1
|
Granato V, Congiu L, Jakovcevski I, Kleene R, Schwindenhammer B, Fernandes L, Freitag S, Schachner M, Loers G. Mice Mutated in the First Fibronectin Domain of Adhesion Molecule L1 Show Brain Malformations and Behavioral Abnormalities. Biomolecules 2024; 14:468. [PMID: 38672483 PMCID: PMC11048097 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The X-chromosome-linked cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), a glycoprotein mainly expressed by neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, has been implicated in many neural processes, including neuronal migration and survival, neuritogenesis, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and regeneration. L1 consists of extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Proteolytic cleavage of L1's extracellular and transmembrane domains by different proteases generates several L1 fragments with different functions. We found that myelin basic protein (MBP) cleaves L1's extracellular domain, leading to enhanced neuritogenesis and neuronal survival in vitro. To investigate in vivo the importance of the MBP-generated 70 kDa fragment (L1-70), we generated mice with an arginine to alanine substitution at position 687 (L1/687), thereby disrupting L1's MBP cleavage site and obliterating L1-70. Young adult L1/687 males showed normal anxiety and circadian rhythm activities but enhanced locomotion, while females showed altered social interactions. Older L1/687 males were impaired in motor coordination. Furthermore, L1/687 male and female mice had a larger hippocampus, with more neurons in the dentate gyrus and more proliferating cells in the subgranular layer, while the thickness of the corpus callosum and the size of lateral ventricles were normal. In summary, subtle mutant morphological changes result in subtle behavioral changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Granato
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Ludovica Congiu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany; (I.J.); (B.S.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Benjamin Schwindenhammer
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany; (I.J.); (B.S.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Luciana Fernandes
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Sandra Freitag
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (V.G.); (L.C.); (R.K.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang M, Fan J, Shao Z. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic Subcellular Specificity. Brain Sci 2024; 14:155. [PMID: 38391729 PMCID: PMC10886843 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are essential for neuronal information storage and relay. The synaptic signal received or sent from spatially distinct subcellular compartments often generates different outcomes due to the distance or physical property difference. Therefore, the final output of postsynaptic neurons is determined not only by the type and intensity of synaptic inputs but also by the synaptic subcellular location. How synaptic subcellular specificity is determined has long been the focus of study in the neurodevelopment field. Genetic studies from invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) have uncovered important molecular and cellular mechanisms required for subcellular specificity. Interestingly, similar molecular mechanisms were found in the mammalian cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. This review summarizes the comprehensive advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic subcellular specificity, focusing on studies from C. elegans and rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiale Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Rd, Research Building B4017, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yoon S, Santos MD, Forrest MP, Pratt CP, Khalatyan N, Mohler PJ, Savas JN, Penzes P. Early developmental deletion of forebrain Ank2 causes seizure-related phenotypes by reshaping the synaptic proteome. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112784. [PMID: 37428632 PMCID: PMC10566302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic variants in ANK2, which encodes ankyrin-B, are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs); however, their pathogenesis is poorly understood. We find that mice with prenatal deletion in cortical excitatory neurons and oligodendrocytes (Ank2-/-:Emx1-Cre), but not with adolescent deletion in forebrain excitatory neurons (Ank2-/-:CaMKIIα-Cre), display severe spontaneous seizures, increased mortality, hyperactivity, and social deficits. Calcium imaging of cortical slices from Ank2-/-:Emx1-Cre mice shows increased neuronal calcium event amplitude and frequency, along with network hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony. Quantitative proteomic analysis of cortical synaptic membranes reveals upregulation of dendritic spine plasticity-regulatory proteins and downregulation of intermediate filaments. Characterization of the ankyrin-B interactome identifies interactors associated with autism and epilepsy risk factors and synaptic proteins. The AMPA receptor antagonist, perampanel, restores cortical neuronal activity and partially rescues survival in Ank2-/-:Emx1-Cre mice. Our findings suggest that synaptic proteome alterations resulting from Ank2 deletion impair neuronal activity and synchrony, leading to NDDs-related behavioral impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christopher P Pratt
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalia Khalatyan
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research; Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern University, Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murphy KE, Wade SD, Sperringer JE, Mohan V, Duncan BW, Zhang EY, Pak Y, Lutz D, Schachner M, Maness PF. The L1 cell adhesion molecule constrains dendritic spine density in pyramidal neurons of the mouse cerebral cortex. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1111525. [PMID: 37007644 PMCID: PMC10062527 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel function for the L1 cell adhesion molecule, which binds the actin adaptor protein Ankyrin was identified in constraining dendritic spine density on pyramidal neurons in the mouse neocortex. In an L1-null mouse mutant increased spine density was observed on apical but not basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in diverse cortical areas (prefrontal cortex layer 2/3, motor cortex layer 5, visual cortex layer 4. The Ankyrin binding motif (FIGQY) in the L1 cytoplasmic domain was critical for spine regulation, as demonstrated by increased spine density and altered spine morphology in the prefrontal cortex of a mouse knock-in mutant (L1YH) harboring a tyrosine (Y) to histidine (H) mutation in the FIGQY motif, which disrupted L1-Ankyrin association. This mutation is a known variant in the human L1 syndrome of intellectual disability. L1 was localized by immunofluorescence staining to spine heads and dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. L1 coimmunoprecipitated with Ankyrin B (220 kDa isoform) from lysates of wild type but not L1YH forebrain. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of spine regulation and underscores the potential for this adhesion molecule to regulate cognitive and other L1-related functions that are abnormal in the L1 syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah D. Wade
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Justin E. Sperringer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vishwa Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Bryce W. Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erin Y. Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yubin Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Lutz
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University-Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscatawy, NJ, United States
| | - Patricia F. Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Institute of Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Patricia F. Maness
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
York NS, Sanchez-Arias JC, McAdam ACH, Rivera JE, Arbour LT, Swayne LA. Mechanisms underlying the role of ankyrin-B in cardiac and neurological health and disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:964675. [PMID: 35990955 PMCID: PMC9386378 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.964675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ANK2 gene encodes for ankyrin-B (ANKB), one of 3 members of the ankyrin family of proteins, whose name is derived from the Greek word for anchor. ANKB was originally identified in the brain (B denotes “brain”) but has become most widely known for its role in cardiomyocytes as a scaffolding protein for ion channels and transporters, as well as an interacting protein for structural and signaling proteins. Certain loss-of-function ANK2 variants are associated with a primarily cardiac-presenting autosomal-dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity characterized by a predisposition to supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, congenital and adult-onset structural heart disease, and sudden death. Another independent group of ANK2 variants are associated with increased risk for distinct neurological phenotypes, including epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders. The mechanisms underlying ANKB's roles in cells in health and disease are not fully understood; however, several clues from a range of molecular and cell biological studies have emerged. Notably, ANKB exhibits several isoforms that have different cell-type–, tissue–, and developmental stage– expression profiles. Given the conservation within ankyrins across evolution, model organism studies have enabled the discovery of several ankyrin roles that could shed important light on ANKB protein-protein interactions in heart and brain cells related to the regulation of cellular polarity, organization, calcium homeostasis, and glucose and fat metabolism. Along with this accumulation of evidence suggesting a diversity of important ANKB cellular functions, there is an on-going debate on the role of ANKB in disease. We currently have limited understanding of how these cellular functions link to disease risk. To this end, this review will examine evidence for the cellular roles of ANKB and the potential contribution of ANKB functional variants to disease risk and presentation. This contribution will highlight the impact of ANKB dysfunction on cardiac and neuronal cells and the significance of understanding the role of ANKB variants in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. York
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alexa C. H. McAdam
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Joel E. Rivera
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Laura T. Arbour
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Laura T. Arbour
| | - Leigh Anne Swayne
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Leigh Anne Swayne
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hemizygous mutations in L1CAM in two unrelated male probands with childhood onset psychosis. Psychiatr Genet 2021; 30:73-82. [PMID: 32404617 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genes underlying childhood onset psychosis. METHODS Patients with onset of psychosis at age 13 or younger were identified from clinics across England, and they and their parents were exome sequenced and analysed for possible highly penetrant genetic contributors. RESULTS We report two male childhood onset psychosis patients of different ancestries carrying hemizygous very rare possibly damaging missense variants (p.Arg846His and p.Pro145Ser) in the L1CAM gene. L1CAM is an X-linked Mendelian disease gene in which both missense and loss of function variants are associated with syndromic forms of intellectual disability and developmental disorder. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting a possible extension of the phenotype of L1CAM variant carriers to childhood onset psychosis. The family history and presence of other significant rare genetic variants in the patients suggest that there may be genetic interactions modulating the presentation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Duncan BW, Murphy KE, Maness PF. Molecular Mechanisms of L1 and NCAM Adhesion Molecules in Synaptic Pruning, Plasticity, and Stabilization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625340. [PMID: 33585481 PMCID: PMC7876315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain circuits are wired by dynamic formation and remodeling during development to produce a balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Synaptic regulation is mediated by a complex network of proteins including immunoglobulin (Ig)- class cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), structural and signal-transducing components at the pre- and post-synaptic membranes, and the extracellular protein matrix. This review explores the current understanding of developmental synapse regulation mediated by L1 and NCAM family CAMs. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses undergo formation and remodeling through neuronal CAMs and receptor-ligand interactions. These responses result in pruning inactive dendritic spines and perisomatic contacts, or synaptic strengthening during critical periods of plasticity. Ankyrins engage neural adhesion molecules of the L1 family (L1-CAMs) to promote synaptic stability. Chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid, tenascin-R, and linker proteins comprising the perineuronal net interact with L1-CAMs and NCAM, stabilizing synaptic contacts and limiting plasticity as critical periods close. Understanding neuronal adhesion signaling and synaptic targeting provides insight into normal development as well as synaptic connectivity disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce W Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kelsey E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ekins TG, Mahadevan V, Zhang Y, D'Amour JA, Akgül G, Petros TJ, McBain CJ. Emergence of non-canonical parvalbumin-containing interneurons in hippocampus of a murine model of type I lissencephaly. eLife 2020; 9:e62373. [PMID: 33150866 PMCID: PMC7673787 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I lissencephaly is a neuronal migration disorder caused by haploinsuffiency of the PAFAH1B1 (mouse: Pafah1b1) gene and is characterized by brain malformation, developmental delays, and epilepsy. Here, we investigate the impact of Pafah1b1 mutation on the cellular migration, morphophysiology, microcircuitry, and transcriptomics of mouse hippocampal CA1 parvalbumin-containing inhibitory interneurons (PV+INTs). We find that WT PV+INTs consist of two physiological subtypes (80% fast-spiking (FS), 20% non-fast-spiking (NFS)) and four morphological subtypes. We find that cell-autonomous mutations within interneurons disrupts morphophysiological development of PV+INTs and results in the emergence of a non-canonical 'intermediate spiking (IS)' subset of PV+INTs. We also find that now dominant IS/NFS cells are prone to entering depolarization block, causing them to temporarily lose the ability to initiate action potentials and control network excitation, potentially promoting seizures. Finally, single-cell nuclear RNAsequencing of PV+INTs revealed several misregulated genes related to morphogenesis, cellular excitability, and synapse formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Ekins
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
- NIH-Brown University Graduate Partnership ProgramProvidenceUnited States
| | - Vivek Mahadevan
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - James A D'Amour
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical SciencesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Gülcan Akgül
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Timothy J Petros
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Chris J McBain
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paracrine Role for Somatostatin Interneurons in the Assembly of Perisomatic Inhibitory Synapses. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7421-7435. [PMID: 32847968 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0613-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons represent a heterogenous group of cell types in neocortex that can be clustered based on developmental origin, morphology, physiology, and connectivity. Two abundant populations of cortical GABAergic interneurons include the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cells and the fast-spiking, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells. While SST+ and PV+ interneurons are both early born and migrate into the developing neocortex at similar times, SST+ cells are incorporated into functional circuits prior to PV+ cells. During this early period of neural development, SST+ cells play critical roles in the assembly and maturation of other cortical circuits; however, the mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, using both sexes of conditional mutant mice, we discovered that SST+ interneuron-derived Collagen XIX, a synaptogenic extracellular matrix protein, is required for the formation of GABAergic, perisomatic synapses by PV+ cells. These results, therefore, identify a paracrine mechanism by which early-born SST+ cells orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing neocortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex represent a heterogenous group of cells that generate the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. One such interneuron type is the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cell, which is one of the first types of interneurons to migrate into the cerebral cortex and become incorporated into functional circuits. In addition, to contributing important roles in controlling the flow of information in the adult cerebral cortex, SST+ cells play important roles in the development of other neural circuits in the developing brain. Here, we identified an extracellular matrix protein that is released by these early-born SST+ neurons to orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing cerebral cortex.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sullivan CS, Mohan V, Manis PB, Moy SS, Truong Y, Duncan BW, Maness PF. Developmental Regulation of Basket Interneuron Synapses and Behavior through NCAM in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4689-4707. [PMID: 32249896 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing basket interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulate pyramidal cell firing, synchrony, and network oscillations. Yet, it is unclear how their perisomatic inputs to pyramidal neurons are integrated into neural circuitry and adjusted postnatally. Neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is expressed in a variety of cells in the PFC and cooperates with EphrinA/EphAs to regulate inhibitory synapse density. Here, analysis of a novel parvalbumin (PV)-Cre: NCAM F/F mouse mutant revealed that NCAM functions presynaptically in PV+ basket interneurons to regulate postnatal elimination of perisomatic synapses. Mutant mice exhibited an increased density of PV+ perisomatic puncta in PFC layer 2/3, while live imaging in mutant brain slices revealed fewer puncta that were dynamically eliminated. Furthermore, EphrinA5-induced growth cone collapse in PV+ interneurons in culture depended on NCAM expression. Electrophysiological recording from layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in mutant PFC slices showed a slower rise time of inhibitory synaptic currents. PV-Cre: NCAM F/F mice exhibited impairments in working memory and social behavior that may be impacted by altered PFC circuitry. These findings suggest that the density of perisomatic synapses of PV+ basket interneurons is regulated postnatally by NCAM, likely through EphrinA-dependent elimination, which is important for appropriate PFC network function and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vishwa Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul B Manis
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Young Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bryce W Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tai Y, Gallo NB, Wang M, Yu JR, Van Aelst L. Axo-axonic Innervation of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons by GABAergic Chandelier Cells Requires AnkyrinG-Associated L1CAM. Neuron 2019; 102:358-372.e9. [PMID: 30846310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the diverse interneuron subtypes in the neocortex, chandelier cells (ChCs) are the only population that selectively innervate pyramidal neurons (PyNs) at their axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential initiation, allowing them to exert powerful control over PyN output. Yet, mechanisms underlying their subcellular innervation of PyN AISs are unknown. To identify molecular determinants of ChC/PyN AIS innervation, we performed an in vivo RNAi screen of PyN-expressed axonal cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and select Ephs/ephrins. Strikingly, we found the L1 family member L1CAM to be the only molecule required for ChC/PyN AIS innervation. Further, we show that L1CAM is required during both the establishment and maintenance of innervation, and that selective innervation of PyN AISs by ChCs requires AIS anchoring of L1CAM by the cytoskeletal ankyrin-G/βIV-spectrin complex. Thus, our findings identify PyN-expressed L1CAM as a critical CAM required for innervation of neocortical PyN AISs by ChCs. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Tai
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Nicholas B Gallo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jia-Ray Yu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Synapse formation is mediated by a surprisingly large number and wide variety of genes encoding many different protein classes. One of the families increasingly implicated in synapse wiring is the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). IgSF molecules are by definition any protein containing at least one Ig-like domain, making this family one of the most common protein classes encoded by the genome. Here, we review the emerging roles for IgSF molecules in synapse formation specifically in the vertebrate brain, focusing on examples from three classes of IgSF members: ( a) cell adhesion molecules, ( b) signaling molecules, and ( c) immune molecules expressed in the brain. The critical roles for IgSF members in regulating synapse formation may explain their extensive involvement in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Solving the IgSF code for synapse formation may reveal multiple new targets for rescuing IgSF-mediated deficits in synapse formation and, eventually, new treatments for psychiatric disorders caused by altered IgSF-induced synapse wiring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cameron
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA; ,
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li R, Sahu S, Schachner M. Phenelzine, a cell adhesion molecule L1 mimetic small organic compound, promotes functional recovery and axonal regrowth in spinal cord-injured zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 171:30-38. [PMID: 29802870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord initiates a cascade of cellular and molecular events that contribute to the tissue environment that is non-permissive for cell survival and axonal regrowth/sprouting in the adult mammalian central nervous system. The endogenous repair response is impaired in this generally inhibitory environment. Previous studies indicate that homophilic interactions of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM) promote recovery after spinal cord injury and ameliorate neurodegenerative processes in experimental rodent and zebrafish models. In light of reports that phenelzine, a small organic compound that mimics L1, stimulates neuronal survival, neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and Schwann cell proliferation in vitro in a L1-dependent manner, we examined the restorative potential of phenelzine in a zebrafish model of spinal cord injury. Addition of phenelzine into the aquarium water immediately after spinal cord injury accelerated locomotor recovery and promoted axonal regrowth and remyelination in larval and adult zebrafish. Phenelzine treatment up-regulated the expression and proteolysis of L1.1 (a homolog of the mammalian recognition molecule L1) and phosphorylation of Erk in the spinal cord caudal to lesion site. By combining the results of the present study with those of other studies, we propose that phenelzine bears hopes for therapy of nervous system injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Sudhanshu Sahu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smith KR, Penzes P. Ankyrins: Roles in synaptic biology and pathology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:131-139. [PMID: 29730177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrins are broadly expressed adaptors that organize diverse membrane proteins into specialized domains and link them to the sub-membranous cytoskeleton. In neurons, ankyrins are known to have essential roles in organizing the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier. However, recent studies have revealed novel functions for ankyrins at synapses, where they organize and stabilize neurotransmitter receptors, modulate dendritic spine morphology and control adhesion to the presynaptic site. Ankyrin genes have also been highly associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism, which all demonstrate overlap in their genetics, mechanisms and phenotypes. This review discusses the novel synaptic functions of ankyrin proteins in neurons, and places these exciting findings in the context of ANK genes as key neuropsychiatric disorder risk-factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
AnkG hemizygous mice present cognitive impairment and elevated anxiety/depressive-like traits associated with decreased expression of GABA receptors and postsynaptic density protein. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:3375-3390. [PMID: 28821923 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of patient populations and genetic linkage assessments have demonstrated that the ankyrin-G (AnkG) gene is involved in neuropsychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease, but it remains unclear how the genetic variants of AnkG contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we generated AnkG hemizygous mice using the gene trapping approach. Homozygous AnkG was embryonically lethal. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assessments of wild type (WT) and AnkG +/- mutant mice demonstrated a 50% reduction of ANKG levels, at the gene and protein levels, in AnkG hemizygous mice. In behavioral tests, AnkG hemizygous mice exhibited elevated anxiety- and depression-like traits, as well as cognitive impairment. Moreover, the expression levels of cognitive-related proteins (including metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, postsynaptic density-95, GABA-B receptor, and GABA-A receptor alpha-1) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), suggesting a possible role for AnkG in cognition. It is possible that the loss of AnkG in the brain disrupts the excitation/inhibition balance of neurotransmitters, hindering the synaptic plasticity of neurons, and consequently leading to abnormal behavioral symptoms. Therefore, AnkG possibly contributes to neuroprotection and normal brain function, and may constitute a new target for treating neuropsychiatric diseases, especially cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kataria H, Lutz D, Chaudhary H, Schachner M, Loers G. Small Molecule Agonists of Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Mimic L1 Functions In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4461-83. [PMID: 26253722 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lack of permissive mechanisms and abundance of inhibitory molecules in the lesioned central nervous system of adult mammals contribute to the failure of functional recovery after injury, leading to severe disabilities in motor functions and pain. Peripheral nerve injury impairs motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, particularly in cases where nerve gaps are large and chronic nerve injury ensues. Previous studies have indicated that the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 constitutes a viable target to promote regeneration after acute injury. We screened libraries of known drugs for small molecule agonists of L1 and evaluated the effect of hit compounds in cell-based assays in vitro and in mice after femoral nerve and spinal cord injuries in vivo. We identified eight small molecule L1 agonists and showed in cell-based assays that they stimulate neuronal survival, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth and enhance Schwann cell proliferation and migration and myelination of neurons in an L1-dependent manner. In a femoral nerve injury mouse model, enhanced functional regeneration and remyelination after application of the L1 agonists were observed. In a spinal cord injury mouse model, L1 agonists improved recovery of motor functions, being paralleled by enhanced remyelination, neuronal survival, and monoaminergic innervation, reduced astrogliosis, and activation of microglia. Together, these findings suggest that application of small organic compounds that bind to L1 and stimulate the beneficial homophilic L1 functions may prove to be a valuable addition to treatments of nervous system injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harshita Chaudhary
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Su J, Chen J, Lippold K, Monavarfeshani A, Carrillo GL, Jenkins R, Fox MA. Collagen-derived matricryptins promote inhibitory nerve terminal formation in the developing neocortex. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:721-36. [PMID: 26975851 PMCID: PMC4792079 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201509085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory synapses comprise only ∼20% of the total synapses in the mammalian brain but play essential roles in controlling neuronal activity. In fact, perturbing inhibitory synapses is associated with complex brain disorders, such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Although many types of inhibitory synapses exist, these disorders have been strongly linked to defects in inhibitory synapses formed by Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Here, we discovered a novel role for an unconventional collagen-collagen XIX-in the formation of Parvalbumin(+) inhibitory synapses. Loss of this collagen results not only in decreased inhibitory synapse number, but also in the acquisition of schizophrenia-related behaviors. Mechanistically, these studies reveal that a proteolytically released fragment of this collagen, termed a matricryptin, promotes the assembly of inhibitory nerve terminals through integrin receptors. Collectively, these studies not only identify roles for collagen-derived matricryptins in cortical circuit formation, but they also reveal a novel paracrine mechanism that regulates the assembly of these synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Su
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Jiang Chen
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Kumiko Lippold
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016 Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Rachel Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Michael A Fox
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016 Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cell Adhesion Molecules and Ubiquitination-Functions and Significance. BIOLOGY 2015; 5:biology5010001. [PMID: 26703751 PMCID: PMC4810158 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily represent the biggest group of cell adhesion molecules. They have been analyzed since approximately 40 years ago and most of them have been shown to play a role in tumor progression and in the nervous system. All members of the Ig superfamily are intensively posttranslationally modified. However, many aspects of their cellular functions are not yet known. Since a few years ago it is known that some of the Ig superfamily members are modified by ubiquitin. Ubiquitination has classically been described as a proteasomal degradation signal but during the last years it became obvious that it can regulate many other processes including internalization of cell surface molecules and lysosomal sorting. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the ubiquitination of cell adhesion molecules of the Ig superfamily and to discuss its potential physiological roles in tumorigenesis and in the nervous system.
Collapse
|
19
|
Guan H, Chow KM, Song E, Verma N, Despa F, Hersh LB. The Mitochondrial Peptidase Pitrilysin Degrades Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Beta-Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133263. [PMID: 26191799 PMCID: PMC4507941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid formation and mitochondrial dysfunction are characteristics of type 2 diabetes. The major peptide constituent of the amyloid deposits in type 2 diabetes is islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). In this study, we found that pitrilysin, a zinc metallopeptidase of the inverzincin family, degrades monomeric, but not oligomeric, islet amyloid polypeptide in vitro. In insulinoma cells when pitrilysin expression was decreased to 5% of normal levels, there was a 60% increase in islet amyloid polypeptide-induced apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of pitrilysin protects insulinoma cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide-induced apoptosis. Since pitrilysin is a mitochondrial protein, we used immunofluorescence staining of pancreases from human IAPP transgenic mice and Western blot analysis of IAPP in isolated mitochondria from insulinoma cells to provide evidence for a putative intramitochondrial pool of IAPP. These results suggest that pitrilysin regulates islet amyloid polypeptide in beta cells and suggest the presence of an intramitochondrial pool of islet amyloid polypeptide involved in beta-cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Guan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Biomedical Biological Sciences Research Building, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536–0509, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - K. Martin Chow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Biomedical Biological Sciences Research Building, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536–0509, United States of America
| | - Eunsuk Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Biomedical Biological Sciences Research Building, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536–0509, United States of America
| | - Nirmal Verma
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, 459 Wethington Bldg., 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY, 40536–0200, United States of America
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, 459 Wethington Bldg., 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY, 40536–0200, United States of America
| | - Louis B. Hersh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Biomedical Biological Sciences Research Building, 741 South Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536–0509, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang X, Hou D, Jiang W, Zhang C. Intercellular protein-protein interactions at synapses. Protein Cell 2014; 5:420-44. [PMID: 24756565 PMCID: PMC4026422 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are asymmetric intercellular junctions through which neurons send nerve impulses to communicate with other neurons or excitable cells. The appropriate formation of synapses, both spatially and temporally, is essential for brain function and depends on the intercellular protein-protein interactions of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) at synaptic clefts. The CAM proteins link pre- and post-synaptic sites, and play essential roles in promoting synapse formation and maturation, maintaining synapse number and type, accumulating neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, controlling neuronal differentiation, and even regulating synaptic plasticity directly. Alteration of the interactions of CAMs leads to structural and functional impairments, which results in many neurological disorders, such as autism, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the functions of CAMs during development and in the mature neural system, as well as in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders. Here, we review the function of the major classes of CAMs, and how dysfunction of CAMs relates to several neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Dongmei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nagaraj K, Mualla R, Hortsch M. The L1 Family of Cell Adhesion Molecules: A Sickening Number of Mutations and Protein Functions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:195-229. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
22
|
Guseva D, Loers G, Schachner M. Function-triggering antibodies to the adhesion molecule L1 enhance recovery after injury of the adult mouse femoral nerve. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112984. [PMID: 25393007 PMCID: PMC4231121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L1 is among the few adhesion molecules that favors repair after trauma in the adult central nervous system of vertebrates by promoting neuritogenesis and neuronal survival, among other beneficial features. In the peripheral nervous system, L1 is up-regulated in Schwann cells and regrowing axons after nerve damage, but the functional consequences of this expression remain unclear. Our previous study of L1-deficient mice in a femoral nerve injury model showed an unexpected improved functional recovery, attenuated motoneuronal cell death, and enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, being attributed to the persistent synthesis of neurotrophic factors. On the other hand, transgenic mice over-expressing L1 in neurons led to improved remyelination, but not improved functional recovery. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the monoclonal L1 antibody 557 that triggers beneficial L1 functions in vitro would trigger these also in femoral nerve repair. We analyzed femoral nerve regeneration in C57BL/6J mice that received this antibody in a hydrogel filled conduit connecting the cut and sutured nerve before its bifurcation, leading to short-term release of antibody by diffusion. Video-based quantitative analysis of motor functions showed improved recovery when compared to mice treated with conduits containing PBS in the hydrogel scaffold, as a vehicle control. This improved recovery was associated with attenuated motoneuron loss, remyelination and improved precision of preferential motor reinnervation. We suggest that function-triggering L1 antibodies applied to the lesion site at the time of injury over a limited time period will not only be beneficial in peripheral, but also central nervous system regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chia PH, Li P, Shen K. Cell biology in neuroscience: cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying presynapse formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 203:11-22. [PMID: 24127213 PMCID: PMC3798257 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201307020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapse formation is a highly regulated process that requires the coordination of many cell biological events. Decades of research have identified a long list of molecular components involved in assembling a functioning synapse. Yet how the various steps, from transporting synaptic components to adhering synaptic partners and assembling the synaptic structure, are regulated and precisely executed during development and maintenance is still unclear. With the improvement of imaging and molecular tools, recent work in vertebrate and invertebrate systems has provided important insight into various aspects of presynaptic development, maintenance, and trans-synaptic signals, thereby increasing our understanding of how extrinsic organizers and intracellular mechanisms contribute to presynapse formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poh Hui Chia
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nelson JC, Stavoe AKH, Colón-Ramos DA. The actin cytoskeleton in presynaptic assembly. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:379-87. [PMID: 23628914 DOI: 10.4161/cam.24803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic morphogenetic processes underpin nearly every step of nervous system development, from initial neuronal migration and axon guidance to synaptogenesis. Underlying this morphogenesis are dynamic rearrangements of cytoskeletal architecture. Here we discuss the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in the development of presynaptic terminals, from the elaboration of terminal arbors to the recruitment of presynaptic vesicles and active zone components. The studies discussed here underscore the importance of actin regulation at every step in neuronal circuit assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Nelson
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair; Department of Cell Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Enneking EM, Kudumala SR, Moreno E, Stephan R, Boerner J, Godenschwege TA, Pielage J. Transsynaptic coordination of synaptic growth, function, and stability by the L1-type CAM Neuroglian. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001537. [PMID: 23610557 PMCID: PMC3627646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments in peripheral and central synapses reveal the regulatory mechanisms that enable trans-synaptic control of synapse development and maintenance by the L1-type CAM Neuroglian. The precise control of synaptic connectivity is essential for the development and function of neuronal circuits. While there have been significant advances in our understanding how cell adhesion molecules mediate axon guidance and synapse formation, the mechanisms controlling synapse maintenance or plasticity in vivo remain largely uncharacterized. In an unbiased RNAi screen we identified the Drosophila L1-type CAM Neuroglian (Nrg) as a central coordinator of synapse growth, function, and stability. We demonstrate that the extracellular Ig-domains and the intracellular Ankyrin-interaction motif are essential for synapse development and stability. Nrg binds to Ankyrin2 in vivo and mutations reducing the binding affinities to Ankyrin2 cause an increase in Nrg mobility in motoneurons. We then demonstrate that the Nrg–Ank2 interaction controls the balance of synapse growth and stability at the neuromuscular junction. In contrast, at a central synapse, transsynaptic interactions of pre- and postsynaptic Nrg require a dynamic, temporal and spatial, regulation of the intracellular Ankyrin-binding motif to coordinate pre- and postsynaptic development. Our study at two complementary model synapses identifies the regulation of the interaction between the L1-type CAM and Ankyrin as an important novel module enabling local control of synaptic connectivity and function while maintaining general neuronal circuit architecture. The function of neuronal circuits relies on precise connectivity, and processes like learning and memory involve refining this connectivity through the selective formation and elimination of synapses. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that directly mediate cell–cell interactions at synaptic contacts are thought to mediate this structural synaptic plasticity. In this study, we used an unbiased genetic screen to identify the Drosophila L1-type CAM Neuroglian as a central regulator of synapse formation and maintenance. We show that the intracellular Ankyrin interaction motif, which links Neuroglian to the cytoskeleton, is an essential regulatory site for Neuroglian mobility, adhesion, and synaptic function. In motoneurons, the strength of Ankyrin binding directly controls the balance between synapse formation and maintenance. At a central synapse, however, a dynamic regulation of the Neuroglian–Ankyrin interaction is required to coordinate transsynaptic development. Our study identifies the interaction of the L1-type CAM with Ankyrin as a novel regulatory module enabling local and precise control of synaptic connectivity without altering general neuronal circuit architecture. This interaction is relevant for normal nervous system development and disease as mutations in L1-type CAMs cause mental retardation and psychiatric diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Enneking
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eliza Moreno
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raiko Stephan
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Boerner
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tanja A. Godenschwege
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JP); (TAG)
| | - Jan Pielage
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JP); (TAG)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chowdhury TG, Wable GS, Sabaliauskas NA, Aoki C. Adolescent female C57BL/6 mice with vulnerability to activity-based anorexia exhibit weak inhibitory input onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Neuroscience 2013; 241:250-67. [PMID: 23523748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by self-imposed severe starvation and often linked with excessive exercise. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is an animal model that reproduces some of the behavioral phenotypes of AN, including the paradoxical increase in voluntary exercise following food restriction (FR). Although certain rodents have been used successfully in this animal model, C57BL/6 mice are reported to be less susceptible to ABA. We re-examined the possibility that female C57BL/6 mice might exhibit ABA vulnerability during adolescence, the developmental stage/sex among the human population with particularly high AN vulnerability. After introducing the running wheel to the cage for 3 days, ABA was induced by restricting food access to 1h per day (ABA1, N=13) or 2 h per day (ABA2, N=10). All 23 exhibited increased voluntary wheel running (p<0.005) and perturbed circadian rhythm within 2 days. Only one out of five survived ABA1 for 3 days, while 10 out of 10 survived ABA2 for 3 days and could subsequently restore their body weight and circadian rhythm. Exposure of recovered animals to a second ABA2 induction revealed a large range of vulnerability, even within littermates. To look for the cellular substrate of differences in vulnerability, we began by examining synaptic patterns in the hippocampus, a brain region that regulates anxiety as well as plasticity throughout life. Quantitative EM analysis revealed that CA1 pyramidal cells of animals vulnerable to the second ABA2 exhibit less GABAergic innervation on cell bodies and dendrites, relative to the animals resilient to the second ABA (p<0.001) or controls (p<0.05). These findings reveal that C57BL/6J adolescent females can be used to capture brain changes underlying ABA vulnerability, and that GABAergic innervation of hippocampal pyramidal neurons is one important cellular substrate to consider for understanding the progression of and resilience to AN.
Collapse
|
27
|
Smythies J, Edelstein L. Transsynaptic modality codes in the brain: possible involvement of synchronized spike timing, microRNAs, exosomes and epigenetic processes. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 6:126. [PMID: 23316146 PMCID: PMC3539687 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper surveys two different mechanisms by which a presynaptic cell can modulate the structure and function of the postsynaptic cell. We first present the evidence that this occurs, and then discuss two mechanisms that could bring this about. The first hypothesis relates to the long lasting effects that the spike patterns of presynaptic axons may exert by modulating activity-inducible programs in postsynaptic cells. The second hypothesis is based on recently obtained evidence that, the afferent neuron at the neuromuscular junction buds off exosomes at its synapse and carries a cargo of Wg and Evi, which are large molecular transsynaptic signaling agents (LMTSAs). Further evidence indicates that many types of neurons bud off exosomes containing payloads of various lipids, proteins, and types of RNA. The evidence suggests that they are transmitted across the synapse and are taken up by the postsynaptic structure either by perisynaptic or exosynaptic mechanisms, thus mediating the transfer of information between neurons. To date, the molecular hypothesis has been limited to local interactions within the synapse of concern. In this paper, we explore the possibility that this represents a mechanism for information transfer involving the postsynaptic neuron as a whole. This entails a review of the known functions of these molecules in neuronal physiology, together with an estimate of the possible types of information they could carry and how they might affect neurocomputations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Smythies
- Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, SA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Littner Y, Tang N, He M, Bearer CF. L1 cell adhesion molecule signaling is inhibited by ethanol in vivo. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37:383-9. [PMID: 23050935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is an immense public health problem. In vitro studies support the hypothesis that L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1) is a target for ethanol (EtOH) developmental neurotoxicity. L1 is critical for the development of the central nervous system. It functions through signal transduction leading to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tyrosines on its cytoplasmic domain. The function of L1 is also dependent on trafficking through lipid rafts (LRs). Our hypothesis is that L1 is a target for EtOH neurotoxicity in vivo. Our objective is to demonstrate changes in L1 phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and LR association in vivo. METHODS Rat pups on postnatal day 6 are administered 4.5, 5.25, and 6 g/kg of EtOH divided into 2 doses 2 hours apart, then killed. Cerebella are rapidly frozen for assay. Blood is analyzed for blood EtOH concentration. L1 tyrosine phosphorylation is determined by immunoprecipitation and dephosphorylation of tyrosine 1176 determined by immunoblot. LRs are isolated by sucrose density gradient, and the distribution of L1 in LRs is determined. RESULTS EtOH at all doses reduced the relative amount of Y1176 dephosphorylation as well as the relative amount of L1 phosphorylated on other tyrosines. The proportion of L1 present in LRs is significantly increased in pups who received 6 g/kg EtOH compared to intubated controls. CONCLUSIONS L1 is a target for EtOH developmental neurotoxicity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Littner
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Children's Hospital, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leussis MP, Madison JM, Petryshen TL. Ankyrin 3: genetic association with bipolar disorder and relevance to disease pathophysiology. BIOLOGY OF MOOD & ANXIETY DISORDERS 2012; 2:18. [PMID: 23025490 PMCID: PMC3492013 DOI: 10.1186/2045-5380-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a multi-factorial disorder caused by genetic and environmental influences. It has a large genetic component, with heritability estimated between 59-93%. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using large BD patient populations have identified a number of genes with strong statistical evidence for association with susceptibility for BD. Among the most significant and replicated genes is ankyrin 3 (ANK3), a large gene that encodes multiple isoforms of the ankyrin G protein. This article reviews the current evidence for genetic association of ANK3 with BD, followed by a comprehensive overview of the known biology of the ankyrin G protein, focusing on its neural functions and their potential relevance to BD. Ankyrin G is a scaffold protein that is known to have many essential functions in the brain, although the mechanism by which it contributes to BD is unknown. These functions include organizational roles for subcellular domains in neurons including the axon initial segment and nodes of Ranvier, through which ankyrin G orchestrates the localization of key ion channels and GABAergic presynaptic terminals, as well as creating a diffusion barrier that limits transport into the axon and helps define axo-dendritic polarity. Ankyrin G is postulated to have similar structural and organizational roles at synaptic terminals. Finally, ankyrin G is implicated in both neurogenesis and neuroprotection. ANK3 and other BD risk genes participate in some of the same biological pathways and neural processes that highlight several mechanisms by which they may contribute to BD pathophysiology. Biological investigation in cellular and animal model systems will be critical for elucidating the mechanism through which ANK3 confers risk of BD. This knowledge is expected to lead to a better understanding of the brain abnormalities contributing to BD symptoms, and to potentially identify new targets for treatment and intervention approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Leussis
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee HJ, Bian S, Jakovcevski I, Wu B, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Delayed Applications of L1 and Chondroitinase ABC Promote Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1850-63. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joon Lee
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shan Bian
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bin Wu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Irintchev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Role of L1CAM for axon sprouting and branching. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:39-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
32
|
Bukalo O, Dityatev A. Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:97-128. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
33
|
Jovanovic JN, Thomson AM. Development of cortical GABAergic innervation. Front Cell Neurosci 2011; 5:14. [PMID: 21808605 PMCID: PMC3139172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2011.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature neocortex contains many different classes of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, distributed, with some degree of selectivity, through six layers, and through many different regions. Some of the events in the early lives of these neurones that may determine their ultimate destination, their maturation and their selective innervation of targets appropriate for each subtype, are discussed. Both time and place of birth influence the class of interneuron that an early post-mitotic interneuronal precursor will become, driven by the selective expression of different combinations of transcription factors in different regions of their birth places in the ganglionic eminence and ventricular zone. The long distance migration of these precursors along tangential routes in marginal, subventricular, and intermediate zones and their final radial movement, into the developing cortex, is regulated by chemical cues, both attractant and repellent. Once they arrive at their final destination, they must integrate into the developing circuitry. As they mature within the cortex, their axons grow and branch in highly specific patterns that may be partially determined by the genetic blueprint for each interneuronal class and partly by the environment in which they find themselves. Finally, as each interneuron class begins to form synapses with only certain postsynaptic targets, cell–cell recognition, most probably via protein–protein interactions across the synaptic cleft, facilitate the formation of appropriate synapses.
Collapse
|