged 17-19 years was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to either the football juggling learning (FJL) group or a control group. The FJL group underwent 70 sessions of football juggling learning, while the control group engaged in their normal daily activities without any exercise intervention during the same time frame. Both groups were assessed for EF performance and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after the experiment. The executive function test included three tasks, namely, inhibition, working memory, and shifting. The results showed significant improvement in inhibition and shifting in both groups, and the FJL group showed greater improvement in these aspects of EF compared to the control group. Additionally, in comparison to the control group, the FJL group exhibited increased functional connectivity within the frontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions from the pre-test to the post-test. Notably, enhanced functional connectivity between the right superior temporal gyrus (posterior division) and left cerebellum 6 was identified in the FJL group and was associated with improved EF performance induced by football juggling learning. These findings shed light on the potential causal relationship between motor skill learning, EF, and brain plasticity. Importantly, our study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of motor skill learning, such as football juggling, as a potential avenue for cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Gui
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lina Zhu
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yifan Shi
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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4
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Tian Y, Tan C, Tan J, Yang L, Tang Y. Top-down modulation of DLPFC in visual search: a study based on fMRI and TMS. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad540. [PMID: 38212289 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective visual search is essential for daily life, and attention orientation as well as inhibition of return play a significant role in visual search. Researches have established the involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitive control during selective attention. However, neural evidence regarding dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates inhibition of return in visual search is still insufficient. In this study, we employed event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling to develop modulation models for two types of visual search tasks. In the region of interest analyses, we found that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction were selectively activated in the main effect of search type. Dynamic causal modeling results indicated that temporoparietal junction received sensory inputs and only dorsolateral prefrontal cortex →temporoparietal junction connection was modulated in serial search. Such neural modulation presents a significant positive correlation with behavioral reaction time. Furthermore, theta burst stimulation via transcranial magnetic stimulation was utilized to modulate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex region, resulting in the disappearance of the inhibition of return effect during serial search after receiving continuous theta burst stimulation. Our findings provide a new line of causal evidence that the top-down modulation by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex influences the inhibition of return effect during serial search possibly through the retention of inhibitory tagging via working memory storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tian
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
- School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing 400064, China
| | - Congming Tan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Jianling Tan
- School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
- Department of Medical Engineering, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, ChongQing 400065, China
| | - Yi Tang
- School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
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Šimko P, Pupíková M, Gajdoš M, Klobušiaková P, Vávra V, Šimo A, Rektorová I. Exploring the impact of intensified multiple session tDCS over the left DLPFC on brain function in MCI: a randomized control trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1512. [PMID: 38233437 PMCID: PMC10794210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training (tDCS-cog) represents a promising approach to combat cognitive decline among healthy older adults and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this 5-day-long double-blinded randomized trial, we investigated the impact of intensified tDCS-cog protocol involving two trains of stimulation per day on working memory (WM) enhancement in 35 amnestic and multidomain amnestic MCI patients. Specifically, we focused to improve WM tasks relying on top-down attentional control and hypothesized that intensified tDCS would enhance performance of visual object matching task (VOMT) immediately after the stimulation regimen and at a 1-month follow-up. Secondarily, we explored whether the stimulation would augment online visual working memory training. Using fMRI, we aimed to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the intervention effects by analyzing BOLD activations during VOMT. Our main finding revealed no superior after-effects of tDCS-cog over the sham on VOMT among individuals with MCI as indicated by insignificant immediate and long-lasting after-effects. Additionally, the tDCS-cog did not enhance online training as predicted. The fMRI analysis revealed brain activity alterations in right insula that may be linked to tDCS-cog intervention. In the study we discuss the insignificant behavioral results in the context of the current evidence in tDCS parameter space and opening the discussion of possible interference between trained cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Šimko
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Pupíková
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Gajdoš
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Klobušiaková
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Surgeon General Office of the, Slovak Armed Forces, Ružomberok, Slovak Republic
| | - V Vávra
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Šimo
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I Rektorová
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology - CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Rodriguez-Thompson AM, Miller AB, Wade M, Meyer KN, Machlin L, Bonar AS, Patel KK, Giletta M, Hastings PD, Nock MK, Rudolph KD, Slavich GM, Prinstein MJ, Sheridan MA. Neural Correlates of the p Factor in Adolescence: Cognitive Control With and Without Enhanced Positive Affective Demands. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:30-40. [PMID: 37062361 PMCID: PMC10576014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has aimed to characterize processes underlying general liability toward psychopathology, termed the p factor. Given previous research linking the p factor with difficulties in both executive functioning and affective regulation, the present study investigated nonaffective and positive affective inhibition in the context of a sustained attention/inhibition paradigm in adolescents exhibiting mild to severe psychopathology. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected during an integrated reward conditioning and go/no-go task in 138 adolescents assigned female at birth. We modeled the p factor using hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Positive affective inhibition was measured by examining responses to no-go stimuli with a history of reward conditioning. We examined associations between p factor scores and neural function and behavioral performance. RESULTS Consistent with nonaffective executive function as a primary risk factor, p factor scores were associated with worse behavioral performance and hypoactivation in the left superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus during response initiation (go trials). The p factor scores were additionally associated with increased error-related signaling in the temporal cortex during incorrect no-go trials. CONCLUSIONS During adolescence, a period characterized by heightened risk for emergent psychopathology, we observed unique associations between p factor scores and neural and behavioral indices of response initiation, which relies primarily on sustained attention. These findings suggest that shared variation in mental disorder categories is characterized in part by sustained attention deficits. While we did not find evidence that the p factor was associated with inhibition in this study, this observation is consistent with our hypothesis that the p factor would be related to nonaffective control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs M Rodriguez-Thompson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Adam Bryant Miller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Mental Health Risk and Resilience Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Mark Wade
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristin N Meyer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura Machlin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adrienne S Bonar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kinjal K Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matteo Giletta
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul D Hastings
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Psychology Department and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Karen D Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - George M Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mitchell J Prinstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Schütz A, Bharmauria V, Yan X, Wang H, Bremmer F, Crawford JD. Integration of landmark and saccade target signals in macaque frontal cortex visual responses. Commun Biol 2023; 6:938. [PMID: 37704829 PMCID: PMC10499799 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual landmarks influence spatial cognition and behavior, but their influence on visual codes for action is poorly understood. Here, we test landmark influence on the visual response to saccade targets recorded from 312 frontal and 256 supplementary eye field neurons in rhesus macaques. Visual response fields are characterized by recording neural responses to various target-landmark combinations, and then we test against several candidate spatial models. Overall, frontal/supplementary eye fields response fields preferentially code either saccade targets (40%/40%) or landmarks (30%/4.5%) in gaze fixation-centered coordinates, but most cells show multiplexed target-landmark coding within intermediate reference frames (between fixation-centered and landmark-centered). Further, these coding schemes interact: neurons with near-equal target and landmark coding show the biggest shift from fixation-centered toward landmark-centered target coding. These data show that landmark information is preserved and influences target coding in prefrontal visual responses, likely to stabilize movement goals in the presence of noisy egocentric signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Schütz
- Department of Neurophysics, Phillips Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior - CMBB, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany & Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vishal Bharmauria
- York Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications Program, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaogang Yan
- York Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications Program, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hongying Wang
- York Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications Program, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frank Bremmer
- Department of Neurophysics, Phillips Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior - CMBB, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany & Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Douglas Crawford
- York Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications Program, York University, Toronto, Canada.
- Departments of Psychology, Biology, Kinesiology & Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Zhou L, Xie Y, Wang R, Fan Y, Wu Y. Dynamic segregation and integration of brain functional networks associated with emotional arousal. iScience 2023; 26:106609. [PMID: 37250309 PMCID: PMC10214403 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of brain functional networks dynamically changes with emotional stimuli, but its relationship to emotional behaviors is still unclear. In the DEAP dataset, we used the nested-spectral partition approach to identify the hierarchical segregation and integration of functional networks and investigated the dynamic transitions between connectivity states under different arousal conditions. The frontal and right posterior parietal regions were dominant for network integration whereas the bilateral temporal, left posterior parietal, and occipital regions were responsible for segregation and functional flexibility. High emotional arousal behavior was associated with stronger network integration and more stable state transitions. Crucially, the connectivity states of frontal, central, and right parietal regions were closely related to arousal ratings in individuals. Besides, we predicted the individual emotional performance based on functional connectivity activities. Our results demonstrate that brain connectivity states are closely associated with emotional behaviors and could be reliable and robust indicators for emotional arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Zhou
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an 710049, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanics Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yong Xie
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- College of Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Yongchen Fan
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an 710049, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanics Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Amer T, Davachi L. Extra-hippocampal contributions to pattern separation. eLife 2023; 12:e82250. [PMID: 36972123 PMCID: PMC10042541 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern separation, or the process by which highly similar stimuli or experiences in memory are represented by non-overlapping neural ensembles, has typically been ascribed to processes supported by the hippocampus. Converging evidence from a wide range of studies, however, suggests that pattern separation is a multistage process supported by a network of brain regions. Based on this evidence, considered together with related findings from the interference resolution literature, we propose the 'cortico-hippocampal pattern separation' (CHiPS) framework, which asserts that brain regions involved in cognitive control play a significant role in pattern separation. Particularly, these regions may contribute to pattern separation by (1) resolving interference in sensory regions that project to the hippocampus, thus regulating its cortical input, or (2) directly modulating hippocampal processes in accordance with task demands. Considering recent interest in how hippocampal operations are modulated by goal states likely represented and regulated by extra-hippocampal regions, we argue that pattern separation is similarly supported by neocortical-hippocampal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Amer
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Nathan Kline Research InstituteOrangeburgUnited States
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10
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Han Y, Yan H, Shan X, Li H, Liu F, Xie G, Li P, Guo W. Can the aberrant occipital-cerebellum network be a predictor of treatment in panic disorder? J Affect Disord 2023; 331:207-216. [PMID: 36965626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to detect altered brain activation pattern of patients with panic disorder (PD) and its changes after treatment. The possibilities of diagnosis and prediction of treatment response based on the aberrant brain activity were tested. METHODS Fifty-four PD patients and 54 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Clinical assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were conducted. Then, patients received a 4-week paroxetine treatment and underwent a second clinical assessment and scan. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) was measured. Support vector machine (SVM) and support vector regression (SVR) analyses were conducted. RESULTS Lower fALFF values in the right calcarine/lingual gyrus and left lingual gyrus/cerebellum IV/V, whereas higher fALFF values in right cerebellum Crus II were observed in patients related to HCs at baseline. After treatment, patients with PD exhibited significant clinical improvement, and the abnormal lower fALFF values in the right lingual gyrus exhibited a great increase. The abnormal fALFF at pretreatment can distinguish patients from HCs with 80 % accuracy and predict treatment response which was reflected in the significant correlation between the predicted and actual treatment responses. LIMITATIONS The impacts of ethnic, cultural, and other regional differences on PD were not considered for it was a single-center study. CONCLUSIONS The occipital-cerebellum network played an important role in the pathophysiology of PD and should be a part of the fear network. The abnormal fALFF values in patients with PD at pretreatment could serve as biomarkers of PD and predict the early treatment response of paroxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Han
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haohao Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guojun Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Gao T, Han S. Distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underlying learning and representations of symbols of life and death. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1328-1346. [PMID: 35368080 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Life and death are 2 fundamental concepts regarding existence of organisms. People often signify these concepts using symbols to facilitate communications, but how the brain learns and represents these symbols remains unclear. In the present study, we quantified behavioral and brain responses during learning associations between words ("life" or "death") with shapes as concrete referents. Behavioral responses to word-shape pairs showed an affirmative response bias to life-shape pairs but a denial response bias to death-shape pairs. Multimodal brain imaging results revealed that the right frontal and dorsal cingulate cortices monitored these response biases, respectively. Moreover, relative to unlearned shapes, life-related shapes induced increased alpha (9-14 Hz) oscillations in the right parietal cortex and precuneus, whereas death-related shapes enhanced beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations in the left parietal cortex, superior temporal sulcus, and precuneus. Our findings unraveled distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underlying learning and representations of concrete referents of life and death concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Gao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 52 Haidian Road, Beijing 100080, China
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12
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Tian F, Wang X, Cheng W, Lee M, Jin Y. A Comparative Study on the Temporal Effects of 2D and VR Emotional Arousal. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8491. [PMID: 36366201 PMCID: PMC9656226 DOI: 10.3390/s22218491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous research comparing traditional two-dimensional (2D) and virtual reality with stereoscopic vision (VR-3D) stimulations revealed that VR-3D resulted in higher levels of immersion. However, the effects of these two visual modes on emotional stimulus processing have not been thoroughly investigated, and the underlying neural processing mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, this paper introduced a cognitive psychological experiment that was conducted to investigate how these two visual modes influence emotional processing. To reduce fatigue, participants (n = 16) were randomly assigned to watch a series of 2D and VR-3D short emotional videos for two days. During their participation, electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded simultaneously. The results showed that even in the absence of sound, visual stimuli in the VR environment significantly increased emotional arousal, especially in the frontal region, parietal region, temporal region, and occipital region. On this basis, visual evoked potential (VEP) analysis was performed. VR stimulation compared to 2D led to a larger P1 component amplitude, while VEP analysis based on the time course of the late event-related potential component revealed that, after 1200 ms, the differences across visual modes became stable and significant. Furthermore, the results also confirmed that VEP in the early stages is more sensitive to emotions and presumably there are corresponding emotion regulation mechanisms in the late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Film Special Effects Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wanqiu Cheng
- Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Mingxuan Lee
- Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jin
- Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
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13
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Kim M, Kim H, Seo P, Jung KY, Kim KH. Explainable Machine-Learning-Based Characterization of Abnormal Cortical Activities for Working Memory of Restless Legs Syndrome Patients. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7792. [PMID: 36298144 PMCID: PMC9608870 DOI: 10.3390/s22207792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder accompanied by a strong urge to move the legs and an unpleasant sensation in the legs, and is known to accompany prefrontal dysfunction. Here, we aimed to clarify the neural mechanism of working memory deficits associated with RLS using machine-learning-based analysis of single-trial neural activities. A convolutional neural network classifier was developed to discriminate the cortical activities between RLS patients and normal controls. A layer-wise relevance propagation was applied to the trained classifier in order to determine the critical nodes in the input layer for the output decision, i.e., the time/location of cortical activities discriminating RLS patients and normal controls during working memory tasks. Our method provided high classification accuracy (~94%) from single-trial event-related potentials, which are known to suffer from high inter-trial/inter-subject variation and low signal-to-noise ratio, after strict separation of training/test/validation data according to leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. The determined critical areas overlapped with the cortical substrates of working memory, and the neural activities in these areas were correlated with some significant clinical scores of RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1, Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si 26493, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1, Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si 26493, Korea
| | - Pukyeong Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1, Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si 26493, Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 1, Yeonsedae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si 26493, Korea
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14
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Guerreiro MJS, Kekunnaya R, Röder B. Top-down modulation of visual cortical processing after transient congenital blindness. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108338. [PMID: 35931134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Early visual experience has been shown to be critical for the development of visual and multisensory functions; however, its impact on functional brain organization remains largely unexplored. Here, we therefore investigated the effect of early visual deprivation on top-down attentional modulation of visual cortical processing within the occipito-temporal cortex. Furthermore, we explored whether early visual deprivation may affect the extent to which typically visual, motion-selective area hMT responds to moving visual stimuli. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared cortical responses in area hMT and in the fusiform face area (FFA) to moving face stimuli - which were either task relevant or task irrelevant - relative to stationary face stimuli between cataract-reversal participants and normally sighted controls. Although both groups exhibited significantly stronger visual cortical responses in area hMT to moving stimuli than during the stationary baseline, the magnitude of this effect was significantly lower in the cataract-reversal group. In contrast, both groups exhibited significantly enhanced visual cortical responses in area hMT and in the FFA when moving face stimuli were task relevant compared to when they were task irrelevant, with no significant differences between groups in the magnitude of these effects. These results indicate that top-down attentional modulation of visual cortical processing in area hMT and FFA does not depend on early visual experience. Furthermore, the present results suggest that the functional specialization of area hMT for visual motion processing may be partially disrupted by early visual deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J S Guerreiro
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany; Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Ramesh Kekunnaya
- Child Sight Institute, Jasti V. Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, 500034, Telengana, India
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Musz E, Loiotile R, Chen J, Cusack R, Bedny M. Naturalistic stimuli reveal a sensitive period in cross modal responses of visual cortex: Evidence from adult-onset blindness. Neuropsychologia 2022; 172:108277. [PMID: 35636634 PMCID: PMC9648859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
How do life experiences impact cortical function? In people who are born blind, the "visual" cortices are recruited during nonvisual tasks, such as Braille reading and sound localization. Do visual cortices have a latent capacity to respond to nonvisual information throughout the lifespan? Alternatively, is there a sensitive period of heightened plasticity that makes visual cortex repurposing especially possible during childhood? To gain insight into these questions, we leveraged meaningful naturalistic auditory stimuli to simultaneously engage a broad range of cognitive domains and quantify cross-modal responses across congenitally blind (n = 22), adult-onset blind (vision loss >18 years-of-age, n = 14) and sighted (n = 22) individuals. During fMRI scanning, participants listened to two types of meaningful naturalistic auditory stimuli: excerpts from movies and a spoken narrative. As controls, participants heard the same narrative with the sentences shuffled and the narrative played backwards (i.e., meaningless sounds). We correlated the voxel-wise timecourses of different participants within condition and group. For all groups, all stimulus conditions induced synchrony in auditory cortex while only the narrative stimuli synchronized responses in higher-cognitive fronto-parietal and temporal regions. As previously reported, inter-subject synchrony in visual cortices was higher in congenitally blind than sighted blindfolded participants and this between-group difference was particularly pronounced for meaningful stimuli (movies and narrative). Critically, visual cortex synchrony was no higher in adult-onset blind than sighted blindfolded participants and did not increase with blindness duration. Sensitive period plasticity enables cross-modal repurposing in visual cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Musz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rita Loiotile
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janice Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rhodri Cusack
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marina Bedny
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Zheng L, Miao M, Gan Y. A systematic and meta-analytic review on the neural correlates of viewing high- and low-calorie foods among normal-weight adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104721. [PMID: 35667634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the context of current-day online shopping, people select foods based on pictures and using their visual systems. Although there are some reviews of previous neuroimaging studies on appetitive behaviors, the findings on neural activation in response to pictures of high- and low-calorie foods seem inconsistent. This study aims to systematically review, integrate, and meta-analyze neuroimaging evidence of viewing high- and low-calorie foods. There were 25 samples from 24 studies, totalizing 489 normal-weight participants (311 female, 160 male, and 18 of unknown sex). We conducted a systematic review and Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on viewing high-calorie foods (versus non-foods), low-calorie foods (versus non-foods), and high- versus low-calorie foods. In systematic review, several brain regions were shown to be activated when viewing high- or low-calorie foods (versus non-foods) and viewing high- versus low-calorie foods, including the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, insula, ventral striatum, hippocampus, superior parietal lobe, and fusiform gyrus. However, the ALE meta-analysis showed that the left orbitofrontal cortex, left amygdala, insula, superior parietal lobe, and fusiform gyrus were activated when viewing high-calorie foods (versus non-foods); the left fusiform gyrus was activated when viewing low-calorie foods (versus non-foods); and no cluster was activated when viewing high- versus low-calorie foods. Our research suggests an appetitive brain network that includes visual perception and attentional processing, sensory input integration, subjective reward value encoding, decision-making, and top-down cognitive control. Future studies should control for the effects of methodological and physiological variables when examining the neural correlates of viewing high- and low-calorie foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, China
| | - Miao Miao
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, China
| | - Yiqun Gan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, China.
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17
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Steele AG, Manson GA, Horner PJ, Sayenko DG, Contreras-Vidal JL. Effects of transcutaneous spinal stimulation on spatiotemporal cortical activation patterns: A proof-of-concept EEG study. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35732141 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac7b4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSS) has been shown to be a promising non-invasive alternative to epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESS) for improving outcomes of people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, studies on the effects of TSS on cortical activation are limited. Our objectives were to evaluate the spatiotemporal effects of TSS on brain activity, and determine changes in functional connectivity under several different stimulation conditions. As a control, we also assessed the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on cortical activity. APPROACH Non-invasive scalp electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during TSS or FES while five neurologically intact participants performed one of three lower-limb tasks while in the supine position: (1) A no contraction control task, (2) a rhythmic contraction task, or (3) a tonic contraction task. After EEG denoising and segmentation, independent components were clustered across subjects to characterize sensorimotor networks in the time and frequency domains. Independent components of the event related potentials (ERPs) were calculated for each cluster and condition. Next, a Generalized Partial Directed Coherence (gPDC) analysis was performed on each cluster to compare the functional connectivity between conditions and tasks. RESULTS Independent Component analysis of EEG during TSS resulted in three clusters identified at Brodmann areas (BA) 9, BA 6, and BA 4, which are areas associated with working memory, planning, and movement control. Lastly, we found significant (p < 0.05, adjusted for multiple comparisons) increases and decreases in functional connectivity of clusters during TSS, but not during FES when compared to the no stimulation conditions. SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study provide evidence of how TSS recruits cortical networks during tonic and rhythmic lower limb movements. These results have implications for the development of spinal cord-based computer interfaces, and the design of neural stimulation devices for the treatment of pain and sensorimotor deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Steele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Gerome A Manson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Philip J Horner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Dimitry G Sayenko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Jose L Contreras-Vidal
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, N308 Engineering Building I, Houston, Texas, 77204-4005, UNITED STATES
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18
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Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J. Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35314712 PMCID: PMC8938488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is one of the basic tools for exploring the world. However, in schizophrenia, this modality is disrupted. So far, there has been no clear answer as to whether the disruption occurs primarily within the brain or in the precortical areas of visual perception (the retina, visual pathways, and lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]). A web-based comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted based on various keyword combinations including schizophrenia, saliency, visual cognition, visual pathways, retina, and LGN. Articles were chosen with respect to topic relevance. Searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review describes the precortical circuit and the key changes in biochemistry and pathophysiology that affect the creation and characteristics of the retinal signal as well as its subsequent modulation and processing in other parts of this circuit. Changes in the characteristics of the signal and the misinterpretation of visual stimuli associated with them may, as a result, contribute to the development of schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Langová
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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19
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Yang W, Xu X, Wang C, Cheng Y, Li Y, Xu S, Li J. Alterations of dynamic functional connectivity between visual and executive-control networks in schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1294-1302. [PMID: 34997915 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. While previous studies have detected functional network connectivity alterations in patients with schizophrenia, and most have focused on static functional connectivity. However, brain activity is believed to change dynamically over time. Therefore, we computed dynamic functional network connectivity using the sliding window method in 38 patients with schizophrenia and 31 healthy controls. We found that patients with schizophrenia exhibited higher occurrences in the weakly and sparsely connected state (state 3) than healthy controls, positively correlated with negative symptoms. In addition, patients exhibited fewer occurrences in a strongly connected state (state 4) than healthy controls. Lastly, the dynamic functional network connectivity between the right executive-control network and the medial visual network was decreased in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls. Our results further prove that brain activity is dynamic, and that alterations of dynamic functional network connectivity features might be a fundamental neural mechanism in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Yang
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Xuexin Xu
- Department of Radiology, MRI Center, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, MRI Center, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongying Cheng
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Shuli Xu
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China.
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20
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Romer AL, Pizzagalli DA. Associations between Brain Structural Alterations, Executive Dysfunction, and General Psychopathology in a Healthy and Cross-Diagnostic Adult Patient Sample. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:17-27. [PMID: 35252949 PMCID: PMC8896812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A general psychopathology 'p' factor captures shared variance across mental disorders in diverse samples and may partly reflect executive dysfunction. Higher p factor scores have been related to structural alterations within the visual association cortex (VAC) and a cerebello-thalamo-cerebrocortical circuit (CTCC), both of which are important for executive control. Here, we tested replicability of these direct associations as well as the indirect role of executive functioning in a sample of healthy and cross-diagnostic adult patients. METHODS We conducted hypothesis-driven (i.e., region-of-interest) and exploratory whole-brain structural neuroimaging analyses using data from the Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics study of 272 adults who met diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder or were healthy controls. Using structural equation modeling, we examined direct and indirect relations between structural neural alterations (within regions-of-interest and regions identified from exploratory analyses) and p and executive function factors. RESULTS Higher levels of p were associated with decreased executive functioning and VAC grey matter volume, replicating previous research. In contrast, we failed to replicate prior negative relations between the p factor and CTCC structure. A significant indirect relation between VAC grey matter volume and p via executive function also emerged. Whole-brain analyses identified additional structural alterations in supplementary motor area/cingulate cortex, anterior corona radiata, and corpus callosum genu related to the p factor. CONCLUSIONS Executive dysfunction may be one mechanism underlying relations between brain structure and general psychopathology. Replication of VAC structural alterations related to p encourages further focus on this brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L. Romer
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
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21
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Xu S, Akioma M, Yuan Z. Relationship between circadian rhythm and brain cognitive functions. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:278-287. [PMID: 36637731 PMCID: PMC9743892 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are considered a masterstroke of natural selection, which gradually increase the adaptability of species to the Earth's rotation. Importantly, the nervous system plays a key role in allowing organisms to maintain circadian rhythmicity. Circadian rhythms affect multiple aspects of cognitive functions (mainly via arousal), particularly those needed for effort-intensive cognitive tasks, which require considerable top-down executive control. These include inhibitory control, working memory, task switching, and psychomotor vigilance. This mini review highlights the recent advances in cognitive functioning in the optical and multimodal neuroimaging fields; it discusses the processing of brain cognitive functions during the circadian rhythm phase and the effects of the circadian rhythm on the cognitive component of the brain and the brain circuit supporting cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Miriam Akioma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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22
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Ciesielski KTR, Bouchard C, Solis I, Coffman BA, Tofighi D, Pesko JC. Posterior brain sensorimotor recruitment for inhibition of delayed responses in children. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3221-3242. [PMID: 34448892 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control, the ability to suppress irrelevant thoughts or actions, is central to cognitive and social development. Protracted maturation of frontal brain networks has been reported as a major restraint for this ability, yet, young children, when motivated, successfully inhibit delayed responses. A better understanding of the age-dependent neural inhibitory mechanism operating during the awaiting-to-respond window in children may elucidate this conundrum. We recorded ERPs from children and parental adults to a visual-spatial working memory task with delayed responses. Cortical activation elicited during the first 1000 ms of the awaiting-to-respond window showed, as predicted by prior studies, early inhibitory effects in prefrontal ERPs (P200, 160-260 ms) associated with top-down attentional-biasing, and later effects in parietal/occipital ERPs (P300, 270-650 ms) associated with selective inhibition of task-irrelevant stimuli/responses and recurrent memory retrieval. Children successfully inhibited delayed responses and performed with a high level of accuracy (often over 90%), although, the prefrontal P200 displayed reduced amplitude and uniformly delayed peak latency, suggesting low efficacy of top-down attentional-biasing. P300, however, with no significant age-contrasts in latency was markedly elevated in children over the occipital/inferior parietal regions, with effects stronger in younger children. These results provide developmental evidence supporting the sensorimotor recruitment model of visual-spatial working memory relying on the occipital/parietal regions of the early maturing dorsal-visual network. The evidence is in line with the concept of age-dependent variability in the recruitment of cognitive inhibitory networks, complementing the former predominant focus on frontal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina T R Ciesielski
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. .,MGH/MIT Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christopher Bouchard
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Isabel Solis
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brian A Coffman
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Davood Tofighi
- Pediatric Neuroscience Laboratory, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - John C Pesko
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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23
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Top-Down Attentional Processing and Relational Density Evident in Word Search Performance of Children. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 15:684-697. [DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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24
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Duggan MR, Joshi S, Strupp J, Parikh V. Chemogenetic inhibition of prefrontal projection neurons constrains top-down control of attention in young but not aged rats. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2357-2373. [PMID: 34247267 PMCID: PMC8355172 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) governs top-down control of attention and is known to be vulnerable in aging. Cortical reorganization with increased PFC recruitment is suggested to account for functional compensation. Here, we hypothesized that reduced PFC output would exert differential effects on attentional capacities in young and aged rats, with the latter exhibiting a more robust decline in performance. A chemogenetic approach involving designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs was utilized to determine the impact of silencing PFC projection neurons in rats performing an operant attention task. Visual distractors were presented in all behavioral testing sessions to tax attentional resources. Under control conditions, aged rats exhibited impairments in discriminating signals with the shortest duration from non-signal events. Surprisingly, chemogenetic inhibition of PFC output neurons did not worsen performance amongst aged animals. Conversely, significant impairments in attentional capacities were observed in young subjects following such manipulation. Given the involvement of PFC-projecting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in top-down regulation of attention, amperometric recordings were conducted to measure alterations in prefrontal cholinergic transmission in a separate cohort of young and aged rats. While PFC silencing resulted in a robust attenuation of tonic cholinergic signaling across age groups, the capacity to generate phasic cholinergic transients was impaired only amongst young animals. Collectively, our findings suggest a reduced efficiency of PFC-mediated top-down control of attention and cholinergic system in aging, and that activity of PFC output neurons does not reflect compensation in aged rats, at least in the attention domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Surbhi Joshi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jacob Strupp
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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25
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Zhang G, Xu LC, Zhang MF, Zou Y, He LM, Cheng YF, Zhang DS, Zhao WB, Wang XY, Wang PC, Zhang GY. Changes of the Brain Causal Connectivity Networks in Patients With Long-Term Bilateral Hearing Loss. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628866. [PMID: 34276277 PMCID: PMC8280322 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains poorly understood how brain causal connectivity networks change following hearing loss and their effects on cognition. In the current study, we investigated this issue. Twelve patients with long-term bilateral sensorineural hearing loss [mean age, 55.7 ± 2.0; range, 39–63 years; threshold of hearing level (HL): left ear, 49.0 ± 4.1 dB HL, range, 31.25–76.25 dB HL; right ear, 55.1 ± 7.1 dB HL, range, 35–115 dB HL; the duration of hearing loss, 16.67 ± 4.5, range, 3–55 years] and 12 matched normally hearing controls (mean age, 52.3 ± 1.8; range, 42–63 years; threshold of hearing level: left ear, 17.6 ± 1.3 dB HL, range, 11.25–26.25 dB HL; right ear, 19.7 ± 1.3 dB HL, range, 8.75–26.25 dB HL) participated in this experiment. We constructed and analyzed the causal connectivity networks based on functional magnetic resonance imaging data of these participants. Two-sample t-tests revealed significant changes of causal connections and nodal degrees in the right secondary visual cortex, associative visual cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left subgenual cortex, and the left cingulate cortex, as well as the shortest causal connectivity paths from the right secondary visual cortex to Broca’s area in hearing loss patients. Neuropsychological tests indicated that hearing loss patients presented significant cognitive decline. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that changes of nodal degrees and the shortest causal connectivity paths were significantly related with poor cognitive performances. We also found a cross-modal reorganization between associative visual cortex and auditory cortex in patients with hearing loss. Additionally, we noted that visual and auditory signals had different effects on neural activities of Broca’s area, respectively. These results suggest that changes in brain causal connectivity network are an important neuroimaging mark of cognitive decline. Our findings provide some implications for rehabilitation of hearing loss patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Long-Chun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Min-Feng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Le-Min He
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yun-Fu Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
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26
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Sims SA, Demirayak P, Cedotal S, Visscher KM. Frontal cortical regions associated with attention connect more strongly to central than peripheral V1. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118246. [PMID: 34111516 PMCID: PMC8415014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of central vision is different from peripheral vision. Central vision is used for fixation and has higher acuity, making it useful for everyday activities such as reading and object identification. The central and peripheral representations in primary visual cortex (V1) also differ in how higher-order processing areas modulate their responses. For example, attention and expectation are top-down processes (i.e., high-order cognitive functions) that influence visual information processing during behavioral tasks. This top-down control is different for central vs. peripheral vision. Since functional networks can influence visual information processing in different ways, networks (such as the Fronto-Parietal (FPN), Default Mode (DMN), and Cingulo-Opercular (CON)) likely differ in how they connect to representations of the visual field across V1. Prior work indicated the central representing portion of V1 was more functionally connected to regions belonging to the FPN, and the far-peripheral representing portion of V1 was more functionally connected to regions belonging to the DMN. Our goals were (1) Assess the reproducibility and generalizability of retinotopic effects on functional connections between V1 and functional networks. (2) Extend this work to understand structural connections of central vs. peripheral representations in V1. (3) Examine the overlapping eccentricity differences in functional and structural connections of V1. (4) Examine the major white matter tracks connecting central V1 to frontal regions. We used resting-state BOLD fMRI and DWI to examine whether portions of V1 that represent different visual eccentricities differ in their functional and structural connectivity to functional networks. All data were acquired and minimally preprocessed by the Human Connectome Project. We identified central and far-peripheral representing regions from a retinotopic template. Functional connectivity was measured by correlated activity between V1 and functional networks, and structural connectivity was measured by probabilistic tractography and converted to track probability. In both modalities, differences between V1 eccentricity segment connections were compared by paired, two-tailed t-test. A spatial permutation approach was used to determine the statistical significance of the spatial overlap between modalities. The identified spatial overlap was then used in a deterministic tractography approach to identify the white matter pathways connecting the overlap to central V1. We found (1) Centrally representing portions of V1 are more strongly functionally connected to frontal regions than are peripherally representing portions of V1, (2) Structural connections also show stronger connections between central V1 and frontal regions, (3) Patterns of structural and functional connections overlaps in the lateral frontal cortex, (4) This lateral frontal overlap is connected to central V1 via the IFOF. In summary, the work’s main contribution is a greater understanding of higher-order functional networks’ connectivity to V1. There are stronger structural connections to central representations in V1, particularly for lateral frontal regions, implying that the functional relationship between central V1 and frontal regions is built upon direct, long-distance connections via the IFOF. Overlapping structural and functional connections reflect differences in V1 eccentricities, with central V1 preferentially connected to attention-associated regions. Understanding how V1 is functionally and structurally connected to higher-order brain areas contributes to our understanding of how the human brain processes visual information and forms a baseline for understanding any modifications in processing that might occur with training or experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Sims
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
| | - Pinar Demirayak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Simone Cedotal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Kristina M Visscher
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
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27
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Devoto F, Ferrulli A, Zapparoli L, Massarini S, Banfi G, Paulesu E, Luzi L. Repetitive deep TMS for the reduction of body weight: Bimodal effect on the functional brain connectivity in "diabesity". Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1860-1870. [PMID: 33853721 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Deep repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (deep rTMS) over the bilateral insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC) can promote weight-loss in obesity, preventing cardiometabolic complications as Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). To investigate the changes in the functional brain integration after dTMS, we conducted a resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) study in obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS This preliminary study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study: 9 participants were treated with high-frequency stimulation (realTMS group), 8 were sham-treated (shamTMS group). Out of the 17 enrolled patients, 6 were affected by T2D. Resting-state fMRI scans were acquired at baseline (T0) and after the 5-week intervention (T1). Body weight was measured at three time points [T0, T1, 1-month follow-up visit (FU1)]. A mixed-model analysis showed a significant group-by-time interaction for body weight (p = .04), with a significant decrease (p < .001) in the realTMS group. The rsFC data revealed a significant increase of degree centrality for the realTMS group in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and a significant decrease in the occipital pole. CONCLUSION An increase of whole-brain functional connections of the mOFC, together with the decrease of whole-brain functional connections with the occipital pole, may reflect a brain mechanism behind weight-loss through a diminished reactivity to bottom-up visual-sensory processes in favor of increased reliance on top-down decision-making processes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03009695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francantonio Devoto
- Department of Psychology and PhD Program in Neuroscience of the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Massarini
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy
| | | | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy.
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28
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Takagi Y, Hunt LT, Woolrich MW, Behrens TEJ, Klein-Flügge MC. Adapting non-invasive human recordings along multiple task-axes shows unfolding of spontaneous and over-trained choice. eLife 2021; 10:e60988. [PMID: 33973522 PMCID: PMC8143794 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Choices rely on a transformation of sensory inputs into motor responses. Using invasive single neuron recordings, the evolution of a choice process has been tracked by projecting population neural responses into state spaces. Here, we develop an approach that allows us to recover similar trajectories on a millisecond timescale in non-invasive human recordings. We selectively suppress activity related to three task-axes, relevant and irrelevant sensory inputs and response direction, in magnetoencephalography data acquired during context-dependent choices. Recordings from premotor cortex show a progression from processing sensory input to processing the response. In contrast to previous macaque recordings, information related to choice-irrelevant features is represented more weakly than choice-relevant sensory information. To test whether this mechanistic difference between species is caused by extensive over-training common in non-human primate studies, we trained humans on >20,000 trials of the task. Choice-irrelevant features were still weaker than relevant features in premotor cortex after over-training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Takagi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Laurence Tudor Hunt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark W Woolrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Timothy EJ Behrens
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Miriam C Klein-Flügge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUnited Kingdom
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29
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Lopez-Sosa F, Reneses B, Sanmartino F, Galarza-Vallejo A, Garcia-Albea J, Cruz-Gomez AJ, Yebra M, Oliviero A, Barcia JA, Strange BA, Gonzalez-Rosa JJ. Nucleus Accumbens Stimulation Modulates Inhibitory Control by Right Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2742-2758. [PMID: 33406245 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is considered a compromised cognitive function in obsessive-compulsive (OCD) patients and likely linked to corticostriatal circuitry disturbances. Here, 9 refractory OCD patients treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) were evaluated to address the dynamic modulations of large-scale cortical network activity involved in inhibitory control after nucleus accumbens (NAc) stimulation and their relationship with cortical thickness. A comparison of DBS "On/Off" states showed that patients committed fewer errors and exhibited increased intraindividual reaction time variability, resulting in improved goal maintenance abilities and proactive inhibitory control. Visual P3 event-related potentials showed increased amplitudes during Go/NoGo performance. Go and NoGo responses increased cortical activation mainly over the right inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus, respectively. Moreover, increased cortical activation in these areas was equally associated with a higher cortical thickness within the prefrontal cortex. These results highlight the critical role of NAc DBS for preferentially modulating the neuronal activity underlying sustained speed responses and inhibitory control in OCD patients and show that it is triggered by reorganizing brain functions to the right prefrontal regions, which may depend on the underlying cortical thinning. Our findings provide updated structural and functional evidence that supports critical dopaminergic-mediated frontal-striatal network interactions in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lopez-Sosa
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain.,Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Reneses
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Research Institute of Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Galarza-Vallejo
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Garcia-Albea
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Research Institute of Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro J Cruz-Gomez
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Mar Yebra
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan A Barcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Research Institute of Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan A Strange
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neuroimaging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Reina Sofia-CIEN Foundation, 28013 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier J Gonzalez-Rosa
- Psychophysiology and Neuroimaging Group, Institute of Biomedical Research Cadiz (INiBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain.,Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz. 11003 Cádiz, Spain
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30
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Jin Z, Xie K, Ni X, Jin DG, Zhang J, Li L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates visuospatial distractor suppression. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3394-3403. [PMID: 33650122 PMCID: PMC8252778 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Visual selective attention allows us to filter relevant inputs from irrelevant inputs during visual processing. In contrast to rich research exploring how the brain facilitates task‐relevant inputs, less is known about how the brain suppresses irrelevant inputs. In this study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the causal role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a crucial brain area for attentional control, in distractor suppression. Specifically, 10‐Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied to the right DLPFC and Vertex at the stimuli onset (stimuli‐onset TMS) or 500 ms prior to the stimuli onset (prestimuli TMS). In a variant of the Posner cueing task, participants were instructed to identify the shape of a white target while ignoring a white or colored distractor whose location was either cued in advance or uncued. As anticipated, either the location cue or the colored distractor led to faster responses. Notably, the location cueing effect was eliminated by stimuli‐onset TMS to the right DLPFC, but not by prestimuli TMS. Further analyses showed that stimuli‐onset TMS quickened responses to uncued trials, and this TMS effect was derived from the inhibition at the distractor in both visual fields. In addition, TMS over the right DLPFC had no specific effect on the colored distractor compared to the white one. Considered collectively, these findings indicate that the DLPFC plays a crucial role in visuospatial distractor suppression and acts upon stimuli presentation. Besides, it seems the DLPFC contributes more to location‐based distractor suppression than to color‐based one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejin Ni
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Gang Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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31
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Hsiao YT, Chen TC, Yu PH, Huang DS, Hu FR, Chuong CM, Chang FC. Connectivity between nidopallium caudolateral and visual pathways in color perception of zebra finches. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19382. [PMID: 33168854 PMCID: PMC7653952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers demonstrated an elegant ability for red discrimination in zebra finches. It is interested to understand whether red activates exhibit much stronger response than other colors in neural network levels. To reveal the question, local field potentials (LFPs) was recorded and analyzed in two visual pathways, the thalamofugal and the tectofugal pathways, of zebra finches. Human studies demonstrate visual associated telencephalons communicate with higher order brain areas such as prefrontal cortex. The present study determined whether a comparable transmission occurs in zebra finches. Telencephalic regions of the thalamofugal (the visual Wulst) and the tectofugal pathway (the entopallium) with their higher order telencephalon, nidopallium caudolateral (NCL) were simultaneously recorded. LFPs of relay nuclei (the nucleus rotundus, ROT) of tectofugal pathway were also acquired. We demonstrated that LFP powers in the tectofugal pathway were higher than those in the thalamofugal pathway when illuminating blue lights. In addition, the LFP synchronization was stronger between the entopallium and NCL. LFPs also revealed a higher Granger causality from the direction of entopallium to NCL and from ROT to entopallium. These results suggest that zebra finches' tectofugal pathway predominately processing color information from ROT to NCL, relayed by entopallium, and blue could trigger the strongest response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tse Hsiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Huan Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Siang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Rong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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32
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Yin Q, Johnson EL, Tang L, Auguste KI, Knight RT, Asano E, Ofen N. Direct brain recordings reveal occipital cortex involvement in memory development. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107625. [PMID: 32941883 PMCID: PMC7704894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Processing of low-level visual information shows robust developmental gains through childhood and adolescence. However, it is unknown whether low-level visual processing in the occipital cortex supports age-related gains in memory for complex visual stimuli. Here, we examined occipital alpha activity during visual scene encoding in 24 children and adolescents, aged 6.2-20.5 years, who performed a subsequent memory task while undergoing electrocorticographic recording. Scenes were classified as high- or low-complexity by the number of unique object categories depicted. We found that recognition of high-complexity, but not low-complexity, scenes increased with age. Age was associated with decreased alpha power and increased instantaneous alpha frequency during the encoding of subsequently recognized high- compared to low-complexity scenes. Critically, decreased alpha power predicted improved recognition of high-complexity scenes in adolescents. These findings demonstrate how the functional maturation of the occipital cortex supports the development of memory for complex visual scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yin
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Johnson
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lingfei Tang
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kurtis I Auguste
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital and Research Center, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eishi Asano
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Noa Ofen
- Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Institute of Gerontology and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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33
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A saliency-specific and dimension-independent mechanism of distractor suppression. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:292-307. [PMID: 33025466 PMCID: PMC7538281 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During everyday tasks, salient distractors may capture our attention. Recently, it was shown that through implicit learning, capture by a salient distractor is reduced by suppressing the location where a distractor is likely to appear. In the current study, we presented distractors of different saliency levels at the same specific location, asking the question whether there is always one suppression level for a particular location or whether, for one location, suppression depends on the actual saliency of the distractor appearing at that location. In three experiments, we demonstrate a saliency-specific mechanism of distractor suppression, which can be flexibly modulated by the overall probability of encountering distractors of different saliency levels to optimize behavior in a specific environment. The results also suggest that this mechanism has dimension-independent aspects, given that the saliency-specific suppression pattern is unaffected when saliency signals of distractors are generated by different dimensions. It is argued that suppression is saliency-dependent, implying that suppression is modulated on a trial-by-trial basis contingent on the saliency of the actual distractor presented.
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34
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Campbell J, Sharma A. Frontal Cortical Modulation of Temporal Visual Cross-Modal Re-organization in Adults with Hearing Loss. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080498. [PMID: 32751543 PMCID: PMC7465622 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated frontal cortical involvement to co-occur with visual re-organization, suggestive of top-down modulation of cross-modal mechanisms. However, it is unclear whether top-down modulation of visual re-organization takes place in mild hearing loss, or is dependent upon greater degrees of hearing loss severity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if frontal top-down modulation of visual cross-modal re-organization increased across hearing loss severity. We recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to apparent motion stimuli in 17 adults with mild-moderate hearing loss using 128-channel high-density electroencephalography (EEG). Current density reconstructions (CDRs) were generated using sLORETA to visualize VEP generators in both groups. VEP latency and amplitude in frontal regions of interest (ROIs) were compared between groups and correlated with auditory behavioral measures. Activation of frontal networks in response to visual stimulation increased across mild to moderate hearing loss, with simultaneous activation of the temporal cortex. In addition, group differences in VEP latency and amplitude correlated with auditory behavioral measures. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that frontal top-down modulation of visual cross-modal re-organization is dependent upon hearing loss severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Campbell
- Central Sensory Processes Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texas at Austin, 2504 Whitis Ave a1100, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Anu Sharma
- Anu Sharma, Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Science, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, 409 UCB, 2501 Kittredge Loop Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Correspondence:
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35
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Lucero Jones R, Zielinski M, Bradshaw S, Schleiden C, Shumway ST. The Effect of Past Abuse on PFC Recovery from an Alcohol Use Disorder. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2019.1711280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lucero Jones
- Human Development, Family Studies, & Counseling, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Mazie Zielinski
- Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Spencer Bradshaw
- Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Cydney Schleiden
- Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Sterling T. Shumway
- Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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36
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Farah R, Greenwood P, Dudley J, Hutton J, Ammerman RT, Phelan K, Holland S, Horowitz-Kraus T. Maternal depression is associated with altered functional connectivity between neural circuits related to visual, auditory, and cognitive processing during stories listening in preschoolers. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2020; 16:5. [PMID: 32340619 PMCID: PMC7187503 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-020-00167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression can influence the early activity of a mother reading stories to a young child, as depressed mothers are less likely to read to their children. Here, maternal depression association to neurobiological circuitry of narrative comprehension, visualization, and executive functions during stories listening was examined in 21 4-year-old girls and their mothers. Maternal depression scores were collected from the mothers, and functional MRI during stories listening was collected from the children. RESULTS Increased maternal depression was related to decreased functional connectivity between visualization and auditory regions and increased connectivity between the right visual cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the children. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need to monitor maternal depression and provide interventions to ensure positive linguistic outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Farah
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Paige Greenwood
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Johnathan Dudley
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John Hutton
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert T Ammerman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kieran Phelan
- The Permanente Medical Group, San Rafael Pediatrics, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Scott Holland
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.
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37
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Herman WX, Smith RE, Kronemer SI, Watsky RE, Chen WC, Gober LM, Touloumes GJ, Khosla M, Raja A, Horien CL, Morse EC, Botta KL, Hirsch LJ, Alkawadri R, Gerrard JL, Spencer DD, Blumenfeld H. A Switch and Wave of Neuronal Activity in the Cerebral Cortex During the First Second of Conscious Perception. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:461-474. [PMID: 29194517 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conscious perception occurs within less than 1 s. To study events on this time scale we used direct electrical recordings from the human cerebral cortex during a conscious visual perception task. Faces were presented at individually titrated visual threshold for 9 subjects while measuring broadband 40-115 Hz gamma power in a total of 1621 intracranial electrodes widely distributed in both hemispheres. Surface maps and k-means clustering analysis showed initial activation of visual cortex for both perceived and non-perceived stimuli. However, only stimuli reported as perceived then elicited a forward-sweeping wave of activity throughout the cerebral cortex accompanied by large-scale network switching. Specifically, a monophasic wave of broadband gamma activation moves through bilateral association cortex at a rate of approximately 150 mm/s and eventually reenters visual cortex for perceived but not for non-perceived stimuli. Meanwhile, the default mode network and the initial visual cortex and higher association cortex networks are switched off for the duration of conscious stimulus processing. Based on these findings, we propose a new "switch-and-wave" model for the processing of consciously perceived stimuli. These findings are important for understanding normal conscious perception and may also shed light on its vulnerability to disruption by brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy X Herman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel E Smith
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sharif I Kronemer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca E Watsky
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William C Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leah M Gober
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George J Touloumes
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meenakshi Khosla
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anusha Raja
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Corey L Horien
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elliot C Morse
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katherine L Botta
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lawrence J Hirsch
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rafeed Alkawadri
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason L Gerrard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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38
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Werchan DM, Amso D. Top-down knowledge rapidly acquired through abstract rule learning biases subsequent visual attention in 9-month-old infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100761. [PMID: 32072934 PMCID: PMC7242661 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual attention is an information-gathering mechanism that supports the emergence of complex perceptual and cognitive capacities. Yet, little is known about how the infant brain learns to direct attention to information that is most relevant for learning and behavior. Here we address this gap by examining whether learning a hierarchical rule structure, where there is a higher-order feature that organizes visual inputs into predictable sequences, subsequently biases 9-month-old infants' visual attention to the higher-order visual feature. In Experiment 1, we found that individual differences in infants' ability to structure simple visual inputs into generalizable rules was related to the change in infants' attention biases towards higher-order features. In Experiment 2, we found that increased functional connectivity between the PFC and visual cortex was related to the efficacy of rule learning. Moreover, Granger causality analyses provided exploratory evidence that increased functional connectivity reflected PFC influence over visual cortex. These findings provide new insights into how the infant brain learns to flexibly select features from the cluttered visual world that were previously relevant for learning and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Werchan
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 United States.
| | - D Amso
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 United States
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39
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Glick HA, Sharma A. Cortical Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Function in Early-Stage, Mild-Moderate Hearing Loss: Evidence of Neurocognitive Benefit From Hearing Aid Use. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:93. [PMID: 32132893 PMCID: PMC7040174 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is associated with cognitive decline as well as structural and functional brain changes. However, the mechanisms underlying neurocognitive deficits in ARHL are poorly understood and it is unclear whether clinical treatment with hearing aids may modify neurocognitive outcomes. To address these topics, cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs), cognitive function, and speech perception abilities were measured in 28 adults with untreated, mild-moderate ARHL and 13 age-matched normal hearing (NH) controls. The group of adults with ARHL were then fit with bilateral hearing aids and re-evaluated after 6 months of amplification use. At baseline, the ARHL group exhibited more extensive recruitment of auditory, frontal, and pre-frontal cortices during a visual motion processing task, providing evidence of cross-modal re-organization and compensatory cortical neuroplasticity. Further, more extensive cross-modal recruitment of the right auditory cortex was associated with greater degree of hearing loss, poorer speech perception in noise, and worse cognitive function. Following clinical treatment with hearing aids, a reversal in cross-modal re-organization of auditory cortex by vision was observed in the ARHL group, coinciding with gains in speech perception and cognitive performance. Thus, beyond the known benefits of hearing aid use on communication, outcomes from this study provide evidence that clinical intervention with well-fit amplification may promote more typical cortical organization and functioning and provide cognitive benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu Sharma
- Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Science, Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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40
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Madhavan R, Bansal AK, Madsen JR, Golby AJ, Tierney TS, Eskandar EN, Anderson WS, Kreiman G. Neural Interactions Underlying Visuomotor Associations in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4551-4567. [PMID: 30590542 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and flexible learning during behavioral choices is critical to our daily endeavors and constitutes a hallmark of dynamic reasoning. An important paradigm to examine flexible behavior involves learning new arbitrary associations mapping visual inputs to motor outputs. We conjectured that visuomotor rules are instantiated by translating visual signals into actions through dynamic interactions between visual, frontal and motor cortex. We evaluated the neural representation of such visuomotor rules by performing intracranial field potential recordings in epilepsy subjects during a rule-learning delayed match-to-behavior task. Learning new visuomotor mappings led to the emergence of specific responses associating visual signals with motor outputs in 3 anatomical clusters in frontal, anteroventral temporal and posterior parietal cortex. After learning, mapping selective signals during the delay period showed interactions with visual and motor signals. These observations provide initial steps towards elucidating the dynamic circuits underlying flexible behavior and how communication between subregions of frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex leads to rapid learning of task-relevant choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Madhavan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US
| | - Arjun K Bansal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US.,Current affiliation: Nervana Systems, Inc., 12220 Scripps Summit Dr, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US
| | - Alexandra J Golby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, US
| | - Travis S Tierney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, US
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, US
| | - William S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical School, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, US.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, US
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41
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Dörrenbächer S, Schütz C, Woirgardt M, Wu CC, Zimmer HD, Kray J. Spatio-Temporal Neural Changes After Task-Switching Training in Old Age. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:267. [PMID: 31680929 PMCID: PMC6803514 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed at examining selective neural changes after task-switching training in old age by not only considering the spatial location but also the timescale of brain activation changes (i.e., sustained/block-related or transient/trial-related timescales). We assigned a sample of 50 older adults to a task-switching training or an active single-task control group. We administered two task paradigms, either sensitive to transient (i.e., a context-updating task) or sustained (i.e., a delayed-recognition working-memory task) dynamics of cognitive control. These dynamics were captured by utilizing an appropriate event-related or block-related functional magnetic resonance imaging design. We captured selective changes in task activation during the untrained tasks after task-switching training compared to an active control group. Results revealed changes at the neural level that were not evident from only behavioral data. Importantly, neural changes in the transient-sensitive context updating task were found on the same timescale but in a different region (i.e., in the left inferior parietal lobule) than in the task-switching training task (i.e., ventrolateral PFC, inferior frontal junction, superior parietal lobule), only pointing to temporal overlap, while neural changes in the sustained-sensitive delayed-recognition task overlapped in both timescale and region with the task-switching training task (i.e., in the basal ganglia), pointing to spatio-temporal overlap. These results suggest that neural changes after task-switching training seem to be critically supported by the temporal organization of neural processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dörrenbächer
- Department of Psychology, Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chiara Schütz
- Department of Psychology, Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Woirgardt
- Department of Psychology, Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - C Carolyn Wu
- Department of Psychology, Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Hubert D Zimmer
- Department of Psychology, Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jutta Kray
- Department of Psychology, Development of Language, Learning and Action, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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42
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Zhang Q, Wang H, Luo C, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L. The neural basis of semantic cognition in Mandarin Chinese: A combined fMRI and TMS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:5412-5423. [PMID: 31507031 PMCID: PMC6864898 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While converging sources of evidence point to the possibility of a large‐scale distributed network for semantic cognition, a consensus regarding the underlying subregions and their specific function in this network has not been reached. In the current study, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methodology to investigate the neural basis of semantic cognition in Mandarin Chinese. In the fMRI experiment, strong activations were observed in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) for semantic judgment task. Moreover, functional connectivity was found from seed region left IFG to left MTG. Meanwhile, negative correlation between performance and extracted parameter estimates from left IFG to left MTG was detected in semantic task. Subsequent TMS stimulation over left IFG resulted in performance deficits in semantic judgment task, in contrast to other three sites: left MTG, right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and a control site. We concluded that the neural basis of semantic processing for Mandarin Chinese closely resembled that for alphabetic languages such as English, supporting a language‐universal view on semantic cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Cimei Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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43
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Probing the Neural Mechanisms for Distractor Filtering and Their History-Contingent Modulation by Means of TMS. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7591-7603. [PMID: 31387915 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2740-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In visual search, the presence of a salient, yet task-irrelevant, distractor in the stimulus array interferes with target selection and slows down performance. Neuroimaging data point to a key role of the frontoparietal dorsal attention network in dealing with visual distractors; however, the respective roles of different nodes within the network and their hemispheric specialization are still unresolved. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to evaluate the causal role of two key regions of the dorsal attention network in resisting attentional capture by a salient singleton distractor: the frontal eye field (FEF) and the cortex within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The task of the participants (male/female human volunteers) was to discriminate the pointing direction of a target arrow while ignoring a task-irrelevant salient distractor. Immediately after stimulus onset, triple-pulse 10 Hz TMS was delivered either to IPS or FEF on either side of the brain. Results indicated that TMS over the right FEF significantly reduced the behavioral cost engendered by the salient distractor relative to left FEF stimulation. No such effect was obtained with stimulation of IPS on either side of brain. Interestingly, this FEF-dependent reduction in distractor interference interacted with the contingent trial history, being maximal when no distractor was present on the previous trial relative to when there was one. Our results provide direct causal evidence that the right FEF houses key mechanisms for distractor filtering, pointing to a pivotal role of the frontal cortex of the right hemisphere in limiting interference from an irrelevant but attention-grabbing stimulus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visually conspicuous stimuli attract our attention automatically and interfere with performance by diverting resources away from the main task. Here, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation over four frontoparietal cortex locations (frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus in each hemisphere) to identify regions of the dorsal attention network that help limit interference from task-irrelevant, salient distractors. Results indicate that the right FEF participates in distractor-filtering mechanisms that are recruited when a distracting stimulus is encountered. Moreover, right FEF implements adjustments in distraction-filtering mechanisms following recent encounters with distractors. Together, these findings indicate a different hemispheric contribution of the left versus right dorsal frontal cortex to distraction filtering. This study expands our understanding of how our brains select relevant targets in the face of task-irrelevant, salient distractors.
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44
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Alain C, Moussard A, Singer J, Lee Y, Bidelman GM, Moreno S. Music and Visual Art Training Modulate Brain Activity in Older Adults. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:182. [PMID: 30906245 PMCID: PMC6418041 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is an unavoidable aspect of aging that impacts important behavioral and cognitive skills. Training programs can improve cognition, yet precise characterization of the psychological and neural underpinnings supporting different training programs is lacking. Here, we assessed the effect and maintenance (3-month follow-up) of 3-month music and visual art training programs on neuroelectric brain activity in older adults using a partially randomized intervention design. During the pre-, post-, and follow-up test sessions, participants completed a brief neuropsychological assessment. High-density EEG was measured while participants were presented with auditory oddball paradigms (piano tones, vowels) and during a visual GoNoGo task. Neither training program significantly impacted psychometric measures, compared to a non-active control group. However, participants enrolled in the music and visual art training programs showed enhancement of auditory evoked responses to piano tones that persisted for up to 3 months after training ended, suggesting robust and long-lasting neuroplastic effects. Both music and visual art training also modulated visual processing during the GoNoGo task, although these training effects were relatively short-lived and disappeared by the 3-month follow-up. Notably, participants enrolled in the visual art training showed greater changes in visual evoked response (i.e., N1 wave) amplitude distribution than those from the music or control group. Conversely, those enrolled in music showed greater response associated with inhibitory control over the right frontal scalp areas than those in the visual art group. Our findings reveal a causal relationship between art training (music and visual art) and neuroplastic changes in sensory systems, with some of the neuroplastic changes being specific to the training regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Alain
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aline Moussard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Singer
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yunjo Lee
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin M Bidelman
- Institute for Intelligent Systems - School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- Digital Health Hub, School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
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45
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Lin H, Li WP, Carlson S. A Privileged Working Memory State and Potential Top-Down Modulation for Faces, Not Scenes. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30745866 PMCID: PMC6360155 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Top-down modulation is engaged during multiple stages of working memory (WM), including expectation, encoding, and maintenance. During WM maintenance period, an “incidental cue” can bring one of the two items into a privileged state and make the privileged item be recalled with higher precision, despite being irrelevant to which one to be probed as the target. With regard to the different representational states of WM, it’s unclear whether there is top-down modulation on earth sensory cortical areas. Here, We used this behavioral paradigm of “incidental cue” and event-related fMRI to investigate whether there were a privileged WM state and top-down modulation for complex stimuli including faces and natural scenes. We found that faces, not scenes, could enter into the privileged state with improved accuracy and response time of WM task. Meanwhile, cue-driven baseline activity shifts in fusiform face area (FFA) were identified by univariate analysis in the recognition of privileged faces, compared to that of non-privileged ones. In addition, the functional connectivity between FFA and right inferior frontal junction (IFJ), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), inferior frontal gyrus, right intraparietal sulcus (IPS), right precuneus and supplementary motor area was significantly enhanced, corresponding to the improved WM performance. Moreover, FFA connectivity with IFJ and IPS could predict WM improvements. These findings indicated that privileged WM state and potential top-down modulation existed for faces, but not scenes, during WM maintenance period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Synnöve Carlson
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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46
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Miao Q, Zhang G, Yan W, Liu B. Investigating the Brain Neural Mechanism when Signature Objects were Masked during a Scene Categorization Task using Functional MRI. Neuroscience 2018; 388:248-262. [PMID: 30056114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objects play vital roles in scene categorization. Although a number of studies have researched on the neural responses during object and object-based scene recognition, few studies have investigated the neural mechanism underlying object-masked scene categorization. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the changes in brain activations and functional connectivity (FC) while subjects performed a visual scene-categorization task with different numbers of 'signature objects' masked. The object-selective region in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) showed a decrease in activations and changes in FC with the default mode network (DMN), indicating changes in object attention after the masking of signature objects. Changes in top-down modulation effect were revealed in the FC from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to LOC and the extrastriate visual cortex, possibly participating in conscious object recognition. The whole-brain analyses showed the participation of fronto-parietal network (FPN) in scene categorization judgment, and right DLPFC served as the core hub in this network. Another core hub was found in left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and its connection with middle cingulate cortex (MCC), supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and insula might serve in the processing of motor response and the semantic relations between objects and scenes. Brain-behavior correlation analysis substantiated the contributions of the FC to the different processes in the object-masked scene-categorization tasks. Altogether, the results suggest that masking of objects significantly affected the object attention, cognitive demand, top-down modulation effect, and semantic judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Miao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Gaoyan Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Weiran Yan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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47
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Chen Z, Zhao X, Fan J, Chen A. Functional cerebral asymmetry analyses reveal how the control system implements its flexibility. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4678-4688. [PMID: 30015380 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The control system in human brain generally exerts the goal-directed regulation on a variety of mental processes. To deal with different control demands, these brain areas of the control system, especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), may be flexibly recruited across different tasks. However, few studies have investigated how the flexibility of the control system is realized during cognitive control. Present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the brain responses during two domain distinct conflict tasks (verbal color-word Stroop and visuospatial arrow flanker). The voxel-wise asymmetries in both functional activity and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) between these two tasks were compared. The results showed that the brain areas of control system were consistently activated in these two tasks. When considering functional cerebral asymmetries, the left DLPFC was dominantly activated during the Stroop task, while more symmetric DLPFC activation was found during the flanker task. The left DLPFC rather than the right DLPFC showed greater positive interaction with the visual areas V1 and V2 during the Stroop interference, but interactions of both the left and right DLPFC with the right visual area V5/MT were positively enhanced during the flanker interference. These results suggest that the flexible cognitive control is achieved by the control system's task-specific activity and its top-down interaction with domain-specific brain areas, in implementing flexible representation and modulation of control demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencai Chen
- Department of Psychology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Antao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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48
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Cai Y, Urgolites Z, Wood J, Chen C, Li S, Chen A, Xue G. Distinct neural substrates for visual short-term memory of actions. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4119-4133. [PMID: 29947094 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental theories of human cognition have long posited that the short-term maintenance of actions is supported by one of the "core knowledge" systems of human visual cognition, yet its neural substrates are still not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether the visual short-term memory (VSTM) of actions has distinct neural substrates or, as proposed by the spatio-object architecture of VSTM, shares them with VSTM of objects and spatial locations. In two experiments, we tested these two competing hypotheses by directly contrasting the neural substrates for VSTM of actions with those for objects and locations. Our results showed that the bilateral middle temporal cortex (MT) was specifically involved in VSTM of actions because its activation and its functional connectivity with the frontal-parietal network (FPN) were only modulated by the memory load of actions, but not by that of objects/agents or locations. Moreover, the brain regions involved in the maintenance of spatial location information (i.e., superior parietal lobule, SPL) was also recruited during the maintenance of actions, consistent with the temporal-spatial nature of actions. Meanwhile, the frontoparietal network (FPN) was commonly involved in all types of VSTM and showed flexible functional connectivity with the domain-specific regions, depending on the current working memory tasks. Together, our results provide clear evidence for a distinct neural system for maintaining actions in VSTM, which supports the core knowledge system theory and the domain-specific and domain-general architectures of VSTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisen Urgolites
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Justin Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Siyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Southeast University, Chongqing, 400700, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute of Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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49
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Wang M, Yang P, Wan C, Jin Z, Zhang J, Li L. Evaluating the Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Posterior Parietal Cortex in Memory-Guided Attention With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:236. [PMID: 29930501 PMCID: PMC5999747 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contents of working memory (WM) can affect the subsequent visual search performance, resulting in either beneficial or cost effects, when the visual search target is included in or spatially dissociated from the memorized contents, respectively. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) and the right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC) have been suggested to be associated with the congruence/incongruence effects of the WM content and the visual search target. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the PPC in controlling the interaction between WM and attention during a visual search, using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Subjects maintained a color in WM while performing a search task. The color cue contained the target (valid), the distractor (invalid) or did not reappear in the search display (neutral). Concurrent stimulation with the search onset showed that relative to rTMS over the vertex, rTMS over rPPC and rDLPFC further decreased the search reaction time, when the memory cue contained the search target. The results suggest that the rDLPFC and the rPPC are critical for controlling WM biases in human visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyang Wan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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50
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Lee TH, Greening SG, Ueno T, Clewett D, Ponzio A, Sakaki M, Mather M. Arousal increases neural gain via the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in younger adults but not in older adults. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:356-366. [PMID: 30320223 PMCID: PMC6176734 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In younger adults, arousal amplifies attentional focus to the most salient or goal-relevant information while suppressing other information. A computational model of how the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system can implement this increased selectivity under arousal and an fMRI study comparing how arousal affects younger and older adults' processing indicate that the amplification of salient stimuli and the suppression of non-salient stimuli are separate processes, with aging affecting suppression without impacting amplification under arousal. In the fMRI study, arousal increased processing of salient stimuli and decreased processing of non-salient stimuli for younger adults. In contrast, for older adults, arousal increased processing of both low and high salience stimuli, generally increasing excitatory responses to visual stimuli. Older adults also showed decline in LC functional connectivity with frontoparietal networks that coordinate attentional selectivity. Thus, among older adults, arousal increases the potential for distraction from non-salient stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven G Greening
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Taiji Ueno
- School of Human Sciences, Takachiho University, Suginami, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Clewett
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison Ponzio
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michiko Sakaki
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Mara Mather
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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