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Stoliker D, Preller KH, Novelli L, Anticevic A, Egan GF, Vollenweider FX, Razi A. Neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3. [PMID: 38862674 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Visual alterations under classic psychedelics can include rich phenomenological accounts of eyes-closed imagery. Preclinical evidence suggests agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor may reduce synaptic gain to produce psychedelic-induced imagery. However, this has not been investigated in humans. To infer the directed connectivity changes to visual connectivity underlying psychedelic visual imagery in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed, and dynamic causal modelling was applied to the resting state eyes-closed functional MRI scans of 24 subjects after administration of 0.2 mg/kg of the serotonergic psychedelic drug, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), or placebo. The effective connectivity model included the early visual area, fusiform gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, and inferior frontal gyrus. We observed a pattern of increased self-inhibition of both early visual and higher visual-association regions under psilocybin that was consistent with preclinical findings. We also observed a pattern of reduced inhibition from visual-association regions to earlier visual areas that indicated top-down connectivity is enhanced during visual imagery. The results were analysed with behavioural measures taken immediately after the scans, suggesting psilocybin-induced decreased sensitivity to neural inputs is associated with the perception of eyes-closed visual imagery. The findings inform our basic and clinical understanding of visual perception. They reveal neural mechanisms that, by affecting balance, may increase the impact of top-down feedback connectivity on perception, which could contribute to the visual imagery seen with eyes-closed during psychedelic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Stoliker
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Novelli
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary F Egan
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Franz X Vollenweider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adeel Razi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Vin R, Blauch NM, Plaut DC, Behrmann M. Visual word processing engages a hierarchical, distributed, and bilateral cortical network. iScience 2024; 27:108809. [PMID: 38303718 PMCID: PMC10831251 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) in left temporal cortex is considered the pre-eminent region in visual word processing, other regions are also implicated. We examined the entire text-selective circuit, using functional MRI. Ten regions of interest (ROIs) per hemisphere were defined, which, based on clustering, grouped into early vision, high-level vision, and language clusters. We analyzed the responses of the ROIs and clusters to words, inverted words, and consonant strings using univariate, multivariate, and functional connectivity measures. Bilateral modulation by stimulus condition was evident, with a stronger effect in left hemisphere regions. Last, using graph theory, we observed that the VWFA was equivalently connected with early visual and language clusters in both hemispheres, reflecting its role as a mediator in the circuit. Although the individual ROIs and clusters bilaterally were flexibly altered by the nature of the input, stability held at the level of global circuit connectivity, reflecting the complex hierarchical distributed system serving visual text perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina Vin
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Blauch
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Program in Neural Computation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - David C. Plaut
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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3
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Purg N, Rahmati M, Cho YT, Ozimič AS, Kraljič A, Murray JD, Anticevic A, Repovš G. Individual differences in spatial working memory strategies differentially reflected in the engagement of control and default brain networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548112. [PMID: 37662268 PMCID: PMC10473605 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Spatial locations can be encoded and maintained in working memory using high-precision, fine-grained representations that are cognitively demanding, or coarse and less demanding categorical representations. In this study, we employed an individual differences approach to identify brain activity correlates of the use of fine-grained and categorical representations in spatial working memory. We combined data from six fMRI studies, resulting in a sample of 153 (77 women, 25 ± 6 years) healthy participants performing a spatial working memory task. Our results showed that individual differences in the use of spatial representations in working memory were associated with distinct patterns of brain activation, with fine-grained representations requiring greater engagement of attentional and control brain systems, while categorical representations were associated with decreased inhibition of the default network. These findings may indicate a greater need for ongoing maintenance and protection against interference for fine-grained compared to categorical representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Purg
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Masih Rahmati
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youngsun T. Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anka Slana Ozimič
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksij Kraljič
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John D. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Wen P, Landy MS, Rokers B. Identifying cortical areas that underlie the transformation from 2D retinal to 3D head-centric motion signals. Neuroimage 2023; 270:119909. [PMID: 36801370 PMCID: PMC10061442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate motion perception requires that the visual system integrate the 2D retinal motion signals received by the two eyes into a single representation of 3D motion. However, most experimental paradigms present the same stimulus to the two eyes, signaling motion limited to a 2D fronto-parallel plane. Such paradigms are unable to dissociate the representation of 3D head-centric motion signals (i.e., 3D object motion relative to the observer) from the associated 2D retinal motion signals. Here, we used stereoscopic displays to present separate motion signals to the two eyes and examined their representation in visual cortex using fMRI. Specifically, we presented random-dot motion stimuli that specified various 3D head-centric motion directions. We also presented control stimuli, which matched the motion energy of the retinal signals, but were inconsistent with any 3D motion direction. We decoded motion direction from BOLD activity using a probabilistic decoding algorithm. We found that 3D motion direction signals can be reliably decoded in three major clusters in the human visual system. Critically, in early visual cortex (V1-V3), we found no significant difference in decoding performance between stimuli specifying 3D motion directions and the control stimuli, suggesting that these areas represent the 2D retinal motion signals, rather than 3D head-centric motion itself. In voxels in and surrounding hMT and IPS0 however, decoding performance was consistently superior for stimuli that specified 3D motion directions compared to control stimuli. Our results reveal the parts of the visual processing hierarchy that are critical for the transformation of retinal into 3D head-centric motion signals and suggest a role for IPS0 in their representation, in addition to its sensitivity to 3D object structure and static depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puti Wen
- Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Michael S Landy
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, United States
| | - Bas Rokers
- Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, United States
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5
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80 Hz but not 40 Hz, transcranial alternating current stimulation of 80 Hz over right intraparietal sulcus increases visuospatial working memory capacity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13762. [PMID: 35962011 PMCID: PMC9374770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a complex cognitive function involved in the temporary storage and manipulation of information, which has been one of the target cognitive functions to be restored in neurorehabilitation. WM capacity is known to be proportional to the number of gamma cycles nested in a single theta cycle. Therefore, gamma-band transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) should be dependent of the stimulation frequency; however, the results of previous studies that employed 40 Hz tACS have not been consistent. The optimal locations and injection currents of multiple scalp electrodes were determined based on numerical simulations of electric field. Experiments were conducted with 20 healthy participants. The order of three stimulation conditions (40 Hz tACS, 80 Hz tACS, and sham stimulation) were randomized but counterbalanced. Visual hemifield-specific visual WM capacity was assessed using a delayed visual match to the sample task. High gamma tACS significantly increased WM capacity, while low gamma tACS had no significant effect. Notably, 80 Hz tACS increased WM capacity on both the left and right visual hemifields, while previous tACS studies only reported the effects of tACS on contralateral hemifields. This is the first study to investigate the frequency-dependent effect of gamma-band tACS on WM capacity. Our findings also suggest that high gamma tACS might influence not only WM capacity but also communication between interhemispheric cortical regions. It is expected that high gamma tACS could be a promising neurorehabilitation method to enhance higher-order cognitive functions with similar mechanisms.
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Amaoui S, Marín-Morales A, Martín-Pérez C, Pérez-García M, Verdejo-Román J. Social mentalizing in male perpetrators of intimate partner violence against women is associated with resting-state functional connectivity of the Crus II. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 150:264-271. [PMID: 35427824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Social mentalizing refers to the ability to understand the intentions, causes, emotions and beliefs of another person or the self and is crucial for interpersonal understanding. Disturbances in this process may lead to aggressive and violent behaviors. Literature has shown that male perpetrators convicted for intimate partner crime (IPVAW) present alterations in different measures related to social mentalizing, in particular, they present more irrational thoughts toward women and difficulties in emotional recognition and empathy processes. However, the brain mechanisms underlying this process are still unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellar Crus II area, as a core component of social mentalizing in male perpetrators, and to explore if this connectivity is associated with social mentalizing processes. To achieve these objectives, we compared the resting-state connectivity of 25 men convicted for an IPVAW crime (male perpetrators) with 29 men convicted for other crimes (other offenders) and 28 men with no criminal records (non-offenders) using a seed-based whole brain analysis. Subsequently, correlations were performed to explore the association between the significant connectivity networks and social mentalizing measures only in male perpetrators of IPVAW. Analyses showed that male perpetrators of IPVAW exhibit hyperconnectivity between Crus II and posterior areas of the default mode network, frontoparietal and limbic areas compared to other offenders and non-offenders. In addition, the greater connectivity found between the Crus II and the posterior default mode network was related to a greater number of distorted thoughts about women and less affective empathy in male perpetrators of IPVAW. These results show that connectivity between the cerebellum and the default mode network may underlie the social processes that are at the basis of intimate partner violence perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Amaoui
- The Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain; Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Agar Marín-Morales
- The Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain; Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology. University of Huelva.
| | | | - Miguel Pérez-García
- The Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain; Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Verdejo-Román
- The Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain; Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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7
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Jones JS, Adlam ALR, Benattayallah A, Milton FN. The neural correlates of working memory training in typically developing children. Child Dev 2022; 93:815-830. [PMID: 34897651 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Working memory training improves children's cognitive performance on untrained tasks; however, little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. This was investigated in 32 typically developing children aged 10-14 years (19 girls and 13 boys) using a randomized controlled design and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (Devon, UK; 2015-2016). Training improved working memory performance and increased intrinsic functional connectivity between the bilateral intraparietal sulci. Furthermore, improvements in working memory were associated with greater recruitment of the left middle frontal gyrus on a complex span task. Repeated engagement of fronto-parietal regions during training may increase their activity and functional connectivity over time, affording greater working memory performance. The plausibility of generalizable cognitive benefits from a neurobiological perspective and implications for neurodevelopmental theory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Jones
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna-Lynne R Adlam
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Abdelmalek Benattayallah
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Fraser N Milton
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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8
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Distinct roles of right temporoparietal cortex in pentagon copying test. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1528-1537. [PMID: 35083712 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pentagon Copying Test (PCT) is commonly used to assess visuospatial deficits, but the neural substrates underlying pentagon copying are not well understood. The Qualitative Scoring Pentagon Test (QSPT), an optimized scoring system, classifies five categories of errors patients make in pentagons copying and grades them depending on the errors' severity. To determine the strategic brain regions involved in the PCT, we applied the QSPT system to evaluate the visuospatial impairment of 136 acute ischemic stroke patients on the PCT and used Support Vector Regression Lesion-Symptom Mapping to investigate relevant brain regions. The total QSPT score was correlated with the right supramarginal gyrus. The angle number errors and closure errors were principally associated with lesions of the posterior temporoparietal cortex, including the right middle occipital gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, while the intersection errors and rotation errors were related to the more anterior part of the right temporoparietal lobe with the additional frontal cortex. In conclusion, the right temporoparietal cortex is the strategic region for pentagon copying tasks. The angle number and closure represent the visuospatial processing of within-object features, while intersection and rotation require between-object manipulation. The posterior-anterior distinction in the right temporoparietal region underlies the differences of within-object and between-object processing.
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9
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Air pollution interacts with genetic risk to influence cortical networks implicated in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109310118. [PMID: 34750260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109310118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a reversible cause of significant global mortality and morbidity. Epidemiological evidence suggests associations between air pollution exposure and impaired cognition and increased risk for major depressive disorders. However, the neural bases of these associations have been unclear. Here, in healthy human subjects exposed to relatively high air pollution and controlling for socioeconomic, genomic, and other confounders, we examine across multiple levels of brain network function the extent to which particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure influences putative genetic risk mechanisms associated with depression. Increased ambient PM2.5 exposure was associated with poorer reasoning and problem solving and higher-trait anxiety/depression. Working memory and stress-related information transfer (effective connectivity) across cortical and subcortical brain networks were influenced by PM2.5 exposure to differing extents depending on the polygenic risk for depression in gene-by-environment interactions. Effective connectivity patterns from individuals with higher polygenic risk for depression and higher exposures with PM2.5, but not from those with lower genetic risk or lower exposures, correlated spatially with the coexpression of depression-associated genes across corresponding brain regions in the Allen Brain Atlas. These converging data suggest that PM2.5 exposure affects brain network functions implicated in the genetic mechanisms of depression.
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von Söhsten Lins EMD, Bittar RSM, Bazán PR, Amaro Júnior E, Staab JP. Cerebral Responses to Stationary Emotional Stimuli Measured by fMRI in Women with Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 25:e355-e364. [PMID: 34377168 PMCID: PMC8321645 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a functional vestibular disorder characterized by chronic dizziness, unsteadiness, and hypersensitivity to motion. Preexisting anxiety disorders and neurotic personality traits confer vulnerability to PPPD. High anxiety during acute vertigo or dizziness incites it. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of chronic subjective dizziness found unexpectedly hypoactive responses to vestibular stimulation in cortical regions that integrate threat assessment and spatial perception.
Objective
This fMRI study used non-moving, but emotionally charged visual stimuli to investigate the brain's activity of PPPD patients and control subjects.
Methods
The participants included 16 women with PPPD and 16 age-matched women who recovered completely from acute episodes of vertigo or dizziness capable of triggering PPPD. Brain responses to positive, neutral, and negative figures from the International Affective Picture System were measured with fMRI and compared between the groups. Dizziness handicap, anxiety, and depression were assessed with validated questionnaires.
Results
Between group analyses: Participants with PPPD showed reduced activity in anterior cingulate cortex and increased activity in left angular gyrus in response to negative versus positive stimuli, which was not observed in recovered individuals. Within group analyses: Participants with PPPD had increased activity in visuospatial areas (parahippocampal gyrus, intraparietal sulcus) in negative versus positive and negative versus neutral contrasts, whereas recovered individuals had increased activity in anxiety regions (amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex).
Conclusion
Patients with PPPD may be more attuned to spatial elements than to the content of emotionally charged visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paulo Rodrigo Bazán
- Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro Júnior
- Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Kanjlia S, Feigenson L, Bedny M. Neural basis of approximate number in congenital blindness. Cortex 2021; 142:342-356. [PMID: 34352637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although humans are unique among animals in their ability to manipulate symbolic numbers, we share with other species an approximate number sense that allows us to estimate and compare the number of objects or events in a set, such as the number of apples in a tree. Our ability to discriminate the numerosity of two sets decreases as the ratio between them becomes smaller (e.g., 8 vs 16 items is harder to discriminate than 8 vs 32 items). The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) plays a key role in this numerical approximation. Neuronal populations within the IPS code for numerosity, with stimuli of different numerosities eliciting discriminable spatial patterns of activity. The developmental origins of these IPS number representations are not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that representations of number in the IPS require visual experience with object sets, by working with individuals blind from birth. While undergoing fMRI, congenitally blind (n = 17) and blindfolded sighted (n = 25) participants judged which of two sequences of beeps was more numerous. In both sighted and blind individuals, patterns of activity in the IPS discriminated among different numerosities (4, 8, 16 vs 32), with better discrimination in the IPS of the blind group. In both groups, decoding performance decreased as the ratio between numerosities decreased (e.g., 8 vs 16 was less discriminable than 8 vs 32). These findings suggest that number representations in the IPS either have innate precursors, or that auditory or tactile experience with sets is sufficient for typical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Kanjlia
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
| | - Lisa Feigenson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Marina Bedny
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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Zhu Y, Zang F, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Tan C, Zhang S, Hu T, Qi L, Xu S, Ren Q, Xie C. Connectome-based model predicts episodic memory performance in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113387. [PMID: 34048872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether the whole brain resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) could predict episodic memory performance in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. METHOD This study included 33 cognitive normal (CN), 26 subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and 27 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients, and all the participants completed resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) scan and neuropsychological scale test data. Connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) based on the rs-FC data was used to predict the auditory verbal learning test-delayed recall (AVLT-DR) scores, which measured episodic memory in individuals. Pearson correlation between each brain connection in the connectivity matrices and AVLT-DR scores was computed across the patients in predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Pearson correlation coefficient values separated into a positive network and a negative network. Predictive networks were then defined and employed by calculating positive and negative network strengths. CPM with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was conducted to train linear models to respectively relate positive and negative network strengths to AVLT-DR scores in the training set. During the testing procedure, each left-out testing subject's strengths of positive and negative network was normalized using the parameters acquired during training procedure, and then the trained models were used to predict the testing participant's AVLT-DR score. RESULTS The negative network predictive model tested LOOCV significantly predicted individual differences in episodic memory from rs-FC. Key nodes that brain regions contributed to the prediction model were mainly located in the prefrontal cortex, frontal cortex, parietal cortex and temporal lobe. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that rs-FC among multiple neural systems could predict episodic memory at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Feifei Zang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Chang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Shaoke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Tianjian Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Lingyu Qi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Shouyong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Qingguo Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Chunming Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
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Terruzzi S, Crivelli D, Campana E, Pisoni A, Romero Lauro LJ, Bolognini N, Vallar G. Exploring the time-course and the reference frames of adaptation to optical prisms and its aftereffects. Cortex 2021; 141:16-35. [PMID: 34023799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prism adaptation (PA) is used to investigate visuo-motor plasticity and to rehabilitate the syndrome of Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN). After PA, participants show aftereffects (AEs), contralateral to the side of the optical displacement in several tasks. This study explored the features of these AEs, specifically the "egocentric" versus "allocentric, object-based", reference frames involved, and their time course. In three experiments, healthy participants adapted to prismatic lenses inducing a horizontal displacement of the visual field. In Experiment #1, participants adapted to rightward displacing prisms. Four tasks were used requiring repeated pointings towards the participant's subjective egocentric straight-ahead, with the availability of proprioceptive or visual-proprioceptive signals, and, in some conditions, of an external allocentric visual frame (i.e., a rectangular paper sheet). Experiment #2 explored the role of the position of the allocentric frame, with AEs being tested by straight-ahead and frame bisection tasks, requiring pointing toward the external visual frame, placed in different positions of the working space. An egocentric visual proprioceptive task was administered after prism removal and after the execution of the allocentric tasks, to assess the effectiveness of the PA, as indexed by the AEs, and their persistence up to the end of the administration of the allocentric tasks. Experiment #3 differed from #2 in that participants adapted to leftward displacing lenses. Consistent with evidence from USN patients, in Experiment #1, in the egocentric tasks, AEs lasting up to 30 min after PA were found. In Experiment #2, AEs in "allocentric" tasks did not occur, regardless of frame position. Experiment #3 showed AEs in both the "egocentric" and the "allocentric" tasks, with the latter being minor in size. These findings illustrate that the spatial reference systems modulated by PA in extra-personal space primarily operate in spatial "egocentric" reference frames, with a comparatively minor and direction-specific role of "allocentric" frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Terruzzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; CeRiN, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Damiano Crivelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Campana
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Neuropsychological Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Neuropsychological Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Neuropsychological Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Remington RW, Vromen JMG, Becker SI, Baumann O, Mattingley JB. The Role of Frontoparietal Cortex across the Functional Stages of Visual Search. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 33:63-76. [PMID: 32985948 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Areas in frontoparietal cortex have been shown to be active in a range of cognitive tasks and have been proposed to play a key role in goal-driven activities (Dosenbach, N. U. F., Fair, D. A., Miezin, F. M., Cohen, A. L., Wenger, K. K., Dosenbach, R. A. T., et al. Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 104, 11073-11078, 2007; Duncan, J. The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: Mental programs for intelligent behavior. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 172-179, 2010). Here, we examine the role this frontoparietal system plays in visual search. Visual search, like many complex tasks, consists of a sequence of operations: target selection, stimulus-response (SR) mapping, and response execution. We independently manipulated the difficulty of target selection and SR mapping in a novel visual search task that involved identical stimulus displays. Enhanced activity was observed in areas of frontal and parietal cortex during both difficult target selection and SR mapping. In addition, anterior insula and ACC showed preferential representation of SR-stage information, whereas the medial frontal gyrus, precuneus, and inferior parietal sulcus showed preferential representation of target selection-stage information. A connectivity analysis revealed dissociable neural circuits underlying visual search. We hypothesize that these circuits regulate distinct mental operations associated with the allocation of spatial attention, stimulus decisions, shifts of task set from selection to SR mapping, and SR mapping. Taken together, the results show frontoparietal involvement in all stages of visual search and a specialization with respect to cognitive operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jason B Mattingley
- The University of Queensland.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Richter M, Amunts K, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Eickhoff SB, Zilles K, Caspers S. Cytoarchitectonic segregation of human posterior intraparietal and adjacent parieto-occipital sulcus and its relation to visuomotor and cognitive functions. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1305-1327. [PMID: 30561508 PMCID: PMC6373694 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS) and adjacent posterior wall of parieto-occipital sulcus (POS) are functionally diverse, serving higher motor, visual and cognitive functions. Its microstructural basis, though, is still largely unknown. A similar or even more pronounced architectonical complexity, as described in monkeys, could be assumed. We cytoarchitectonically mapped the pIPS/POS in 10 human postmortem brains using an observer-independent, quantitative parcellation. 3D-probability maps were generated within MNI reference space and used for functional decoding and meta-analytic coactivation modeling based on the BrainMap database to decode the general structural–functional organization of the areas. Seven cytoarchitectonically distinct areas were identified: five within human pIPS, three on its lateral (hIP4-6) and two on its medial wall (hIP7-8); and two (hPO1, hOc6) in POS. Mediocaudal areas (hIP7, hPO1) were predominantly involved in visual processing, whereas laterorostral areas (hIP4-6, 8) were associated with higher cognitive functions, e.g. counting. This shift was mirrored by systematic changes in connectivity, from temporo-occipital to premotor and prefrontal cortex, and in cytoarchitecture, from prominent Layer IIIc pyramidal cells to homogeneous neuronal distribution. This architectonical mosaic within human pIPS/POS represents a structural basis of its functional and connectional heterogeneity. The new 3D-maps of the areas enable dedicated assessments of structure–function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Richter
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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16
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Heidekum AE, Vogel SE, Grabner RH. Associations Between Individual Differences in Mathematical Competencies and Surface Anatomy of the Adult Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:116. [PMID: 32292335 PMCID: PMC7118203 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on the neuroanatomical correlates of mathematical abilities and competencies have several methodological limitations. Besides small sample sizes, the majority of these studies have employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM)-a method that, although it is easy to implement, has some major drawbacks. Taking this into account, the current study is the first to investigate in a large sample of typically developed adults the associations between mathematical abilities and variations in brain surface structure by using surface-based morphometry (SBM). SBM is a method that also allows the investigation of brain morphometry by avoiding the pitfalls of VBM. Eighty-nine young adults were tested with a large battery of psychometric tests to measure mathematical competencies in four different areas: (1) simple arithmetic; (2) complex arithmetic; (3) higher-order mathematics; and (4) numerical intelligence. Also, we asked participants for their mathematics grades for their final school exams. Inside the MRI scanner, we collected high-resolution T1-weighted anatomical images from each subject. SBM analyses were performed with the computational anatomy toolbox (CAT12) and indices for cortical thickness, for cortical surface complexity, for gyrification, and sulcal depth were calculated. Further analyses revealed associations between: (1) the cortical surface complexity of the right superior temporal gyrus and numerical intelligence; (2) the depth of the right central sulcus and adults' ability to solve complex arithmetic problems; and (3) the depth of the left parieto-occipital sulcus and adults' higher-order mathematics competence. Interestingly, no relationships with previously reported brain regions were observed, thus, suggesting the importance of similar research to confirm the role of the brain regions found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Heidekum
- Educational Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan E Vogel
- Educational Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland H Grabner
- Educational Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Soloveva MV, Jamadar SD, Velakoulis D, Poudel G, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Brain compensation during visuospatial working memory in premanifest Huntington's disease. Neuropsychologia 2020; 136:107262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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The visual word form area (VWFA) is part of both language and attention circuitry. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5601. [PMID: 31811149 PMCID: PMC6898452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While predominant models of visual word form area (VWFA) function argue for its specific role in decoding written language, other accounts propose a more general role of VWFA in complex visual processing. However, a comprehensive examination of structural and functional VWFA circuits and their relationship to behavior has been missing. Here, using high-resolution multimodal imaging data from a large Human Connectome Project cohort (N = 313), we demonstrate robust patterns of VWFA connectivity with both canonical language and attentional networks. Brain-behavior relationships revealed a striking pattern of double dissociation: structural connectivity of VWFA with lateral temporal language network predicted language, but not visuo-spatial attention abilities, while VWFA connectivity with dorsal fronto-parietal attention network predicted visuo-spatial attention, but not language abilities. Our findings support a multiplex model of VWFA function characterized by distinct circuits for integrating language and attention, and point to connectivity-constrained cognition as a key principle of human brain organization. The visual word form area (VWFA) is a brain region associated with written language, but it has also been linked to visuospatial attention. Here, the authors reveal distinct structural and functional circuits linking VWFA with language and attention networks, and demonstrate that these circuits separately predict language and attention abilities.
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19
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Chen J, Lee ACH, O'Neil EB, Abdul-Nabi M, Niemeier M. Mapping the anatomy of perceptual pseudoneglect. A multivariate approach. Neuroimage 2019; 207:116402. [PMID: 31783115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental to the understanding of the functions of spatial cognition and attention is to clarify the underlying neural mechanisms. It is clear that relatively right-dominant activity in ventral and dorsal parieto-frontal cortex is associated with attentional reorienting, certain forms of mental imagery and spatial working memory for higher loads, while lesions mostly to right ventral areas cause spatial neglect with pathological attentional biases to the right side. In contrast, complementary leftward biases in healthy people, called pseudoneglect, have been associated with varying patterns of cortical activity. Notably, this inconsistency may be explained, at least in part, by the fact that pseudoneglect studies have often employed experimental paradigms that do not control sufficiently for cognitive processes unrelated to pseudoneglect. To address this issue, here we administered a carefully designed continuum of pseudoneglect and control tasks in healthy adults while using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Data submitted to partial least square (PLS) imaging analysis yielded a significant latent variable that identified a right-dominant network of brain regions along the intra-occipital and -parietal sulci, frontal eye fields and right ventral cortex in association with perceptual pseudoneglect. Our results shed new light on the interplay of attentional and cognitive systems in pseudoneglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.
| | - Edward B O'Neil
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Mura Abdul-Nabi
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Matthias Niemeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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20
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Nikolin S, Lauf S, Loo CK, Martin D. Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the Intraparietal Sulcus and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Working Memory and Divided Attention. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 12:64. [PMID: 30670954 PMCID: PMC6331442 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: There is a need to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms subserving working memory and divided attention functioning. Recent neuroimaging studies provide evidence for anatomical co-localization of both functions. In the present study we used a functional intervention, whereby we applied a novel type of focalised, non-invasive brain stimulation, High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS), to the regions subserving these processes, the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC). Our aim was therefore to modulate activity in these regions using HD-tDCS and thereby assess their relevance for working memory, divided attention and their shared sub-processes. Method: 78 participants were evenly randomized to one of three conditions in a single blind, parallel group study design. Anodal or sham HD-tDCS was applied to either the left IPS or LDLPFC while participants completed a verbal working memory task, a divided attention task, and two tasks measuring subcomponents of working memory (updating and maintenance). Results: Focalised stimulation of the IPS and LDLPFC did not significantly modulate performance compared to sham stimulation. However, moderate effect sizes were obtained for at least one HD-tDCS condition relative to sham for all tasks, warranting further research into the functional importance of the IPS in subserving these abilities. Conclusions: The current results may be useful for informing future tDCS studies for modulating working memory and divided attention functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donel Martin
- School of Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Dimond D, Perry R, Iaria G, Bray S. Visuospatial short-term memory and dorsal visual gray matter volume. Cortex 2018; 113:184-190. [PMID: 30660956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is an important cognitive capacity that varies across the healthy adult population and is affected in several neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been suggested that neuroanatomy places limits on this capacity through a map architecture that creates competition for cortical space. This suggestion has been supported by the finding that primary visual (V1) gray matter volume (GMV) is positively associated with VSTM capacity. However, evidence from neurodevelopmental disorders suggests that the dorsal visual stream is more broadly vulnerable and atypical volumes of other map-containing regions may therefore play a role. For example, Turner syndrome is associated with concomitantly reduced volume of the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and deficits in VSTM. As posterior IPS regions (IPS0-2) contain topographic maps, together this suggests that posterior IPS volumes may also associate with VSTM. In this study, we assessed VSTM using two tasks, as well as a composite score, and used voxel-based morphometry of T1-weighted magnetic resonance images to assess GMV in V1 and right IPS0-2 in 32 healthy young adults (16 female). For comparison with previous work, we also assessed associations between VSTM and voxel-wise GMV on a whole-brain basis. We found that total brain volume (TBV) significantly correlated with VSTM, and that correlations between VSTM and regional GMV were substantially reduced in strength when controlling for TBV. In our whole-brain analysis, we found that VSTM was associated with GMV of clusters centered around the right putamen and left Rolandic operculum, though only when TBV was not controlled for. Our results suggest that VSTM ability is unlikely to be accounted for by the volume of an individual cortical region, and may instead rely on distributed structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dimond
- Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Rebecca Perry
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Signe Bray
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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22
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Working memory capacity and the functional connectome - insights from resting-state fMRI and voxelwise centrality mapping. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 12:238-246. [PMID: 28247158 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The functional connectome represents a comprehensive network map of functional connectivity throughout the human brain. To date, the relationship between the organization of functional connectivity and cognitive performance measures is still poorly understood. In the present study we use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to explore the link between the functional connectome and working memory capacity in an individual differences design. Working memory capacity, which refers to the maximum amount of context information that an individual can retain in the absence of external stimulation, was assessed outside the MRI scanner and estimated based on behavioral data from a change detection task. Resting-state time series were analyzed by means of voxelwise degree and eigenvector centrality mapping, which are data-driven network analytic approaches for the characterization of functional connectivity. We found working memory capacity to be inversely correlated with both centrality in the right intraparietal sulcus. Exploratory analyses revealed that this relationship was putatively driven by an increase in negative connectivity strength of the structure. This resting-state connectivity finding fits previous task based activation studies that have shown that this area responds to manipulations of working memory load.
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Liu S, Poh JH, Koh HL, Ng KK, Loke YM, Lim JKW, Chong JSX, Zhou J. Carrying the past to the future: Distinct brain networks underlie individual differences in human spatial working memory capacity. Neuroimage 2018; 176:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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24
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Schel MA, Klingberg T. Specialization of the Right Intraparietal Sulcus for Processing Mathematics During Development. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4436-4446. [PMID: 27566976 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical ability, especially perception of numbers and performance of arithmetics, is known to rely on the activation of intraparietal sulcus (IPS). However, reasoning ability and working memory, 2 highly associated abilities also activate partly overlapping regions. Most studies aimed at localizing mathematical function have used group averages, where individual variability is averaged out, thus confounding the anatomical specificity when localizing cognitive functions. Here, we analyze the functional anatomy of the intraparietal cortex by using individual analysis of subregions of IPS based on how they are structurally connected to frontal, parietal, and occipital cortex. Analysis of cortical thickness showed that the right anterior IPS, defined by its connections to the frontal lobe, was associated with both visuospatial working memory, and mathematics in 6-year-old children. This region specialized during development to be specifically related to mathematics, but not visuospatial working memory in adolescents and adults. This could be an example of interactive specialization, where interacting with the environment in combination with interactions between cortical regions leads from a more general role of right anterior IPS in spatial processing, to a specialization of this region for mathematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot A Schel
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Melrose RJ, Jimenez AM, Riskin-Jones H, Weissberger G, Veliz J, Hasratian AS, Wilkins S, Sultzer DL. Alterations to task positive and task negative networks during executive functioning in Mild Cognitive Impairment. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:970-981. [PMID: 30003034 PMCID: PMC6039844 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poor executive functioning increases risk of decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Executive functioning can be conceptualized within the framework of working memory. While some components are responsible for maintaining representations in working memory, the central executive is involved in the manipulation of information and creation of new representations. We aimed to examine the neural correlates of these components of working memory using a maintenance working memory and visuospatial reasoning task. Twenty-five patients with amnestic MCI and 19 elderly controls (EC) completed functional MRI during reasoning and maintenance working memory tasks. In MCI, maintenance working memory was associated with hypoactivation of right frontoparietal regions and hyperactivation of left prefrontal cortex, coupled with attenuation of default mode network (DMN) relative to EC. During reasoning, MCI showed hypoactivation of parietal regions, coupled with attenuation of anterior DMN and increased deactivation of posterior DMN relative to EC. Comparing the reasoning task to the maintenance working memory task yields the central executive. In MCI, the central executive showed hypoactivation of right parietal lobe and increased deactivation of posterior DMN compared to EC. Consistent with prior work on executive functioning, MCI show different neural circuitry during visuospatial reasoning, including changes to both task positive frontoparietal regions, as well as to deactivation patterns within the DMN. Both hyperactivation of task positive networks and increased deactivation of DMN may be compensatory. MCI show changes to task positive & negative networks during executive functioning. MCI show hypoactivation of parietal cortex & attenuation of medial PFC deactivation. Hypoactivation occurs in regions vulnerable to AD pathology. MCI show hyperactivation of left PFC & more deactivation of posterior DMN. These activity increases correlate with stronger cognition and may be compensatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Melrose
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Amy M Jimenez
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hannah Riskin-Jones
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Gali Weissberger
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Joseph Veliz
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Arpi S Hasratian
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Stacy Wilkins
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - David L Sultzer
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Zuo N, Yang Z, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang T. Core networks and their reconfiguration patterns across cognitive loads. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3546-3557. [PMID: 29676536 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Different cognitively demanding tasks recruit globally distributed but functionally specific networks. However, the configuration of core networks and their reconfiguration patterns across cognitive loads remain unclear, as does whether these patterns are indicators for the performance of cognitive tasks. In this study, we analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging data of a large cohort of 448 subjects, acquired with the brain at resting state and executing N-back working memory (WM) tasks. We discriminated core networks by functional interaction strength and connection flexibility. Results demonstrated that the frontoparietal network (FPN) and default mode network (DMN) were core networks, but each exhibited different patterns across cognitive loads. The FPN and DMN both showed strengthened internal connections at the low demand state (0-back) compared with the resting state (control level); whereas, from the low (0-back) to high demand state (2-back), some connections to the FPN weakened and were rewired to the DMN (whose connections all remained strong). Of note, more intensive reconfiguration of both the whole brain and core networks (but no other networks) across load levels indicated relatively poor cognitive performance. Collectively these findings indicate that the FPN and DMN have distinct roles and reconfiguration patterns across cognitively demanding loads. This study advances our understanding of the core networks and their reconfiguration patterns across cognitive loads and provides a new feature to evaluate and predict cognitive capability (e.g., WM performance) based on brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianming Zuo
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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27
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Price GR, Yeo DJ, Wilkey ED, Cutting LE. Prospective relations between resting-state connectivity of parietal subdivisions and arithmetic competence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:280-290. [PMID: 28268177 PMCID: PMC5568461 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the relation between resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of cytoarchitectonically defined subdivisions of the parietal cortex at the end of 1st grade and arithmetic performance at the end of 2nd grade. Results revealed a dissociable pattern of relations between rsFC and arithmetic competence among subdivisions of intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and angular gyrus (AG). rsFC between right hemisphere IPS subdivisions and contralateral IPS subdivisions positively correlated with arithmetic competence. In contrast, rsFC between the left hIP1 and the right medial temporal lobe, and rsFC between the left AG and left superior frontal gyrus, were negatively correlated with arithmetic competence. These results suggest that strong inter-hemispheric IPS connectivity is important for math development, reflecting either neurocognitive mechanisms specific to arithmetic processing, domain-general mechanisms that are particularly relevant to arithmetic competence, or structural 'cortical maturity'. Stronger connectivity between IPS, and AG, subdivisions and frontal and temporal cortices, however, appears to be negatively associated with math development, possibly reflecting the ability to disengage suboptimal problem-solving strategies during mathematical processing, or to flexibly reorient task-based networks. Importantly, the reported results pertain even when controlling for reading, spatial attention, and working memory, suggesting that the observed rsFC-behavior relations are specific to arithmetic competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Price
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University,230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Darren J Yeo
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University,230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA; Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University,14 Nanyang Avenue, 637332, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric D Wilkey
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University,230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Laurie E Cutting
- Department of Special Education, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University,230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
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28
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Inter-individual Differences in Exercise-Induced Spatial Working Memory Improvement: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 977:81-88. [PMID: 28685431 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise at a mild intensity improves cognitive function. However, the response to exercise exhibits inter-individual differences, and the mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine potential factors in the brain that underlie differential responses to exercise in terms of cognitive improvement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Fourteen healthy subjects participated in these experiments. Participants performed a low intensity cycling exercise at 30% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) for 10 min and performed a spatial memory task before and after exercising (5 and 30 min). The spatial memory task comprised two levels of difficulty (low: 1-dot EXERCISE, high: 3-dot EXERCISE). Cortical oxy-hemoglobin (O2Hb) levels were recorded using near-infrared spectroscopy during both the exercise and the spatial memory task phases. Regions of interests included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), and frontopolar area (FPA). The participants were divided into two groups depending on whether they were responders (improved task reaction time) or non-responders (no improvement). Subsequently, we analyzed the group characteristics and differences in the change in O2Hb levels during exercise and spatial working memory tasks. Acute mild exercise significantly improved mean reaction times in the 1-dot memory task but not in the 3-dot task across the participants. In the 1-dot EXERCISE, 10 subjects were responders and four subjects were non-responders, whereas in the 3-dot EXERCISE, seven subjects were non-responders. In responders, during exercise, we found higher O2Hb levels in the right VLPFC response for the 1-dot memory task. Acute mild exercise caused inter-individual differences in spatial memory improvement, which were associated with changes in O2Hb activity in the prefrontal area during the exercise phase but not during the actual spatial memory task. Therefore, individuals who respond with higher reactivity to mild intensity exercise in the VLPFC might obtain larger spatial working memory improvements following exercise than non-responders.
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29
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Conflicting demands of abstract and specific visual object processing resolved by frontoparietal networks. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 16:502-15. [PMID: 26883940 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Object categorization and exemplar identification place conflicting demands on the visual system, yet humans easily perform these fundamentally contradictory tasks. Previous studies suggest the existence of dissociable visual processing subsystems to accomplish the two abilities-an abstract category (AC) subsystem that operates effectively in the left hemisphere and a specific exemplar (SE) subsystem that operates effectively in the right hemisphere. This multiple subsystems theory explains a range of visual abilities, but previous studies have not explored what mechanisms exist for coordinating the function of multiple subsystems and/or resolving the conflicts that would arise between them. We collected functional MRI data while participants performed two variants of a cue-probe working memory task that required AC or SE processing. During the maintenance phase of the task, the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) exhibited hemispheric asymmetries in functional connectivity consistent with exerting proactive control over the two visual subsystems: greater connectivity to the left hemisphere during the AC task, and greater connectivity to the right hemisphere during the SE task. Moreover, probe-evoked activation revealed activity in a broad frontoparietal network (containing IPS) associated with reactive control when the two visual subsystems were in conflict, and variations in this conflict signal across trials was related to the visual similarity of the cue-probe stimulus pairs. Although many studies have confirmed the existence of multiple visual processing subsystems, this study is the first to identify the mechanisms responsible for coordinating their operations.
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30
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Sours C, Raghavan P, Medina AE, Roys S, Jiang L, Zhuo J, Gullapalli RP. Structural and Functional Integrity of the Intraparietal Sulcus in Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1473-1481. [PMID: 27931179 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe and moderate traumatic brain injury (sTBI) often results in long-term cognitive deficits such as reduced processing speed and attention. The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is a neocortical structure that plays a crucial role in the deeply interrelated processes of multi-sensory processing and top down attention. Therefore, we hypothesized that disruptions in the functional and structural connections of the IPS may play a role in the development of such deficits. To examine these connections, we used resting state magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in a cohort of 27 patients with sTBI (29.3 ± 8.9 years) and 27 control participants (29.8 ± 10.3 years). Participants were prospectively recruited and received rsfMRI and neuropsychological assessments including the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) at greater than 6 months post-injury. A subset of participants received a DKI scan. Results suggest that patients with sTBI performed worse than control participants on multiple subtests of the ANAM suggesting reduced cognitive performance. Reduced resting state functional connectivity between the IPS and cortical regions associated with multi-sensory processing and the dorsal attention network was observed in the patients with sTBI. The patients also showed reduced structural integrity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), a key white matter tract connecting the IPS to anterior frontal areas, as measured by reduced mean kurtosis (MK) and fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased mean diffusivity (MD). Further, this reduced structural integrity of the SLF was associated with a reduction in overall cognitive performance. These findings suggest that disruptions in the structural and functional connectivity of the IPS may contribute to chronic cognitive deficits experienced by these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler Sours
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Prashant Raghavan
- 2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandre E Medina
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Li Jiang
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiachen Zhuo
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Liu J, Xia M, Dai Z, Wang X, Liao X, Bi Y, He Y. Intrinsic Brain Hub Connectivity Underlies Individual Differences in Spatial Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2016; 27:5496-5508. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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32
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James GA, Kearney-Ramos TE, Young JA, Kilts CD, Gess JL, Fausett JS. Functional independence in resting-state connectivity facilitates higher-order cognition. Brain Cogn 2016; 105:78-87. [PMID: 27105037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that intrinsic functional connectivity (i.e. highly structured patterns of communication between brain regions during wakeful rest) may encode cognitive ability. However, the generalizability of these findings is limited by between-study differences in statistical methodology and cognitive domains evaluated. To address this barrier, we evaluated resting-state neural representations of multiple cognitive domains within a relatively large normative adult sample. Forty-four participants (mean(sd) age=31(10) years; 18 male and 26 female) completed a resting-state functional MRI scan and neuropsychological assessments spanning motor, visuospatial, language, learning, memory, attention, working memory, and executive function performance. Robust linear regression related cognitive performance to resting-state connectivity among 200 a priori determined functional regions of interest (ROIs). Only higher-order cognitions (such as learning and executive function) demonstrated significant relationships between brain function and behavior. Additionally, all significant relationships were negative - characterized by moderately positive correlations among low performers and weak to moderately negative correlations among high performers. These findings suggest that functional independence among brain regions at rest facilitates cognitive performance. Our interpretation is consistent with graph theoretic analyses which represent the brain as independent functional nodes that undergo dynamic reorganization with task demand. Future work will build upon these findings by evaluating domain-specific variance in resting-state neural representations of cognitive impairment among patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andrew James
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States.
| | | | - Jonathan A Young
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
| | - Clinton D Kilts
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
| | - Jennifer L Gess
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
| | - Jennifer S Fausett
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States
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33
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Suh S, Kim H, Dang-Vu TT, Joo E, Shin C. Cortical Thinning and Altered Cortico-Cortical Structural Covariance of the Default Mode Network in Patients with Persistent Insomnia Symptoms. Sleep 2016; 39:161-71. [PMID: 26414892 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Recent studies have suggested that structural abnormalities in insomnia may be linked with alterations in the default-mode network (DMN). This study compared cortical thickness and structural connectivity linked to the DMN in patients with persistent insomnia (PI) and good sleepers (GS). METHODS The current study used a clinical subsample from the longitudinal community-based Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Cortical thickness and structural connectivity linked to the DMN in patients with persistent insomnia symptoms (PIS; n = 57) were compared to good sleepers (GS; n = 40). All participants underwent MRI acquisition. Based on literature review, we selected cortical regions corresponding to the DMN. A seed-based structural covariance analysis measured cortical thickness correlation between each seed region of the DMN and other cortical areas. Association of cortical thickness and covariance with sleep quality and neuropsychological assessments were further assessed. RESULTS Compared to GS, cortical thinning was found in PIS in the anterior cingulate cortex, precentral cortex, and lateral prefrontal cortex. Decreased structural connectivity between anterior and posterior regions of the DMN was observed in the PIS group. Decreased structural covariance within the DMN was associated with higher PSQI scores. Cortical thinning in the lateral frontal lobe was related to poor performance in executive function in PIS. CONCLUSION Disrupted structural covariance network in PIS might reflect malfunctioning of antero-posterior disconnection of the DMN during the wake to sleep transition that is commonly found during normal sleep. The observed structural network alteration may further implicate commonly observed sustained sleep difficulties and cognitive impairment in insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Suh
- Sungshin Women's University, Department of Psychology, Seoul, Korea.,Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Hosung Kim
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, PERFORM Center & Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal & Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eunyeon Joo
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Korea University Ansan Hospital, Institute of Human Genomic Study, Seoul, Korea.,Korea University Ansan Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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34
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Caminiti R, Innocenti GM, Battaglia-Mayer A. Organization and evolution of parieto-frontal processing streams in macaque monkeys and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:73-96. [PMID: 26112130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functional organization of the parieto-frontal system is crucial for understanding cognitive-motor behavior and provides the basis for interpreting the consequences of parietal lesions in humans from a neurobiological perspective. The parieto-frontal connectivity defines some main information streams that, rather than being devoted to restricted functions, underlie a rich behavioral repertoire. Surprisingly, from macaque to humans, evolution has added only a few, new functional streams, increasing however their complexity and encoding power. In fact, the characterization of the conduction times of parietal and frontal areas to different target structures has recently opened a new window on cortical dynamics, suggesting that evolution has amplified the probability of dynamic interactions between the nodes of the network, thanks to communication patterns based on temporally-dispersed conduction delays. This might allow the representation of sensory-motor signals within multiple neural assemblies and reference frames, as to optimize sensory-motor remapping within an action space characterized by different and more complex demands across evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio M Innocenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Brain and Mind Institute, Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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35
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Vinette SA, Bray S. Variation in functional connectivity along anterior-to-posterior intraparietal sulcus, and relationship with age across late childhood and adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 13:32-42. [PMID: 25951196 PMCID: PMC6989812 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraparietal sulcus (IPS), a region in the dorsal attention network (DAN), has been implicated in multi-sensory attention and working memory. Working memory and attention develop across childhood; changes in functional connectivity within the DAN may relate to this maturation. Previous findings regarding fronto-parietal intrinsic functional connectivity age-effects were mixed. Our study aimed to circumvent limitations of previous work using a large cross-sectional sample, 183 typically developing participants 6.5-20 years, from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange, and seed regions along the anterior-to-posterior axis of the IPS. These seeds, IPS0-4, were entered into functional connectivity models. Group-level models investigated differential connectivity along the IPS and relationships with age. Anterior IPS3/4 exhibited greater connectivity with sensorimotor/pre-motor regions. Posterior IPS0/1 demonstrated greater connectivity with dorsal and ventral visual regions. Positive age-effects were found between IPS3-4 and visual regions. Negative age-effects were found between IPS and superior parietal and medial orbitofrontal cortices. Follow-up region of interest analyses were used to estimate age-effects for DAN and anticorrelated default mode network regions. Results suggest age-effects on IPS functional connectivity are relatively modest, and may differ pre- and across-adolescence. Studying typical age-related connectivity variability within this network may help to understand neurodevelopmental disorders marked by impaired attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Vinette
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Room 293, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 812, North Tower, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.
| | - Signe Bray
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Room 293, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 812, North Tower, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9; Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.
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36
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Killebrew K, Mruczek R, Berryhill ME. Intraparietal regions play a material general role in working memory: Evidence supporting an internal attentional role. Neuropsychologia 2015; 73:12-24. [PMID: 25940098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Determining the role of intraparietal sulcus (IPS) regions in working memory (WM) remains a topic of considerable interest and lack of clarity. One group of hypotheses, the internal attention view, proposes that the IPS plays a material general role in maintaining information in WM. An alternative viewpoint, the pure storage account, proposes that the IPS in each hemisphere maintains material specific (e.g., left--phonological; right--visuospatial) information. Yet, adjudication between competing theoretical perspectives is complicated by divergent findings from different methodologies and their use of different paradigms, perhaps most notably between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). For example, fMRI studies typically use full field stimulus presentations and report bilateral IPS activation, whereas EEG studies direct attention to a single hemifield and report a contralateral bias in both hemispheres. Here, we addressed this question by applying a regions-of-interest fMRI approach to elucidate IPS contributions to WM. Importantly, we manipulated stimulus type (verbal, visuospatial) and the cued hemifield to assess the degree to which IPS activations reflect stimulus specific or stimulus general processing consistent with the pure storage or internal attention hypotheses. These data revealed significant contralateral bias along regions IPS0-5 regardless of stimulus type. Also present was a weaker stimulus-based bias apparent in stronger left lateralized activations for verbal stimuli and stronger right lateralized activations for visuospatial stimuli. However, there was no consistent stimulus-based lateralization of activity. Thus, despite the observation of stimulus-based modulation of spatial lateralization this pattern was bilateral. As such, although it is quantitatively underspecified, our results are overall more consistent with an internal attention view that the IPS plays a material general role in refreshing the contents of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Mruczek
- University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Worcester State University, Worcester, MA 01602, USA
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