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Clowry GJ. Is there a consensus on the location and composition of the human subplate? J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25605. [PMID: 38454555 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cortical wall of human fetal cerebral cortex (early second trimester immunostained for a synaptic marker [red]) revealing the extent of the subplate, which is considerably wider than the cortical plate at this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Clowry
- Biosciences Institute and Centre for Transformative Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Nano PR, Fazzari E, Azizad D, Nguyen CV, Wang S, Kan RL, Wick B, Haeussler M, Bhaduri A. A Meta-Atlas of the Developing Human Cortex Identifies Modules Driving Cell Subtype Specification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557406. [PMID: 37745597 PMCID: PMC10515829 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Human brain development requires the generation of hundreds of diverse cell types, a process targeted by recent single-cell transcriptomic profiling efforts. Through a meta-analysis of seven of these published datasets, we have generated 225 meta-modules - gene co-expression networks that can describe mechanisms underlying cortical development. Several meta-modules have potential roles in both establishing and refining cortical cell type identities, and we validated their spatiotemporal expression in primary human cortical tissues. These include meta-module 20, associated with FEZF2+ deep layer neurons. Half of meta-module 20 genes are putative FEZF2 targets, including TSHZ3, a transcription factor associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Human cortical organoid experiments validated that both factors are necessary for deep layer neuron specification. Importantly, subtle manipulations of these factors drive slight changes in meta-module activity that cascade into strong differences in cell fate - demonstrating how of our meta-atlas can engender further mechanistic analyses of cortical fate specification.
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3
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Glass MR, Waxman EA, Yamashita S, Lafferty M, Beltran A, Farah T, Patel NK, Matoba N, Ahmed S, Srivastava M, Drake E, Davis LT, Yeturi M, Sun K, Love MI, Hashimoto-Torii K, French DL, Stein JL. Cross-site reproducibility of human cortical organoids reveals consistent cell type composition and architecture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.550873. [PMID: 37546772 PMCID: PMC10402155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Reproducibility of human cortical organoid (hCO) phenotypes remains a concern for modeling neurodevelopmental disorders. While guided hCO protocols reproducibly generate cortical cell types in multiple cell lines at one site, variability across sites using a harmonized protocol has not yet been evaluated. We present an hCO cross-site reproducibility study examining multiple phenotypes. Methods Three independent research groups generated hCOs from one induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line using a harmonized miniaturized spinning bioreactor protocol. scRNA-seq, 3D fluorescent imaging, phase contrast imaging, qPCR, and flow cytometry were used to characterize the 3 month differentiations across sites. Results In all sites, hCOs were mostly cortical progenitor and neuronal cell types in reproducible proportions with moderate to high fidelity to the in vivo brain that were consistently organized in cortical wall-like buds. Cross-site differences were detected in hCO size and morphology. Differential gene expression showed differences in metabolism and cellular stress across sites. Although iPSC culture conditions were consistent and iPSCs remained undifferentiated, primed stem cell marker expression prior to differentiation correlated with cell type proportions in hCOs. Conclusions We identified hCO phenotypes that are reproducible across sites using a harmonized differentiation protocol. Previously described limitations of hCO models were also reproduced including off-target differentiations, necrotic cores, and cellular stress. Improving our understanding of how stem cell states influence early hCO cell types may increase reliability of hCO differentiations. Cross-site reproducibility of hCO cell type proportions and organization lays the foundation for future collaborative prospective meta-analytic studies modeling neurodevelopmental disorders in hCOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R Glass
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elisa A Waxman
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Michael Lafferty
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alvaro Beltran
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Tala Farah
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Niyanta K Patel
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Nana Matoba
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sara Ahmed
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mary Srivastava
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emma Drake
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Liam T Davis
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Meghana Yeturi
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kexin Sun
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael I Love
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Pharmacology & Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deborah L French
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jason L Stein
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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4
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Large-scale perfused tissues via synthetic 3D soft microfluidics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:193. [PMID: 36635264 PMCID: PMC9837048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascularization of engineered tissues and organoids has remained a major unresolved challenge in regenerative medicine. While multiple approaches have been developed to vascularize in vitro tissues, it has thus far not been possible to generate sufficiently dense networks of small-scale vessels to perfuse large de novo tissues. Here, we achieve the perfusion of multi-mm3 tissue constructs by generating networks of synthetic capillary-scale 3D vessels. Our 3D soft microfluidic strategy is uniquely enabled by a 3D-printable 2-photon-polymerizable hydrogel formulation, which allows for precise microvessel printing at scales below the diffusion limit of living tissues. We demonstrate that these large-scale engineered tissues are viable, proliferative and exhibit complex morphogenesis during long-term in-vitro culture, while avoiding hypoxia and necrosis. We show by scRNAseq and immunohistochemistry that neural differentiation is significantly accelerated in perfused neural constructs. Additionally, we illustrate the versatility of this platform by demonstrating long-term perfusion of developing neural and liver tissue. This fully synthetic vascularization platform opens the door to the generation of human tissue models at unprecedented scale and complexity.
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Kopić J, Junaković A, Salamon I, Rasin MR, Kostović I, Krsnik Ž. Early Regional Patterning in the Human Prefrontal Cortex Revealed by Laminar Dynamics of Deep Projection Neuron Markers. Cells 2023; 12:231. [PMID: 36672166 PMCID: PMC9856843 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early regional patterning and laminar position of cortical projection neurons is determined by activation and deactivation of transcriptional factors (TFs) and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate spatiotemporal framework of neurogenetic processes (proliferation, migration, aggregation, postmigratory differentiation, molecular identity acquisition, axonal growth, dendritic development, and synaptogenesis) within transient cellular compartments. Deep-layer projection neurons (DPN), subplate (SPN), and Cajal-Retzius neurons (CRN) are early-born cells involved in the establishment of basic laminar and regional cortical architecture; nonetheless, laminar dynamics of their molecular transcriptional markers remain underexplored. Here we aimed to analyze laminar dynamics of DPN markers, i.e., transcription factors TBR1, CTIP2, TLE4, SOX5, and RBP CELF1 on histological serial sections of the human frontal cortex between 7.5-15 postconceptional weeks (PCW) in reference to transient proliferative, migratory, and postmigratory compartments. The subtle signs of regional patterning were seen during the late preplate phase in the pattern of sublaminar organization of TBR1+/Reelin+ CRN and TBR1+ pioneering SPN. During the cortical plate (CP)-formation phase, TBR1+ neurons became radially aligned, forming continuity from a well-developed subventricular zone to CP showing clear lateral to medial regional gradients. The most prominent regional patterning was seen during the subplate formation phase (around 13 PCW) when a unique feature of the orbitobasal frontal cortex displays a "double plate" pattern. In other portions of the frontal cortex (lateral, dorsal, medial) deep portion of CP becomes loose and composed of TBR1+, CTIP2+, TLE4+, and CELF1+ neurons of layer six and later-born SPN, which later become constituents of the expanded SP (around 15 PCW). Overall, TFs and RBPs mark characteristic regional laminar dynamics of DPN, SPN, and CRN subpopulations during remarkably early fetal phases of the highly ordered association cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Kopić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alisa Junaković
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Salamon
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mladen-Roko Rasin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ivica Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Qian X, Su Y, Adam CD, Deutschmann AU, Pather SR, Goldberg EM, Su K, Li S, Lu L, Jacob F, Nguyen PTT, Huh S, Hoke A, Swinford-Jackson SE, Wen Z, Gu X, Pierce RC, Wu H, Briand LA, Chen HI, Wolf JA, Song H, Ming GL. Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Modeling Distinct Cortical Layer Formation. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:766-781.e9. [PMID: 32142682 PMCID: PMC7366517 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human brain organoids provide unique platforms for modeling development and diseases by recapitulating the architecture of the embryonic brain. However, current organoid methods are limited by interior hypoxia and cell death due to insufficient surface diffusion, preventing generation of architecture resembling late developmental stages. Here, we report the sliced neocortical organoid (SNO) system, which bypasses the diffusion limit to prevent cell death over long-term cultures. This method leads to sustained neurogenesis and formation of an expanded cortical plate that establishes distinct upper and deep cortical layers for neurons and astrocytes, resembling the third trimester embryonic human neocortex. Using the SNO system, we further identify a critical role of WNT/β-catenin signaling in regulating human cortical neuron subtype fate specification, which is disrupted by a psychiatric-disorder-associated genetic mutation in patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived SNOs. These results demonstrate the utility of SNOs for investigating previously inaccessible human-specific, late-stage cortical development and disease-relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yijing Su
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher D Adam
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Sarshan R Pather
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenong Su
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fadi Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Phuong T T Nguyen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sooyoung Huh
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lisa A Briand
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John A Wolf
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Adorjan I, Tyler T, Bhaduri A, Demharter S, Finszter CK, Bako M, Sebok OM, Nowakowski TJ, Khodosevich K, Møllgård K, Kriegstein AR, Shi L, Hoerder‐Suabedissen A, Ansorge O, Molnár Z. Neuroserpin expression during human brain development and in adult brain revealed by immunohistochemistry and single cell RNA sequencing. J Anat 2019; 235:543-554. [PMID: 30644551 PMCID: PMC6704272 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroserpin is a serine-protease inhibitor mainly expressed in the CNS and involved in the inhibition of the proteolytic cascade. Animal models confirmed its neuroprotective role in perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia and adult stroke. Although neuroserpin may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of the aforementioned conditions, there is still no information in the literature on its distribution during human brain development. The present study provides a detailed description of the changing spatiotemporal patterns of neuroserpin focusing on physiological human brain development. Five stages were distinguished within our examined age range which spanned from the 7th gestational week until adulthood. In particular, subplate and deep cortical plate neurons were identified as the main sources of neuroserpin production between the 25th gestational week and the first postnatal month. Our immunohistochemical findings were substantiated by single cell RNA sequencing data showing specific neuronal and glial cell types expressing neuroserpin. The characterization of neuroserpin expression during physiological human brain development is essential for forthcoming studies which will explore its involvement in pathological conditions, such as perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia and adult stroke in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Neuropathology UnitNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Samuel Demharter
- Biotech Research and Innovation CentreUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Maria Bako
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Oliver Marcell Sebok
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineThe Panum InstituteFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Lei Shi
- Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug ResearchJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Olaf Ansorge
- Neuropathology UnitNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Genome-Wide Association Study of Cerebral Microbleeds on MRI. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:146-155. [PMID: 31209788 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds are the presence of a group of pathological processes affecting the small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the brain. Previous studies showed that cerebral microbleeds were associated with higher risk of dementia and stroke. We conducted a genome-wide association study of cerebral microbleeds to identify novel loci associated with the presence and progression of cerebral microbleeds. This study included 454 individuals composed by 176 subjects with cerebral microbleeds and 278 subjects without cerebral microbleeds in a non-Hispanic/Latino white population. Association of genetic variants with the presence and progression of cerebral microbleeds was assessed by logistic regression model. Potential genetic risk variants Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphisms were independently genotyped and checked the association with the presence and progression of cerebral microbleeds. No single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the presence or progression of cerebral microbleeds were identified at genome-wide significant level (P < 1 × 10-8). A total of 19 SNPs were associated with the presence of microbleeds at suggestive level (P < 1 × 10-5). One SNP was associated with lower progression risk for cerebral microbleeds with suggestive evidence (P < 1 × 10-5). ApoE ε4ε4 was independently associated with the presence and progression of cerebral microbleeds (odds ratio = 2.54, 95% confidence interval 1.08-6.00 and odds ratio = 5.1, 95% confidence interval 1.36-19.16). We highlighted 19 novel SNPs associated with the presence of cerebral microbleeds and one novel SNP associated with the progression of cerebral microbleeds for the first time. ApoE ε4ε4 was confirmed independently associated with the presence and progression of cerebral microbleeds.
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Abstract
Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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10
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Alzu’bi A, Homman-Ludiye J, Bourne JA, Clowry GJ. Thalamocortical Afferents Innervate the Cortical Subplate much Earlier in Development in Primate than in Rodent. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1706-1718. [PMID: 30668846 PMCID: PMC6418397 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current model, based on rodent data, proposes that thalamocortical afferents (TCA) innervate the subplate towards the end of cortical neurogenesis. This implies that the laminar identity of cortical neurons is specified by intrinsic instructions rather than information of thalamic origin. In order to determine whether this mechanism is conserved in the primates, we examined the growth of thalamocortical (TCA) and corticofugal afferents in early human and monkey fetal development. In the human, TCA, identified by secretagogin, calbindin, and ROBO1 immunoreactivity, were observed in the internal capsule of the ventral telencephalon as early as 7-7.5 PCW, crossing the pallial/subpallial boundary (PSB) by 8 PCW before the calretinin immunoreactive corticofugal fibers do. Furthermore, TCA were observed to be passing through the intermediate zone and innervating the presubplate of the dorsolateral cortex, and already by 10-12 PCW TCAs were occupying much of the cortex. Observations at equivalent stages in the marmoset confirmed that this pattern is conserved across primates. Therefore, our results demonstrate that in primates, TCAs innervate the cortical presubplate at earlier stages than previously demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, suggesting that pioneer thalamic afferents may contribute to early cortical circuitry that can participate in defining cortical neuron phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu’bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jihane Homman-Ludiye
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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11
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Analysis of regeneration- and myelination-associated proteins in human neuroma in continuity and discontinuity. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018; 160:1269-1281. [PMID: 29656327 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-018-3544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromas are pathologic nerve distensions caused by a nerve's response to trauma, resulting in a dysfunctional to non-functional nerve. Depending on the severance of the affected nerve, the resulting neuroma can be differentiated into continuous and stump neuroma. While neuroma formation has been investigated in animal models with enormous regenerative capacity, the search for differences in human response to nerve trauma on a molecular level ultimately seeks to identify reasons for functionally successful versus unsuccessful regeneration after peripheral nerve trauma in man. METHODS In the present study, the regenerative potential of axons and the capability of Schwann cells (SC) to remyelinate regenerating axons was quantitatively and segmentally analyzed and compared within human neuroma in-continuity and discontinuity. RESULTS For the stump neuroma and the neuroma in-continuity, there was a significant reduction of the total number of axons (86% stump neuroma and 91% neuroma in-continuity) from the proximal to the distal part of the neuroma, while the amount of fibrotic tissue increased, respectively. Labeling the myelin sheath of regenerating axons revealed a remyelination of regenerating axons by SCs in both neuroma types. The segmented analysis showed no distinct alterations in the number and spatial distribution of regenerating, mature, and myelinated axons between continuous and discontinuous neuroma. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative and segmented analysis showed no distinct alterations in the number and spatial distribution of regenerating, mature, and myelinated axons between continuous and discontinuous neuroma, while the extensive expression of Gap43 in up to 55% of the human neuroma axons underlines their regenerative capacity independent of whether the neuroma is in continuity or discontinuity. Remyelination of Gap43-positive axons suggests that the capability of SCs to remyelinate regenerating axons is preserved in neuroma tissue.
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12
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Basuodan R, Basu AP, Clowry GJ. Human neural stem cells dispersed in artificial ECM form cerebral organoids when grafted in vivo. J Anat 2018; 233:155-166. [PMID: 29745426 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSC) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into neurons that could be used for transplantation to repair brain injury. In this study we dispersed such hNSC in a three-dimensional artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) and compared their differentiation in vitro and following grafting into the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of postnatal day (P)14 rat pups lesioned by localised injection of endothelin-1 at P12. After 10-43 days of in vitro differentiation, a few cells remained as PAX6+ neuroprogenitors but many more resembled post-mitotic neurons expressing doublecortin, β-tubulin and MAP2. These cells remained dispersed throughout the ECM, but with extended long processes for over 50 μm. In vivo, by 1 month post grafting, cells expressing human specific markers instead organised into cerebral organoids: columns of tightly packed PAX6 co-expressing progenitor cells arranged around small tubular lumen in rosettes, with a looser network of cells with processes around the outside co-expressing markers of immature neurons including doublecortin, and CTIP2 characteristic of corticofugal neurons. Host cells also invaded the graft including microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells forming blood vessels. By 10 weeks post-grafting, the organoids had disappeared and the aECM had started to break down with fewer transplanted cells remaining. In vitro, cerebral organoids form in rotating incubators that force oxygen and nutrients to the centre of the structures. We have shown that cerebral organoids can form in vivo; intrinsic factors may direct their organisation including infiltration by host blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura bint Abdulrhman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna P Basu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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13
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The logistics of afferent cortical specification in mice and men. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:112-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Alzu'bi A, Lindsay SJ, Harkin LF, McIntyre J, Lisgo SN, Clowry GJ. The Transcription Factors COUP-TFI and COUP-TFII have Distinct Roles in Arealisation and GABAergic Interneuron Specification in the Early Human Fetal Telencephalon. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:4971-4987. [PMID: 28922831 PMCID: PMC5903418 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In human telencephalon at 8-12 postconceptional weeks, ribonucleic acid quantitative sequencing and immunohistochemistry revealed cortical chicken ovalbumin upstream promotor-transcription factor 1 (COUP-TFI) expression in a high ventro-posterior to low anterior gradient except for raised immunoreactivity in the anterior ventral pallium. Unlike in mouse, COUP-TFI and SP8 were extensively co-expressed in dorsal sensory neocortex and dorsal hippocampus whereas COUPTFI/COUPTFII co-expression defined ventral temporal cortex and ventral hippocampus. In the ganglionic eminences (GEs) COUP-TFI immunoreactivity demarcated the proliferative zones of caudal GE (CGE), dorsal medial GE (MGE), MGE/lateral GE (LGE) boundary, and ventral LGE whereas COUP-TFII was limited to ventral CGE and the MGE/LGE boundary. Co-labeling with gamma amino butyric acidergic interneuron markers revealed that COUP-TFI was expressed in subpopulations of either MGE-derived (SOX6+) or CGE-derived (calretinin+/SP8+) interneurons. COUP-TFII was mainly confined to CGE-derived interneurons. Twice as many GAD67+ cortical cells co-labeled for COUP-TFI than for COUP-TFII. A fifth of COUP-TFI cells also co-expressed COUP-TFII, and cells expressing either transcription factor followed posterior or anterio-lateral pathways into the cortex, therefore, a segregation of migration pathways according to COUP-TF expression as proposed in mouse was not observed. In cultures differentiated from isolated human cortical progenitors, many cells expressed either COUP-TF and 30% also co-expressed GABA, however no cells expressed NKX2.1. This suggests interneurons could be generated intracortically from progenitors expressing either COUP-TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu'bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan J Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lauren F Harkin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Present address: School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Jack McIntyre
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Steven N Lisgo
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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15
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Charting the protomap of the human telencephalon. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:3-14. [PMID: 28834762 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is divided stereotypically into a number of functionally distinct areas. According to the protomap hypothesis formulated by Rakic neural progenitors in the ventricular zone form a mosaic of proliferative units that provide a primordial species-specific cortical map. Positional information of newborn neurons is maintained during their migration to the overlying cortical plate. Much evidence has been found to support this hypothesis from studies of primary cortical areas in mouse models in particular. Differential expansion of cortical areas and the introduction of new functional modules during evolution might be the result of changes in the progenitor cells. The human cerebral cortex shows a wide divergence from the mouse containing a much higher proportion of association cortex and a more complicated regionalised repertoire of neuron sub-types. To what extent does the protomap hypothesis hold true for the primate brain? This review summarises a growing number of studies exploring arealised gene expression in the early developing human telencephalon. The evidence so far is that the human and mouse brain do share fundamental mechanisms of areal specification, however there are subtle differences which could lead us to a better understanding of cortical evolution and the origins of neurodevelopmental diseases.
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16
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Fame RM, Dehay C, Kennedy H, Macklis JD. Subtype-Specific Genes that Characterize Subpopulations of Callosal Projection Neurons in Mouse Identify Molecularly Homologous Populations in Macaque Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1817-1830. [PMID: 26874185 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Callosal projection neurons (CPN) interconnect the neocortical hemispheres via the corpus callosum and are implicated in associative integration of multimodal information. CPN have undergone differential evolutionary elaboration, leading to increased diversity of cortical neurons-and more extensive and varied connections in neocortical gray and white matter-in primates compared with rodents. In mouse, distinct sets of genes are enriched in discrete subpopulations of CPN, indicating the molecular diversity of rodent CPN. Elements of rodent CPN functional and organizational diversity might thus be present in the further elaborated primate cortex. We address the hypothesis that genes controlling mouse CPN subtype diversity might reflect molecular patterns shared among mammals that arose prior to the divergence of rodents and primates. We find that, while early expression of the examined CPN-enriched genes, and postmigratory expression of these CPN-enriched genes in deep layers are highly conserved (e.g., Ptn, Nnmt, Cited2, Dkk3), in contrast, the examined genes expressed by superficial layer CPN show more variable levels of conservation (e.g., EphA3, Chn2). These results suggest that there has been evolutionarily differential retraction and elaboration of superficial layer CPN subpopulations between mouse and macaque, with independent derivation of novel populations in primates. Together, these data inform future studies regarding CPN subpopulations that are unique to primates and rodents, and indicate putative evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Colette Dehay
- Inserm U1208, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Inserm U1208, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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17
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Carr L, Parkinson DB, Dun XP. Expression patterns of Slit and Robo family members in adult mouse spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172736. [PMID: 28234971 PMCID: PMC5325304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted glycoproteins, Slit1-3, are classic axon guidance molecules that act as repulsive cues through their well characterised receptors Robo1-2 to allow precise axon pathfinding and neuronal migration. The expression patterns of Slit1-3 and Robo1-2 have been most characterized in the rodent developing nervous system and the adult brain, but little is known about their expression patterns in the adult rodent peripheral nervous system. Here, we report a detailed expression analysis of Slit1-3 and Robo1-2 in the adult mouse sciatic nerve as well as their expression in the nerve cell bodies within the ventral spinal cord (motor neurons) and dorsal root ganglion (sensory neurons). Our results show that, in the adult mouse peripheral nervous system, Slit1-3 and Robo1-2 are expressed in the cell bodies and axons of both motor and sensory neurons. While Slit1 and Robo2 are only expressed in peripheral axons and their cell bodies, Slit2, Slit3 and Robo1 are also expressed in satellite cells of the dorsal root ganglion, Schwann cells and fibroblasts of peripheral nerves. In addition to these expression patterns, we also demonstrate the expression of Robo1 in blood vessels of the peripheral nerves. Our work gives important new data on the expression patterns of Slit and Robo family members within the peripheral nervous system that may relate both to nerve homeostasis and the reaction of the peripheral nerves to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Carr
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Parkinson
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-peng Dun
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
- Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xian-Ning City, Hubei, China
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18
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Cipriani S, Journiac N, Nardelli J, Verney C, Delezoide AL, Guimiot F, Gressens P, Adle-Biassette H. Dynamic Expression Patterns of Progenitor and Neuron Layer Markers in the Developing Human Dentate Gyrus and Fimbria. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:358-372. [PMID: 26443441 PMCID: PMC5894254 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the development of the human dentate gyrus are not known. In this study, we characterized the formation of human dentate and fimbrial progenitors and postmitotic neurons from 9 gestational weeks (GW9) to GW25. PAX6+ progenitor cells remained proliferative until GW16 in the dentate ventricular zone. By GW11, the secondary dentate matrix had developed in the intermediate zone, surrounding the dentate anlage and streaming toward the subpial layer. This secondary matrix contained proliferating PAX6+ and/or TBR2+ progenitors. In parallel, SOX2+ and PAX6+ fimbrial cells were detected approaching the dentate anlage, representing a possible source of extra-dentate progenitors. By GW16, when the granule cell layer could be delineated, a hilar matrix containing PAX6+ and some TBR2+ progenitors had become identifiable. By GW25, when the 2 limbs of the granule cell layer had formed, the secondary dentate matrix was reduced to a pool of progenitors at the fimbrio-dentate junction. Although human dentate development recapitulates key steps previously described in rodents, differences seemed to emerge in neuron layer markers expression. Further studies are necessary to better elucidate their role in dentate formation and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cipriani
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Journiac
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Jeannette Nardelli
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Verney
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Lise Delezoide
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
- Service de Biologie du Développement, Hôpital Robert-Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
- Service de Biologie du Développement, Hôpital Robert-Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Homa Adle-Biassette
- INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Lariboisère, APHP, Paris, France
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19
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Harkin LF, Lindsay SJ, Xu Y, Alzu'bi A, Ferrara A, Gullon EA, James OG, Clowry GJ. Neurexins 1-3 Each Have a Distinct Pattern of Expression in the Early Developing Human Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:216-232. [PMID: 28013231 PMCID: PMC5654756 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins (NRXNs) are presynaptic terminal proteins and candidate neurodevelopmental disorder susceptibility genes; mutations presumably upset synaptic stabilization and function. However, analysis of human cortical tissue samples by RNAseq and quantitative real-time PCR at 8-12 postconceptional weeks, prior to extensive synapse formation, showed expression of all three NRXNs as well as several potential binding partners. However, the levels of expression were not identical; NRXN1 increased with age and NRXN2 levels were consistently higher than for NRXN3. Immunohistochemistry for each NRXN also revealed different expression patterns at this stage of development. NRXN1 and NRXN3 immunoreactivity was generally strongest in the cortical plate and increased in the ventricular zone with age, but was weak in the synaptogenic presubplate (pSP) and marginal zone. On the other hand, NRXN2 colocalized with synaptophysin in neurites of the pSP, but especially with GAP43 and CASK in growing axons of the intermediate zone. Alternative splicing modifies the role of NRXNs and we found evidence by RNAseq for exon skipping at splice site 4 and concomitant expression of KHDBRS proteins which control this splicing. NRXN2 may play a part in early cortical synaptogenesis, but NRXNs could have diverse roles in development including axon guidance, and intercellular communication between proliferating cells and/or migrating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Harkin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Present address: School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Susan J Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Present address: Wellcome Trust, Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ayman Alzu'bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Alexandra Ferrara
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emily A Gullon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Owen G James
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Present address: MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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20
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Alzu'bi A, Lindsay S, Kerwin J, Looi SJ, Khalil F, Clowry GJ. Distinct cortical and sub-cortical neurogenic domains for GABAergic interneuron precursor transcription factors NKX2.1, OLIG2 and COUP-TFII in early fetal human telencephalon. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2309-2328. [PMID: 27905023 PMCID: PMC5504260 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The extent of similarities and differences between cortical GABAergic interneuron generation in rodent and primate telencephalon remains contentious. We examined expression of three interneuron precursor transcription factors, alongside other markers, using immunohistochemistry on 8–12 post-conceptional weeks (PCW) human telencephalon sections. NKX2.1, OLIG2, and COUP-TFII expression occupied distinct (although overlapping) neurogenic domains which extended into the cortex and revealed three CGE compartments: lateral, medial, and ventral. NKX2.1 expression was very largely confined to the MGE, medial CGE, and ventral septum confirming that, at this developmental stage, interneuron generation from NKX2.1+ precursors closely resembles the process observed in rodents. OLIG2 immunoreactivity was observed in GABAergic cells of the proliferative zones of the MGE and septum, but not necessarily co-expressed with NKX2.1, and OLIG2 expression was also extensively seen in the LGE, CGE, and cortex. At 8 PCW, OLIG2+ cells were only present in the medial and anterior cortical wall suggesting a migratory pathway for interneuron precursors via the septum into the medial cortex. By 12 PCW, OLIG2+ cells were present throughout the cortex and many were actively dividing but without co-expressing cortical progenitor markers. Dividing COUP-TFII+ progenitor cells were localized to ventral CGE as previously described but were also numerous in adjacent ventral cortex; in both the cases, COUP-TFII was co-expressed with PAX6 in proliferative zones and TBR1 or calretinin in post-mitotic cortical neurons. Thus COUP-TFII+ progenitors gave rise to pyramidal cells, but also interneurons which not only migrated posteriorly into the cortex from ventral CGE but also anteriorly via the LGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu'bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Janet Kerwin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Shi Jie Looi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Fareha Khalil
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Parkway Drive, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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21
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Struebing FL, Lee RK, Williams RW, Geisert EE. Genetic Networks in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells. Front Genet 2016; 7:169. [PMID: 27733864 PMCID: PMC5039302 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output neuron of the eye, transmitting visual information from the retina through the optic nerve to the brain. The importance of RGCs for vision is demonstrated in blinding diseases where RGCs are lost, such as in glaucoma or after optic nerve injury. In the present study, we hypothesize that normal RGC function is transcriptionally regulated. To test our hypothesis, we examine large retinal expression microarray datasets from recombinant inbred mouse strains in GeneNetwork and define transcriptional networks of RGCs and their subtypes. Two major and functionally distinct transcriptional networks centering around Thy1 and Tubb3 (Class III beta-tubulin) were identified. Each network is independently regulated and modulated by unique genomic loci. Meta-analysis of publically available data confirms that RGC subtypes are differentially susceptible to death, with alpha-RGCs and intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) being less sensitive to cell death than other RGC subtypes in a mouse model of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix L Struebing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Eldon E Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Harkin LF, Gerrelli D, Gold Diaz DC, Santos C, Alzu'bi A, Austin CA, Clowry GJ. Distinct expression patterns for type II topoisomerases IIA and IIB in the early foetal human telencephalon. J Anat 2015; 228:452-63. [PMID: 26612825 PMCID: PMC4832326 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TOP2A and TOP2B are type II topoisomerase enzymes that have important but distinct roles in DNA replication and RNA transcription. Recently, TOP2B has been implicated in the transcription of long genes in particular that play crucial roles in neural development and are susceptible to mutations contributing to neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism and schizophrenia. This study maps their expression in the early foetal human telencephalon between 9 and 12 post‐conceptional weeks. TOP2A immunoreactivity was restricted to cell nuclei of the proliferative layers of the cortex and ganglionic eminences (GE), including the ventricular zone and subventricular zone (SVZ) closely matching expression of the proliferation marker KI67. Comparison with sections immunolabelled for NKX2.1, a medial GE (MGE) marker, and PAX6, a cortical progenitor cell and lateral GE (LGE) marker, revealed that TOP2A‐expressing cells were more abundant in MGE than the LGE. In the cortex, TOP2B is expressed in cell nuclei in both proliferative (SVZ) and post‐mitotic compartments (intermediate zone and cortical plate) as revealed by comparison with immunostaining for PAX6 and the post‐mitotic neuron marker TBR1. However, co‐expression with KI67 was rare. In the GE, TOP2B was also expressed by proliferative and post‐mitotic compartments. In situ hybridisation studies confirmed these patterns of expression, except that TOP2A mRNA is restricted to cells in the G2/M phase of division. Thus, during early development, TOP2A is likely to have a role in cell proliferation, whereas TOP2B is expressed in post‐mitotic cells and may be important in controlling expression of long genes even at this early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Harkin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Chloe Santos
- HDBR Resource, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ayman Alzu'bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline A Austin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural constructs for predicting neural toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12516-21. [PMID: 26392547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516645112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-based in vitro models that reflect human physiology have the potential to reduce the number of drug failures in clinical trials and offer a cost-effective approach for assessing chemical safety. Here, human embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived neural progenitor cells, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and microglia/macrophage precursors were combined on chemically defined polyethylene glycol hydrogels and cultured in serum-free medium to model cellular interactions within the developing brain. The precursors self-assembled into 3D neural constructs with diverse neuronal and glial populations, interconnected vascular networks, and ramified microglia. Replicate constructs were reproducible by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and expressed neurogenesis, vasculature development, and microglia genes. Linear support vector machines were used to construct a predictive model from RNA-Seq data for 240 neural constructs treated with 34 toxic and 26 nontoxic chemicals. The predictive model was evaluated using two standard hold-out testing methods: a nearly unbiased leave-one-out cross-validation for the 60 training compounds and an unbiased blinded trial using a single hold-out set of 10 additional chemicals. The linear support vector produced an estimate for future data of 0.91 in the cross-validation experiment and correctly classified 9 of 10 chemicals in the blinded trial.
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24
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Koeda M, Watanabe A, Tsuda K, Matsumoto M, Ikeda Y, Kim W, Tateno A, Naing BT, Karibe H, Shimada T, Suzuki H, Matsuura M, Okubo Y. Interaction effect between handedness and CNTNAP2 polymorphism (rs7794745 genotype) on voice-specific frontotemporal activity in healthy individuals: an fMRI study. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:87. [PMID: 25941478 PMCID: PMC4403548 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that Contactin-associated protein-like2 (CNTNAP2) polymorphisms affect left-hemispheric function of language processing in healthy individuals, but no study has investigated the influence of these polymorphisms on right-hemispheric function involved in human voice perception. Further, although recent reports suggest that determination of handedness is influenced by genetic effect, the interaction effect between handedness and CNTNAP2 polymorphisms for brain activity in human voice perception and language processing has not been revealed. We aimed to investigate the interaction effect of handedness and CNTNAP2 polymorphisms in respect to brain function for human voice perception and language processing in healthy individuals. Brain function of 108 healthy volunteers (74 right-handed and 34 non-right-handed) was examined while they were passively listening to reverse sentences (rSEN), identifiable non-vocal sounds (SND), and sentences (SEN). Full factorial design analysis was calculated by using three factors: (1) rs7794745 (A/A or A/T), (2) rs2710102 [G/G or A carrier (A/G and A/A)], and (3) voice-specific response (rSEN or SND). The main effect of rs7794745 (A/A or A/T) was significantly revealed at the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG). This result suggests that rs7794745 genotype affects voice-specific brain function. Furthermore, interaction effect was significantly observed among MFG-STG activations by human voice perception, rs7794745 (A/A or A/T), and handedness. These results suggest that CNTNAP2 polymorphisms could be one of the important factors in the neural development related to vocal communication and language processing in both right-handed and non-right-handed healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Koeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Division of Personalized Genetic Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tsuda
- Department of Biofunctional Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwako Matsumoto
- Department of Biofunctional Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ikeda
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nippon Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Woochan Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amane Tateno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Banyar Than Naing
- Division of Personalized Genetic Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Karibe
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nippon Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuura
- Department of Biofunctional Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Cipriani S, Nardelli J, Verney C, Delezoide AL, Guimiot F, Gressens P, Adle-Biassette H. Dynamic Expression Patterns of Progenitor and Pyramidal Neuron Layer Markers in the Developing Human Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:1255-71. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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26
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Al-Jaberi N, Lindsay S, Sarma S, Bayatti N, Clowry GJ. The early fetal development of human neocortical GABAergic interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:631-45. [PMID: 24047602 PMCID: PMC4318531 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are crucial to controlling the excitability and responsiveness of cortical circuitry. Their developmental origin may differ between rodents and human. We have demonstrated the expression of 12 GABAergic interneuron-associated genes in samples from human neocortex by quantitative rtPCR from 8 to 12 postconceptional weeks (PCW) and shown a significant anterior to posterior expression gradient, confirmed by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry for GAD1 and 2, DLX1, 2, and 5, ASCL1, OLIG2, and CALB2. Following cortical plate (CP) formation from 8 to 9 PCW, a proportion of cells were strongly stained for all these markers in the CP and presubplate. ASCL1 and DLX2 maintained high expression in the proliferative zones and showed extensive immunofluorescent double-labeling with the cell division marker Ki-67. CALB2-positive cells increased steadily in the SVZ/VZ from 10 PCW but were not double-labeled with Ki-67. Expression of GABAergic genes was generally higher in the dorsal pallium than in the ganglionic eminences, with lower expression in the intervening ventral pallium. It is widely accepted that the cortical proliferative zones may generate CALB2-positive interneurons from mid-gestation; we now show that the anterior neocortical proliferative layers especially may be a rich source of interneurons in the early neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahidh Al-Jaberi
- Institute of Neuroscience Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Subrot Sarma
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Institute of Neuroscience Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK Current address: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
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27
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Blockus H, Chédotal A. The multifaceted roles of Slits and Robos in cortical circuits: from proliferation to axon guidance and neurological diseases. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:82-8. [PMID: 24698714 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Slit repulsion, mediated by Robo receptors, is known to play a major role in axon guidance in the nervous system. However, recent studies have revealed that in the mammalian cortex these molecules are highly versatile and that their function extends far beyond axon guidance. They act at all phases of development to control neurogenesis, neuronal migration, axon patterning, dendritic outgrowth and spinogenesis. The expression of Robo receptors in cortical and thalamocortical axons (TCAs) is tightly regulated by a combination of transcription factors (TFs), proteases and activity. These findings also suggest that Slit and Robos have influenced the evolution of cortical circuits. Last, novel genetic evidence associates various neurological disorders, such as autism, to abnormal Slit/Robo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Blockus
- INSERM UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la vision, F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR7210, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- INSERM UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la vision, F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR7210, F-75012 Paris, France.
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28
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Marnetto D, Molineris I, Grassi E, Provero P. Genome-wide identification and characterization of fixed human-specific regulatory regions. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:39-48. [PMID: 24995867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in gene regulatory networks are believed to have played an important role in the development of human-specific anatomy and behavior. We identified the human genome regions that show the typical chromatin marks of regulatory regions but cannot be aligned to other mammalian genomes. Most of these regions have become fixed in the human genome. Their regulatory targets are enriched in genes involved in neural processes, CNS development, and diseases such as autism, depression, and schizophrenia. Specific transposable elements contributing to the rewiring of the human regulatory network can be identified by the creation of human-specific regulatory regions. Our results confirm the relevance of regulatory evolution in the emergence of human traits and cognitive abilities and the importance of newly acquired genomic elements for such evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marnetto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ivan Molineris
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Grassi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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29
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Nitric oxide signaling in the development and evolution of language and cognitive circuits. Neurosci Res 2014; 86:77-87. [PMID: 24933499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex underlies not only remarkable motor and sensory capabilities, but also some of our most distinctly human cognitive functions. The emergence of these higher functions during evolution was accompanied by structural changes in the neocortex, including the acquisition of areal specializations such as Broca's speech and language area. The study of these evolutionary mechanisms, which likely involve species-dependent gene expression and function, represents a substantial challenge. These species differences, however, may represent valuable opportunities to understand the molecular underpinnings of neocortical evolution. Here, we discuss nitric oxide signaling as a candidate mechanism in the assembly of neocortical circuits underlying language and higher cognitive functions. This hypothesis was based on the highly specific mid-fetal pattern of nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1, previously nNOS) expression in the pyramidal (projection) neurons of two human neocortical areas respectively involved in speech and language, and higher cognition; the frontal operculum (FOp) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This expression is transiently present during mid-gestation, suggesting that NOS1 may be involved in the development of these areas and the assembly of their neural circuits. As no other gene product is known to exhibit such exquisite spatiotemporal expression, NOS1 represents a remarkable candidate for these functions.
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30
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A link between the nuclear-localized srGAP3 and the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler Brg1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 60:10-25. [PMID: 24561795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slit-Robo GTPase activating protein 3 (srGAP3) is an important modulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics and has an important influence on a variety of neurodevelopmental processes. Mutations in the SRGAP3 gene on chromosome 3p25 have been found in patients with intellectual disability. Genome-wide association studies and behavioral assays of knockout mice had also revealed SRGAP3 as a risk gene for schizophrenia. We have recently shown that srGAP3 protein undergoes regulated shuttling between the cytoplasm and the nucleus during neuronal development. It is shown here that nuclear-localized srGAP3 interacts with the SWI/SNF remodeling factor Brg1. This interaction is mediated by the C-terminal of srGAP3 and the ATPase motif of Brg1. In the primary cultured rat cortical neurons, the levels of nuclear-localized srGAP3 and its interaction with Brg1 have a significant impact on dendrite complexity. Furthermore, the interaction between srGAP3 and Brg1 was also involved in valproic acid (VPA) -induced neuronal differentiation of Neuro2a cells. We then show that GTP-bound Rac1 and GAP-43 may be potential mediators of nuclear srGAP3 and Brg1. Our results not only indicate a novel signaling pathway that contributes to neuronal differentiation and dendrite morphology, but also implicate a novel molecular mechanism underlying srGAP3 regulation of gene expression.
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31
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Site-specific distribution of CD68-positive microglial cells in the brains of human midterm fetuses: a topographical relationship with growing axons. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:762303. [PMID: 24459672 PMCID: PMC3891602 DOI: 10.1155/2013/762303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using 5 fetuses of gestational age (GA) of 15-16 weeks and 4 of GA of 22–25 weeks, we examined site- and stage-dependent differences in CD68-positive microglial cell distribution in human fetal brains. CD68 positive cells were evident in the floor of the fourth ventricle and the pons and olive at 15-16 weeks, accumulating in and around the hippocampus at 22–25 weeks. At both stages, the accumulation of these cells was evident around the optic tract and the anterior limb of the internal capsule. When we compared CD68-positive cell distribution with the topographical anatomy of GAP43-positive developing axons, we found that positive axons were usually unaccompanied by CD68-positive cells, except in the transpontine corticofugal tract and the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Likewise, microglial cell distribution did not correspond with habenulointerpeduncular tract. Therefore, the distribution of CD68-positive cells during normal brain development may not reflect a supportive role of these microglia in axonogenesis of midterm human fetuses.
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32
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Cobos I, Seeley WW. Human von Economo neurons express transcription factors associated with Layer V subcerebral projection neurons. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:213-20. [PMID: 23960210 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar Layer V projection neurons found chiefly in the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortices. Although VENs have been linked to prevalent illnesses such as frontotemporal dementia, autism, and schizophrenia, little is known about VEN identity, including their major projection targets. Here, we undertook a developmental transcription factor expression study, focusing on markers associated with specific classes of Layer V projection neurons. Using mRNA in situ hybridization, we found that VENs prominently express FEZF2 and CTIP2, transcription factors that regulate the fate and differentiation of subcerebral projection neurons, in humans aged 3 months to 65 years. In contrast, few VENs expressed markers associated with callosal or corticothalamic projections. These findings suggest that VENs may represent a specialized Layer V projection neuron for linking cortical autonomic control sites to brainstem or spinal cord regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inma Cobos
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Current address: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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33
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Shibata S, Cho KH, Kim JH, Abe H, Murakami G, Cho BH. Expression of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) in the developing laminar architecture of the human fetal brain. Ann Anat 2013; 195:424-30. [PMID: 23981810 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (also called hyaluronic acid or HA) plays a key role in the morphogenesis of the brain, but little is known about its expression in the human fetal neocortex. Using immunohistochemical methods, we assayed the expression of HA, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, nestin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in paraffin-embedded histologic sections of 8 mid-term fetuses (estimated gestational age, 12-16 weeks; crown-rump length, 75-120mm). At 12-13 weeks, HA was expressed strongly along the membranes of many cells in the cortical plate and the layer 1 or marginal zone, but showed weak, spotty expression in a fiber-rich layer adjacent to the cortical plate, called the cortical stratified transitional field-1 (STF-1 or a primitive form of the subplate). At 15-16 weeks, HA was expressed in the layer 1 and in the early subplate or presubplate, but less strongly in cells of the possible STF-5 near the subventricular zone. However, the positive observation in STF-5 was probably a result of individual difference in development. The developing cortical plate seemed to produce HA in the presubplate to harbor axonal plexus of various afferent systems, while Cajal-Retzius cells were likely to accumulate HA in the layer 1. The HA-rich zones, those sandwiched the cortical plate, might avoid further migration of cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Shibata
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Department of Maxillofacial Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Huang Y, Song NN, Lan W, Hu L, Su CJ, Ding YQ, Zhang L. Expression of transcription factor Satb2 in adult mouse brain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:452-61. [PMID: 23386513 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations on the expression and function of special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2 (Satb2) are largely limited to the cerebral cortex. Here, we explore the expression of Satb2 thoroughly by immunohistochemistry in the adult mouse central nervous system (CNS). Besides the cerebral cortex, we found that Satb2 is specifically expressed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, ventral tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, rostral periolivary region, and parabrachial nucleus. Double immunostaining showed that Satb2 is exclusively expressed in the excitatory neurons of neocortex. In addition, Satb2 is specifically expressed in A12 group of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons and in serotonergic neurons in the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Our results present a comprehensive overview of Satb2 expression in the adult brain and provide insights for studying the role of Satb2 in the mature CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
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35
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Kwan KY. Transcriptional dysregulation of neocortical circuit assembly in ASD. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 113:167-205. [PMID: 24290386 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-418700-9.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) impair social cognition and communication, key higher-order functions centered in the human neocortex. The assembly of neocortical circuitry is a precisely regulated developmental process susceptible to genetic alterations that can ultimately affect cognitive abilities. Because ASD is an early onset neurodevelopmental disorder that disrupts functions executed by the neocortex, miswiring of neocortical circuits has been hypothesized to be an underlying mechanism of ASD. This possibility is supported by emerging genetic findings and data from imaging studies. Recent research on neocortical development has identified transcription factors as key determinants of neocortical circuit assembly, mediating diverse processes including neuronal specification, migration, and wiring. Many of these TFs (TBR1, SOX5, FEZF2, and SATB2) have been implicated in ASD. Here, I will discuss the functional roles of these transcriptional programs in neocortical circuit development and their neurobiological implications for the emerging etiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Y Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute (MBNI), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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36
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Sohur US, Padmanabhan HK, Kotchetkov IS, Menezes JRL, Macklis JD. Anatomic and molecular development of corticostriatal projection neurons in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 24:293-303. [PMID: 23118198 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Corticostriatal projection neurons (CStrPN) project from the neocortex to ipsilateral and contralateral striata to control and coordinate motor programs and movement. They are clinically important as the predominant cortical population that degenerates in Huntington's disease and corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, and their injury contributes to multiple forms of cerebral palsy. Together with their well-studied functions in motor control, these clinical connections make them a functionally, behaviorally, and clinically important population of neocortical neurons. Little is known about their development. "Intratelencephalic" CStrPN (CStrPNi), projecting to the contralateral striatum, with their axons fully within the telencephalon (intratelencephalic), are a major population of CStrPN. CStrPNi are of particular interest developmentally because they share hodological and axon guidance characteristics of both callosal projection neurons (CPN) and corticofugal projection neurons (CFuPN); CStrPNi send axons contralaterally before descending into the contralateral striatum. The relationship of CStrPNi development to that of broader CPN and CFuPN populations remains unclear; evidence suggests that CStrPNi might be evolutionary "hybrids" between CFuPN and deep layer CPN-in a sense "chimeric" with both callosal and corticofugal features. Here, we investigated the development of CStrPNi in mice-their birth, maturation, projections, and expression of molecular developmental controls over projection neuron subtype identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Shivraj Sohur
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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37
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Abstract
Rodents and primates both show considerable variation in the overall size, the radial and tangential dimensions, folding and subdivisions into distinct areas of their cerebral cortex. Our current understanding of brain development is based on a handful of model systems. A detailed comparative analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate neural progenitor production, cell migration, and circuit assembly can provide much needed insights into the working of neocortical evolution. From the limited comparative data currently available, it is apparent that the emergence and variation of the neuronal progenitor cells have led to the production of increased neuronal populations and the evolution of the cortex. Further diversification and compartmentalization of the germinal zone together with changing proportions of radial glia in the ventricular zone and various intermediate progenitors in the subventricular zone may have been the driving force behind increased cell numbers in larger brains both in rodents and primates. Radial and tangential migratory patterns are both present in rodents and primates, but in different proportions. There are apparent differences between mouse and human in the generation and elaboration of the interneuronal subtypes and also in gene expression patterns associated with the appearance of distinct cortical areas. The increased cortical dimensions and the formation of a more elaborate cortical architecture in primates require a larger and more compartmentalized transient subplate zone during development. More comparative analysis in rodent and primate species with large, small, and smooth and folded brains is needed to reveal the biological significance of the alterations in these cortical developmental programs.
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38
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Paşca SP, Portmann T, Voineagu I, Yazawa M, Shcheglovitov O, Paşca AM, Cord B, Palmer TD, Chikahisa S, Seiji N, Bernstein JA, Hallmayer J, Geschwind DH, Dolmetsch RE. Using iPSC-derived neurons to uncover cellular phenotypes associated with Timothy syndrome. Nat Med 2011; 17:1657-62. [PMID: 22120178 PMCID: PMC3517299 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders provide key insights into the pathogenesis of disease and help us understand how specific genes control the development of the human brain. Timothy syndrome is caused by a missense mutation in the L-type calcium channel Ca(v)1.2 that is associated with developmental delay and autism. We generated cortical neuronal precursor cells and neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from individuals with Timothy syndrome. Cells from these individuals have defects in calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling and activity-dependent gene expression. They also show abnormalities in differentiation, including decreased expression of genes that are expressed in lower cortical layers and in callosal projection neurons. In addition, neurons derived from individuals with Timothy syndrome show abnormal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased production of norepinephrine and dopamine. This phenotype can be reversed by treatment with roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and atypical L-type-channel blocker. These findings provide strong evidence that Ca(v)1.2 regulates the differentiation of cortical neurons in humans and offer new insights into the causes of autism in individuals with Timothy syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu P. Paşca
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Portmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Irina Voineagu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Masayuki Yazawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Oleksandr Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anca M. Paşca
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Branden Cord
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sachiko Chikahisa
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nishino Seiji
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ricardo E. Dolmetsch
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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García-Moreno F, Vasistha NA, Trevia N, Bourne JA, Molnár Z. Compartmentalization of cerebral cortical germinal zones in a lissencephalic primate and gyrencephalic rodent. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:482-92. [PMID: 22114081 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of macaque and human cortices identified cytoarchitectonically distinct germinal zones; the ventricular zone inner subventricular zone (ISVZ), and outer subventricular zone (OSVZ). To date, the OSVZ has only been described in gyrencephalic brains, separated from the ISVZ by an inner fiber layer and considered a milestone that triggered increased neocortical neurogenesis. However, this observation has only been assessed in a handful of species without the identification of the different progenitor populations. We examined the Amazonian rodent agouti (Dasyprocta agouti) and the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) to further understand relationships among progenitor compartmentalization, proportions of various cortical progenitors, and degree of cortical folding. We identified a similar cytoarchitectonic distinction between the OSVZ and ISVZ at midgestation in both species. In the marmoset, we quantified the ventricular and abventricular divisions and observed similar proportions as previously described for the human and ferret brains. The proportions of radial glia, intermediate progenitors, and outer radial glial cell (oRG) populations were similar in midgestation lissencephalic marmoset as in gyrencephalic human or ferret. Our findings suggest that cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of SVZ are an evolutionary trend and not a primate specific feature, and a large population of oRG can be seen regardless of cortical folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando García-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Abstract
AbstractThe young human brain is highly plastic and thus early brain lesions can lead to aberrant development of connectivity and mapping of functions. This is why initially in cerebral palsy only subtle changes in spontaneous movements are seen after the time of lesion, followed by a progressive evolution of a movement disorder over many months and years. Thus we propose that interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One such treatment might be autologous stem cell transplantation either intracerebrally or intravenously. All babies come with an accessible supply of stem cells, the umbilical cord, which can supply cells that could theoretically replace missing neural cell types, or act indirectly by supplying trophic support or modulating inflammatory responses to hypoxia/ischaemia. However, for such radical treatment to be proposed, it is necessary to be able to detect and accurately predict the outcomes of brain injury from a very early age. This article reviews our current understanding of perinatal injuries that lead to cerebral palsy, how well modern imaging might predict outcomes, what stem cells are yielded from umbilical cord blood and experimental models of brain repair using stem cells.
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