1
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Zhang Y, Zhou K, Bao P, Liu J. A biologically inspired computational model of human ventral temporal cortex. Neural Netw 2024; 178:106437. [PMID: 38936111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Our minds represent miscellaneous objects in the physical world metaphorically in an abstract and complex high-dimensional object space, which is implemented in a two-dimensional surface of the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) with topologically organized object selectivity. Here we investigated principles guiding the topographical organization of object selectivities in the VTC by constructing a hybrid Self-Organizing Map (SOM) model that harnesses a biologically inspired algorithm of wiring cost minimization and adheres to the constraints of the lateral wiring span of human VTC neurons. In a series of in silico experiments with functional brain neuroimaging and neurophysiological single-unit data from humans and non-human primates, the VTC-SOM predicted the topographical structure of fine-scale category-selective regions (face-, tool-, body-, and place-selective regions) and the boundary in large-scale abstract functional maps (animate vs. inanimate, real-word small-size vs. big-size, central vs. peripheral), with no significant loss in functionality (e.g., categorical selectivity and view-invariant representations). In addition, when the same principle was applied to V1 orientation preferences, a pinwheel-like topology emerged, suggesting the model's broad applicability. In summary, our study illustrates that the simple principle of wiring cost minimization, coupled with the appropriate biological constraint of lateral wiring span, is able to implement the high-dimensional object space in a two-dimensional cortical surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhang
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain & Intelligence, Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Pinglei Bao
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain & Intelligence, Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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2
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Cho E, Kwon J, Lee G, Shin J, Lee H, Lee SH, Chung CK, Yoon J, Ho WK. Net synaptic drive of fast-spiking interneurons is inverted towards inhibition in human FCD I epilepsy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6683. [PMID: 39107293 PMCID: PMC11303528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia type I (FCD I) is the most common cause of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy with the poorest prognosis. To understand the epileptogenic mechanisms of FCD I, we obtained tissue resected from patients with FCD I epilepsy, and from tumor patients as control. Using whole-cell patch clamp in acute human brain slices, we investigated the cellular properties of fast-spiking interneurons (FSINs) and pyramidal neurons (PNs) within the ictal onset zone. In FCD I epilepsy, FSINs exhibited lower firing rates from slower repolarization and action potential broadening, while PNs had increased firing. Importantly, excitatory synaptic drive of FSINs increased progressively with the scale of cortical activation as a general property across species, but this relationship was inverted towards net inhibition in FCD I epilepsy. Further comparison with intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) from the same patients revealed that the spatial extent of pathological high-frequency oscillations (pHFO) was associated with synaptic events at FSINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Cho
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jii Kwon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyuwon Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwoo Shin
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunsu Lee
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Suk-Ho Lee
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jaeyoung Yoon
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Won-Kyung Ho
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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3
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Asad Z, Fakheir Y, Abukhaled Y, Khalil R. Implications of altered pyramidal cell morphology on clinical symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39054743 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of pyramidal cells (PCs) in the mammalian cerebral cortex underscore their value as they play a crucial role in various brain functions, ranging from cognition, sensory processing, to motor output. PC morphology significantly influences brain connectivity and plays a critical role in maintaining normal brain function. Pathological alterations to PC morphology are thought to contribute to the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. This review explores the relationship between abnormalities in PC morphology in key cortical areas and the clinical manifestations in schizophrenia and ASD. We focus largely on human postmortem studies and provide evidence that dendritic segment length, complexity and spine density are differentially affected in these disorders. These morphological alterations can lead to disruptions in cortical connectivity, potentially contributing to the cognitive and behavioural deficits observed in these disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of investigating the functional and structural characteristics of PCs in these disorders to illuminate the underlying pathogenesis and stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zummar Asad
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yara Fakheir
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yara Abukhaled
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Khalil
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Dong J, Zhu XN, Zeng PM, Cao DD, Yang Y, Hu J, Luo ZG. A hominoid-specific signaling axis regulating the tempo of synaptic maturation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114548. [PMID: 39052482 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cortical neurons (hCNs) exhibit high dendritic complexity and synaptic density, and the maturation process is greatly protracted. However, the molecular mechanism governing these specific features remains unclear. Here, we report that the hominoid-specific gene TBC1D3 promotes dendritic arborization and protracts the pace of synaptogenesis. Ablation of TBC1D3 in induced hCNs causes reduction of dendritic growth and precocious synaptic maturation. Forced expression of TBC1D3 in the mouse cortex protracts synaptic maturation while increasing dendritic growth. Mechanistically, TBC1D3 functions via interaction with MICAL1, a monooxygenase that mediates oxidation of actin filament. At the early stage of differentiation, the TBC1D3/MICAL1 interaction in the cytosol promotes dendritic growth via F-actin oxidation and enhanced actin dynamics. At late stages, TBC1D3 escorts MICAL1 into the nucleus and downregulates the expression of genes related with synaptic maturation through interaction with the chromatin remodeling factor ATRX. Thus, this study delineates the molecular mechanisms underlying human neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peng-Ming Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dong-Dong Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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5
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Nehme R, Pietiläinen O, Barrett LE. Genomic, molecular, and cellular divergence of the human brain. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:491-505. [PMID: 38897852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
While many core biological processes are conserved across species, the human brain has evolved with unique capacities. Current understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that endow human traits as well as associated vulnerabilities remains limited. However, emerging data have illuminated species divergence in DNA elements and genome organization, in molecular, morphological, and functional features of conserved neural cell types, as well as temporal differences in brain development. Here, we summarize recent data on unique features of the human brain and their complex implications for the study and treatment of brain diseases. We also consider key outstanding questions in the field and discuss the technologies and foundational knowledge that will be required to accelerate understanding of human neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralda Nehme
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lindy E Barrett
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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6
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Mahon S. Variation and convergence in the morpho-functional properties of the mammalian neocortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2024; 18:1413780. [PMID: 38966330 PMCID: PMC11222651 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2024.1413780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Man's natural inclination to classify and hierarchize the living world has prompted neurophysiologists to explore possible differences in brain organisation between mammals, with the aim of understanding the diversity of their behavioural repertoires. But what really distinguishes the human brain from that of a platypus, an opossum or a rodent? In this review, we compare the structural and electrical properties of neocortical neurons in the main mammalian radiations and examine their impact on the functioning of the networks they form. We discuss variations in overall brain size, number of neurons, length of their dendritic trees and density of spines, acknowledging their increase in humans as in most large-brained species. Our comparative analysis also highlights a remarkable consistency, particularly pronounced in marsupial and placental mammals, in the cell typology, intrinsic and synaptic electrical properties of pyramidal neuron subtypes, and in their organisation into functional circuits. These shared cellular and network characteristics contribute to the emergence of strikingly similar large-scale physiological and pathological brain dynamics across a wide range of species. These findings support the existence of a core set of neural principles and processes conserved throughout mammalian evolution, from which a number of species-specific adaptations appear, likely allowing distinct functional needs to be met in a variety of environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Mahon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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7
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Lindhout FW, Krienen FM, Pollard KS, Lancaster MA. A molecular and cellular perspective on human brain evolution and tempo. Nature 2024; 630:596-608. [PMID: 38898293 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of the modern human brain was accompanied by distinct molecular and cellular specializations, which underpin our diverse cognitive abilities but also increase our susceptibility to neurological diseases. These features, some specific to humans and others shared with related species, manifest during different stages of brain development. In this multi-stage process, neural stem cells proliferate to produce a large and diverse progenitor pool, giving rise to excitatory or inhibitory neurons that integrate into circuits during further maturation. This process unfolds over varying time scales across species and has progressively become slower in the human lineage, with differences in tempo correlating with differences in brain size, cell number and diversity, and connectivity. Here we introduce the terms 'bradychrony' and 'tachycrony' to describe slowed and accelerated developmental tempos, respectively. We review how recent technical advances across disciplines, including advanced engineering of in vitro models, functional comparative genetics and high-throughput single-cell profiling, are leading to a deeper understanding of how specializations of the human brain arise during bradychronic neurodevelopment. Emerging insights point to a central role for genetics, gene-regulatory networks, cellular innovations and developmental tempo, which together contribute to the establishment of human specializations during various stages of neurodevelopment and at different points in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feline W Lindhout
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Fenna M Krienen
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Institute for Computational Health Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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8
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Steyn C, Mishi R, Fillmore S, Verhoog MB, More J, Rohlwink UK, Melvill R, Butler J, Enslin JMN, Jacobs M, Sauka-Spengler T, Greco M, Quiñones S, Dulla CG, Raimondo JV, Figaji A, Hockman D. Cell type-specific gene expression dynamics during human brain maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.29.560114. [PMID: 37808657 PMCID: PMC10557738 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The human brain undergoes protracted post-natal maturation, guided by dynamic changes in gene expression. Most studies exploring these processes have used bulk tissue analyses, which mask cell type-specific gene expression dynamics. Here, using single nucleus (sn)RNA-seq on temporal lobe tissue, including samples of African ancestry, we build a joint paediatric and adult atlas of 75 cell subtypes, which we verify with spatial transcriptomics. We explore the differences between paediatric and adult cell types, revealing the genes and pathways that change during brain maturation. Our results highlight excitatory neuron subtypes, including the LTK and FREM subtypes, that show elevated expression of genes associated with cognition and synaptic plasticity in paediatric tissue. The new resources we present here improve our understanding of the brain during its development and contribute to global efforts to build an inclusive brain cell map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Steyn
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruvimbo Mishi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Fillmore
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthijs B Verhoog
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jessica More
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ursula K Rohlwink
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roger Melvill
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Butler
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johannes M N Enslin
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology University of Cape Town
- National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Maria Greco
- Single Cell Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sadi Quiñones
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph V Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorit Hockman
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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9
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Benavides-Piccione R, Blazquez-Llorca L, Kastanauskaite A, Fernaud-Espinosa I, Tapia-González S, DeFelipe J. Key morphological features of human pyramidal neurons. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae180. [PMID: 38745556 PMCID: PMC11094408 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The basic building block of the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cell, has been shown to be characterized by a markedly different dendritic structure among layers, cortical areas, and species. Functionally, differences in the structure of their dendrites and axons are critical in determining how neurons integrate information. However, within the human cortex, these neurons have not been quantified in detail. In the present work, we performed intracellular injections of Lucifer Yellow and 3D reconstructed over 200 pyramidal neurons, including apical and basal dendritic and local axonal arbors and dendritic spines, from human occipital primary visual area and associative temporal cortex. We found that human pyramidal neurons from temporal cortex were larger, displayed more complex apical and basal structural organization, and had more spines compared to those in primary sensory cortex. Moreover, these human neocortical neurons displayed specific shared and distinct characteristics in comparison to previously published human hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Additionally, we identified distinct morphological features in human neurons that set them apart from mouse neurons. Lastly, we observed certain consistent organizational patterns shared across species. This study emphasizes the existing diversity within pyramidal cell structures across different cortical areas and species, suggesting substantial species-specific variations in their computational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Lidia Blazquez-Llorca
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Asta Kastanauskaite
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud-Espinosa
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Silvia Tapia-González
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
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10
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Mertens EJ, Leibner Y, Pie J, Galakhova AA, Waleboer F, Meijer J, Heistek TS, Wilbers R, Heyer D, Goriounova NA, Idema S, Verhoog MB, Kalmbach BE, Lee BR, Gwinn RP, Lein ES, Aronica E, Ting J, Mansvelder HD, Segev I, de Kock CPJ. Morpho-electric diversity of human hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114100. [PMID: 38607921 PMCID: PMC11106460 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal pyramidal neuron activity underlies episodic memory and spatial navigation. Although extensively studied in rodents, extremely little is known about human hippocampal pyramidal neurons, even though the human hippocampus underwent strong evolutionary reorganization and shows lower theta rhythm frequencies. To test whether biophysical properties of human Cornu Amonis subfield 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons can explain observed rhythms, we map the morpho-electric properties of individual CA1 pyramidal neurons in human, non-pathological hippocampal slices from neurosurgery. Human CA1 pyramidal neurons have much larger dendritic trees than mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons, have a large number of oblique dendrites, and resonate at 2.9 Hz, optimally tuned to human theta frequencies. Morphological and biophysical properties suggest cellular diversity along a multidimensional gradient rather than discrete clustering. Across the population, dendritic architecture and a large number of oblique dendrites consistently boost memory capacity in human CA1 pyramidal neurons by an order of magnitude compared to mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline J Mertens
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yoni Leibner
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jean Pie
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna A Galakhova
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Waleboer
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Meijer
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim S Heistek
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Wilbers
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Djai Heyer
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia A Goriounova
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs B Verhoog
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryder P Gwinn
- Epilepsy Surgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Idan Segev
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Christiaan P J de Kock
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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11
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Khodosevich K, Dragicevic K, Howes O. Drug targeting in psychiatric disorders - how to overcome the loss in translation? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:218-231. [PMID: 38114612 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In spite of major efforts and investment in development of psychiatric drugs, many clinical trials have failed in recent decades, and clinicians still prescribe drugs that were discovered many years ago. Although multiple reasons have been discussed for the drug development deadlock, we focus here on one of the major possible biological reasons: differences between the characteristics of drug targets in preclinical models and the corresponding targets in patients. Importantly, based on technological advances in single-cell analysis, we propose here a framework for the use of available and newly emerging knowledge from single-cell and spatial omics studies to evaluate and potentially improve the translational predictivity of preclinical models before commencing preclinical and, in particular, clinical studies. We believe that these recommendations will improve preclinical models and the ability to assess drugs in clinical trials, reducing failure rates in expensive late-stage trials and ultimately benefitting psychiatric drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katarina Dragicevic
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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12
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Gowers RP, Schreiber S. How neuronal morphology impacts the synchronisation state of neuronal networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011874. [PMID: 38437226 PMCID: PMC10939433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The biophysical properties of neurons not only affect how information is processed within cells, they can also impact the dynamical states of the network. Specifically, the cellular dynamics of action-potential generation have shown relevance for setting the (de)synchronisation state of the network. The dynamics of tonically spiking neurons typically fall into one of three qualitatively distinct types that arise from distinct mathematical bifurcations of voltage dynamics at the onset of spiking. Accordingly, changes in ion channel composition or even external factors, like temperature, have been demonstrated to switch network behaviour via changes in the spike onset bifurcation and hence its associated dynamical type. A thus far less addressed modulator of neuronal dynamics is cellular morphology. Based on simplified and anatomically realistic mathematical neuron models, we show here that the extent of dendritic arborisation has an influence on the neuronal dynamical spiking type and therefore on the (de)synchronisation state of the network. Specifically, larger dendritic trees prime neuronal dynamics for in-phase-synchronised or splayed-out activity in weakly coupled networks, in contrast to cells with otherwise identical properties yet smaller dendrites. Our biophysical insights hold for generic multicompartmental classes of spiking neuron models (from ball-and-stick-type to anatomically reconstructed models) and establish a connection between neuronal morphology and the susceptibility of neural tissue to synchronisation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Gowers
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Schreiber
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Nelson J, Woeste EM, Oba K, Bitterman K, Billings BK, Sacco J, Jacobs B, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Spocter MA. Neuropil Variation in the Prefrontal, Motor, and Visual Cortex of Six Felids. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024; 99:25-44. [PMID: 38354714 DOI: 10.1159/000537843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Felids have evolved a specialized suite of morphological adaptations for obligate carnivory. Although the musculoskeletal anatomy of the Felidae has been studied extensively, the comparative neuroanatomy of felids is relatively unexplored. Little is known about how variation in the cerebral anatomy of felids relates to species-specific differences in sociality, hunting strategy, or activity patterns. METHODS We quantitatively analyzed neuropil variation in the prefrontal, primary motor, and primary visual cortices of six species of Felidae (Panthera leo, Panthera uncia, Panthera tigris, Panthera leopardus, Acinonyx jubatus, Felis sylvestris domesticus) to investigate relationships with brain size, neuronal cell parameters, and select behavioral and ecological factors. Neuropil is the dense, intricate network of axons, dendrites, and synapses in the brain, playing a critical role in information processing and communication between neurons. RESULTS There were significant species and regional differences in neuropil proportions, with African lion, cheetah, and tiger having more neuropil in all three cortical regions in comparison to the other species. Based on regression analyses, we find that the increased neuropil fraction in the prefrontal cortex supports social and behavioral flexibility, while in the primary motor cortex, this facilitates the neural activity needed for hunting movements. Greater neuropil fraction in the primary visual cortex may contribute to visual requirements associated with diel activity patterns. CONCLUSION These results provide a cross-species comparison of neuropil fraction variation in the Felidae, particularly the understudied Panthera, and provide evidence for convergence of the neuroanatomy of Panthera and cheetahs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Nelson
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Erin M Woeste
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Ken Oba
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Kathleen Bitterman
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James Sacco
- Ellis Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Bob Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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14
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Cancino-Fuentes N, Manasanch A, Covelo J, Suarez-Perez A, Fernandez E, Matsoukis S, Guger C, Illa X, Guimerà-Brunet A, Sanchez-Vives MV. Recording physiological and pathological cortical activity and exogenous electric fields using graphene microtransistor arrays in vitro. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:664-677. [PMID: 38100059 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03842d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based solution-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs) allow the quantification of the brain's full-band signal. Extracellular alternating current (AC) signals include local field potentials (LFP, population activity within a reach of hundreds of micrometers), multiunit activity (MUA), and ultimately single units. Direct current (DC) potentials are slow brain signals with a frequency under 0.1 Hz, and commonly filtered out by conventional AC amplifiers. This component conveys information about what has been referred to as "infraslow" activity. We used gSGFET arrays to record full-band patterns from both physiological and pathological activity generated by the cerebral cortex. To this end, we used an in vitro preparation of cerebral cortex that generates spontaneous rhythmic activity, such as that occurring in slow wave sleep. This examination extended to experimentally induced pathological activities, including epileptiform discharges and cortical spreading depression. Validation of recordings obtained via gSGFETs, including both AC and DC components, was accomplished by cross-referencing with well-established technologies, thereby quantifying these components across different activity patterns. We then explored an additional gSGFET potential application, which is the measure of externally induced electric fields such as those used in therapeutic neuromodulation in humans. Finally, we tested the gSGFETs in human cortical slices obtained intrasurgically. In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive characterization of gSGFETs for brain recordings, with a focus on potential clinical applications of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnau Manasanch
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joana Covelo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alex Suarez-Perez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Stratis Matsoukis
- g.tec medical engineering, Schiedlberg, Austria
- Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Xavi Illa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anton Guimerà-Brunet
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Fitch WT. Cellular computation and cognition. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1107876. [PMID: 38077750 PMCID: PMC10702520 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1107876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Contemporary neural network models often overlook a central biological fact about neural processing: that single neurons are themselves complex, semi-autonomous computing systems. Both the information processing and information storage abilities of actual biological neurons vastly exceed the simple weighted sum of synaptic inputs computed by the "units" in standard neural network models. Neurons are eukaryotic cells that store information not only in synapses, but also in their dendritic structure and connectivity, as well as genetic "marking" in the epigenome of each individual cell. Each neuron computes a complex nonlinear function of its inputs, roughly equivalent in processing capacity to an entire 1990s-era neural network model. Furthermore, individual cells provide the biological interface between gene expression, ongoing neural processing, and stored long-term memory traces. Neurons in all organisms have these properties, which are thus relevant to all of neuroscience and cognitive biology. Single-cell computation may also play a particular role in explaining some unusual features of human cognition. The recognition of the centrality of cellular computation to "natural computation" in brains, and of the constraints it imposes upon brain evolution, thus has important implications for the evolution of cognition, and how we study it.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Tecumseh Fitch
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Rashid F, Dahourou DL, Ouedraogo AS, Chen Y. Influence of HIV infection on cognition and overall intelligence in HIV-infected individuals: advances and perspectives. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1261784. [PMID: 37953826 PMCID: PMC10637382 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1261784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well understood that HIV-positive individuals, even those under effective ART, tend to develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood conditions which are contemporarily referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and which is directly related to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system (CNS). As HAND is known to induce difficulties associated with attention, concentration, and memory, it is thus legitimate and pertinent to speculate upon the possibility that HIV infection may well influence human cognition and intelligence. We therefore propose herein to review the concept of intelligence, the concept of cells of intelligence, the influence of HIV on these particular cells, and the evidence pointing to differences in observed intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. Additionally, cumulative research evidence continues to draw attention to the influence of the gut on human intelligence. Up to now, although it is known that HIV infection profoundly alters both the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota and the structural integrity of the gut, the influence of the gut on intelligence in the context of HIV infection remains poorly described. As such, we also provide herein a review of the different ways in which HIV may influence human intelligence via the gut-brain axis. Finally, we provide a discourse on perspectives related to HIV and human intelligence which may assist in generating more robust evidence with respect to this issue in future studies. Our aim is to provide insightful knowledge for the identification of novel areas of investigation, in order to reveal and explain some of the enigmas related to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Désiré Lucien Dahourou
- Département Biomédical/Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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17
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Wilbers R, Galakhova AA, Driessens SL, Heistek TS, Metodieva VD, Hagemann J, Heyer DB, Mertens EJ, Deng S, Idema S, de Witt Hamer PC, Noske DP, van Schie P, Kommers I, Luan G, Li T, Shu Y, de Kock CP, Mansvelder HD, Goriounova NA. Structural and functional specializations of human fast-spiking neurons support fast cortical signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0708. [PMID: 37824618 PMCID: PMC10569701 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Fast-spiking interneurons (FSINs) provide fast inhibition that synchronizes neuronal activity and is critical for cognitive function. Fast synchronization frequencies are evolutionary conserved in the expanded human neocortex despite larger neuron-to-neuron distances that challenge fast input-output transfer functions of FSINs. Here, we test in human neurons from neurosurgery tissue, which mechanistic specializations of human FSINs explain their fast-signaling properties in human cortex. With morphological reconstructions, multipatch recordings, and biophysical modeling, we find that despite threefold longer dendritic path, human FSINs maintain fast inhibition between connected pyramidal neurons through several mechanisms: stronger synapse strength of excitatory inputs, larger dendrite diameter with reduced complexity, faster AP initiation, and faster and larger inhibitory output, while Na+ current activation/inactivation properties are similar. These adaptations underlie short input-output delays in fast inhibition of human pyramidal neurons through FSINs, explaining how cortical synchronization frequencies are conserved despite expanded and sparse network topology of human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna A. Galakhova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stan L.W. Driessens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim S. Heistek
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Verjinia D. Metodieva
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jim Hagemann
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Djai B. Heyer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eline J. Mertens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Wai Street, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. de Witt Hamer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David P. Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul van Schie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ivar Kommers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xiangshan Yikesong 50, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Wai Street, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Christiaan P.J. de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natalia A. Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Chartrand T, Dalley R, Close J, Goriounova NA, Lee BR, Mann R, Miller JA, Molnar G, Mukora A, Alfiler L, Baker K, Bakken TE, Berg J, Bertagnolli D, Braun T, Brouner K, Casper T, Csajbok EA, Dee N, Egdorf T, Enstrom R, Galakhova AA, Gary A, Gelfand E, Goldy J, Hadley K, Heistek TS, Hill D, Jorstad N, Kim L, Kocsis AK, Kruse L, Kunst M, Leon G, Long B, Mallory M, McGraw M, McMillen D, Melief EJ, Mihut N, Ng L, Nyhus J, Oláh G, Ozsvár A, Omstead V, Peterfi Z, Pom A, Potekhina L, Rajanbabu R, Rozsa M, Ruiz A, Sandle J, Sunkin SM, Szots I, Tieu M, Toth M, Trinh J, Vargas S, Vumbaco D, Williams G, Wilson J, Yao Z, Barzo P, Cobbs C, Ellenbogen RG, Esposito L, Ferreira M, Gouwens NW, Grannan B, Gwinn RP, Hauptman JS, Jarsky T, Keene CD, Ko AL, Koch C, Ojemann JG, Patel A, Ruzevick J, Silbergeld DL, Smith K, Sorensen SA, Tasic B, Ting JT, Waters J, de Kock CPJ, Mansvelder HD, Tamas G, Zeng H, Kalmbach B, Lein ES. Morphoelectric and transcriptomic divergence of the layer 1 interneuron repertoire in human versus mouse neocortex. Science 2023; 382:eadf0805. [PMID: 37824667 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Neocortical layer 1 (L1) is a site of convergence between pyramidal-neuron dendrites and feedback axons where local inhibitory signaling can profoundly shape cortical processing. Evolutionary expansion of human neocortex is marked by distinctive pyramidal neurons with extensive L1 branching, but whether L1 interneurons are similarly diverse is underexplored. Using Patch-seq recordings from human neurosurgical tissue, we identified four transcriptomic subclasses with mouse L1 homologs, along with distinct subtypes and types unmatched in mouse L1. Subclass and subtype comparisons showed stronger transcriptomic differences in human L1 and were correlated with strong morphoelectric variability along dimensions distinct from mouse L1 variability. Accompanied by greater layer thickness and other cytoarchitecture changes, these findings suggest that L1 has diverged in evolution, reflecting the demands of regulating the expanded human neocortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennie Close
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Natalia A Goriounova
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rusty Mann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gabor Molnar
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alice Mukora
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jim Berg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eva Adrienn Csajbok
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tom Egdorf
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Anna A Galakhova
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amanda Gary
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tim S Heistek
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - DiJon Hill
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nik Jorstad
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa Kim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Agnes Katalin Kocsis
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lauren Kruse
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Long
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Medea McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Erica J Melief
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Norbert Mihut
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lindsay Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Nyhus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gáspár Oláh
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ozsvár
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltan Peterfi
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alice Pom
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Marton Rozsa
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Joanna Sandle
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Ildiko Szots
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Tieu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Toth
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Sara Vargas
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Wilson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pal Barzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Ferreira
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Grannan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jason S Hauptman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tim Jarsky
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew L Ko
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anoop Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Ruzevick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel L Silbergeld
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christiaan P J de Kock
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huib D Mansvelder
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabor Tamas
- Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits of the Hungarian Academy of Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian Kalmbach
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Wilbers R, Metodieva VD, Duverdin S, Heyer DB, Galakhova AA, Mertens EJ, Versluis TD, Baayen JC, Idema S, Noske DP, Verburg N, Willemse RB, de Witt Hamer PC, Kole MH, de Kock CP, Mansvelder HD, Goriounova NA. Human voltage-gated Na + and K + channel properties underlie sustained fast AP signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3300. [PMID: 37824607 PMCID: PMC10569700 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Human cortical pyramidal neurons are large, have extensive dendritic trees, and yet have unexpectedly fast input-output properties: Rapid subthreshold synaptic membrane potential changes are reliably encoded in timing of action potentials (APs). Here, we tested whether biophysical properties of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) currents in human pyramidal neurons can explain their fast input-output properties. Human Na+ and K+ currents exhibited more depolarized voltage dependence, slower inactivation, and faster recovery from inactivation compared with their mouse counterparts. Computational modeling showed that despite lower Na+ channel densities in human neurons, the biophysical properties of Na+ channels resulted in higher channel availability and contributed to fast AP kinetics stability. Last, human Na+ channel properties also resulted in a larger dynamic range for encoding of subthreshold membrane potential changes. Thus, biophysical adaptations of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels enable fast input-output properties of large human pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Verjinia D. Metodieva
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Duverdin
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Djai B. Heyer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Anna A. Galakhova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Eline J. Mertens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Tamara D. Versluis
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - David P. Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Niels Verburg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Ronald B. Willemse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. de Witt Hamer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc Cancer Center, Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Maarten H. P. Kole
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105 BA, Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan P. J. de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Natalia A. Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
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20
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Chameh HM, Falby M, Movahed M, Arbabi K, Rich S, Zhang L, Lefebvre J, Tripathy SJ, De Pittà M, Valiante TA. Distinctive biophysical features of human cell-types: insights from studies of neurosurgically resected brain tissue. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1250834. [PMID: 37860223 PMCID: PMC10584155 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1250834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological characterization of live human tissue from epilepsy patients has been performed for many decades. Although initially these studies sought to understand the biophysical and synaptic changes associated with human epilepsy, recently, it has become the mainstay for exploring the distinctive biophysical and synaptic features of human cell-types. Both epochs of these human cellular electrophysiological explorations have faced criticism. Early studies revealed that cortical pyramidal neurons obtained from individuals with epilepsy appeared to function "normally" in comparison to neurons from non-epilepsy controls or neurons from other species and thus there was little to gain from the study of human neurons from epilepsy patients. On the other hand, contemporary studies are often questioned for the "normalcy" of the recorded neurons since they are derived from epilepsy patients. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the distinct biophysical features of human cortical neurons and glia obtained from tissue removed from patients with epilepsy and tumors. We then explore the concept of within cell-type diversity and its loss (i.e., "neural homogenization"). We introduce neural homogenization to help reconcile the epileptogenicity of seemingly "normal" human cortical cells and circuits. We propose that there should be continued efforts to study cortical tissue from epilepsy patients in the quest to understand what makes human cell-types "human".
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Moradi Chameh
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Falby
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mandana Movahed
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keon Arbabi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Rich
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jérémie Lefebvre
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shreejoy J. Tripathy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurizio De Pittà
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Taufik A. Valiante
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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de Kock CPJ, Feldmeyer D. Shared and divergent principles of synaptic transmission between cortical excitatory neurons in rodent and human brain. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1274383. [PMID: 37731775 PMCID: PMC10508294 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1274383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Information transfer between principal neurons in neocortex occurs through (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission. In this focussed review, we provide a detailed overview on the strength of synaptic neurotransmission between pairs of excitatory neurons in human and laboratory animals with a specific focus on data obtained using patch clamp electrophysiology. We reach two major conclusions: (1) the synaptic strength, measured as unitary excitatory postsynaptic potential (or uEPSP), is remarkably consistent across species, cortical regions, layers and/or cell-types (median 0.5 mV, interquartile range 0.4-1.0 mV) with most variability associated with the cell-type specific connection studied (min 0.1-max 1.4 mV), (2) synaptic function cannot be generalized across human and rodent, which we exemplify by discussing the differences in anatomical and functional properties of pyramidal-to-pyramidal connections within human and rodent cortical layers 2 and 3. With only a handful of studies available on synaptic transmission in human, it is obvious that much remains unknown to date. Uncovering the shared and divergent principles of synaptic transmission across species however, will almost certainly be a pivotal step toward understanding human cognitive ability and brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan P. J. de Kock
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen, Germany
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22
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Inibhunu H, Moradi Chameh H, Skinner F, Rich S, Valiante TA. Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Channels Shape the Spiking Frequency Preference of Human Cortical Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0215-23.2023. [PMID: 37567768 PMCID: PMC10467019 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0215-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Discerning the contribution of specific ionic currents to complex neuronal dynamics is a difficult, but important, task. This challenge is exacerbated in the human setting, although the widely characterized uniqueness of the human brain compared with preclinical models necessitates the direct study of human neurons. Neuronal spiking frequency preference is of particular interest given its role in rhythm generation and signal transmission in cortical circuits. Here, we combine the frequency-dependent gain (FDG), a measure of spiking frequency preference, and novel in silico analyses to dissect the contributions of individual ionic currents to the suprathreshold features of human layer 5 (L5) neurons captured by the FDG. We confirm that a contemporary model of such a neuron, primarily constrained to capture subthreshold activity driven by the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated (h-) current, replicates key features of the in vitro FDG both with and without h-current activity. With the model confirmed as a viable approximation of the biophysical features of interest, we applied new analysis techniques to quantify the activity of each modeled ionic current in the moments before spiking, revealing unique dynamics of the h-current. These findings motivated patch-clamp recordings in analogous rodent neurons to characterize their FDG, which confirmed that a biophysically detailed model of these neurons captures key interspecies differences in the FDG. These differences are correlated with distinct contributions of the h-current to neuronal activity. Together, this interdisciplinary and multispecies study provides new insights directly relating the dynamics of the h-current to suprathreshold spiking frequency preference in human L5 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happy Inibhunu
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Homeira Moradi Chameh
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Frances Skinner
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Neurology and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Scott Rich
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
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23
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Driessens SLW, Galakhova AA, Heyer DB, Pieterse IJ, Wilbers R, Mertens EJ, Waleboer F, Heistek TS, Coenen L, Meijer JR, Idema S, de Witt Hamer PC, Noske DP, de Kock CPJ, Lee BR, Smith K, Ting JT, Lein ES, Mansvelder HD, Goriounova NA. Genes associated with cognitive ability and HAR show overlapping expression patterns in human cortical neuron types. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4188. [PMID: 37443107 PMCID: PMC10345092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
GWAS have identified numerous genes associated with human cognition but their cell type expression profiles in the human brain are unknown. These genes overlap with human accelerated regions (HARs) implicated in human brain evolution and might act on the same biological processes. Here, we investigated whether these gene sets are expressed in adult human cortical neurons, and how their expression relates to neuronal function and structure. We find that these gene sets are preferentially expressed in L3 pyramidal neurons in middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Furthermore, neurons with higher expression had larger total dendritic length (TDL) and faster action potential (AP) kinetics, properties previously linked to intelligence. We identify a subset of genes associated with TDL or AP kinetics with predominantly synaptic functions and high abundance of HARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan L W Driessens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Anna A Galakhova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Djai B Heyer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel J Pieterse
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - René Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Eline J Mertens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Waleboer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Tim S Heistek
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Loet Coenen
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Julia R Meijer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip C de Witt Hamer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David P Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kimberly Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
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24
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Straehle J, Ravi VM, Heiland DH, Galanis C, Lenz M, Zhang J, Neidert NN, El Rahal A, Vasilikos I, Kellmeyer P, Scheiwe C, Klingler JH, Fung C, Vlachos A, Beck J, Schnell O. Technical report: surgical preparation of human brain tissue for clinical and basic research. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:1461-1471. [PMID: 37147485 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of the distinct structure and function of the human central nervous system, both in healthy and diseased states, is becoming increasingly significant in the field of neuroscience. Typically, cortical and subcortical tissue is discarded during surgeries for tumors and epilepsy. Yet, there is a strong encouragement to utilize this tissue for clinical and basic research in humans. Here, we describe the technical aspects of the microdissection and immediate handling of viable human cortical access tissue for basic and clinical research, highlighting the measures needed to be taken in the operating room to ensure standardized procedures and optimal experimental results. METHODS In multiple rounds of experiments (n = 36), we developed and refined surgical principles for the removal of cortical access tissue. The specimens were immediately immersed in cold carbogenated N-methyl-D-glucamine-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid for electrophysiology and electron microscopy experiments or specialized hibernation medium for organotypic slice cultures. RESULTS The surgical principles of brain tissue microdissection were (1) rapid preparation (<1 min), (2) maintenance of the cortical axis, (3) minimization of mechanical trauma to sample, (4) use of pointed scalpel blade, (5) avoidance of cauterization and blunt preparation, (6) constant irrigation, and (7) retrieval of the sample without the use of forceps or suction. After a single round of introduction to these principles, multiple surgeons adopted the technique for samples with a minimal dimension of 5 mm spanning all cortical layers and subcortical white matter. Small samples (5-7 mm) were ideal for acute slice preparation and electrophysiology. No adverse events from sample resection were observed. CONCLUSION The microdissection technique of human cortical access tissue is safe and easily adoptable into the routine of neurosurgical procedures. The standardized and reliable surgical extraction of human brain tissue lays the foundation for human-to-human translational research on human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Straehle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - V M Ravi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Freiburg, Germany
| | - D H Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - C Galanis
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Lenz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N N Neidert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A El Rahal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - I Vasilikos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Kellmeyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Scheiwe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J H Klingler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Fung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center Brain Links - Brain Tools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Schnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Advanced Surgical Tissue Analysis (CAST), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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25
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Berryer MH, Rizki G, Nathanson A, Klein JA, Trendafilova D, Susco SG, Lam D, Messana A, Holton KM, Karhohs KW, Cimini BA, Pfaff K, Carpenter AE, Rubin LL, Barrett LE. High-content synaptic phenotyping in human cellular models reveals a role for BET proteins in synapse assembly. eLife 2023; 12:80168. [PMID: 37083703 PMCID: PMC10121225 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving fundamental molecular and functional processes underlying human synaptic development is crucial for understanding normal brain function as well as dysfunction in disease. Based upon increasing evidence of species-divergent features of brain cell types, coupled with emerging studies of complex human disease genetics, we developed the first automated and quantitative high-content synaptic phenotyping platform using human neurons and astrocytes. To establish the robustness of our platform, we screened the effects of 376 small molecules on presynaptic density, neurite outgrowth, and cell viability, validating six small molecules that specifically enhanced human presynaptic density in vitro. Astrocytes were essential for mediating the effects of all six small molecules, underscoring the relevance of non-cell-autonomous factors in synapse assembly and their importance in synaptic screening applications. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitors emerged as the most prominent hit class and global transcriptional analyses using multiple BET inhibitors confirmed upregulation of synaptic gene expression. Through these analyses, we demonstrate the robustness of our automated screening platform for identifying potent synaptic modulators, which can be further leveraged for scaled analyses of human synaptic mechanisms and drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Berryer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Gizem Rizki
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anna Nathanson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jenny A Klein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Darina Trendafilova
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sara G Susco
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Daisy Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Angelica Messana
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kristina M Holton
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kyle W Karhohs
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Beth A Cimini
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kathleen Pfaff
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Anne E Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lindy E Barrett
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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26
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Hunt S, Leibner Y, Mertens EJ, Barros-Zulaica N, Kanari L, Heistek TS, Karnani MM, Aardse R, Wilbers R, Heyer DB, Goriounova NA, Verhoog MB, Testa-Silva G, Obermayer J, Versluis T, Benavides-Piccione R, de Witt-Hamer P, Idema S, Noske DP, Baayen JC, Lein ES, DeFelipe J, Markram H, Mansvelder HD, Schürmann F, Segev I, de Kock CPJ. Strong and reliable synaptic communication between pyramidal neurons in adult human cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2857-2878. [PMID: 35802476 PMCID: PMC10016070 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission constitutes the primary mode of communication between neurons. It is extensively studied in rodent but not human neocortex. We characterized synaptic transmission between pyramidal neurons in layers 2 and 3 using neurosurgically resected human middle temporal gyrus (MTG, Brodmann area 21), which is part of the distributed language circuitry. We find that local connectivity is comparable with mouse layer 2/3 connections in the anatomical homologue (temporal association area), but synaptic connections in human are 3-fold stronger and more reliable (0% vs 25% failure rates, respectively). We developed a theoretical approach to quantify properties of spinous synapses showing that synaptic conductance and voltage change in human dendritic spines are 3-4-folds larger compared with mouse, leading to significant NMDA receptor activation in human unitary connections. This model prediction was validated experimentally by showing that NMDA receptor activation increases the amplitude and prolongs decay of unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials in human but not in mouse connections. Since NMDA-dependent recurrent excitation facilitates persistent activity (supporting working memory), our data uncovers cortical microcircuit properties in human that may contribute to language processing in MTG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eline J Mertens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalí Barros-Zulaica
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Lida Kanari
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Tim S Heistek
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mahesh M Karnani
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Romy Aardse
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Djai B Heyer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joshua Obermayer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamara Versluis
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Philip de Witt-Hamer
- Neurosurgery Department, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Idema
- Neurosurgery Department, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David P Noske
- Neurosurgery Department, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Neurosurgery Department, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Schürmann
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Campus Biotech, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Idan Segev
- Department of Neurobiology and Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501 Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Vanderhaeghen P, Polleux F. Developmental mechanisms underlying the evolution of human cortical circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:213-232. [PMID: 36792753 PMCID: PMC10064077 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The brain of modern humans has evolved remarkable computational abilities that enable higher cognitive functions. These capacities are tightly linked to an increase in the size and connectivity of the cerebral cortex, which is thought to have resulted from evolutionary changes in the mechanisms of cortical development. Convergent progress in evolutionary genomics, developmental biology and neuroscience has recently enabled the identification of genomic changes that act as human-specific modifiers of cortical development. These modifiers influence most aspects of corticogenesis, from the timing and complexity of cortical neurogenesis to synaptogenesis and the assembly of cortical circuits. Mutations of human-specific genetic modifiers of corticogenesis have started to be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, providing evidence for their physiological relevance and suggesting potential relationships between the evolution of the human brain and its sensitivity to specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Radler MR, Liu X, Peng M, Doyle B, Toyo-Oka K, Spiliotis ET. Pyramidal neuron morphogenesis requires a septin network that stabilizes filopodia and suppresses lamellipodia during neurite initiation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:434-448.e8. [PMID: 36538929 PMCID: PMC9905282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons are a major cell type of the forebrain, consisting of a pyramidally shaped soma with axonal and apicobasal dendritic processes. It is poorly understood how the neuronal soma develops its pyramidal morphology, while generating neurites of the proper shape and orientation. Here, we discovered that the spherical somata of immature neurite-less neurons possess a circumferential wreath-like network of septin filaments, which promotes neuritogenesis by balancing the protrusive activity of lamellipodia and filopodia. In embryonic rat hippocampal and mouse cortical neurons, the septin wreath network consists of curvilinear filaments that contain septins 5, 7, and 11 (Sept5/7/11). The Sept5/7/11 wreath network demarcates a zone of myosin II enrichment and Arp2/3 diminution at the base of filopodial actin bundles. In Sept7-depleted neurons, cell bodies are enlarged with hyperextended lamellae and abnormally shaped neurites that originate from lamellipodia. This phenotype is accompanied by diminished myosin II and filopodia lifetimes and increased Arp2/3 and lamellipodial activity. Inhibition of Arp2/3 rescues soma and neurite phenotypes, indicating that the septin wreath network suppresses the extension of lamellipodia, facilitating the formation of neurites from the filopodia of a consolidated soma. We show that this septin function is critical for developing a pyramidally shaped soma with properly distributed and oriented dendrites in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and in vivo in mouse perinatal cortical neurons. Therefore, the somatic septin cytoskeleton provides a key morphogenetic mechanism for neuritogenesis and the development of pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Megan Peng
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brenna Doyle
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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29
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Szegedi V, Bakos E, Furdan S, Kovács BH, Varga D, Erdélyi M, Barzó P, Szücs A, Tamás G, Lamsa K. HCN channels at the cell soma ensure the rapid electrical reactivity of fast-spiking interneurons in human neocortex. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002001. [PMID: 36745683 PMCID: PMC9934405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that there are substantial species differences in the properties of mammalian neurons, yet theories on circuit activity and information processing in the human brain are based heavily on results obtained from rodents and other experimental animals. This knowledge gap may be particularly important for understanding the neocortex, the brain area responsible for the most complex neuronal operations and showing the greatest evolutionary divergence. Here, we examined differences in the electrophysiological properties of human and mouse fast-spiking GABAergic basket cells, among the most abundant inhibitory interneurons in cortex. Analyses of membrane potential responses to current input, pharmacologically isolated somatic leak currents, isolated soma outside-out patch recordings, and immunohistochemical staining revealed that human neocortical basket cells abundantly express hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (HCN) channel isoforms HCN1 and HCN2 at the cell soma membrane, whereas these channels are sparse at the rodent basket cell soma membrane. Antagonist experiments showed that HCN channels in human neurons contribute to the resting membrane potential and cell excitability at the cell soma, accelerate somatic membrane potential kinetics, and shorten the lag between excitatory postsynaptic potentials and action potential generation. These effects are important because the soma of human fast-spiking neurons without HCN channels exhibit low persistent ion leak and slow membrane potential kinetics, compared with mouse fast-spiking neurons. HCN channels speed up human cell membrane potential kinetics and help attain an input-output rate close to that of rodent cells. Computational modeling demonstrated that HCN channel activity at the human fast-spiking cell soma membrane is sufficient to accelerate the input-output function as observed in cell recordings. Thus, human and mouse fast-spiking neurons exhibit functionally significant differences in ion channel composition at the cell soma membrane to set the speed and fidelity of their input-output function. These HCN channels ensure fast electrical reactivity of fast-spiking cells in human neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Szegedi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human neuron physiology and therapy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emőke Bakos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human neuron physiology and therapy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabina Furdan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human neuron physiology and therapy, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint H. Kovács
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dániel Varga
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Pál Barzó
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Szücs
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human neuron physiology and therapy, Szeged, Hungary
- Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tamás
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karri Lamsa
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine Research Group for Human neuron physiology and therapy, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail: ,
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30
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Renner J, Rasia-Filho AA. Morphological Features of Human Dendritic Spines. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:367-496. [PMID: 37962801 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spine features in human neurons follow the up-to-date knowledge presented in the previous chapters of this book. Human dendrites are notable for their heterogeneity in branching patterns and spatial distribution. These data relate to circuits and specialized functions. Spines enhance neuronal connectivity, modulate and integrate synaptic inputs, and provide additional plastic functions to microcircuits and large-scale networks. Spines present a continuum of shapes and sizes, whose number and distribution along the dendritic length are diverse in neurons and different areas. Indeed, human neurons vary from aspiny or "relatively aspiny" cells to neurons covered with a high density of intermingled pleomorphic spines on very long dendrites. In this chapter, we discuss the phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of human spines and describe the heterogeneous features of human spiny neurons along the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampal regions, and neocortical areas. Three-dimensional reconstructions of Golgi-impregnated dendritic spines and data from fluorescence microscopy are reviewed with ultrastructural findings to address the complex possibilities for synaptic processing and integration in humans. Pathological changes are also presented, for example, in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Basic morphological data can be linked to current techniques, and perspectives in this research field include the characterization of spines in human neurons with specific transcriptome features, molecular classification of cellular diversity, and electrophysiological identification of coexisting subpopulations of cells. These data would enlighten how cellular attributes determine neuron type-specific connectivity and brain wiring for our diverse aptitudes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Renner
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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31
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Rasia-Filho AA, Calcagnotto ME, von Bohlen Und Halbach O. Introduction: What Are Dendritic Spines? ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:1-68. [PMID: 37962793 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are cellular specializations that greatly increase the connectivity of neurons and modulate the "weight" of most postsynaptic excitatory potentials. Spines are found in very diverse animal species providing neural networks with a high integrative and computational possibility and plasticity, enabling the perception of sensorial stimuli and the elaboration of a myriad of behavioral displays, including emotional processing, memory, and learning. Humans have trillions of spines in the cerebral cortex, and these spines in a continuum of shapes and sizes can integrate the features that differ our brain from other species. In this chapter, we describe (1) the discovery of these small neuronal protrusions and the search for the biological meaning of dendritic spines; (2) the heterogeneity of shapes and sizes of spines, whose structure and composition are associated with the fine-tuning of synaptic processing in each nervous area, as well as the findings that support the role of dendritic spines in increasing the wiring of neural circuits and their functions; and (3) within the intraspine microenvironment, the integration and activation of signaling biochemical pathways, the compartmentalization of molecules or their spreading outside the spine, and the biophysical properties that can affect parent dendrites. We also provide (4) examples of plasticity involving dendritic spines and neural circuits relevant to species survival and comment on (5) current research advancements and challenges in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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32
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DeFelipe J, DeFelipe-Oroquieta J, Furcila D, Muñoz-Alegre M, Maestú F, Sola RG, Blázquez-Llorca L, Armañanzas R, Kastanaskaute A, Alonso-Nanclares L, Rockland KS, Arellano JI. Neuroanatomical and psychological considerations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:995286. [PMID: 36590377 PMCID: PMC9794593 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.995286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy and is associated with a variety of structural and psychological alterations. Recently, there has been renewed interest in using brain tissue resected during epilepsy surgery, in particular 'non-epileptic' brain samples with normal histology that can be found alongside epileptic tissue in the same epileptic patients - with the aim being to study the normal human brain organization using a variety of methods. An important limitation is that different medical characteristics of the patients may modify the brain tissue. Thus, to better determine how 'normal' the resected tissue is, it is fundamental to know certain clinical, anatomical and psychological characteristics of the patients. Unfortunately, this information is frequently not fully available for the patient from which the resected tissue has been obtained - or is not fully appreciated by the neuroscientists analyzing the brain samples, who are not necessarily experts in epilepsy. In order to present the full picture of TLE in a way that would be accessible to multiple communities (e.g., basic researchers in neuroscience, neurologists, neurosurgeons and psychologists), we have reviewed 34 TLE patients, who were selected due to the availability of detailed clinical, anatomical, and psychological information for each of the patients. Our aim was to convey the full complexity of the disorder, its putative anatomical substrates, and the wide range of individual variability, with a view toward: (1) emphasizing the importance of considering critical patient information when using brain samples for basic research and (2) gaining a better understanding of normal and abnormal brain functioning. In agreement with a large number of previous reports, this study (1) reinforces the notion of substantial individual variability among epileptic patients, and (2) highlights the common but overlooked psychopathological alterations that occur even in patients who become "seizure-free" after surgery. The first point is based on pre- and post-surgical comparisons of patients with hippocampal sclerosis and patients with normal-looking hippocampus in neuropsychological evaluations. The second emerges from our extensive battery of personality and projective tests, in a two-way comparison of these two types of patients with regard to pre- and post-surgical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Javier DeFelipe,
| | - Jesús DeFelipe-Oroquieta
- Gerencia Asistencial de Atención Primaria, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Madrid, Spain,Facultad de Educación, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Furcila
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Muñoz-Alegre
- Facultad de Educación y Psicología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael G. Sola
- Cátedra UAM de “Innovación en Neurocirugía”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Blázquez-Llorca
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Armañanzas
- Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Tecnun School of Engineering, Universidad de Navarra, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Asta Kastanaskaute
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain,Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathleen S. Rockland
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jon I. Arellano
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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33
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Testa-Silva G, Rosier M, Honnuraiah S, Guzulaitis R, Megias AM, French C, King J, Drummond K, Palmer LM, Stuart GJ. High synaptic threshold for dendritic NMDA spike generation in human layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111787. [PMID: 36516769 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons receive synaptic input primarily onto their dendrites. While we know much about the electrical properties of dendrites in rodents, we have only just started to describe their properties in the human brain. Here, we investigate the capacity of human dendrites to generate NMDA-receptor-dependent spikes (NMDA spikes). Using dendritic glutamate iontophoresis, as well as local dendritic synaptic stimulation, we find that human layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons can generate dendritic NMDA spikes. The capacity to evoke NMDA spikes in human neurons, however, was significantly reduced compared with that in rodents. Simulations in morphologically realistic and simplified models indicated that human neurons have a higher synaptic threshold for NMDA spike generation primarily due to the wider diameter of their dendrites. In summary, we find reduced NMDA spike generation in human compared with rodent layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons and provide evidence that this is due to the wider diameter of human dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Testa-Silva
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marius Rosier
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suraj Honnuraiah
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Robertas Guzulaitis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ana Morello Megias
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chris French
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James King
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katharine Drummond
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy M Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Greg J Stuart
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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34
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Howard D, Chameh HM, Guet-McCreight A, Hsiao HA, Vuong M, Seo YS, Shah P, Nigam A, Chen Y, Davie M, Hay E, Valiante TA, Tripathy SJ. An in vitro whole-cell electrophysiology dataset of human cortical neurons. Gigascience 2022; 11:6827564. [PMCID: PMC9664072 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology is an essential technique for understanding how single neurons translate their diverse inputs into a functional output. The relative inaccessibility of live human cortical neurons for experimental manipulation has made it difficult to determine the unique features of how human cortical neurons differ from their counterparts in other species.
Findings
We present a curated repository of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from surgically resected human cortical tissue, encompassing 118 neurons from 35 individuals (age range, 21–59 years; 17 male, 18 female). Recorded human cortical neurons derive from layers 2 and 3 (L2&3), deep layer 3 (L3c), or layer 5 (L5) and are annotated with a rich set of subject and experimental metadata. For comparison, we also provide a limited set of comparable recordings from 21-day-old mice (11 cells from 5 mice). All electrophysiological recordings are provided in the Neurodata Without Borders (NWB) format and are available for further analysis via the Distributed Archives for Neurophysiology Data Integration online repository. The associated data conversion code is made publicly available and can help others in converting electrophysiology datasets to the open NWB standard for general reuse.
Conclusion
These data can be used for novel analyses of biophysical characteristics of human cortical neurons, including in cross-species or cross-lab comparisons or in building computational models of individual human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Howard
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Guet-McCreight
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Huan Allen Hsiao
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Maggie Vuong
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Young Seok Seo
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON, M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Prajay Shah
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON, M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Anukrati Nigam
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yuxiao Chen
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Melanie Davie
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Etay Hay
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON, M5T 1M8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA) , Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Max Planck–University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology , Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA) , Toronto, ON , M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Shreejoy J Tripathy
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toront , Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
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35
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Guerra KTK, Renner J, Vásquez CE, Rasia‐Filho AA. Human cortical amygdala dendrites and spines morphology under open‐source three‐dimensional reconstruction procedures. J Comp Neurol 2022; 531:344-365. [PMID: 36355397 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing nerve cells has been fundamental for the systematic description of brain structure and function in humans and other species. Different approaches aimed to unravel the morphological features of neuron types and diversity. The inherent complexity of the human nervous tissue and the need for proper histological processing have made studying human dendrites and spines challenging in postmortem samples. In this study, we used Golgi data and open-source software for 3D image reconstruction of human neurons from the cortical amygdaloid nucleus to show different dendrites and pleomorphic spines at different angles. Procedures required minimal equipment and generated high-quality images for differently shaped cells. We used the "single-section" Golgi method adapted for the human brain to engender 3D reconstructed images of the neuronal cell body and the dendritic ramification by adopting a neuronal tracing procedure. In addition, we elaborated 3D reconstructions to visualize heterogeneous dendritic spines using a supervised machine learning-based algorithm for image segmentation. These tools provided an additional upgrade and enhanced visual display of information related to the spatial orientation of dendritic branches and for dendritic spines of varied sizes and shapes in these human subcortical neurons. This same approach can be adapted for other techniques, areas of the central or peripheral nervous system, and comparative analysis between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kétlyn T. Knak Guerra
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Josué Renner
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Carlos E. Vásquez
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Alberto A. Rasia‐Filho
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre Brazil
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36
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Galakhova AA, Hunt S, Wilbers R, Heyer DB, de Kock CPJ, Mansvelder HD, Goriounova NA. Evolution of cortical neurons supporting human cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:909-922. [PMID: 36117080 PMCID: PMC9561064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human cognitive abilities are generally thought to arise from cortical expansion over the course of human brain evolution. In addition to increased neuron numbers, this cortical expansion might be driven by adaptations in the properties of single neurons and their local circuits. We review recent findings on the distinct structural, functional, and transcriptomic features of human cortical neurons and their organization in cortical microstructure. We focus on the supragranular cortical layers, which showed the most prominent expansion during human brain evolution, and the properties of their principal cells: pyramidal neurons. We argue that the evolutionary adaptations in neuronal features that accompany the expansion of the human cortex partially underlie interindividual variability in human cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Galakhova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - S Hunt
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - R Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - D B Heyer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - C P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - H D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - N A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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37
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Batiuk MY, Tyler T, Dragicevic K, Mei S, Rydbirk R, Petukhov V, Deviatiiarov R, Sedmak D, Frank E, Feher V, Habek N, Hu Q, Igolkina A, Roszik L, Pfisterer U, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Petanjek Z, Adorjan I, Kharchenko PV, Khodosevich K. Upper cortical layer-driven network impairment in schizophrenia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8367. [PMID: 36223459 PMCID: PMC9555788 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most widespread and complex mental disorders. To characterize the impact of schizophrenia, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of >220,000 neurons from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and matched controls. In addition, >115,000 neurons were analyzed topographically by immunohistochemistry. Compositional analysis of snRNA-seq data revealed a reduction in abundance of GABAergic neurons and a concomitant increase in principal neurons, most pronounced for upper cortical layer subtypes, which was substantiated by histological analysis. Many neuronal subtypes showed extensive transcriptomic changes, the most marked in upper-layer GABAergic neurons, including down-regulation in energy metabolism and up-regulation in neurotransmission. Transcription factor network analysis demonstrated a developmental origin of transcriptomic changes. Last, Visium spatial transcriptomics further corroborated upper-layer neuron vulnerability in schizophrenia. Overall, our results point toward general network impairment within upper cortical layers as a core substrate associated with schizophrenia symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Y. Batiuk
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Katarina Dragicevic
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rasmus Rydbirk
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktor Petukhov
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruslan Deviatiiarov
- The National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, Moscow 115478, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420043, Russia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research and Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Erzsebet Frank
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Virginia Feher
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Nikola Habek
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research and Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Qiwen Hu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Igolkina
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- St. Petersburg Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Lilla Roszik
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Ulrich Pfisterer
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diego Garcia-Gonzalez
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research and Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1085, Hungary
| | - Peter V. Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Gooch HM, Bluett T, Perumal MB, Vo HD, Fletcher LN, Papacostas J, Jeffree RL, Wood M, Colditz MJ, McMillen J, Tsahtsarlis T, Amato D, Campbell R, Gillinder L, Williams SR. High-fidelity dendritic sodium spike generation in human layer 2/3 neocortical pyramidal neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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39
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Guidetti M, Arlotti M, Bocci T, Bianchi AM, Parazzini M, Ferrucci R, Priori A. Electric Fields Induced in the Brain by Transcranial Electric Stimulation: A Review of In Vivo Recordings. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102333. [PMID: 36289595 PMCID: PMC9598743 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques, such as direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), cause neurophysiological and behavioral modifications as responses to the electric field are induced in the brain. Estimations of such electric fields are based mainly on computational studies, and in vivo measurements have been used to expand the current knowledge. Here, we review the current tDCS- and tACS-induced electric fields estimations as they are recorded in humans and non-human primates using intracerebral electrodes. Direct currents and alternating currents were applied with heterogeneous protocols, and the recording procedures were characterized by a tentative methodology. However, for the clinical stimulation protocols, an injected current seems to reach the brain, even at deep structures. The stimulation parameters (e.g., intensity, frequency and phase), the electrodes’ positions and personal anatomy determine whether the intensities might be high enough to affect both neuronal and non-neuronal cell activity, also deep brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Guidetti
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Bocci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- III Neurology Clinic, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo University Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bianchi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- III Neurology Clinic, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo University Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
- III Neurology Clinic, ASST-Santi Paolo e Carlo University Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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40
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Guet-McCreight A, Chameh HM, Mahallati S, Wishart M, Tripathy SJ, Valiante TA, Hay E. Age-dependent increased sag amplitude in human pyramidal neurons dampens baseline cortical activity. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4360-4373. [PMID: 36124673 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging involves various neurobiological changes, although their effect on brain function in humans remains poorly understood. The growing availability of human neuronal and circuit data provides opportunities for uncovering age-dependent changes of brain networks and for constraining models to predict consequences on brain activity. Here we found increased sag voltage amplitude in human middle temporal gyrus layer 5 pyramidal neurons from older subjects and captured this effect in biophysical models of younger and older pyramidal neurons. We used these models to simulate detailed layer 5 microcircuits and found lower baseline firing in older pyramidal neuron microcircuits, with minimal effect on response. We then validated the predicted reduced baseline firing using extracellular multielectrode recordings from human brain slices of different ages. Our results thus report changes in human pyramidal neuron input integration properties and provide fundamental insights into the neuronal mechanisms of altered cortical excitability and resting-state activity in human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guet-McCreight
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | | | - Sara Mahallati
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T1M8, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Margaret Wishart
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Shreejoy J Tripathy
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T1M8, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada.,Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada.,Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etay Hay
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
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41
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Loomba S, Straehle J, Gangadharan V, Heike N, Khalifa A, Motta A, Ju N, Sievers M, Gempt J, Meyer HS, Helmstaedter M. Connectomic comparison of mouse and human cortex. Science 2022; 377:eabo0924. [PMID: 35737810 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex houses 1,000 times more neurons than the cerebral cortex of a mouse, but the possible differences in synaptic circuits between these species are still poorly understood. We used 3-dimensional electron microscopy of mouse, macaque and human cortical samples to study their cell type composition and synaptic circuit architecture. The 2.5-fold increase in interneurons in humans compared to mouse was compensated by a change in axonal connection probabilities and therefore did not yield a commensurate increase in inhibitory-vs-excitatory synaptic input balance on human pyramidal cells. Rather, increased inhibition created an expanded interneuron-to-interneuron network, driven by an expansion of interneuron-targeting interneuron types and an increase in their synaptic selectivity for interneuron innervation. These constitute key neuronal network alterations in human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Loomba
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jakob Straehle
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vijayan Gangadharan
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Natalie Heike
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Abdelrahman Khalifa
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Niansheng Ju
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meike Sievers
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno S Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Helmstaedter
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
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42
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Bushart DD, Shakkottai VG. Vulnerability of Human Cerebellar Neurons to Degeneration in Ataxia-Causing Channelopathies. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:908569. [PMID: 35757096 PMCID: PMC9219590 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.908569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ion channel genes underlie a number of human neurological diseases. Historically, human mutations in ion channel genes, the so-called channelopathies, have been identified to cause episodic disorders. In the last decade, however, mutations in ion channel genes have been demonstrated to result in progressive neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, particularly with ion channels that are enriched in the cerebellum. This was unexpected given prior rodent ion channel knock-out models that almost never display neurodegeneration. Human ataxia-causing channelopathies that result in even haploinsufficiency can result in cerebellar atrophy and cerebellar Purkinje neuron loss. Rodent neurons with ion channel loss-of-function appear to, therefore, be significantly more resistant to neurodegeneration compared to human neurons. Fundamental differences in susceptibility of human and rodent cerebellar neurons in ataxia-causing channelopathies must therefore be present. In this review, we explore the properties of human neurons that may contribute to their vulnerability to cerebellar degeneration secondary to ion channel loss-of-function mutations. We present a model taking into account the known allometric scaling of neuronal ion channel density in humans and other mammals that may explain the preferential vulnerability of human cerebellar neurons to degeneration in ataxia-causing channelopathies. We also speculate on the vulnerability of cerebellar neurons to degeneration in mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) where ion channel transcript dysregulation has recently been implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Bushart
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vikram G. Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Vikram G. Shakkottai,
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43
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Fields C, Glazebrook JF, Levin M. Neurons as hierarchies of quantum reference frames. Biosystems 2022; 219:104714. [PMID: 35671840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Conceptual and mathematical models of neurons have lagged behind empirical understanding for decades. Here we extend previous work in modeling biological systems with fully scale-independent quantum information-theoretic tools to develop a uniform, scalable representation of synapses, dendritic and axonal processes, neurons, and local networks of neurons. In this representation, hierarchies of quantum reference frames act as hierarchical active-inference systems. The resulting model enables specific predictions of correlations between synaptic activity, dendritic remodeling, and trophic reward. We summarize how the model may be generalized to nonneural cells and tissues in developmental and regenerative contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fields
- 23 Rue des Lavandières, 11160 Caunes Minervois, France.
| | - James F Glazebrook
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA; Adjunct Faculty, Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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44
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Wahle P, Sobierajski E, Gasterstädt I, Lehmann N, Weber S, Lübke JHR, Engelhardt M, Distler C, Meyer G. Neocortical pyramidal neurons with axons emerging from dendrites are frequent in non-primates, but rare in monkey and human. eLife 2022; 11:76101. [PMID: 35441590 PMCID: PMC9159751 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical view of neuronal function is that inputs are received by dendrites and somata, become integrated in the somatodendritic compartment and upon reaching a sufficient threshold, generate axonal output with axons emerging from the cell body. The latter is not necessarily the case. Instead, axons may originate from dendrites. The terms ‘axon carrying dendrite’ (AcD) and ‘AcD neurons’ have been coined to describe this feature. In rodent hippocampus, AcD cells are shown to be functionally ‘privileged’, since inputs here can circumvent somatic integration and lead to immediate action potential initiation in the axon. Here, we report on the diversity of axon origins in neocortical pyramidal cells of rodent, ungulate, carnivore, and primate. Detection methods were Thy-1-EGFP labeling in mouse, retrograde biocytin tracing in rat, cat, ferret, and macaque, SMI-32/βIV-spectrin immunofluorescence in pig, cat, and macaque, and Golgi staining in macaque and human. We found that in non-primate mammals, 10–21% of pyramidal cells of layers II–VI had an AcD. In marked contrast, in macaque and human, this proportion was lower and was particularly low for supragranular neurons. A comparison of six cortical areas (being sensory, association, and limbic in nature) in three macaques yielded percentages of AcD cells which varied by a factor of 2 between the areas and between the individuals. Unexpectedly, pyramidal cells in the white matter of postnatal cat and aged human cortex exhibit AcDs to much higher percentages. In addition, interneurons assessed in developing cat and adult human cortex had AcDs at type-specific proportions and for some types at much higher percentages than pyramidal cells. Our findings expand the current knowledge regarding the distribution and proportion of AcD cells in neocortex of non-primate taxa, which strikingly differ from primates where these cells are mainly found in deeper layers and white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Sobierajski
- Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ina Gasterstädt
- Developmental Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Lehmann
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susanna Weber
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Distler
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gundela Meyer
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Otor Y, Achvat S, Cermak N, Benisty H, Abboud M, Barak O, Schiller Y, Poleg-Polsky A, Schiller J. Dynamic compartmental computations in tuft dendrites of layer 5 neurons during motor behavior. Science 2022; 376:267-275. [PMID: 35420959 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuft dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons form specialized compartments important for motor learning and performance, yet their computational capabilities remain unclear. Structural-functional mapping of the tuft tree from the motor cortex during motor tasks revealed two morphologically distinct populations of layer 5 pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) that exhibit specific tuft computational properties. Early bifurcating and large nexus PTNs showed marked tuft functional compartmentalization, representing different motor variable combinations within and between their two tuft hemi-trees. By contrast, late bifurcating and smaller nexus PTNs showed synchronous tuft activation. Dendritic structure and dynamic recruitment of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-spiking mechanism explained the differential compartmentalization patterns. Our findings support a morphologically dependent framework for motor computations, in which independent amplification units can be combinatorically recruited to represent different motor sequences within the same tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Otor
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Shay Achvat
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Nathan Cermak
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Hadas Benisty
- Yale University School of Medicine; Bethany, CT, USA
| | - Maisan Abboud
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Omri Barak
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Schiller
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Alon Poleg-Polsky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue MS8307, Aurora, CO 8004, USA
| | - Jackie Schiller
- Department of Physiology, Technion Medical School, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Rasia-Filho AA. Unraveling Brain Microcircuits, Dendritic Spines, and Synaptic Processing Using Multiple Complementary Approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831568. [PMID: 35295578 PMCID: PMC8918670 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A. Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology, Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Alberto A. Rasia-Filho ;
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Yao HK, Guet-McCreight A, Mazza F, Moradi Chameh H, Prevot TD, Griffiths JD, Tripathy SJ, Valiante TA, Sibille E, Hay E. Reduced inhibition in depression impairs stimulus processing in human cortical microcircuits. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110232. [PMID: 35021088 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical processing depends on finely tuned excitatory and inhibitory connections in neuronal microcircuits. Reduced inhibition by somatostatin-expressing interneurons is a key component of altered inhibition associated with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (depression), which is implicated in cognitive deficits and rumination, but the link remains to be better established mechanistically in humans. Here we test the effect of reduced somatostatin interneuron-mediated inhibition on cortical processing in human neuronal microcircuits using a data-driven computational approach. We integrate human cellular, circuit, and gene expression data to generate detailed models of human cortical microcircuits in health and depression. We simulate microcircuit baseline and response activity and find a reduced signal-to-noise ratio and increased false/failed detection of stimuli due to a higher baseline activity in depression. We thus apply models of human cortical microcircuits to demonstrate mechanistically how reduced inhibition impairs cortical processing in depression, providing quantitative links between altered inhibition and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Kang Yao
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Alexandre Guet-McCreight
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada
| | - Frank Mazza
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | | | - Thomas D Prevot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada
| | - John D Griffiths
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shreejoy J Tripathy
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Taufik A Valiante
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Etay Hay
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
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48
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Schmidt ERE, Polleux F. Genetic Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution of Connectivity in the Human Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:787164. [PMID: 35069126 PMCID: PMC8777274 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.787164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most salient features defining modern humans is our remarkable cognitive capacity, which is unrivaled by any other species. Although we still lack a complete understanding of how the human brain gives rise to these unique abilities, the past several decades have witnessed significant progress in uncovering some of the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms shaping the development and function of the human brain. These features include an expansion of brain size and in particular cortical expansion, distinct physiological properties of human neurons, and modified synaptic development. Together they specify the human brain as a large primate brain with a unique underlying neuronal circuit architecture. Here, we review some of the known human-specific features of neuronal connectivity, and we outline how novel insights into the human genome led to the identification of human-specific genetic modifiers that played a role in the evolution of human brain development and function. Novel experimental paradigms are starting to provide a framework for understanding how the emergence of these human-specific genomic innovations shaped the structure and function of neuronal circuits in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud R. E. Schmidt
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- *Correspondence: Ewoud R. E. Schmidt
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Franck Polleux
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49
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Ultrafast population coding and axo-somatic compartmentalization. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009775. [PMID: 35041645 PMCID: PMC8797191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of cortical neurons respond to common input within a millisecond. Morphological features and active ion channel properties were suggested to contribute to this astonishing processing speed. Here we report an exhaustive study of ultrafast population coding for varying axon initial segment (AIS) location, soma size, and axonal current properties. In particular, we studied their impact on two experimentally observed features 1) precise action potential timing, manifested in a wide-bandwidth dynamic gain, and 2) high-frequency boost under slowly fluctuating correlated input. While the density of axonal channels and their distance from the soma had a very small impact on bandwidth, it could be moderately improved by increasing soma size. When the voltage sensitivity of axonal currents was increased we observed ultrafast coding and high-frequency boost. We conclude that these computationally relevant features are strongly dependent on axonal ion channels’ voltage sensitivity, but not their number or exact location. We point out that ion channel properties, unlike dendrite size, can undergo rapid physiological modification, suggesting that the temporal accuracy of neuronal population encoding could be dynamically regulated. Our results are in line with recent experimental findings in AIS pathologies and establish a framework to study structure-function relations in AIS molecular design. In large nervous systems, a signal often diverges to hundreds or thousands of neurons. This population’s spike rate can track changes in this common input for frequencies up to several hundred Hertz. This ultrafast population response is experimentally well established and critically impacts cortical information processing. Its underlying biophysical determinants, however, are not understood. Experiments suggest that the ion channels at the axon initial segment strongly contribute to the ultrafast response, but recent theoretical studies emphasize the importance of neuron morphology and the resulting resistive coupling between axon and somato-dendritic compartments. We provide an exhaustive analysis of the population response of a simplified multi-compartment model. We vary the axo-somatic interaction and also active axonal properties and compare models at equivalent working points, avoiding bias. This approach provides a guideline for future experimental and theoretical studies. In this framework, the population response is closely associated with the AP generation speed at the AP initiation site, which is mostly determined by axonal ion channel voltage sensitivity. The resistive axo-somatic coupling has an additional modulatory influence. These insights are expected to hold for encoding mechanisms of more sophisticated models, suggesting that physiological changes to axonal ion channels could modulate the population response rapidly.
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50
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Kelley KW, Pașca SP. Human brain organogenesis: Toward a cellular understanding of development and disease. Cell 2021; 185:42-61. [PMID: 34774127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the human nervous system is a distinctly complex although highly regulated process. Human tissue inaccessibility has impeded a molecular understanding of the developmental specializations from which our unique cognitive capacities arise. A confluence of recent technological advances in genomics and stem cell-based tissue modeling is laying the foundation for a new understanding of human neural development and dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we review recent progress on uncovering the cellular and molecular principles of human brain organogenesis in vivo as well as using organoids and assembloids in vitro to model features of human evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergiu P Pașca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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