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Di Bella S, Sanson G, Monticelli J, Zerbato V, Principe L, Giuffrè M, Pipitone G, Luzzati R. Clostridioides difficile infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0013523. [PMID: 38421181 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the major issues in nosocomial infections. This bacterium is constantly evolving and poses complex challenges for clinicians, often encountered in real-life scenarios. In the face of CDI, we are increasingly equipped with new therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies and live biotherapeutic products, which need to be thoroughly understood to fully harness their benefits. Moreover, interesting options are currently under study for the future, including bacteriophages, vaccines, and antibiotic inhibitors. Surveillance and prevention strategies continue to play a pivotal role in limiting the spread of the infection. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of epidemiological aspects, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and current and future prophylactic and therapeutic options for C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bella
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sanson
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo Monticelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Verena Zerbato
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Principe
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli", Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mauro Giuffrè
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pipitone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, ARNAS Civico-Di Cristina Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
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Donlan AN, Leslie JL, Simpson ME, Petri WA, Allen JE, Petri WA. IL-13 protects from C. difficile colitis. Anaerobe 2024; 88:102860. [PMID: 38701912 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading hospital-acquired infection in North America. We have previously discovered that antibiotic disruption of the gut microbiota decreases intestinal IL-33 and IL-25 and increases susceptibility to CDI. We further found that IL-33 promotes protection through type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s), which produce IL-13. However, the contribution of IL-13 to disease has never been explored. METHODS We used a validated model of CDI in mice, in which we neutralized via blocking antibodies, or administered recombinant protein, IL-13 to assess the role of this cytokine during infection using weight and clinical scores. Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to characterize myeloid cell population changes in response to IL-13 manipulation. RESULTS We found that administration of IL-13 protected, and anti-IL-13 exacerbated CDI. Additionally, we observed alterations to the monocyte/macrophage cells following neutralization of IL-13 as early as day three post infection. We also observed elevated accumulation of myeloid cells by day four post-infection following IL-13 neutralization. Neutralization of the decoy receptor, IL-13Rα2, resulted in protection from disease, likely through increased available endogenous IL-13. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the protective role of IL-13 in protecting from more severe CDI and the association of poor responses with a dysregulated monocyte-macrophage compartment. These results increase our understanding of type 2 immunity in CDI and may have implications for treating disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Donlan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, 98109, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - J L Leslie
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - M E Simpson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - W A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - J E Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - W A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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Denny JE, Alam MZ, Mdluli NV, Maslanka JR, Lieberman LA, Abt MC. Monoclonal antibody-mediated neutralization of Clostridioides difficile toxin does not diminish induction of the protective innate immune response to infection. Anaerobe 2024:102859. [PMID: 38701911 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection causes pathology that ranges in severity from diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. Toxin A and Toxin B are the two primary virulence factors secreted by C. difficile that drive disease severity. The toxins damage intestinal epithelial cells leading to a loss of barrier integrity and induction of a proinflammatory host response. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize Toxin A and Toxin B, actoxumab and bezlotoxumab, respectively, significantly reduce disease severity in a murine model of C. difficile infection. However, the impact of toxin neutralization on the induction and quality of the innate immune response following infection is unknown. The goal of this study was to define the quality of the host innate immune response in the context of anti-toxin mAbs therapy. At day 2 post-infection, C. difficile-infected, mAbs-treated mice had significantly less disease compared to isotype-treated mice despite remaining colonized with C. difficile. C. difficile-infected mAbs-treated mice still exhibited marked neutrophil infiltration and induction of a subset of proinflammatory cytokines within the intestinal lamina propria following infection that is comparable to isotype-treated mice. Furthermore, both mAbs and isotype-treated mice had an increase in IL-22-producing ILCs in the intestine following infection. Interestingly, mAbs-treated mice exhibited increased infiltration of eosinophils in the intestinal lamina propria, which has been previously reported to promote a protective host response following C. difficile infection. These findings show that activation of host protective mechanisms remain intact in the context of monoclonal antibody-mediated toxin neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Md Zahidul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nontokozo V Mdluli
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Maslanka
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael C Abt
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Mathew AM, Huber A, Sous RD, Weghorn KN, Powers-Fletcher MV, Jose S, Madan R. Effect of Leptin Receptor Q223R Polymorphism on Clostridioides difficile Infection-Induced Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Production. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae141. [PMID: 38687212 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine levels and host genetic makeup are key determinants of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) outcomes. We previously reported that blocking the inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) ameliorates CDI. Here, we determined kinetics of MIF production and its association with a common genetic variant in leptin receptor (LEPR) using blood from patients with CDI. We found highest plasma MIF early after C difficile exposure and in individuals who express mutant/derived LEPR. Our data suggest that early-phase CDI provides a possible window of opportunity in which MIF targeting, potentially in combination with LEPR genotype, could have therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Mathew
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Alexander Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Rowis D Sous
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Kristin N Weghorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Margaret V Powers-Fletcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Moreau GB, Naz F, Petri WA. Fecal microbiota transplantation stimulates type 2 and tolerogenic immune responses in a mouse model. Anaerobe 2024; 86:102841. [PMID: 38521227 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading hospital-acquired infection in North America. While previous work on fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a highly effective treatment for CDI, has focused on colonization resistance mounted against C. difficile by FMT-delivered commensals, the effects of FMT on host gene expression are relatively unexplored. This study aims to identify transcriptional changes associated with FMT, particularly changes associated with protective immune responses. METHODS Gene expression was assessed on day 2 and day 7 after FMT in mice after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. Flow cytometry was also performed on colon and mesenteric lymph nodes at day 7 to investigate changes in immune cell populations. RESULTS FMT administration after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis successfully restored microbial alpha diversity to levels of donor mice by day 7 post-FMT. Bulk RNA sequencing of cecal tissue at day 2 identified immune genes, including both pro-inflammatory and Type 2 immune pathways as upregulated after FMT. RNA sequencing was repeated on day 7 post-FMT, and expression of these immune genes was decreased along with upregulation of genes associated with restoration of intestinal homeostasis. Immunoprofiling on day 7 identified increased colonic CD45+ immune cells that exhibited dampened Type 1 and heightened regulatory and Type 2 responses. These include an increased abundance of eosinophils, alternatively activated macrophages, Th2, and T regulatory cell populations. CONCLUSION These results highlight the impact of FMT on host gene expression, providing evidence that FMT restores intestinal homeostasis after antibiotic treatment and facilitates tolerogenic and Type 2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brett Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Farha Naz
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Ágreda Fernández M, Origüen J, Rodriguez-Goncer I, San Juan R, López-Medrano F, Parra P, Ruiz-Merlo T, Redondo N, Orellana MÁ, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Predictive value of fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin levels for negative outcomes in Clostridioides difficile infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:313-324. [PMID: 38072880 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the role of fecal calprotectin (FC) and lactoferrin (FL) as predictive biomarkers in Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). METHODS We assembled a prospective cohort including all patients with a laboratory-confirmed CDI diagnosis between January and December 2017. FL and FC levels were measured at diagnosis by commercial ELISA and EIA kits. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of FC and FL to predict CDI recurrence and severity (study outcomes) and explored optimal cut-off values in addition to those proposed by the manufacturers (200 µg/g and 7.2 µg/mL, respectively). RESULTS We included 170 CDI cases (152 first episodes and 18 recurrences). The rates of recurrence (first episodes only) and severity (entire cohort) were 9.2% (14/152) and 46.5% (79/170). Both FL and FC levels were significantly higher in patients who developed study outcomes. Optimal cut-off values for FC and FL to predict CDI recurrence were 1052 µg/g and 6.0 µg/mL. The optimal cut-off value for FC yielded higher specificity (60.9%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (16.9%) than that proposed by the manufacturer. Regarding CDI severity, the optimal cut-off value for FC (439 µg/g) also provided higher specificity (43.9%) and PPV (54.1%) than that of the manufacturer, whereas the optimal cut-off value for FL (4.6 µg/mL) resulted in an improvement of PPV (57.5%). CONCLUSION By modifying the thresholds for assay positivity, the measurement of FC and FL at diagnosis is useful to predict recurrence and severity in CDI. Adding these biomarkers to current clinical scores may help to individualize CDI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ágreda Fernández
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julia Origüen
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Rodriguez-Goncer
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael San Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Parra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Merlo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Orellana
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, 12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Fettucciari K, Spaterna A, Marconi P, Bassotti G. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Enhanced In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B in Enteric Glial Cells: The Achilles Heel of Clostridioides difficile Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:958. [PMID: 38256032 PMCID: PMC10815653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are characterized by an inflammatory response, which is essential for infection containment but is also responsible for negative effects on the host. The pathogen itself may have evolved molecular mechanisms to antagonize the antimicrobial effects of an inflammatory response and to enhance its pathogenicity using inflammatory response mediators, such as cytokines. Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) causes gastrointestinal diseases with markedly increasing global incidence and mortality rates. The main C. difficile virulence factors, toxin A and B (TcdA/TcdB), cause cytopathic/cytotoxic effects and inflammation. We previously demonstrated that TcdB induces enteric glial cell (EGC) apoptosis, which is enhanced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha plus interferon gamma (CKs). However, it is unknown whether CKs-enhanced TcdB cytotoxicity (apoptosis/necrosis) is affected by the timing of the appearance of the CKs. Thus, we simulated in vitro, in our experimental model with TcdB and EGCs, three main situations of possible interactions between TcdB and the timing of CK stimulation: before TcdB infection, concomitantly with infection, or at different times after infection and persisting over time. In these experimental conditions, which all represent situations of possible interactions between C. difficile and the timing of CK stimulation, we evaluated apoptosis, necrosis, and cell cycle phases. The CKs, in all of these conditions, enhanced TcdB cytotoxicity, which from apoptosis became necrosis when CK stimulation persisted over time, and was most relevant after 48 h of TcdB:EGCs interaction. Particularly, the enhancement of apoptosis by CKs was dependent on the TcdB dose and in a less relevant manner on the CK stimulation time, while the enhancement of necrosis occurred always independently of the TcdB dose and CK stimulation time. However, since in all conditions stimulation with CKs strongly enhanced the TcdB cytotoxicity, it always had a negative impact on C. difficile pathogenicity. This study might have important implications for the treatment of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Fettucciari
- Biosciences & Medical Embryology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Spaterna
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Macerata, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Biosciences & Medical Embryology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Digestive Endoscopy Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy
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Tubau-Juni N, Bassaganya-Riera J, Leber AJ, Alva SS, Hontecillas R. Oral Omilancor Treatment Ameliorates Clostridioides difficile Infection During IBD Through Novel Immunoregulatory Mechanisms Mediated by LANCL2 Activation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:103-113. [PMID: 37436905 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is an opportunistic infection of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly associated with antibiotic administration, that afflicts almost 500 000 people yearly only in the United States. CDI incidence and recurrence is increased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Omilancor is an oral, once daily, first-in-class, gut-restricted, immunoregulatory therapeutic in clinical development for the treatment of IBD. METHODS Acute and recurrent murine models of CDI and the dextran sulfate sodium-induced concomitant model of IBD and CDI were utilized to determine the therapeutic efficacy of oral omilancor. To evaluate the protective effects against C. difficile toxins, in vitro studies with T84 cells were also conducted. 16S sequencing was employed to characterize microbiome composition. RESULTS Activation of the LANCL2 pathway by oral omilancor and its downstream host immunoregulatory changes decreased disease severity and inflammation in the acute and recurrence models of CDI and the concomitant model of IBD/CDI. Immunologically, omilancor treatment increased mucosal regulatory T cell and decreased pathogenic T helper 17 cell responses. These immunological changes resulted in increased abundance and diversity of tolerogenic gut commensal bacterial strains in omilancor-treated mice. Oral omilancor also resulted in accelerated C. difficile clearance in an antimicrobial-free manner. Furthermore, omilancor provided protection from toxin damage, while preventing the metabolic burst observed in intoxicated epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These data support the development of omilancor as a novel host-targeted, antimicrobial-free immunoregulatory therapeutic for the treatment of IBD patients with C. difficile-associated disease and pathology with the potential to address the unmet clinical needs of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients with concomitant CDI.
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van Prehn J, Crobach MJT, Baktash A, Duszenko N, Kuijper EJ. Diagnostic Guidance for C. difficile Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1435:33-56. [PMID: 38175470 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42108-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) can be challenging. First of all, there has been debate on which of the two reference assays, cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCNA) or toxigenic culture (TC), should be considered the gold standard for CDI detection. Although the CCNA suffers most from suboptimal storage conditions and subsequent toxin degradation, TC is reported to falsely increase CDI detection rates as it cannot differentiate CDI patients from patients asymptomatically colonised by toxigenic C. difficile. Several rapid assays are available for CDI detection and fall into three broad categories: (1) enzyme immunoassays for glutamate dehydrogenase, (2) enzyme immunoassays or single-molecule array assays for toxins A/B and (3) nucleic acid amplification tests detecting toxin genes. All three categories have their own limitations, being suboptimal specificity and/or sensitivity or the inability to discern colonised patients from CDI patients. In light of these limitations, multi-step algorithmic testing has been advocated by international guidelines (IDSA/SHEA and ESCMID) in order to optimize diagnostic accuracy. As a result, a survey performed in 2018-2019 in Europe revealed that most of all hospital sites reported using more than one test to diagnose CDI. CDI incidence rates are also influenced by sample selection criteria, as several studies have shown that if not all unformed stool samples are tested for CDI, many cases may be missed due to an absence of clinical suspicion. Since methods for diagnosing CDI remain imperfect, there has been a growing interest in alternative testing strategies like faecal microbiota biomarkers, immune modulating interleukins, cytokines and imaging methods. At the moment, these alternative methods might play an adjunctive role, but they are not suitable to replace conventional CDI testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey van Prehn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- ESCMID Study Group for C. difficile (ESGCD) and Study Group for Host and Microbiota Interaction (ESGHAMI), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Monique J T Crobach
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amoe Baktash
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolas Duszenko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ed J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- ESCMID Study Group for C. difficile (ESGCD) and Study Group for Host and Microbiota Interaction (ESGHAMI), Basel, Switzerland
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Hunault L, Auria E, England P, Deschamps J, Briandet R, Kremer V, Iannascoli B, Vidal-Maison L, Guo C, Macdonald L, Péchiné S, Denève-Larrazet C, Dupuy B, Gorochov G, Bruhns P, Sterlin D. Anti-S-layer monoclonal antibodies impact Clostridioides difficile physiology. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2301147. [PMID: 38289292 PMCID: PMC10829821 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), a gram-positive anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium, is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults which is characterized by high levels of recurrence and mortality. Surface (S)-layer Protein A (SlpA), the most abundantly expressed protein on the bacterial surface, plays a crucial role in the early stages of infection although the nature of its involvement in C. difficile physiology is yet to be fully understood. Anti-S-layer antibodies have been identified in the sera of convalescent patients and have been correlated with improved outcomes of C. difficile infection (CDI). However, the precise mechanisms by which anti-S-layer antibodies confer protection to the host remain unknown. In this study, we report the first monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the S-layer of reference strain 630. Characterization of these mAbs unraveled important roles for the S-layer protein in growth, toxin secretion, and biofilm formation by C. difficile, with differential and even opposite effects of various anti-SlpA mAbs on these functions. Moreover, one anti-SlpA mAb impaired C. difficile growth and conferred sensitivity to lysozyme-induced lysis. The results of this study show that anti-S-layer antibody responses can be beneficial or harmful for the course of CDI and provide important insights for the development of adequate S-layer-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Hunault
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
- Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, France
- Collège doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Emile Auria
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR-CNRS 6047, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Julien Deschamps
- Institut Micalis, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Institut Micalis, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vanessa Kremer
- Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, France
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Bruno Iannascoli
- Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, France
| | - Léo Vidal-Maison
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Séverine Péchiné
- Equipe Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut MICALIS (UMR 1319 Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech), Orsay, France
| | - Cécile Denève-Larrazet
- Equipe Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut MICALIS (UMR 1319 Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech), Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Dupuy
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR-CNRS 6047, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Inserm UMR1222, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sterlin
- Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
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11
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Sheikh IA, Bianchi-Smak J, Laubitz D, Schiro G, Midura-Kiela MT, Besselsen DG, Vedantam G, Jarmakiewicz S, Filip R, Ghishan FK, Gao N, Kiela PR. Transplant of microbiota from Crohn's disease patients to germ-free mice results in colitis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2333483. [PMID: 38532703 PMCID: PMC10978031 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2333483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is beyond debate, attempts to verify the causative role of IBD-associated dysbiosis have been limited to reports of promoting the disease in genetically susceptible mice or in chemically induced colitis. We aimed to further test the host response to fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) from Crohn's disease patients on mucosal homeostasis in ex-germ-free (xGF) mice. We characterized and transferred fecal microbiota from healthy patients and patients with defined Crohn's ileocolitis (CD_L3) to germ-free mice and analyzed the resulting microbial and mucosal homeostasis by 16S profiling, shotgun metagenomics, histology, immunofluorescence (IF) and RNAseq analysis. We observed a markedly reduced engraftment of CD_L3 microbiome compared to healthy control microbiota. FMT from CD_L3 patients did not lead to ileitis but resulted in colitis with features consistent with CD: a discontinued pattern of colitis, more proximal colonic localization, enlarged isolated lymphoid follicles and/or tertiary lymphoid organ neogenesis, and a transcriptomic pattern consistent with epithelial reprograming and promotion of the Paneth cell-like signature in the proximal colon and immune dysregulation characteristic of CD. The observed inflammatory response was associated with persistently increased abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus, Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum, Faecalimonas umbilicate, Blautia hominis, Clostridium butyricum, and C. paraputrificum and unexpected growth of toxigenic C. difficile, which was below the detection level in the community used for inoculation. Our study provides the first evidence that the transfer of a dysbiotic community from CD patients can lead to spontaneous inflammatory changes in the colon of xGF mice and identifies a signature microbial community capable of promoting colonization of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ali Sheikh
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Daniel Laubitz
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gabriele Schiro
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Monica T. Midura-Kiela
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David G. Besselsen
- Pediatrics, University Animal Care, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gayatri Vedantam
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sara Jarmakiewicz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow, Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Rafał Filip
- Institute of Medicine, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD Unit, Clinical Hospital, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Fayez K. Ghishan
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pawel R. Kiela
- Daniel Cracchiolo Institute for Pediatric Autoimmune Disease Research, Steele Children’s Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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12
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Muroya D, Nadayoshi S, Yamada K, Kai Y, Masuda N, Nishida T, Shimokobe M, Hisaka T. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Clostridioides difficile-associated Colitis: A Retrospective Study. J Anus Rectum Colon 2023; 7:264-272. [PMID: 37900689 PMCID: PMC10600261 DOI: 10.23922/jarc.2023-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Clostridioides difficile (CD) is an anaerobic spore-forming Gram-positive rod that is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is a well-established treatment for Clostridium perfringens, but there are no reports that have examined the efficacy of HBO against CD, which is also an anaerobic bacterium. Methods In this study, we retrospectively examined whether HBO therapy affects the prognosis following CD infections (CDI). This study included 92 inpatients diagnosed with CDI at our hospital between January 2013 and December 2022. Of these, 16 patients received HBO therapy. The indications for HBO therapy were stroke in five patients, ileus in four patients, cancer in two patients, acute peripheral circulatory disturbance in two patients, and others in three patients. The mean observation period was 5.4 years. Results In the univariate analysis, there was no significant difference in severity, mortality, hospitalization, or overall survival between patients who did and did not receive HBO therapy. However, the HBO group had a significantly lower recurrence rate (0% vs. 22.4%, p=0.0363) and a shorter symptomatic period (6.2 vs. 13.6 days, p=0.0217). Conclusions HBO may have beneficial effect on CDI by shortening the symptomatic period and preventing recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Muroya
- Department of Surgery, Tobata Kyoritsu Hospital, Kitakyusyu, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shinya Nadayoshi
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tobata Kyoritsu Hospital, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Koito Yamada
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tobata Kyoritsu Hospital, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kai
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Tobata Kyoritsu Hospital, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Naoki Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Tobata Kyoritsu Hospital, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nishida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tobata Kyoritsu Hospital, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimokobe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tobata Kyoritsu Hospital, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - Toru Hisaka
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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13
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Li J, Chaudhary D, Sharma V, Sharma V, Avula V, Ssentongo P, Wolk DM, Zand R, Abedi V. An integrated pipeline for prediction of Clostridioides difficile infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16532. [PMID: 37783691 PMCID: PMC10545794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of electronic health records(EHR)-linked genomic data comes the development of machine learning-enable models. There is a pressing need to develop robust pipelines to evaluate the performance of integrated models and minimize systemic bias. We developed a prediction model of symptomatic Clostridioides difficile infection(CDI) by integrating common EHR-based and genetic risk factors(rs2227306/IL8). Our pipeline includes (1) leveraging phenotyping algorithm to minimize temporal bias, (2) performing simulation studies to determine the predictive power in samples without genetic information, (3) propensity score matching to control for the confoundings, (4) selecting machine learning algorithms to capture complex feature interactions, (5) performing oversampling to address data imbalance, and (6) optimizing models and ensuring proper bias-variance trade-off. We evaluate the performance of prediction models of CDI when including common clinical risk factors and the benefit of incorporating genetic feature(s) into the models. We emphasize the importance of building a robust integrated pipeline to avoid systemic bias and thoroughly evaluating genetic features when integrated into the prediction models in the general population and subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Durgesh Chaudhary
- Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sharma
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Vishakha Sharma
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Venkatesh Avula
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Paddy Ssentongo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Donna M Wolk
- Molecular and Microbial Diagnostics and Development, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Ramin Zand
- Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Vida Abedi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
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14
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Shao T, Hsu R, Hacein-Bey C, Zhang W, Gao L, Kurth MJ, Zhao H, Shuai Z, Leung PSC. The Evolving Landscape of Fecal Microbial Transplantation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2023; 65:101-120. [PMID: 36757537 PMCID: PMC9909675 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-023-08958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract houses an enormous microbial ecosystem. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota plays significant physiological roles and maintains immune homeostasis in the human body. Dysbiosis, an imbalanced gut microbiome, can be associated with various disease states, as observed in infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Modulation of the gut microbiome has become a therapeutic target in treating these disorders. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a healthy donor restores the normal gut microbiota homeostasis in the diseased host. Ample evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of FMT in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). The application of FMT in other human diseases is gaining attention. This review aims to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of FMT and its efficacies in human diseases. We discuss the application, route of administration, limitations, safety, efficacies, and suggested mechanisms of FMT in rCDI, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Finally, we address the future perspectives of FMT in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihong Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ronald Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Camelia Hacein-Bey
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Weici Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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15
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Manion J, Musser MA, Kuziel GA, Liu M, Shepherd A, Wang S, Lee PG, Zhao L, Zhang J, Marreddy RKR, Goldsmith JD, Yuan K, Hurdle JG, Gerhard R, Jin R, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Rao M, Dong M. C. difficile intoxicates neurons and pericytes to drive neurogenic inflammation. Nature 2023; 622:611-618. [PMID: 37699522 PMCID: PMC11188852 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections1,2. The exaggerated colonic inflammation caused by C. difficile toxins such as toxin B (TcdB) damages tissues and promotes C. difficile colonization3-6, but how TcdB causes inflammation is unclear. Here we report that TcdB induces neurogenic inflammation by targeting gut-innervating afferent neurons and pericytes through receptors, including the Frizzled receptors (FZD1, FZD2 and FZD7) in neurons and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) in pericytes. TcdB stimulates the secretion of the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from neurons and pro-inflammatory cytokines from pericytes. Targeted delivery of the TcdB enzymatic domain, through fusion with a detoxified diphtheria toxin, into peptidergic sensory neurons that express exogeneous diphtheria toxin receptor (an approach we term toxogenetics) is sufficient to induce neurogenic inflammation and recapitulates major colonic histopathology associated with CDI. Conversely, mice lacking SP, CGRP or the SP receptor (neurokinin 1 receptor) show reduced pathology in both models of caecal TcdB injection and CDI. Blocking SP or CGRP signalling reduces tissue damage and C. difficile burden in mice infected with a standard C. difficile strain or with hypervirulent strains expressing the TcdB2 variant. Thus, targeting neurogenic inflammation provides a host-oriented therapeutic approach for treating CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Manion
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa A Musser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gavin A Kuziel
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Shepherd
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pyung-Gang Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo Zhao
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ravi K R Marreddy
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian G Hurdle
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Tubau-Juni N, Bassaganya-Riera J, Leber AJ, Alva SS, Baker R, Hontecillas R. Modulation of colonic immunometabolic responses during Clostridioides difficile infection ameliorates disease severity and inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14708. [PMID: 37679643 PMCID: PMC10485029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and its clinical symptoms can span from asymptomatic colonization to pseudomembranous colitis and even death. The current standard of care for CDI is antibiotic treatment to achieve bacterial clearance; however, 15 to 35% of patients experience recurrence after initial response to antibiotics. We have conducted a comprehensive, global colonic transcriptomics analysis of a 10-day study in mice to provide new insights on the local host response during CDI and identify novel host metabolic mechanisms with therapeutic potential. The analysis indicates major alterations of colonic gene expression kinetics at the acute infection stage, that are restored during the recovery phase. At the metabolic level, we observe a biphasic response pattern characterized by upregulated glycolytic metabolism during the peak of inflammation, while mitochondrial metabolism predominates during the recovery/healing stage. Inhibition of glycolysis via 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) administration during CDI decreases disease severity, protects from mortality, and ameliorates colitis in vivo. Additionally, 2-DG also protects intestinal epithelial cells from C. difficile toxin damage, preventing loss of barrier integrity and secretion of proinflammatory mediators. These data postulate the pharmacological targeting of host immunometabolic pathways as novel treatment modalities for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Baker
- NIMML Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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17
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Huber A, Jose S, Kassam A, Weghorn KN, Powers-Fletcher M, Sharma D, Mukherjee A, Mathew A, Kulkarni N, Chandramouli S, Alder MN, Madan R. Olfactomedin-4 + neutrophils exacerbate intestinal epithelial damage and worsen host survival after Clostridioides difficile infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.553751. [PMID: 37662327 PMCID: PMC10473617 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.553751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key first responders to Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Excessive tissue and blood neutrophils are associated with worse histopathology and adverse outcomes, however their functional role during CDI remains poorly defined. Utilizing intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-neutrophil co-cultures and a pre-clinical animal model of CDI, we show that neutrophils exacerbate C. difficile -induced IEC injury. We utilized cutting-edge single-cell transcriptomics to illuminate neutrophil subtypes and biological pathways that could exacerbate CDI-associated IEC damage. As such, we have established the first transcriptomics atlas of bone marrow (BM), blood, and colonic neutrophils after CDI. We found that CDI altered the developmental trajectory of BM and blood neutrophils towards populations that exhibit gene signatures associated with pro-inflammatory responses and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage. Similarly, the transcriptomic signature of colonic neutrophils was consistent with hyper-inflammatory and highly differentiated cells that had amplified expression of cytokine-mediated signaling and degranulation priming genes. One of the top 10 variable features in colonic neutrophils was the gene for neutrophil glycoprotein, Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4). CDI enhanced OLFM4 mRNA and protein expression in neutrophils, and OLFM4 + cells aggregated to areas of severe IEC damage. Compared to uninfected controls, both humans and mice with CDI had higher concentrations of circulating OLFM4; and in mice, OLFM4 deficiency resulted in faster recovery and better survival after infection. Collectively, these studies provide novel insights into neutrophil-mediated pathology after CDI and highlight the pathogenic role of OLFM4 + neutrophils in regulating CDI-induced IEC damage. One Sentence Summary Utilizing single-cell transcriptomics, IEC-epithelial co-cultures, and pre-clinical models of CDI, we have identified a subset of neutrophils that are marked by OLFM4 expression as pathogenic determinants of IEC barrier damage after CDI.
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18
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Gonzales-Luna AJ, Skinner AM, Alonso CD, Bouza E, Cornely OA, de Meij TGJ, Drew RJ, Garey KW, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kahn SA, Kato H, Kelly CP, Kelly CR, Kociolek LK, Kuijper EJ, Louie T, Riley TV, Sandora TJ, Vehreschild MJGT, Wilcox MH, Dubberke ER. Redefining Clostridioides difficile infection antibiotic response and clinical outcomes. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e259-e265. [PMID: 37062301 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
With the approval and development of narrow-spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), the primary endpoint for treatment success of CDI antibiotic treatment trials has shifted from treatment response at end of therapy to sustained response 30 days after completed therapy. The current definition of a successful response to treatment (three or fewer unformed bowel movements [UBMs] per day for 1-2 days) has not been validated, does not reflect CDI management, and could impair assessments for successful treatment at 30 days. We propose new definitions to optimise trial design to assess sustained response. Primarily, we suggest that the initial response at the end of treatment be defined as (1) three or fewer UBMs per day, (2) a reduction in UBMs of more than 50% per day, (3) a decrease in stool volume of more than 75% for those with ostomy, or (4) attainment of bowel movements of Bristol Stool Form Scale types 1-4, on average, by day 2 after completion of primary CDI therapy (ie, assessed on day 11 and day 12 of a 10-day treatment course) and following an investigator determination that CDI treatment can be ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Gonzales-Luna
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew M Skinner
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA; Department of Medicine and Department of Research, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Carolyn D Alonso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Disease, Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim G J de Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard J Drew
- Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda Hospital and Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin W Garey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dale N Gerding
- Department of Medicine and Department of Research, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Department of Research, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Stacy A Kahn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haru Kato
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ciaran P Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colleen R Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Larry K Kociolek
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ed J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Louie
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas V Riley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas J Sandora
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Microbiology, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Erik R Dubberke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Kiecka A, Szczepanik M. Proton pump inhibitor-induced gut dysbiosis and immunomodulation: current knowledge and potential restoration by probiotics. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00489-x. [PMID: 37142877 PMCID: PMC10159235 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), ulcers associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), non-ulcer dyspepsia, and Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. The drugs have the effect of inhibiting acid production in the stomach. According to research, PPIs can affect the composition of gut microbiota and modulate the immune response. Recently, there has been a problem with the over-prescription of such drugs. Although PPIs do not have many side effects, their long-term use can contribute to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) or C. difficile and other intestinal infections. Probiotic supplementation during PPIs therapy may provide some hope in the reduction of emerging therapy side effects. This review aims to present the most important effects of long-term PPI use and provides critical insights into the role of probiotic intervention in PPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kiecka
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7a, 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7a, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
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20
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Simpson M, Bilverstone T, Leslie J, Donlan A, Uddin MJ, Petri WA, Marin N, Kuehne S, Minton NP, Petri WA. Clostridioides difficile Binary Toxin Binding Component Increases Virulence in a Hamster Model. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad040. [PMID: 36895287 PMCID: PMC9991586 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection, in part due to the existence of binary toxin (CDT)-expressing hypervirulent strains. Although the effects of the CDT holotoxin on disease pathogenesis have been previously studied, we sought to investigate the role of the individual components of CDT during in vivo infection. Methods To determine the contribution of the separate components of CDT during infection, we developed strains of C difficile expressing either CDTa or CDTb individually. We then infected both mice and hamsters with these novel mutant strains and monitored them for development of severe illness. Results Although expression of CDTb without CDTa did not induce significant disease in a mouse model of C difficile infection, we found that complementation of a CDT-deficient C difficile strain with CDTb alone restored virulence in a hamster model of C difficile infection. Conclusions Overall, this study demonstrates that the binding component of C difficile binary toxin, CDTb, contributes to virulence in a hamster model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Simpson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Terry Bilverstone
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jhansi Leslie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexandra Donlan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Md Jashim Uddin
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Natasha Marin
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Kuehne
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Oral Microbiology Group, School of Dentistry and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P Minton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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21
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Villafuerte Gálvez JA, Pollock NR, Alonso CD, Chen X, Xu H, Wang L, White N, Banz A, Miller M, Daugherty K, Gonzalez-Luna AJ, Barrett C, Sprague R, Garey KW, Kelly CP. Stool Interleukin-1β Differentiates Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) From Asymptomatic Carriage and Non-CDI Diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e1467-e1475. [PMID: 35906836 PMCID: PMC10169396 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in the understanding and diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), clinical distinction within the colonization-infection continuum remains an unmet need. METHODS By measuring stool cytokines and antitoxin antibodies in well-characterized cohorts of CDI (diarrhea, nucleic acid amplification test [NAAT] positive), non-CDI diarrhea (NCD; diarrhea, NAAT negative), asymptomatic carriers (ASC; no diarrhea, NAAT positive) and hospital controls (CON; no diarrhea, NAAT negative), we aim to discover novel biological markers to distinguish between these cohorts. We also explore the relationship of these stool cytokines and antitoxin antibody with stool toxin concentrations and disease severity. RESULTS Stool interleukin (IL) 1β, stool immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-toxin A had higher (P < .0001) concentrations in CDI (n = 120) vs ASC (n = 43), whereas toxins A, B, and fecal calprotectin did not. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUCs) for IL-1β, IgA, and IgG anti-toxin A were 0.88, 0.83, and 0.83, respectively. A multipredictor model including IL-1β and IgA anti-toxin A achieved an ROC-AUC of 0.93. Stool IL-1β concentrations were higher in CDI compared to NCD (n = 75) (P < .0001) and NCD + ASC+ CON (CON, n = 75) (P < .0001), with ROC-AUCs of 0.83 and 0.86, respectively. Stool IL-1β had positive correlations with toxins A (ρA = +0.55) and B (ρB = +0.49) in CDI (P < .0001) but not in ASC (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Stool concentrations of the inflammasome pathway, proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, can accurately differentiate CDI from asymptomatic carriage and NCD, making it a promising biomarker for CDI diagnosis. Significant positive correlations exist between stool toxins and stool IL-1β in CDI but not in asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Villafuerte Gálvez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nira R Pollock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolyn D Alonso
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lamei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole White
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Kaitlyn Daugherty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne J Gonzalez-Luna
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlin Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Sprague
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin W Garey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ciaran P Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Zhang B, Wei X, Ding M, Luo Z, Tan X, Zheng Z. Daidzein Protects Caco-2 Cells against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Injury by Suppressing PI3K/AKT and P38 Pathways. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248928. [PMID: 36558058 PMCID: PMC9781898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium provides an important barrier against bacterial endotoxin translocation, which can regulate the absorption of water and ions. The disruption of epithelial barrier function can result in water transport and tight junction damage, or further cause diarrhea. Therefore, reducing intestinal epithelial barrier injury plays an important role in diarrhea. Inflammatory response is an important cause of intestinal barrier defects. Daidzein improving the barrier integrity has been reported, but the effect on tight junction proteins and aquaporins is not well-described yet, and the underlying mechanism remains indistinct in the human intestinal epithelium. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of daidzein on intestinal epithelial barrier injury induced by LPS, and a barrier injury model induced by LPS was established with human colorectal epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 cells. We found that daidzein protected the integrity of Caco-2 cell monolayers, reversed LPS-induced downregulation of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, and AQP3 expression, maintained intercellular junction of ZO-1, and suppressed NF-κB and the expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6). Furthermore, we found that daidzein suppressed the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT and P38 pathway-related proteins and the level of the related genes, and the PI3K/AKT and P38 pathway inhibitors increased ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, and AQP3 expression. The study showed that daidzein could resist LPS-induced intestinal epithelial barrier injury, and the mechanism is related to suppressing the PI3K/AKT and P38 pathways. Therefore, daidzein could be a candidate as a dietary supplementation or drug to prevent or cure diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaohan Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mengze Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenye Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangzhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (Z.Z.)
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23
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Meijome TE, Wozniak R, Kang L, Azzouz L, Niziol LM, Johnson WL, Kriegel M, Woodward MA. Assessment of Keratitis Severity Using Quantitative Image Analysis in an In Vivo Murine Model of Staphylococcus aureus Bacterial Keratitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:12. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas E. Meijome
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Wozniak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Linda Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lyna Azzouz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leslie M. Niziol
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William L. Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Kriegel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Augenzentrum am St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Maria A. Woodward
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Pike CM, Tam J, Melnyk RA, Theriot CM. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Inhibits Clostridioides difficile Toxin-Induced Apoptosis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0015322. [PMID: 35862710 PMCID: PMC9387233 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00153-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C. difficile infection (CDI) is a highly inflammatory disease mediated by the production of two large toxins that weaken the intestinal epithelium and cause extensive colonic tissue damage. Antibiotic alternative therapies for CDI are urgently needed as current antibiotic regimens prolong the perturbation of the microbiota and lead to high disease recurrence rates. Inflammation is more closely correlated with CDI severity than bacterial burden, thus therapies that target the host response represent a promising yet unexplored strategy for treating CDI. Intestinal bile acids are key regulators of gut physiology that exert cytoprotective roles in cellular stress, inflammation, and barrier integrity, yet the dynamics between bile acids and host cellular processes during CDI have not been investigated. Here we show that several bile acids are protective against apoptosis caused by C. difficile toxins in Caco-2 cells and that protection is dependent on conjugation of bile acids. Out of 20 tested bile acids, taurine conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was the most potent inhibitor, yet unconjugated UDCA did not alter toxin-induced apoptosis. TUDCA treatment decreased expression of genes in lysosome associated and cytokine signaling pathways. TUDCA did not affect C. difficile growth or toxin activity in vitro whereas UDCA significantly reduced toxin activity in a Vero cell cytotoxicity assay and decreased tcdA gene expression. These results demonstrate that bile acid conjugation can have profound effects on C. difficile as well as the host and that conjugated and unconjugated bile acids may exert different therapeutic mechanisms against CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. Pike
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Tam
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roman A. Melnyk
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SickKids Proteomics Analytics Robotics Chemical Biology Drug Discovery Facility, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Pal R, Seleem MN. Discovery of a novel natural product inhibitor of Clostridioides difficile with potent activity in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267859. [PMID: 35939437 PMCID: PMC9359557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection is a global health threat and remains the primary cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. The burgeoning incidence and severity of infections coupled with high rates of recurrence have created an urgent need for novel therapeutics. Here, we report a novel natural product scaffold as a potential anticlostridial lead with antivirulence properties and potent activity both in vitro and in vivo. A whole cell phenotypic screening of 1,000 purified natural products identified 6 compounds with potent activity against C. difficile (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range from 0.03 to 2 μg/ml). All these 6 compounds were non-toxic to human colorectal cells. The natural product compounds also inhibited the production of key toxins, TcdA and TcdB, the key virulence determinants of C. difficile infection pathology. Additionally, the compounds exhibited rapid bactericidal activity and were superior to the standard-of-care antibiotic vancomycin, in reducing a high inoculum of C. difficile in vitro. Furthermore, a murine model of C. difficile infection revealed that compound NP-003875 conferred 100% protection to the infected mice from clinical manifestations of the disease. Collectively, the current study lays the foundation for further investigation of the natural product NP-003875 as a potential therapeutic choice for C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusha Pal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Cell-Free Paper-Based Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Host Biomarkers. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2433:351-374. [PMID: 34985756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1998-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome and its interactions with the host have been shown to affect several aspects of human health and disease. Investigations to elucidate these mechanisms typically involve sequence analysis of fecal samples. To support these studies, we present methods to design RNA toehold switch sensors to detect microbial and host transcripts. The sensors are embedded in paper-based, cell-free reactions that enable affordable and rapid analysis of microbiome samples.
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27
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Chaves-Cordero C, Quesada-Gómez C, Chaves-Olarte E, Barquero-Calvo E. Human neutrophils are resistant to Clostridioides difficile toxin B. Anaerobe 2022; 74:102553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Peritore-Galve FC, Shupe JA, Cave RJ, Childress KO, Washington MK, Kuehne SA, Lacy DB. Glucosyltransferase-dependent and independent effects of Clostridioides difficile toxins during infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010323. [PMID: 35176123 PMCID: PMC8890742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in the USA. In addition to these symptoms, patients with CDI can develop severe inflammation and tissue damage, resulting in life-threatening toxic megacolon. CDI is mediated by two large homologous protein toxins, TcdA and TcdB, that bind and hijack receptors to enter host cells where they use glucosyltransferase (GT) enzymes to inactivate Rho family GTPases. GT-dependent intoxication elicits cytopathic changes, cytokine production, and apoptosis. At higher concentrations TcdB induces GT-independent necrosis in cells and tissue by stimulating production of reactive oxygen species via recruitment of the NADPH oxidase complex. Although GT-independent necrosis has been observed in vitro, the relevance of this mechanism during CDI has remained an outstanding question in the field. In this study we generated novel C. difficile toxin mutants in the hypervirulent BI/NAP1/PCR-ribotype 027 R20291 strain to test the hypothesis that GT-independent epithelial damage occurs during CDI. Using the mouse model of CDI, we observed that epithelial damage occurs through a GT-independent process that does not involve immune cell influx. The GT-activity of either toxin was sufficient to cause severe edema and inflammation, yet GT activity of both toxins was necessary to produce severe watery diarrhea. These results demonstrate that both TcdA and TcdB contribute to disease pathogenesis when present. Further, while inactivating GT activity of C. difficile toxins may suppress diarrhea and deleterious GT-dependent immune responses, the potential of severe GT-independent epithelial damage merits consideration when developing toxin-based therapeutics against CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Christopher Peritore-Galve
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John A. Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rory J. Cave
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin O. Childress
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Kuehne
- Oral Microbiology Group, School of Dentistry and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D. Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Gaisawat MB, Lopez-Escalera S, MacPherson CW, Iskandar MM, Tompkins TA, Kubow S. Probiotics Exhibit Strain-Specific Protective Effects in T84 Cells Challenged With Clostridioides difficile-Infected Fecal Water. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:698638. [PMID: 35154018 PMCID: PMC8826048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is frequently associated with intestinal injury and mucosal barrier dysfunction, leading to an inflammatory response involving neutrophil localization and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The severity of clinical manifestations is associated with the extent of the immune response, which requires mitigation for better clinical management. Probiotics could play a protective role in this disorder due to their immunomodulatory ability in gastrointestinal disorders. We assessed five single-strain and three multi-strain probiotics for their ability to modulate CDI fecal water (FW)-induced effects on T84 cells. The CDI-FW significantly (p < 0.05) decreased T84 cell viability. The CDI-FW-exposed cells also exhibited increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production as characterized by interleukin (IL)-8, C-X-C motif chemokine 5, macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-32, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily member 8. Probiotics were associated with strain-specific attenuation of the CDI-FW mediated effects, whereby Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus R0011 were most effective in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and in increasing T84 cell viability. ProtecFlor™, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 showed moderate effectiveness, and L. rhamnosus GG R0343 along with the two other multi-strain combinations were the least effective. Overall, the findings showed that probiotic strains possess the capability to modulate the CDI-mediated inflammatory response in the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chad W MacPherson
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thomas A Tompkins
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stan Kubow
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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30
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Chan H, Li Q, Wang X, Liu WY, Hu W, Zeng J, Xie C, Kwong TNY, Ho IHT, Liu X, Chen H, Yu J, Ko H, Chan RCY, Ip M, Gin T, Cheng ASL, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wong SH, Wu WKK. Vitamin D 3 and carbamazepine protect against Clostridioides difficile infection in mice by restoring macrophage lysosome acidification. Autophagy 2022; 18:2050-2067. [PMID: 34989311 PMCID: PMC9466624 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. TcdB is a major C. difficile exotoxin that activates macrophages to promote inflammation and epithelial damage. Lysosome impairment is a known trigger for inflammation. Herein, we hypothesize that TcdB could impair macrophage lysosomal function to mediate inflammation during CDI. Effects of TcdB on lysosomal function and the downstream pro-inflammatory SQSTM1/p62-NFKB (nuclear factor kappa B) signaling were assessed in cultured macrophages and in a murine CDI model. Protective effects of two lysosome activators (i.e., vitamin D3 and carbamazepine) were assessed. Results showed that TcdB inhibited CTNNB1/β-catenin activity to downregulate MITF (melanocyte inducing transcription factor) and its direct target genes encoding components of lysosomal membrane vacuolar-type ATPase, thereby suppressing lysosome acidification in macrophages. The resulting lysosomal dysfunction then impaired autophagic flux and activated SQSTM1-NFKB signaling to drive the expression of IL1B/IL-1β (interleukin 1 beta), IL8 and CXCL2 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2). Restoring MITF function by enforced MITF expression or restoring lysosome acidification with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or carbamazepine suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro. In mice, gavage with TcdB-hyperproducing C. difficile or injection of TcdB into ligated colon segments caused prominent MITF downregulation in macrophages. Vitamin D3 and carbamazepine lessened TcdB-induced lysosomal dysfunction, inflammation and histological damage. In conclusion, TcdB inhibits the CTNNB1-MITF axis to suppress lysosome acidification and activates the downstream SQSTM1-NFKB signaling in macrophages during CDI. Vitamin D3 and carbamazepine protect against CDI by restoring MITF expression and lysosomal function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiansong Wang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing Yingzhi Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Judeng Zeng
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Thomas Ngai Yeung Kwong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Idy Hiu Ting Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ho Ko
- Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raphael Chiu Yeung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alfred Sze Lok Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Matthew Tak Vai Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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31
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Carlson TJ, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Wilcox MF, Theriault SG, Alnezary FS, Patel P, Ahn BK, Zasowski EJ, Garey KW. Corticosteroids Do Not Increase the Likelihood of Primary Clostridioides difficile Infection in the Setting of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab419. [PMID: 34646906 PMCID: PMC8501294 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) involves a significant host immune response. Generally, corticosteroids act by suppressing the host inflammatory response, and their anti-inflammatory effects are used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Although previous investigations have demonstrated mixed results regarding the effect of corticosteroids on CDI, we hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory effect of corticosteroids would decrease the risk of CDI in hospitalized patients. Methods This was a case–control study of hospitalized adults. The case population included patients diagnosed with primary CDI who received at least 1 dose of a high-risk antibiotic (cefepime, meropenem, or piperacillin-tazobactam) in the 90 days before CDI diagnosis. The control population included patients who received at least 1 dose of the same high-risk antibiotic but did not develop CDI in the 90 days following their first dose of antibiotic. The primary study outcome was the development of CDI based on receipt of corticosteroids. Results The final study cohort consisted of 104 cases and 153 controls. Those who received corticosteroids had a lower odds of CDI after adjusting for age, proton pump inhibitor use, and antibiotic days of therapy (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.30–0.97; P = .04). We did not observe an association between corticosteroid dose or duration and CDI. Conclusions We demonstrated a 46% relative reduction in the odds of developing CDI in patients who received corticosteroids in the past 90 days. We believe that our results provide the best clinical evidence to further support mechanistic studies underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Carlson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, High Point University Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anne J Gonzales-Luna
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas,USA
| | - Melissa F Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas,USA
| | - Sarah G Theriault
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas,USA
| | - Faris S Alnezary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas,USA.,Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas,USA
| | - Bumhee K Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas,USA
| | - Evan J Zasowski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Touro University College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Kevin W Garey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas,USA
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32
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Wang S, Deng W, Li F, Chen YE, Wang PU. Blockade of T helper 17 cell function ameliorates recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1290-1299. [PMID: 34379099 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, 20%-30% of CDI patients experience recurrent C.difficile infection (RCDI). Although the role of Th17 in infectious and inflammatory diseases including CDI has gained attention, reports on the correlation between Th17 and RCDI are scarce. In this study, CDI and RCDI mice models were challenged with C. difficile. Serum lactic acid dehydrogenase, inflammatory factor levels, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed on the CDI, RCDI, and control group mice. The results showed more serious clinical manifestations in the RCDI group compared with those in the CDI group. More severe gut barrier disruption and higher degree of microbiota translocation were observed in the RCDI group compared with those in the CDI group. Moreover, extremely severe apoptosis was observed in HCT-116 cells incubated with the serum from RCDI mice model. In addition, higher levels of Th17 and IL-17 were detected in the blood or serum from the RCDI mouse model. Treatment with RORγt small molecule inhibitor SR1001 increased the expression of occludin, decreased the apoptotic rate of HCT-116 cells, and decreased the concentrations of Th17 and IL-17. Concisely, Th17 and IL-17 are potential indicators of RCDI and may serve as therapeutic targets for RCDI treatment. This study lays the foundation for future research on RCDI diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenlin Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Y E Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - P U Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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33
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Costa DVS, Moura-Neto V, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL, Fawad JA, Shin JH, Medeiros PHQS, Ledwaba SE, Kolling GL, Martins CS, Venkataraman V, Warren CA, Brito GAC. S100B Inhibition Attenuates Intestinal Damage and Diarrhea Severity During Clostridioides difficile Infection by Modulating Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:739874. [PMID: 34568098 PMCID: PMC8461106 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.739874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the enteric nervous system, which is a source of S100B, in Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is poorly understood although intestinal motility dysfunctions are known to occur following infection. Here, we investigated the role of S100B in CDI and examined the S100B signaling pathways activated in C. difficile toxin A (TcdA)- and B (TcdB)-induced enteric glial cell (EGC) inflammatory response. The expression of S100B was measured in colon tissues and fecal samples of patients with and without CDI, as well as in colon tissues from C. difficile-infected mice. To investigate the role of S100B signaling in IL-6 expression induced by TcdA and TcdB, rat EGCs were used. Increased S100B was found in colonic biopsies from patients with CDI and colon tissues from C. difficile-infected mice. Patients with CDI-promoted diarrhea exhibited higher levels of fecal S100B compared to non-CDI cases. Inhibition of S100B by pentamidine reduced the synthesis of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, GMCSF, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-2 and downregulated a variety of NFκB-related genes, increased the transcription (SOCS2 and Bcl-2) of protective mediators, reduced neutrophil recruitment, and ameliorated intestinal damage and diarrhea severity in mice. In EGCs, TcdA and TcdB upregulated S100B-mediated IL-6 expression via activation of RAGE/PI3K/NFκB. Thus, CDI appears to upregulate colonic S100B signaling in EGCs, which in turn augment inflammatory response. Inhibition of S100B activity attenuates the intestinal injury and diarrhea caused by C. difficile toxins. Our findings provide new insight into the role of S100B in CDI pathogenesis and opens novel avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiziane V S Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jibraan A Fawad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jae H Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Pedro H Q S Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Solanka E Ledwaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Venkat Venkataraman
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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34
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Bonacorsi S, Visseaux B, Bouzid D, Pareja J, Rao SN, Manissero D, Hansen G, Vila J. Systematic Review on the Correlation of Quantitative PCR Cycle Threshold Values of Gastrointestinal Pathogens With Patient Clinical Presentation and Outcomes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:711809. [PMID: 34631732 PMCID: PMC8496934 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.711809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Quantitative (q) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values represent the number of amplification cycles required for a positive PCR result and are a proxy of pathogen quantity in the tested sample. The clinical utility of Ct values remains unclear for gastrointestinal infections. Objectives: This systematic review assesses the global medical literature for associations between Ct values of gastrointestinal pathogens and patient presentation and clinical outcomes. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library databases: searched January 14-17, 2020. Study Eligibility Criteria: Studies reporting on the presence or absence of an association between Ct values and clinical outcomes in adult and pediatric populations were included. Animal studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and non-English language studies were excluded. Participants: Humans infected with gastrointestinal pathogens, detected with qPCR. Interventions: Diagnostics assessing Ct values. Extracted data were reported narratively. Results: Thirty-three eligible studies were identified; the most commonly studied pathogens were Clostridioides difficile (n = 15), norovirus (n = 10), and rotavirus (n = 9). Statistically significant associations between low C. difficile Ct values and increased symptom severity or poor outcome were reported in 4/8 (50%) studies, and increased risk of death in 1/2 (50%) studies; no significant associations were found between Ct value and duration of symptoms or length of hospital stay. Among studies of norovirus, 5/7 (71%), mainly genogroup II, reported symptomatic cases with significantly lower median Ct values than controls. Significantly lower rotavirus Ct values were also observed in symptomatic cases vs. controls in 3/7 (43%) studies, and associated with more severe symptoms in 2/2 studies. Contradictory associations were identified for non-C. difficile bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Conclusions: In conclusion, some studies reported clinically useful associations between Ct values and patient or healthcare outcomes; additional, well-designed, large-scale trials are warranted based on these findings. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42020167239].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bonacorsi
- Department of Microbiology, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Donia Bouzid
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Josep Pareja
- STAT-Dx Life, S.L. (a QIAGEN Company), Medical Affairs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia N. Rao
- QIAGEN Inc., Medical Affairs, Germantown, MD, United States
| | - Davide Manissero
- QIAGEN Manchester Ltd, Medical Affairs, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Hansen
- Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Hennepin County Medical Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jordi Vila
- Biomedical Diagnostic Centre, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Global Health, School of Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Gotshal D, Azrad M, Hamo Z, Nitzan O, Peretz A. IL-16 and BCA-1 Serum Levels Are Associated with Disease Severity of C. difficile Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050631. [PMID: 34065379 PMCID: PMC8161220 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with a high risk for complications and death, which requires identifying severe patients and treating them accordingly. We examined the serum level of six cytokines and chemokines (IL-16, IL-21, IL-23, IL-33, BCA-1, TRAIL) and investigated the association between them and patients’ disease severity. Concentrations of six cytokines and chemokines were measured using the MILLIPLEX®MAP kit (Billerica, MA, USA) in serum samples attained from CDI patients within 24–48 h after laboratory confirmation of C. difficile presence. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. The disease severity score was determined according to guidelines of the “Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Infectious Diseases Society of America” (SHEA-IDSA). Out of 54 patients, 20 (37%) had mild to moderate disease and 34 (63%) had severe disease. IL-16 (p = 0.005) and BCA-1 (p = 0.012) were associated with a more severe disease. In conclusion, IL-16 and BCA-1, along with other cytokines and chemokines, may serve as biomarkers for the early prediction of CDI severity in the future. An improved and more accessible assessment of CDI severity will contribute to the adjustment of the medical treatment, which will lead to a better patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Gotshal
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (D.G.); (Z.H.); (O.N.)
| | - Maya Azrad
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, Israel;
| | - Zohar Hamo
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (D.G.); (Z.H.); (O.N.)
| | - Orna Nitzan
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (D.G.); (Z.H.); (O.N.)
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
| | - Avi Peretz
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (D.G.); (Z.H.); (O.N.)
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-665-2322
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36
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Pruss KM, Sonnenburg JL. C. difficile exploits a host metabolite produced during toxin-mediated disease. Nature 2021; 593:261-265. [PMID: 33911281 PMCID: PMC9067157 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several enteric pathogens can gain specific metabolic advantages over other members of the microbiota by inducing host pathology and inflammation. The pathogen Clostridium difficile is responsible for a toxin-mediated colitis that causes 450,000 infections and 15,000 deaths in the United States each year1; however, the molecular mechanisms by which C. difficile benefits from this pathology remain unclear. To understand how the metabolism of C. difficile adapts to the inflammatory conditions that its toxins induce, here we use RNA sequencing to define, in a mouse model, the metabolic states of wild-type C. difficile and of an isogenic mutant that lacks toxins. By combining bacterial and mouse genetics, we demonstrate that C. difficile uses sorbitol derived from both diet and host. Host-derived sorbitol is produced by the enzyme aldose reductase, which is expressed by diverse immune cells and is upregulated during inflammation-including during toxin-mediated disease induced by C. difficile. This work highlights a mechanism by which C. difficile can use a host-derived nutrient that is generated during toxin-induced disease by an enzyme that has not previously been associated with infection.
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37
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Cribas ES, Denny JE, Maslanka JR, Abt MC. Loss of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Signaling Promotes IL-22-Dependent Host Defenses against Acute Clostridioides difficile Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00730-20. [PMID: 33649048 PMCID: PMC8091099 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00730-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the bacterial pathogen Clostridioides difficile causes severe damage to the intestinal epithelium that elicits a robust inflammatory response. Markers of intestinal inflammation accurately predict clinical disease, however, the extent to which host-derived proinflammatory mediators drive pathogenesis versus promote host protective mechanisms remains elusive. In this report, we employed Il10-/- mice as a model of spontaneous colitis to examine the impact of constitutive intestinal immune activation, independent of infection, on C. difficile disease pathogenesis. Upon C. difficile challenge, Il10-/- mice exhibited significantly decreased morbidity and mortality compared to littermate Il10 heterozygote (Il10HET) control mice, despite a comparable C. difficile burden, innate immune response, and microbiota composition following infection. Similarly, antibody-mediated blockade of interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling in wild-type C57BL/6 mice conveyed a survival advantage if initiated 3 weeks prior to infection. In contrast, no advantage was observed if blockade was initiated on the day of infection, suggesting that the constitutive activation of inflammatory defense pathways prior to infection mediated host protection. IL-22, a cytokine critical in mounting a protective response against C. difficile infection, was elevated in the intestine of uninfected, antibiotic-treated Il10-/- mice, and genetic ablation of the IL-22 signaling pathway in Il10-/- mice negated the survival advantage following C. difficile challenge. Collectively, these data demonstrate that constitutive loss of IL-10 signaling, via genetic ablation or antibody blockade, enhances IL-22-dependent host defense mechanisms to limit C. difficile pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Cribas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Maslanka
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael C Abt
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Horrigan O, Jose S, Mukherjee A, Sharma D, Huber A, Madan R. Leptin Receptor q223r Polymorphism Influences Clostridioides difficile Infection-Induced Neutrophil CXCR2 Expression in an Interleukin-1β Dependent Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:619192. [PMID: 33718269 PMCID: PMC7946998 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.619192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key first-responders in the innate immune response to C. difficile infection (CDI) and play a central role in disease pathogenesis. Studies have clearly shown that tissue neutrophil numbers need to be tightly regulated for optimal CDI outcomes: while excessive colonic neutrophilia is associated with severe CDI, neutrophil depletion also results in worse outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms that control CDI-induced neutrophilia remain poorly defined. C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a chemotactic receptor that is critical in neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow to blood and tissue sites. We have previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in leptin receptor (LEPR), present in up to 50% of people, influenced CDI-induced neutrophil CXCR2 expression and tissue neutrophilia. Homozygosity for mutant LEPR (i.e. RR genotype) was associated with higher CXCR2 expression and more tissue neutrophils. Here, we investigated the biological mechanisms that regulate neutrophil CXCR2 expression after CDI, and the influence of host genetics on this process. Our data reveal that: a) CXCR2 plays a key role in CDI-induced neutrophil extravasation from blood to colonic tissue; b) plasma from C. difficile-infected mice upregulated CXCR2 on bone marrow neutrophils; c) plasma from C. difficile-infected RR mice induced a higher magnitude of CXCR2 upregulation and had more IL-1β; and d) IL-1β neutralization reduced CXCR2 expression on bone marrow and blood neutrophils and their subsequent accrual to colonic tissue. In sum, our data indicate that IL-1β is a key molecular mediator that communicates between gastro-intestinal tract (i.e. site of CDI) and bone marrow (i.e. primary neutrophil reservoir) and regulates the intensity of CDI-induced tissue neutrophilia by modulating CXCR2 expression. Further, our studies highlight the importance of host genetics in affecting these innate immune responses and provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which a common SNP influences CDI-induced neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Horrigan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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39
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Shin JH, Pawlowski SW, Warren CA. Teaching old mice new tricks: the utility of aged mouse models of C. difficile infection to study pathogenesis and rejuvenate immune response. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1966255. [PMID: 34432545 PMCID: PMC8405153 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1966255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile is a serious problem for the aging population. Aged mouse model of C. difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a valuable tool to evaluate the mechanism of aging in CDI. METHODS We reviewed five published studies utilizing aged mice (7-28 months) for CDI model for findings that may advance our understanding of how aging influences outcome from CDI. RESULTS Aged mouse models of CDI uniformly demonstrated more severe disease in the old compared to young mice. Diminished neutrophil recruitment to intestinal tissue in aged mice is the most consistent finding. Differences in innate and humoral immune responses were also observed. The effects of aging on the outcome of infection were reversed by pharmacologic or microbiota-targeted interventions. CONCLUSION The aged mouse presents an important in vivo model to study CDI and elucidate the mechanisms underlying advanced age as an important risk factor for severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Cirle A. Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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40
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Fettucciari K, Fruganti A, Marchegiani A, Brancorsini S, Marconi P, Bassotti G. Proinflammatory Cytokines: Possible Accomplices for the Systemic Effects of Clostridioides difficile Toxin B. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:57-62. [PMID: 33469335 PMCID: PMC7810702 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s287096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has a serious impact on the healthcare system, and most of its pathogenic effects are mainly due to the activity of toxins A and B (TcdA and TcdB, respectively). The molecular mechanisms of their cytotoxic activity are well known, especially in the colon, where the infection occurs and normally remains localized. However, the mechanisms causing toxic effects on various systemic organs (extraintestinal manifestations) with frequent lethal outcomes in some patients affected by CDI are still poorly understood. Few studies are available that demonstrate low serum levels of Tcds in both experimental animal models and patients with CDI. Until now, it has remained unclear how low levels of circulating Tcds could lead to serious toxic effects. On the basis of our previous in vitro studies, in which the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma strongly potentiated the toxic activity of low doses of TcdB, we hypothesize that the presence of both TcdB in the circulation and a systemic proinflammatory cytokine storm may be responsible for the selective severe effects of TcdB in some patients. This may occur in patients with severe CDI and systemic Tcds, in whom proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma reach a significant concentration in the circulation. This hypothesis could identify therapeutic interventions based on the reduction or neutralization of the indirect toxic action of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: Katia Fettucciari Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, Edificio B IV Piano, Sant’Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia06132, ItalyTel +39755858124 Email
| | - Alessandro Fruganti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Stefano Brancorsini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Digestive Endoscopy Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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41
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Lyerly DM, Boone JH, Carman RJ, Tillotson GS. Clostridioides difficile Infection: The Challenge, Tests, and Guidelines. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2818-2829. [PMID: 32960044 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a dangerous human pathogen because it can grow to high numbers in the intestine, cause colitis with its potent toxins, and persist as spores. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the primary hospital-acquired infection in North America and Europe, and it now is a global disease. Even with newer laboratory tests, there still is confusion on accurately diagnosing this disease. Three guidelines from three different healthcare-affiliated societies have recently been published. Consensus consolidated recommendations from these guidelines should be recognized by healthcare professionals, who need to understand why this disease continues to be difficult to diagnose and need a clear understanding of the advantages and limitations of current tests. Hopefully, these combined efforts will lead to an improvement in the recognition of this pathogen and a reduction in the suffering and economic loss caused by CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lyerly
- TechLab, Inc., 2001 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - James H Boone
- TechLab, Inc., 2001 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Robert J Carman
- TechLab, Inc., 2001 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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42
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Quantitative characterization of Clostridioides difficile population in the gut microbiome of patients with C. difficile infection and their association with clinical factors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17608. [PMID: 33077744 PMCID: PMC7573688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective was to analyse bacterial composition and abundance of Clostridioides difficile in gut microbiome of patients with C. difficile infection (CDI) in association with clinical characteristics. Whole metagenome sequencing of gut microbiome of 26 CDI patients was performed, and the relative abundance of C. difficile and its toxin genes was measured. Clinical characteristics of the patients were obtained through medical records. A strong correlation between the abundance of C. difficile and tcdB genes in CDI patients was found. The relative abundance of C. difficile in the gut microbiome ranged from undetectable to 2.8% (median 0.089). Patients with fever exhibited low abundance of C. difficile in their gut, and patients with fewer C. difficile organisms required long-term anti-CDI treatment. Abundance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides negatively correlated with that of C. difficile at the genus level. CDI patients were clustered using the bacterial composition of the gut: one with high population of Enterococcus (cluster 1, n = 12) and another of Bacteroides or Lactobacillus (cluster 2, n = 14). Cluster1 showed significantly lower bacterial diversity and clinical cure at the end of treatment. Additionally, patients with CDI exhibited increased ARGs; notably, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M were enriched. C. difficile existed in variable proportion of the gut microbiome in CDI patients. CDI patients with Enterococcus-rich microbiome in the gut had lower bacterial diversity and poorer clinical cure.
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43
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Donlan AN, Simpson ME, Petri WA. Type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 reduce severe outcomes from Clostridiodes difficile infection. Anaerobe 2020; 66:102275. [PMID: 32971206 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infections in the U.S. While the immune response to C. difficile is not well understood, it has been shown that severe disease is accompanied by high levels of infiltrating immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This study tests the roles of two type 2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, in mediating protection in a murine model of disease. Administration of IL-5 protected from mortality due to CDI, and both IL-4 and IL-5 were protective against severe disease symptoms. Together, the results from this study increase our understanding of how type 2 immune signaling processes are protective from severe C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Donlan
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, VA, USA.
| | - Morgan E Simpson
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, VA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, VA, USA.
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44
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Relationship between faecal metronidazole and lactoferrin concentrations to clinical response of patients with Clostridioides difficile. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1781-1784. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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45
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Bassotti G, Marchegiani A, Marconi P, Fettucciari K. The cytotoxic synergy between Clostridioides difficile toxin B and proinflammatory cytokines: an unholy alliance favoring the onset of Clostridioides difficile infection and relapses. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1061. [PMID: 32657021 PMCID: PMC7424247 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) represents an important health problem worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality. This infection has also high recurrence rates, whose pathophysiological grounds are still poorly understood. Based on our experiments in vitro with Clostridioides difficile toxin B and existing experimental and clinical evidence, we propose that primary CDI and relapses might be favored by a mechanism that involves the enhancement of the toxicity of toxin B by proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma on the enteric glial cells and their network in an environment characterized by a strong dysmicrobism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy.,Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
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46
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Systemic Inflammatory Mediators Are Effective Biomarkers for Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Clostridioides difficile Infection. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00180-20. [PMID: 32371595 PMCID: PMC7403776 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00180-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year in the United States, Clostridioides difficile causes nearly 500,000 gastrointestinal infections that range from mild diarrhea to severe colitis and death. The ability to identify patients at increased risk for severe disease or mortality at the time of diagnosis of C. difficile infection (CDI) would allow clinicians to effectively allocate disease modifying therapies. In this study, we developed models consisting of only a small number of serum biomarkers that are capable of predicting both 30-day all-cause mortality and adverse outcomes of patients at time of CDI diagnosis. We were able to validate these models through experimental mouse infection. This provides evidence that the biomarkers reflect the underlying pathophysiology and that our mouse model of CDI reflects the pathogenesis of human infection. Predictive models can not only assist clinicians in identifying patients at risk for severe CDI but also be utilized for targeted enrollment in clinical trials aimed at reduction of adverse outcomes from severe CDI. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) can result in severe disease and death, with no accurate models that allow for early prediction of adverse outcomes. To address this need, we sought to develop serum-based biomarker models to predict CDI outcomes. We prospectively collected sera ≤48 h after diagnosis of CDI in two cohorts. Biomarkers were measured with a custom multiplex bead array assay. Patients were classified using IDSA severity criteria and the development of disease-related complications (DRCs), which were defined as ICU admission, colectomy, and/or death attributed to CDI. Unadjusted and adjusted models were built using logistic and elastic net modeling. The best model for severity included procalcitonin (PCT) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with an area (AUC) under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 0.81). The best model for 30-day mortality included interleukin-8 (IL-8), PCT, CXCL-5, IP-10, and IL-2Rα with an AUC of 0.89 (0.84 to 0.95). The best model for DRCs included IL-8, procalcitonin, HGF, and IL-2Rα with an AUC of 0.84 (0.73 to 0.94). To validate our models, we employed experimental infection of mice with C. difficile. Antibiotic-treated mice were challenged with C. difficile and a similar panel of serum biomarkers was measured. Applying each model to the mouse cohort of severe and nonsevere CDI revealed AUCs of 0.59 (0.44 to 0.74), 0.96 (0.90 to 1.0), and 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97). In both human and murine CDI, models based on serum biomarkers predicted adverse CDI outcomes. Our results support the use of serum-based biomarker panels to inform Clostridioides difficile infection treatment.
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47
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Chen YS, Chen IB, Pham G, Shao TY, Bangar H, Way SS, Haslam DB. IL-17-producing γδ T cells protect against Clostridium difficile infection. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2377-2390. [PMID: 31990686 PMCID: PMC7190913 DOI: 10.1172/jci127242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection is a growing cause of human morbidity and mortality, especially after antibiotic use in health care settings. The natural immunity of newborn infants and protective host immune mediators against C. difficile infection are not fully understood, with data suggesting that inflammation can be either protective or pathogenic. Here, we show an essential role for IL-17A produced by γδ T cells in host defense against C. difficile infection. Fecal extracts from children with C. difficile infection showed increased IL-17A and T cell receptor γ chain expression, and IL-17 production by intestinal γδ T cells was efficiently induced after infection in mice. C. difficile-induced tissue inflammation and mortality were markedly increased in mice deficient in IL-17A or γδ T cells. Neonatal mice, with naturally expanded RORγt+ γδ T cells poised for IL-17 production were resistant to C. difficile infection, whereas elimination of γδ T cells or IL-17A each efficiently overturned neonatal resistance against infection. These results reveal an expanded role for IL-17-producing γδ T cells in neonatal host defense against infection and provide a mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed resistance of infants to C. difficile colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shiuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Iuan-Bor Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Shao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hansraj Bangar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David B. Haslam
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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48
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Frisbee AL, Petri WA. Considering the Immune System during Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile Infection. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:496-507. [PMID: 32359480 PMCID: PMC7198612 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding and utilization of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has jump-started over the past two decades. Recent technological advancements in sequencing and metabolomics have allowed for better characterization of our intestinal microbial counterparts, triggering a surge of excitement in the fields of mucosal immunology and microbiology. This excitement is well founded, as demonstrated by 90% relapse-free cure rates in FMT treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. Growing evidence suggests that in addition to bacterial factors, the host immune response during C. difficile infection greatly influences disease severity. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in understanding the interplay between immune cells and the microbiota and how they may relate to recovery from C. difficile through FMT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse L Frisbee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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49
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Zhang Y, Shaikh N, Ferey JL, Wankhade UD, Chintapalli SV, Higgins CB, Crowley JR, Heitmeier MR, Stothard AI, Mihi B, Good M, Higashiyama T, Swarts BM, Hruz PW, Shankar K, Tarr PI, DeBosch BJ. Lactotrehalose, an Analog of Trehalose, Increases Energy Metabolism Without Promoting Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1402-1416.e2. [PMID: 31838076 PMCID: PMC7103499 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Trehalose is a disaccharide that might be used in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. However, trehalose consumption promotes the expansion of Clostridioides difficile ribotypes that metabolize trehalose via trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase. Furthermore, brush border and renal trehalases can reduce the efficacy of trehalose by cleaving it into monosaccharides. We investigated whether a trehalase-resistant analogue of trehalose (lactotrehalose) has the same metabolic effects of trehalose without expanding C difficile. METHODS We performed studies with HEK293 and Caco2 cells, primary hepatocytes from mice, and human intestinal organoids. Glucose transporters were overexpressed in HEK293 cells, and glucose tra2nsport was quantified. Primary hepatocytes were cultured with or without trehalose or lactotrehalose, and gene expression patterns were analyzed. C57B6/J mice were given oral antibiotics and trehalose or lactotrehalose in drinking water, or only water (control), followed by gavage with the virulent C difficile ribotype 027 (CD027); fecal samples were analyzed for toxins A (ToxA) or B (ToxB) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Other mice were given trehalose or lactotrehalose in drinking water for 2 days before placement on a chow or 60% fructose diet for 10 days. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by histologic, serum biochemical, RNA sequencing, autophagic flux, and thermogenesis analyses. We quantified portal trehalose and lactotrehalose bioavailability by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fecal microbiomes were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and principal component analyses. RESULTS Lactotrehalose and trehalose each blocked glucose transport in HEK293 cells and induced a gene expression pattern associated with fasting in primary hepatocytes. Compared with mice on the chow diet, mice on the high-fructose diet had increased circulating cholesterol, higher ratios of liver weight-to-body weight, hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), and liver gene expression patterns of carbohydrate-responsive de novo lipogenesis. Mice given lactotrehalose while on the high-fructose diet did not develop any of these features and had increased whole-body caloric expenditure compared with mice given trehalose or water and fed a high-fructose diet. Livers from mice given lactotrehalose had increased transcription of genes that regulate mitochondrial energy metabolism compared with liver from mice given trehalose or controls. Lactotrehalose was bioavailable in venous and portal circulation and fecal samples. Lactotrehalose reduced fecal markers of microbial branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and increased expression of microbial genes that regulate insulin signaling. In mice given antibiotics followed by CD027, neither lactotrehalose nor trehalose increased levels of the bacteria or its toxin in stool-in fact, trehalose reduced the abundance of CD027 in stool. Lactotrehalose and trehalose reduced markers of inflammation in rectal tissue after CD027 infection. CONCLUSIONS Lactotrehalose is a trehalase-resistant analogue that increases metabolic parameters, compared with trehalose, without increasing the abundance or virulence of C difficile strain CD027. Trehalase-resistant trehalose analogues might be developed as next-generation fasting-mimetics for the treatment of diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nurmohammad Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeremie L. Ferey
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Umesh D. Wankhade
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Cassandra B. Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jan R. Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Monique R. Heitmeier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Alicyn I. Stothard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Paul W. Hruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Phillip I. Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian J. DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Correspondence: Brian DeBosch, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 5107 McDonnell Pediatrics Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110. Telephone: 314-454-6173; FAX: 314-454-2412;
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Kukla M, Adrych K, Dobrowolska A, Mach T, Reguła J, Rydzewska G. Guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults. PRZEGLAD GASTROENTEROLOGICZNY 2020; 15:1-21. [PMID: 32215122 PMCID: PMC7089862 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2020.93629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has become a serious medical and epidemiological problem, especially in well developed countries. There has been evident increase in incidence and severity of CDI. Prevention, proper diagnosis and effective treatment are necessary to reduce the risk for the patients, deplete the spreading of infection and diminish the probability of recurrent infection. Antibiotics are the fundamental treatment of CDI. In patients who had recurrent CDI fecal microbiota transplantation seems to be promising and efficient strategy. These guidelines systematize existing data and include recent changes implemented in the management of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kukla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Endoscopy, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystian Adrych
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mach
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Reguła
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Postgraduate Education Centre, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, “Maria Sklodowska-Curie” Clinical Oncology Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Rydzewska
- Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of Inferior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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