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Rodriguez-Espada A, Salgado-de la Mora M, Rodriguez-Paniagua BM, Limon-de la Rosa N, Martinez-Gutierrez MI, Pastrana-Brandes S, Navarro-Alvarez N. Histopathological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver: Cellular damage and long-term complications. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2866-2880. [PMID: 38947288 PMCID: PMC11212712 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i22.2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), primarily impacts the respiratory tract and can lead to severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure, and death. Despite extensive studies on the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, its impact on the hepatobiliary system remains unclear. While liver injury is commonly indicated by reduced albumin and elevated bilirubin and transaminase levels, the exact source of this damage is not fully understood. Proposed mechanisms for injury include direct cytotoxicity, collateral damage from inflammation, drug-induced liver injury, and ischemia/hypoxia. However, evidence often relies on blood tests with liver enzyme abnormalities. In this comprehensive review, we focused solely on the different histopathological manifestations of liver injury in COVID-19 patients, drawing from liver biopsies, complete autopsies, and in vitro liver analyses. We present evidence of the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver, substantiated by in vitro observations of viral entry mechanisms and the actual presence of viral particles in liver samples resulting in a variety of cellular changes, including mitochondrial swelling, endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, and hepatocyte apoptosis. Additionally, we describe the diverse liver pathology observed during COVID-19 infection, encompassing necrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, and lobular inflammation. We also discuss the emergence of long-term complications, notably COVID-19-related secondary sclerosing cholangitis. Recognizing the histopathological liver changes occurring during COVID-19 infection is pivotal for improving patient recovery and guiding decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rodriguez-Espada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Panamericana School of Medicine, Campus México, Mexico 03920, Mexico
| | - Moises Salgado-de la Mora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Nathaly Limon-de la Rosa
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | | | - Santiago Pastrana-Brandes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Panamericana School of Medicine, Campus México, Mexico 03920, Mexico
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Panamericana School of Medicine, Campus México, Mexico 03920, Mexico
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico 14080, Mexico
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Huang X, Liu X, Li Z. Bile acids and coronavirus disease 2019. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1939-1950. [PMID: 38799626 PMCID: PMC11119507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been significantly alleviated. However, long-term health effects and prevention strategy remain unresolved. Thus, it is essential to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and intervention for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging research indicates a link between COVID-19 and bile acids, traditionally known for facilitating dietary fat absorption. The bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid potentially protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting the farnesoid X receptor, a bile acid nuclear receptor. The activation of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, another membrane receptor for bile acids, has also been found to regulate the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor through which the virus enters human cells. Here, we review the latest basic and clinical evidence linking bile acids to SARS-CoV-2, and reveal their complicated pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuening Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Leonhardt S, Grajecki D, Geisel D, Fehrenbach U, Adler A, Leonhardt J, Horst D, Kurth F, Thibeault C, Janssen HJ, Kaul T, Faiss S, Tacke F, Jürgensen C. Endoscopic Features of Post-COVID-19 Cholangiopathy and Its Management Using ERCP. Am J Gastroenterol 2024; 119:748-759. [PMID: 37843039 PMCID: PMC10984637 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite growing awareness of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cholangiopathy as one of the most serious long-term gastrointestinal consequences of COVID-19, the endoscopic features of this disease are still poorly characterized. This study aimed to more precisely define its endoscopic features and to outline the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of this entity. METHODS In this observational study, 46 patients with confirmed post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy were included. RESULTS Based on the endoscopic features observed in 141 ERCP procedures, post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy can be classified as a variant of secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients. It appeared early in the course of intensive care treatment of patients with COVID-19 (cholestasis onset 4.5 days after intubation, median). This form of cholangiopathy was more destructive than stricturing in nature and caused irreversible damage to the bile ducts. A centripetal pattern of intrahepatic bile duct destruction, the phenomenon of vanishing bile ducts, the absence of extrahepatic involvement, and the presence of intraductal biliary casts (85% of patients) were typical cholangiographic features of post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy. This cholangiopathy was often complicated by small peribiliary liver abscesses with isolation of Enterococcus faecium and Candida spp. in bile culture. The prognosis was dismal, with a 1-year liver transplantation-free survival rate of 44%. In particular, patients with peribiliary liver abscesses or destruction of the central bile ducts tended to have a poor prognosis (n.s.). As shown by multivariate analysis, bilirubin levels (on intensive care unit day 25-36) negatively correlated with liver transplantation-free survival (hazard ratio 1.08, P < 0.001). Interventional endoscopy with cast removal had a positive effect on cholestasis parameters (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin); approximately 60% of all individual values decreased. DISCUSSION Gastrointestinal endoscopy makes an important contribution to the management of post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy. ERCP is not only of great diagnostic and prognostic value but also has therapeutic value and therefore remains indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Leonhardt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Donata Grajecki
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Geisel
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uli Fehrenbach
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Adler
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Leonhardt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Thibeault
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Janssen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaul
- Department of Internal Medicine, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegbert Faiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin gGmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Jürgensen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Werner CR, Fusco S, Kienzle K, Döbele S, Artzner K, Malek NP, Wichmann D, Göpel S. Incidence of Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Hospitalized Long COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Single Center Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:745. [PMID: 38611659 PMCID: PMC11011916 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19 disease can lead to critical illness with a risk of developing a multiple organ failure. Subsequently, this may lead to various pathological sequelae, such as secondary sclerosing cholangitis after surviving COVID-19 (SSC-COVID). OBJECTIVE The aim is to retrospectively analyze a cohort of hospitalized patients with first-wave (February 2020-June 2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection and persisting unclear cholangiopathy to determine the incidence of SSC-COVID and its risk factors. RESULTS A total of 249 patients were hospitalized at the university hospital in Tübingen, Germany, with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of the pandemic. Of these, 35.3% (88/249) required intensive care treatment; 16.5% (41/249) of them died due to the complications of COVID-19; 30.8% (64/208) of surviving patients could be followed up und were retrospectively analyzed at our center. The incidence of confirmed SSC-COVID was 7.8% (5/64). All SSC-COVID patients had an ICU stay >20 days, for invasive ventilation, positioning treatment, vasopressor treatment, but possible risk factors for SSC were not significant due to the small number of patients. CONCLUSIONS SSC-COVID is an emerging disease in post-COVID patients with a high incidence in our single-center cohort. SSC-COVID should be considered as a differential diagnosis, if unclear cholangiopathy or cholestasis persists after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph R. Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Geriatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.R.W.); (K.A.); (N.P.M.); (D.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefano Fusco
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Geriatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.R.W.); (K.A.); (N.P.M.); (D.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Katharina Kienzle
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Geriatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.R.W.); (K.A.); (N.P.M.); (D.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Stefanie Döbele
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Artzner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Geriatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.R.W.); (K.A.); (N.P.M.); (D.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Nisar P. Malek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Geriatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.R.W.); (K.A.); (N.P.M.); (D.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Dörte Wichmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Geriatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.R.W.); (K.A.); (N.P.M.); (D.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Siri Göpel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Geriatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.R.W.); (K.A.); (N.P.M.); (D.W.); (S.G.)
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5
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Macaluso M, Rothenberg ME, Ferkol T, Kuhnell P, Kaminski HJ, Kimberlin DW, Benatar M, Chehade M. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living With Rare Diseases and Their Families: Results of a National Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e48430. [PMID: 38354030 PMCID: PMC10868638 DOI: 10.2196/48430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With more than 103 million cases and 1.1 million deaths, the COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating consequences for the health system and the well-being of the entire US population. The Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network funded by the National Institutes of Health was strategically positioned to study the impact of the pandemic on the large, vulnerable population of people living with rare diseases (RDs). OBJECTIVE This study was designed to describe the characteristics of COVID-19 in the RD population, determine whether patient subgroups experienced increased occurrence or severity of infection and whether the pandemic changed RD symptoms and treatment, and understand the broader impact on respondents and their families. METHODS US residents who had an RD and were <90 years old completed a web-based survey investigating self-reported COVID-19 infection, pandemic-related changes in RD symptoms and medications, access to care, and psychological impact on self and family. We estimated the incidence of self-reported COVID-19 and compared it with that in the US population; evaluated the frequency of COVID-19 symptoms according to self-reported infection; assessed infection duration, complications and need for hospitalization; assessed the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on RD symptoms and treatment, and whether the pandemic influenced access to care, special food and nutrition, or demand for professional psychological assistance. RESULTS Between May 2, 2020, and December 15, 2020, in total, 3413 individuals completed the survey. Most were female (2212/3413, 64.81%), White (3038/3413, 89.01%), and aged ≥25 years (2646/3413, 77.53%). Overall, 80.6% (2751/3413) did not acquire COVID-19, 2.08% (71/3413) acquired it, and 16.58% (566/3413) did not know. Self-reported cases represented an annual incidence rate of 2.2% (95% CI 1.7%-2.8%). COVID-19 cases were more than twice the expected (71 vs 30.3; P<.001). COVID-19 was associated with specific symptoms (loss of taste: odds ratio [OR] 38.9, 95% CI 22.4-67.6, loss of smell: OR 30.6, 95% CI 17.7-53.1) and multiple symptoms (>9 symptoms vs none: OR 82.5, 95% CI 29-234 and 5-9: OR 44.8, 95% CI 18.7-107). Median symptom duration was 16 (IQR 9-30) days. Hospitalization (7/71, 10%) and ventilator support (4/71, 6%) were uncommon. Respondents who acquired COVID-19 reported increased occurrence and severity of RD symptoms and use or dosage of select medications; those who did not acquire COVID-19 reported decreased occurrence and severity of RD symptoms and use of medications; those who did not know had an intermediate pattern. The pandemic made it difficult to access care, receive treatment, get hospitalized, and caused mood changes for respondents and their families. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported COVID-19 was more frequent than expected and was associated with increased prevalence and severity of RD symptoms and greater use of medications. The pandemic negatively affected access to care and caused mood changes in the respondents and family members. Continued surveillance is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Macaluso
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Thomas Ferkol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Pierce Kuhnell
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Henry J Kaminski
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - David W Kimberlin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mirna Chehade
- Mount Sinai Center for Eosinophilic Disorders, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Alkurdi A, Herrmann J, Bikmukhametov D, Tschöpe R. Biliary Cast Syndrome and Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Critically Ill Patient after Long-Term Treatment in the Intensive Care Unit. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2024; 18:260-265. [PMID: 38737441 PMCID: PMC11087035 DOI: 10.1159/000537957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients (SSC-CIP) is a rare but underdiagnosed entity that occurs after life-threatening events and treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). The etiology of SSC-CIP is not fully understood but may be caused by ischemic bile duct injury. SSC-CIP is a cholestatic liver disease that rapidly progresses to liver cirrhosis, with a high mortality rate in the first year of 50%. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which is the gold standard for diagnosing SSC-CIP, shows primary SC-like changes, usually in the intrahepatic bile ducts. Biliary cast formation is pathognomonic for SSC-CIP. No proven effective conservative treatment is available for SSC-CIP, and liver transplantation is the only curative therapy when liver cirrhosis or recurrent cholangitis occurs. Case Presentation We report the case of a 47-year-old male patient who developed cholestasis after a long treatment in the ICU for severe pneumonia. ERCP showed characteristic findings with rarefication and multiple segmental stenosis in the intrahepatic bile ducts. We removed multiple biliary casts from the bile ducts. Conclusion SSC-CIP should be considered for ICU patients with unclear cholestasis, especially when the cholestasis persists after recovery from the underlying disease. Early diagnosis is important to achieve better outcomes; without liver transplantation, the prognosis is generally poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Alkurdi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Schlosspark-Klinik Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Schlosspark-Klinik Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Damir Bikmukhametov
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Schlosspark-Klinik Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Tschöpe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Schlosspark-Klinik Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
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Greimel A, Habler K, Gräfe C, Maciuga N, Brozat CI, Vogeser M, Zoller M, Happich FL, Liebchen U, Frank S, Paal M, Scharf C. Extracorporeal adsorption of protective and toxic bile acids and bilirubin in patients with cholestatic liver dysfunction: a prospective study. Ann Intensive Care 2023; 13:110. [PMID: 37943350 PMCID: PMC10635921 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-023-01198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of toxic bile acids (BAs) in the blood of critically ill patients with cholestatic liver dysfunction might lead to the damage of various organs. Their extracorporeal elimination using the cytokine adsorber Cytosorb® (CS) (adsorption of especially hydrophobic molecules < 60 kDa) might be promising, but data proving a potential adsorption are missing so far. METHODS The prospective Cyto-SOVLE study (NCT04913298) included 20 intensive care patients with cholestatic liver dysfunction, continuous kidney replacement therapy, total bilirubin concentration > 10 mg/dl and the application of CS into the dialysis circuit. Bilirubin and different BAs were measured pre- and post-CS at defined timepoints (10 min, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h after initiation). Relative reduction (RR, %) was calculated with: [Formula: see text]. RESULTS The median RR for total and conjugated bilirubin after initiation was - 31.8% and - 30.3%, respectively, and decreased to - 4.5% and - 4.8% after 6 h. A high initial RR was observed for the toxic BAs GCA (- 97.4%), TCA (- 94.9%), GCDCA (- 82.5%), and TCDCA (- 86.0%), decreasing after 6 h to - 32.9%, - 32.7%, - 12.8%, and - 14.3%, respectively. The protective hydrophilic BAs showed a comparable RR after initiation (UDCA: - 77.7%, GUDCA: - 83.0%, TUDCA: - 91.3%) dropping after 6 h to - 7.4%, - 8.5%, and - 12.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cytosorb® can adsorb bilirubin and toxic as well as protective BAs. However, a fast saturation of the adsorber resulting in a rapid decrease of the RR was observed. Furthermore, no relevant difference between hydrophobic toxic and hydrophilic protective BAs was detected regarding the adsorption amount. The clinical benefit or harm of the BA adsorption needs to be evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Greimel
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Gräfe
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Maciuga
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Clara Isabell Brozat
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, LMU Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Zoller
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix L Happich
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, LMU Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Liebchen
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Paal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, LMU Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Scharf
- Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Taylor-Robinson SD, Morgan MY. COVID-19 and the Liver: A Complex and Evolving Picture. Hepat Med 2023; 15:209-220. [PMID: 37965296 PMCID: PMC10641025 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s384172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily attacks the respiratory system, other organs, such as the liver, are also affected. In this overview, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the liver in both healthy people and in those with pre-existing liver disease are documented; the relationship between coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) vaccination and liver injury is examined; the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-associated liver injury is explored; and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 are delineated, both in people with and without pre-existing liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Public Health, Busitema University and Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Marsha Y Morgan
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
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9
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Kim HY, Lee SS. Post-COVID-19 Cholangiopathy: Clinical and Radiologic Findings. Korean J Radiol 2023; 24:1167-1171. [PMID: 37899526 PMCID: PMC10613835 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Kim
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lim JK, Njei B. Clinical and Histopathological Discoveries in Patients with Hepatic Injury and Cholangiopathy Who Have Died of COVID-19: Insights and Opportunities for Intervention. Hepat Med 2023; 15:151-164. [PMID: 37814605 PMCID: PMC10560482 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s385133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on global health, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its diverse manifestations. Cholangiopathy, a condition characterized by biliary dysfunction, has emerged as a significant complication in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we report the epidemiology of COVID-19, describe the hepatotropism of SARS-CoV-2, and present the histopathology of acute liver injury (ALI) in COVID-19. Additionally, we explore the relationship between pre-existing chronic liver disease and COVID-19, shedding light on the increased susceptibility of these individuals to develop cholangiopathy. Through an in-depth analysis of cholangiopathy in COVID-19 patients, we elucidate its clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and underlying pathogenesis involving inflammation, immune dysregulation, and vascular changes. Furthermore, we provide a summary of studies investigating post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy, highlighting the long-term effects and potential management strategies for this condition, and discussing opportunities for intervention, including therapeutic targets, diagnostic advancements, supportive care, and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Lim
- Yale Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Basile Njei
- Yale Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Rasheed MA, Ballotin VR, Bigarella LG, Soldera J. Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy: Systematic review. World J Methodol 2023; 13:296-322. [PMID: 37771872 PMCID: PMC10523251 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i4.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on global health, primarily characterized by severe respiratory illness. However, emerging evidence suggests that COVID-19 can also lead to secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SC), referred to as post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy. AIM To synthesize currently reported cases to assess the current state of knowledge on post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy. METHODS Medical Subject Headings and Health Sciences Descriptors were used to retrieve relevant studies, which were combined using Boolean operators. Searches were conducted on electronic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and MEDLINE (PubMed). Studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were included, with no restrictions on the publication date. Additionally, the reference lists of retrieved studies were manually searched. Simple descriptive analyses were used to summarize the results. Then the data were extracted and assessed based on Reference Citation Analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/). RESULTS The initial search yielded a total of 192 articles. After screening, 85 articles were excluded due to duplication, leaving 107 articles for further review. Of these, 63 full-length articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses. Most of the patients were male and exhibited elevated liver function tests (93.8%). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed duct thickening with contrast enhancement (47.7%), as well as beading of the intrahepatic ducts (45.7%) with peribiliary contrast enhancement on diffusion (28.7%). Liver biopsy results confirmed SC in most cases (74.4%). Sixteen patients underwent liver transplantation, with three experiencing successful outcomes. CONCLUSION Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy is a serious condition that is expected to become increasingly concerning in the coming years, particularly considering long COVID syndromes. Although liver transplantation has been proposed as a potential treatment option, more research is necessary to establish its efficacy and explore other potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan Soldera
- Acute Medicine, University of South Wales, Cardiff CF37 1DL, United Kingdom
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12
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Bartoli A, Cursaro C, Seferi H, Andreone P. Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis After SARS-CoV2: ICU Ketamine Use or Virus-Specific Biliary Tropism and Injury in the Context of Biliary Ischemia in Critically Ill Patients? Hepat Med 2023; 15:93-112. [PMID: 37547355 PMCID: PMC10404108 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s384220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose From the beginning of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic, different cases of a cholangiopathy with features of secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients (SSC-CIP) have been reported. Patients developing it are generally recovering from severe Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation. Many of them have been administered with ketamine during their ICU stay. The pathogenesis of this novel disease is still debated, and, since prognosis is poor, efforts are needed in order to better understand it. Patients and Methods In this review, we focused our attention on COVID-19 SSC clinical, imaging, and histology findings in order to clarify the different pathogenetic options, particularly in regard of the ischemic-direct viral damage and ketamine-related theories, beginning with a recapitulation of SSC-CIP and ketamine-induced cholangiopathy in abusers. The research has been conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key-words were "Secondary Sclerosing Cholangiopathy", "SSC-CIP", "Secondary Sclerosing Cholangiopathy in critically ill patients", "Ketamine and cholangiopathy", "Ketamine abusers and liver disease", "Ketamine-related cholangiopathy", "SARS-CoV2 infection and liver disease", "post Covid-19 secondary sclerosing cholangitis", "Covid-19 cholangiopathy". Results Many authors, based on the clinical, histological, imaging, and prognostic features of the disease, have pointed out the similarities between post COVID-19 SSC and SSC-CIP; however, peculiar features in the former were not previously observed. Therefore, a direct viral cytopathic action and SARS-CoV2-related coagulopathy are considered the most likely causes. On the other hand, ketamine, with the available data, cannot be surely linked as the main determinant cause of cholangiopathy. Moreover, ketamine-induced cholangitis (KIC) presentation is different from post COVID-19 SSC. Its role as a cofactor precipitating the disease cannot be ruled out. Conclusion Post COVID-19 SSC is a rare clinical entity following severe COVID-19 disease. The most accepted theory is that a sum of different insults determines the disease: biliary ischemia, direct viral damage, toxic bile, possibly worsened by ketamine and hyperinflammation due to the cytokine storm. Given the severe prognosis of the disease, with persistent cholangiopathy, organ failure, and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), further study on this novel clinical entity is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bartoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carmela Cursaro
- Division of Internal Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hajrie Seferi
- Division of Internal Medicine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Andreone
- Chief of Division of Internal Medicine and metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Chief of Post Graduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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13
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Veerankutty FH, Sengupta K, Vij M, Rammohan A, Jothimani D, Murali A, Rela M. Post-COVID-19 cholangiopathy: Current understanding and management options. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:788-798. [PMID: 37342848 PMCID: PMC10277943 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i5.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cholangiopathy (PCC) is a rare but life-threatening complication of COVID-19 infection. PCC typically presents when patients recovering from the contagion and manifests as cholestasis in patients with no history of pre-existing liver disease. The pathogenesis of PCC is little understood. Hepatic injury in PCC could be mediated by the predilection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 for cholangiocytes. Though PCC shows some resemblance to secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients, it is considered as a separate and unique entity in the literature. Various treatment options like ursodeoxycholic acid, steroids, plasmapheresis, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography guided interventions have been tried but with limited success. We have noticed significant improvement in liver function with antiplatelet therapy in a couple of patients. PCC can progress to end-stage liver disease necessitating liver transplantation. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge of PCC focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadl H Veerankutty
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Research Centre, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Kushan Sengupta
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Mukul Vij
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Ashwin Rammohan
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Dinesh Jothimani
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600044, India
| | | | - Mohamed Rela
- Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600044, India
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14
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Seifert M, Kneiseler G, Dechene A. Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis due to Severe COVID-19: An Emerging Disease Entity? Digestion 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36889285 PMCID: PMC10025365 DOI: 10.1159/000528689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to many extrapulmonary manifestations. In this case series, we report on 7 patients developing secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC) after severe COVID-19 with intensive care treatment. METHODS Between March 2020 and November 2021, 544 patient cases with cholangitis treated at a German tertiary care centre were screened for SSC. Patients found to be suffering from SSC were assigned to COVID-19 group if SSC presented after a severe course of COVID-19 and to non-COVID-19 group if not. Peak liver parameters as well as intensive care treatment factors and data generated from liver elastography were compared between both groups. RESULTS We identified 7 patients who developed SSC after a severe course of COVID-19. In the same period, 4 patients developed SSC due to other causes. Mean values of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher in the COVID-19 group than in the non-COVID-19 group (GGT: 2,689 U/L vs. 1,812 U/L and ALP: 1,445 U/L vs. 1,027 U/L), whereas intensive care treatment factors were comparable in both groups. Only the mean duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the COVID-19 group than in the non-COVID-19 group (22.1 days vs. 36.7 days). Liver elastography indicated a fast progression to liver cirrhosis with a mean liver stiffness of 17.3 kilopascals (kPa) in less than 12 weeks in the COVID-19 group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a more severe course of SSC when caused by SARS-CoV-2. Reasons for this are probably multifactorial, including a direct cytopathogenic effect of the virus.
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15
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Quickert S, Stallmach A, Reuken P. Folgen nach SARS-CoV-2-Infektion einschließlich Post-COVID-Syndrom. DIE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2023. [PMCID: PMC9972310 DOI: 10.1007/s11377-023-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Eine Infektion mit dem „severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2“ (SARS-CoV-2) kann vielfältige gastroenterologische Symptome hervorrufen. Ein relevanter Anteil an Patient:innen klagt über Symptome einer Gastroenteritis; die Zahl der Betroffenen hat mit der Verbreitung der Omikron-Varianten zugenommen. Ebenso finden sich bei Infizierten Zeichen einer Leberbeteiligung, die sich durch erhöhte Leberfermente bis hin zu einer akuten Dekompensation ausdrückt. Bei Patient:innen mit vorbestehenden Lebererkrankungen kann sich diese in der akuten Phase der Infektion verschlechtern und z. B. in ein akut-auf-chronisches Leberversagen übergehen. Hiervon abzugrenzen sind langfristige Folgen der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion. Diese können sich entweder als direkte infektions- oder therapieassoziierte Folgen, wie der Entwicklung einer sekundär-sklerosierenden Cholangitis nach Intensivtherapie, äußern oder als Symptome im Rahmen eines Post-coronavirus-disease(COVID)-Syndroms. Dessen Pathophysiologie ist weiterhin ungeklärt; hier wird ein Einfluss des intestinalen Mikrobioms diskutiert. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die akuten Symptome und chronischen Folgen einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion, mit denen man im Alltag zunehmend konfrontiert wird, dargestellt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Quickert
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Klinik für Innere Medizin IV – Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Klinik für Innere Medizin IV – Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Reuken
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Klinik für Innere Medizin IV – Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Deutschland
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16
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Ippolito D, Maino C, Vernuccio F, Cannella R, Inchingolo R, Dezio M, Faletti R, Bonaffini PA, Gatti M, Sironi S. Liver involvement in patients with COVID-19 infection: A comprehensive overview of diagnostic imaging features. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:834-850. [PMID: 36816623 PMCID: PMC9932422 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i5.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first wave of the pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been considered mainly as a pulmonary infection. However, different clinical and radiological manifestations were observed over time, including involvement of abdominal organs. Nowadays, the liver is considered one of the main affected abdominal organs. Hepatic involvement may be caused by either a direct damage by the virus or an indirect damage related to COVID-19 induced thrombosis or to the use of different drugs. After clinical assessment, radiology plays a key role in the evaluation of liver involvement. Ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to evaluate liver involvement. US is widely available and it is considered the first-line technique to assess liver involvement in COVID-19 infection, in particular liver steatosis and portal-vein thrombosis. CT and MRI are used as second- and third-line techniques, respectively, considering their higher sensitivity and specificity compared to US for assessment of both parenchyma and vascularization. This review aims to the spectrum of COVID-19 liver involvement and the most common imaging features of COVID-19 liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ippolito
- Milano Bicocca School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano 20126, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Cesare Maino
- Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Federica Vernuccio
- Institute of Radiology (DIMED), University Hospital of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannella
- Section of Radiology-Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Riccardo Inchingolo
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera 75100, Italy
| | - Michele Dezio
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera 75100, Italy
| | - Riccardo Faletti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Pietro Andrea Bonaffini
- Milano Bicocca School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano 20126, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo 24127, Italy
| | - Marco Gatti
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Sandro Sironi
- Milano Bicocca School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano 20126, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo 24127, Italy
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17
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Valsamaki A, Xanthoudaki M, Oikonomou KG, Vlachostergios PJ, Papadogoulas A, Katsiafylloudis P, Voulgaridi I, Skoura AL, Komnos A, Papamichalis P. Prevention, diagnostic evaluation, management and prognostic implications of liver disease in critically ill patients with COVID-19. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:514-527. [PMID: 36793637 PMCID: PMC9923862 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i3.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan city of China and spread rapidly worldwide. Therefore, by March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the disease a global pandemic. Apart from the respiratory system, various other organs of the human body are also seriously affected by the virus. Liver injury in patients with a severe form of COVID-19 is estimated to be 14.8%-53.0%. Elevated levels of total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and low levels of serum albumin and prealbumin are the main laboratory findings. Patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are much more prone to develop severe liver injury. This literature review presented the recent scientific findings regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for liver injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19, the various interactions between drugs used to treat the disease and the function of the liver and the specific tests providing the possibility of early diagnosis of severe liver injury in these patients. Moreover, it highlighted the burden that COVID-19 put on health systems worldwide and its effect on transplant programs and the care provided to critically ill patients in general and particularly to those with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Valsamaki
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | - Maria Xanthoudaki
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis J Vlachostergios
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | | | | | - Ioanna Voulgaridi
- Department of Microbiology, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Komnos
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41221, Greece
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18
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Sarkis Y, Saleem N, Vuppalanchi R, Gromski M. COVID-Associated Cast-Forming Cholangiopathy: A Commentary on Disease Mechanism, Treatment, and Prognosis. Hepat Med 2023; 15:27-32. [PMID: 37013139 PMCID: PMC10066716 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s384176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete impact of COVID-19 infection continues to develop since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 cholangiopathy has been recently described in a subset of patients who recovered from severe COVID-19 infection. The most common phenotype of patients suffering from COVID-19 cholangiopathy had severe infection requiring a stay in the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and vasopressor medications. Patients with COVID-cholangiopathy present with severe and prolonged cholestatic liver injury. In cases where biliary cast formation is identified, we defined the entity as "COVID-19 cast-forming cholangiopathy". This subset of COVID-19 cholangiopathy is not well understood and there are no standardized diagnosis or management to this date. The reported clinical outcomes are variable, from resolution of symptoms and liver test abnormalities to liver transplant and death. In this commentary, we discuss the proposed pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Sarkis
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nasir Saleem
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raj Vuppalanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark Gromski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Correspondence: Mark Gromski, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Indiana University Hospital, 550 N. University Blvd, Suite 1634, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA, Tel +317-944-0925, Fax +317-968-1265, Email
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Bucurica S, Ionita Radu F, Bucurica A, Socol C, Prodan I, Tudor I, Sirbu CA, Plesa FC, Jinga M. Risk of New-Onset Liver Injuries Due to COVID-19 in Preexisting Hepatic Conditions-Review of the Literature. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 59:medicina59010062. [PMID: 36676691 PMCID: PMC9864905 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impacted the world and caused the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The clinical manifestations of the virus can vary from patient to patient, depending on their respective immune system and comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 can affect patients through two mechanisms: directly by targeting specific receptors or by systemic mechanisms. We reviewed data in the latest literature in order to discuss and determine the risk of new-onset liver injuries due to COVID-19 in preexisting hepatic conditions. The particular expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors is an additional risk factor for patients with liver disease. COVID-19 causes more severe forms in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), increases the risk of cirrhosis decompensation, and doubles the mortality for these patients. The coinfection SARS-CoV-2-viral hepatitis B or C might have different outcomes depending on the stage of the liver disease. Furthermore, the immunosuppressant treatment administered for COVID-19 might reactivate the hepatic virus. The high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins for cholangiocytes results in a particular type of secondary sclerosing cholangitis. The impact of COVID-19 infection on chronic liver disease patients is significant, especially in cirrhosis, influencing the prognosis and outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandica Bucurica
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Ionita Radu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (F.I.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Ana Bucurica
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Socol
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Prodan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Tudor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Adella Sirbu
- Department of Neurology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
- Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (Neuropsy-Cog), Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Florentina Cristina Plesa
- Department of Neurology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Titu Maiorescu University of Medicine, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (F.I.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Mariana Jinga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Barve P, Choday P, Nguyen A, Ly T, Samreen I, Jhooty S, Umeh CA, Chaudhuri S. Living with liver disease in the era of COVID-19-the impact of the epidemic and the threat to high-risk populations. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:13167-13178. [PMID: 36683630 PMCID: PMC9850990 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i36.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardinal symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as the pandemic began in 2020 were cough, fever, and dyspnea, thus characterizing the virus as a predominantly pulmonary disease. While it is apparent that many patients presenting acutely to the hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection have complaints of respiratory symptoms, other vital organs and systems are also being affected. In fact, almost half of COVID-19 hospitalized patients were found to have evidence of some degree of liver injury. Incidence and severity of liver injury in patients with underlying liver disease were even greater. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, from August 1, 2020 to May 31, 2022 there have been a total of 4745738 COVID-19 hospital admissions. Considering the gravity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the incidence of liver injury in COVID-19 patients, it is imperative that we as clinicians understand the effects of the virus on the liver and conversely, the effect of underlying hepatobiliary conditions on the severity of the viral course itself. In this article, we review the spectrum of novel studies regarding COVID-19 induced liver injury, compiling data on the effects of the virus in various age and high-risk groups, especially those with preexisting liver disease, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of this disease process. We also provide an update of the impact of the new Omicron variant and the changing nature of COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Barve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Menifee, CA 92585, United States
| | - Prithi Choday
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, CA 92543, United States
| | - Anphong Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, CA 92543, United States
| | - Tri Ly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, CA 92543, United States
| | - Isha Samreen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, CA 92543, United States
| | - Sukhwinder Jhooty
- College of Medicine, American University of Antigua, Manipal Education America’s, New York, NY 10005, United States
| | - Chukwuemeka A Umeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, CA 92543, United States
| | - Sumanta Chaudhuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemet Global Medical Center, Hemet, CA 92543, United States
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21
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Theocharidou E, Adebayo D. Challenges in liver transplantation in the context of a major pandemic. World J Transplant 2022; 12:347-358. [PMID: 36437846 PMCID: PMC9693897 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v12.i11.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a temporary suspension of liver transplant activity across the world and the remodeling of care for patients on the waiting list and transplant recipients with the increasing use of remote consultations. Emerging evidence shows that patients with more advanced liver disease are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death, whereas transplant recipients have similar risk with the general population which is mainly driven by age and metabolic comorbidities. Tacrolimus immunosuppression might have a protective role in the post-transplant population. Vaccines that have become rapidly available seem to be safe in liver patients, but the antibody response in transplant patients is likely suboptimal. Most transplant centers were gradually able to resume activity soon after the onset of the pandemic and after modifying their pathways to optimize safety for patients and workforce. Preliminary evidence regarding utilizing grafts from positive donors and/or transplanting recently recovered or infected recipients under certain circumstances is encouraging and may allow offering life-saving transplant to patients at the greatest need. This review summarizes the currently available data on liver transplantation in the context of a major pandemic and discusses areas of uncertainty and future challenges. Lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic might provide invaluable guidance for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Theocharidou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Danielle Adebayo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, London Road, Reading, RG1 5AN, United Kingdom
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22
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Cho JY, Lee YS, Kim SS, Song DS, Lee JH, Kim JH. Forms of cholangitis to be considered after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Mol Hepatol 2022; 28:929-930. [PMID: 36096495 PMCID: PMC9597223 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Do Seon Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author : Ji Hoon Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea Tel: +82-2-2626-3011, Fax: +82-2-2626-1038, E-mail:
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