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Quertermous BP, Williams DJ, Bruce J, Sekmen M, Zhu Y, Grijalva CG, Antoon JW. Incidence of Influenza-associated Neurologic and Psychiatric Complications Requiring Hospitalization in Children Ages 5-17 Years. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024:00006454-990000000-00891. [PMID: 38869312 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spectrum and incidence of influenza-associated neuropsychiatric complications are not well-characterized. The objective of this study was to define the incidence of specific neurologic and psychiatric complications associated with influenza in children and adolescents. METHODS We assembled a retrospective cohort of children 5-17 years of age with an outpatient or emergency department International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision influenza diagnosis and enrolled in Tennessee Medicaid from 2016 to 2020. Serious neurologic or psychiatric complications requiring hospitalization were identified using a validated algorithm. Incidence rates of complications were expressed per 100,000 person-weeks of influenza and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS A total of 156,611 influenza encounters (median age of 9.3 years) were included. The overall incidence of neurologic complications was 30.5 (95% CI: 24.0-38.6) per 100,000 person-weeks of influenza and 1880.9 (95% CI: 971.9-3285.5) among children with an underlying neurologic comorbidity. The distribution of antiviral treatment was similar among those with and without neurologic or psychiatric complications. The overall incidence of psychiatric complications was 20.2 (95% CI: 15.1-27.0) per 100,000 person-weeks of influenza and 111.8 (95% CI: 77.9-155.5) among children with an underlying psychiatric comorbidity. Seizures (17.5, 95% CI: 12.8-23.9) were the most common neurologic complications whereas encephalitis (0.5, 95% CI: 0.02-2.5) was rare. Mood disorders (17.5, 95% CI: 12.8-23.9) were the most frequent psychiatric complications and self-harm events (0.9, 95% CI: 0.3-3.3) were the least common. DISCUSSION Our findings reveal that the incidence of neuropsychiatric complications of influenza is overall low; however, the incidence among children with underlying neurologic or psychiatric condition is significantly higher than among children without these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke P Quertermous
- From the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Derek J Williams
- From the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Jean Bruce
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Departments of Health Policy and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Mert Sekmen
- From the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Departments of Health Policy and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - James W Antoon
- From the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Zhang J, Sun J, Li D, Xie H, Shangguan S, Ge Y, Jiao H, Ma C, Liu Z, Zhao L, Yang J. Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of children with Omicron BF.7.14 type novel coronavirus-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1365299. [PMID: 38872817 PMCID: PMC11172140 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1365299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the clinical characteristics, etiological factors, and clinical-related genetic variant of children with acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) related to the Omicron BF.7.14 novel coronavirus. Methods Genomic variations were detected through whole exome sequencing. Additionally, we summarized the clinical data to explore the inheritance patterns associated with novel coronavirus-related ANE. Results This study included four patients (2 males and 2 females) with an average age of 2.78 ± 1.93 years. All the patients had prodromal symptoms of Omicron BF.7.14 virus infection, and exhibited symptoms such as altered consciousness, seizures and cognitive/language disturbances. Cranial MRI scans revealed damage to the thalamus, basal ganglia and brainstem. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts were nearly normal, but protein level in CSF increased significantly. Genetic analysis revealed a novel truncated variant of CRMP2 gene in one patient who suffered more severe coma score and prognosis and dead in the later stages. All children exhibited a decrease in the absolute count of T lymphocytes, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and NK cells to varying degrees. Furthermore, levels of cytokines, including IL-1 β, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly elevated in the CSF, especially in patient with truncated variant of CRMP2 gene. Conclusion The Omicron BF.7.14 type novel coronavirus can lead to ANE, characterized by T cell immunosuppression and a significant increase in cytokine levels in the CSF. The truncated variation of CRMP2 gene may affect the prognosis of ANE by affecting the migration of cerebral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhao Zhang
- Neurology Department of Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Neurology Department of Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Neurology Department of Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Genetics Research Department Affiliated Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofang Shangguan
- Genetics Research Department Affiliated Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Ge
- Genetics Research Department Affiliated Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiao
- Neurology Department of Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Caihui Ma
- Neurology Department of Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Neurology Department of Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Virology Research Department Affiliated Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Neurology Department of Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Savagner J, Trémeaux P, Baudou E, Mansuy JM, Cheuret E. Neurological involvement related to the influenza virus in children: A 5-year single-centre retrospective study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2024; 51:100-109. [PMID: 38908343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation related to influenza virus infection can lead to multiple neurological presentations. Encephalitis is one of them, mostly accompanied by seizures, with different profiles depending on the epidemics and previous medical conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS All children presenting neurological symptoms and positive for influenza virus RNA detection in a respiratory sample between November 2018 and April 2023, hospitalized in the Department of Paediatric Neurology of Toulouse Children's Hospital, were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS Among the 1,277 children diagnosed with influenza in our centre, 131 (10.3 %) were hospitalized for neurological features. The year 2020-2021 was marked by zero incidence of positive influenza tests, associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the 131 patients included, 71.6 % were under 5 years old. Most of them (80.9 %) were infected by influenza A virus. The first neurological symptoms were mainly seizures in 73.3 % of patients. Possible or confirmed encephalitis was observed in 29 % of cases, including one acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Few children (6.1 %) presented with acute myositis. Twenty-seven patients (20.6 %) had a personal history of significant previous neurological disorders. Most patients (88.5 %) displayed a rapid favourable outcome, marked by the disappearance of their neurological symptoms within the first 2 days. Anti-epileptic drugs were introduced in 1.5 % of cases, and adapted in 16.8 %, mainly in patients with febrile status epilepticus and an abnormal EEG. CONCLUSION Neurological features were frequently associated with influenza infection in children; most were transient. Effects on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes need to be clarified as our follow-up was limited, especially in children with pre-existing neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Savagner
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Toulouse Children's Hospital, 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - Pauline Trémeaux
- Department of Virology, Toulouse University Hospital, Federative Institute of Biology (IFB), 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - Eloïse Baudou
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Toulouse Children's Hospital, 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean Michel Mansuy
- Department of Virology, Toulouse University Hospital, Federative Institute of Biology (IFB), 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31300, Toulouse, France.
| | - Emmanuel Cheuret
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Toulouse Children's Hospital, 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31300, Toulouse, France.
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Kimura-Ohba S, Kitamura M, Tsukamoto Y, Kogaki S, Sakai S, Fushimi H, Matsuoka K, Takeuchi M, Itoh K, Ueda K, Kimura T. Viral entry and translation in brain endothelia provoke influenza-associated encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:77. [PMID: 38687393 PMCID: PMC11061015 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) is extremely acute in onset, with high lethality and morbidity within a few days, while the direct pathogenesis by influenza virus in this acute phase in the brain is largely unknown. Here we show that influenza virus enters into the cerebral endothelium and thereby induces IAE. Three-weeks-old young mice were inoculated with influenza A virus (IAV). Physical and neurological scores were recorded and temporal-spatial analyses of histopathology and viral studies were performed up to 72 h post inoculation. Histopathological examinations were also performed using IAE human autopsy brains. Viral infection, proliferation and pathogenesis were analyzed in cell lines of endothelium and astrocyte. The effects of anti-influenza viral drugs were tested in the cell lines and animal models. Upon intravenous inoculation of IAV in mice, the mice developed encephalopathy with brain edema and pathological lesions represented by micro bleeding and injured astrocytic process (clasmatodendrosis) within 72 h. Histologically, massive deposits of viral nucleoprotein were observed as early as 24 h post infection in the brain endothelial cells of mouse models and the IAE patients. IAV inoculated endothelial cell lines showed deposition of viral proteins and provoked cell death, while IAV scarcely amplified. Inhibition of viral transcription and translation suppressed the endothelial cell death and the lethality of mouse models. These data suggest that the onset of encephalopathy should be induced by cerebral endothelial infection with IAV. Thus, IAV entry into the endothelium, and transcription and/or translation of viral RNA, but not viral proliferation, should be the key pathogenesis of IAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihoko Kimura-Ohba
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mieko Kitamura
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsukamoto
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fushimi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuoka
- Department of Pathology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Xu Z, Wang H, Jiang S, Teng J, Zhou D, Chen Z, Wen C, Xu Z. Brain Pathology in COVID-19: Clinical Manifestations and Potential Mechanisms. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:383-400. [PMID: 37715924 PMCID: PMC10912108 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are less noticeable than the respiratory symptoms, but they may be associated with disability and mortality in COVID-19. Even though Omicron caused less severe disease than Delta, the incidence of neurological manifestations is similar. More than 30% of patients experienced "brain fog", delirium, stroke, and cognitive impairment, and over half of these patients presented abnormal neuroimaging outcomes. In this review, we summarize current advances in the clinical findings of neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients and compare them with those in patients with influenza infection. We also illustrate the structure and cellular invasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and describe the pathway for central SARS-CoV-2 invasion. In addition, we discuss direct damage and other pathological conditions caused by SARS-CoV-2, such as an aberrant interferon response, cytokine storm, lymphopenia, and hypercoagulation, to provide treatment ideas. This review may offer new insights into preventing or treating brain damage in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Xu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Siya Jiang
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jiao Teng
- Affiliated Lin'an People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, First People's Hospital of Hangzhou Lin'an District, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Dongxu Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Zhenghao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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6
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Peranzoni F, Martins C, Lebon S, Crisinel PA, Perez MH. Seizures in Children with Influenza during the 2022-2023 Winter Season, a Case Series. Clin Pract 2024; 14:173-178. [PMID: 38391400 PMCID: PMC10888020 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a viral infection presenting with general symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, and involvement of airways or the gastrointestinal tract. The nervous system may be involved, but less frequently. These neurological complications remain challenging to diagnose; moreover, no guidelines for management and treatment exist. Therefore, when presenting with neurological symptoms, patients undergo invasive diagnostic procedures and empirical treatments before making the correct diagnosis. During the winter of 2022-2023, four children between nine months and nine years of age were admitted to the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, complaining of influenza and neurological complications. This report presents the symptoms of neurological manifestation and the treatment management of the four patients. All the legally authorized representatives gave their written informed consent before study inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Peranzoni
- Pediatric Intensive and Intermediate Care Units, Service of Pediatrics, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carine Martins
- Pediatric Intensive and Intermediate Care Units, Service of Pediatrics, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lebon
- Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Service of Pediatrics, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Alex Crisinel
- Unit of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Service of Pediatrics, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Helena Perez
- Pediatric Intensive and Intermediate Care Units, Service of Pediatrics, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abbuehl LS, Branca M, Ungureanu A, Federspiel A, Leib SL, Bassetti CLA, Hakim A, Dietmann A. Magnetic resonance imaging in acute meningoencephalitis of viral and unknown origin: frequent findings and prognostic potential. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1359437. [PMID: 38299018 PMCID: PMC10829495 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1359437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in meningoencephalitis have mainly been described in terms of their diagnostic value rather than their prognostic potential, except for herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. The aims of our study were to describe frequency and anatomic locations of MRI abnormalities specific to limbic, circadian and motor systems in a cohort of meningoencephalitis patients, as well as to investigate the prognostic value of these MRI findings. Methods A secondary, selective analysis of a retrospective database including all meningitis, meningoencephalitis and encephalitis cases treated between 2016 and 2018 in the University hospital of Bern, Switzerland was performed. Patients with meningitis of any cause, bacterial or autoimmune causes of encephalitis were excluded. Results MRI scans and clinical data from 129 meningoencephalitis cases found that the most frequent causes were tick-borne encephalitis (TBE, 42%), unknown pathogens (40%), VZV (7%), and HSV1 (5%). At discharge, median modified Rankin Score (mRS) was 3 (interquartile range, IQR, 1), 88% of patients had persisting signs and symptoms. After a median of 17 months, median Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) was 5 (IQR 1), 39% of patients still had residual signs or symptoms. All patients with HSV, 27% with TBE and 31% of those with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology had fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and to a lesser extent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions in their initial MRI, with highly overlapping anatomical distribution. In one fifth of TBE patients the limbic system was affected. Worse outcome was associated with presence of DWI and/or FLAIR lesions and lower normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) signal intensities. Conclusion Presence of FLAIR lesions, restricted diffusion as well as the extent of ADC hypointensity in initial MRI are parameters which might be of prognostic value regarding the longterm clinical outcome for patients with meningoencephalitis of viral and of unknown origin. Although not described before, affection of limbic structures by TBE is possible as shown by our results: A substantial proportion of our TBE patients had FLAIR signal abnormalities in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena S. Abbuehl
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anamaria Ungureanu
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging Translational Imaging Center (sitem-insel), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio L. A. Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arsany Hakim
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anelia Dietmann
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Lei Y, Sun Y, Wu W, Liu H, Wang X, Shu Y, Fang S. Influenza H7N9 virus disrupts the monolayer human brain microvascular endothelial cells barrier in vitro. Virol J 2023; 20:219. [PMID: 37773164 PMCID: PMC10541704 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza H7N9 virus causes human infections with about 40% case fatality rate. The severe cases usually present with pneumonia; however, some present with central nervous system complications. Pneumonia syndrome is attributed to the cytokine storm after infection with H7N9, but the pathogenic mechanism of central nervous system complications has not been clarified. This study used immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells hCMEC/D3 to simulate the blood-brain barrier. It demonstrated that H7N9 virus could infect brain microvascular endothelial cells and compromise the blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability by down-regulating the expression of cell junction-related proteins, including claudin-5, occludin, and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. These results suggested that H7N9 could infect the blood-brain barrier in vitro and affect its functions, which could be a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of H7N9 viral encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lei
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Shisong Fang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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9
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Hu Q, Liang W, Yi Q, Zheng Y, Wang W, Wu Y. Risk factors for death associated with severe influenza in children and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical characteristics. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1249058. [PMID: 37772040 PMCID: PMC10522912 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1249058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To summarize the clinical features of severe influenza in children and the high-risk factors for influenza-related deaths and to raise awareness among pediatricians. Methods A retrospective study of clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and diagnosis and treatment of 243 children with severe influenza admitted to Shenzhen Children's Hospital from January 2009 to December 2022 was conducted. Univariate logistic regression analysis and Boruta analysis were also performed to identify potentially critical clinical characteristics associated with death, and clinically significant were used in further multivariate logistic regression analysis. Subject receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to assess the efficacy of death-related independent risk factors to predict death from severe influenza. Results There were 169 male and 74 female patients with severe influenza, with a median age of 3 years and 2 months and 77.4% of patients under six. There were 46 cases (18.9%) in the death group. The most common pathogen was Influenza A virus (IAV) (81.5%). The most common complication in the death group was influenza-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE [52.2%]). Severe influenza in children decreased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a median age of 5 years, a high predominance of neurological symptoms such as ANE (P = 0.001), and the most common pathogen being H3N2 (P < 0.001). D-dimer, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) were significant independent risk factors for severe influenza-associated death. Furthermore, the ROC curves showed that the combined diagnosis of independent risk factors had significant early diagnostic value for severe influenza-related deaths. Conclusion Neurological disorders such as ANE are more significant in children with severe influenza after the COVID-19 pandemic. Influenza virus infection can cause serious multisystem complications such as ARDS and ANE, and D-dimer has predictive value for early diagnosis and determination of the prognosis of children with severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Liang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiuwei Yi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuejie Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shantou University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhui Wu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Zhang Z, Tan J, Li Y, Zhou X, Niu J, Chen J, Sheng H, Wu X, Yuan Y. Bibliometric analysis of publication trends and topics of influenza-related encephalopathy from 2000 to 2022. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1013. [PMID: 37773718 PMCID: PMC10510462 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza-related encephalopathy is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy that usually presents during the early phase of influenza infection and primarily manifests as central nervous system dysfunction. This study aimed to analyze the current research status and hotspots of influenza-related encephalopathy since 2000 through bibliometrics analysis. METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) was used to extract global papers on influenza-related encephalopathy from 2000 to 2022. Meanwhile, the VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used for data processing and result visualization. RESULTS A total of 561 published articles were included in the study. Japan was the country that published the most articles, with 205 articles, followed by the United States and China. Okayama University and Tokyo Medical University published the most articles, followed by Nagoya University, Tokyo University, and Juntendo University. Based on the analysis of keywords, four clusters with different research directions were identified: "Prevalence of H1N1 virus and the occurrence of neurological complications in different age groups," "mechanism of brain and central nervous system response after influenza virus infection," "various acute encephalopathy" and "diagnostic indicators of influenza-related encephalopathy." CONCLUSIONS The research progress, hotspots, and frontiers on influenza-related encephalopathy after 2000 were described through the visualization of bibliometrics. The findings will lay the groundwork for future studies and provide a reference for influenza-related encephalopathy. Research on influenza-related encephalopathy is basically at a stable stage, and the number of research results is related to outbreaks of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Medical Records Department, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Juntao Tan
- Operation Management OfficeAffiliated Banan Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Medical Administration, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPeople's Hospital of Pujiang CountyZhejiangChina
- PuJiang branch of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineJinhuaChina
| | - Jianhua Niu
- Intensive Care Department, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jun Chen
- Lung Transplant Department, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hongfeng Sheng
- Department of OrthopedicsTongde Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious DiseasesHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Medical Records DepartmentWomen and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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11
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Meunier N. [Olfaction and respiratory viruses… A relationship revealed by Covid-19]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:119-128. [PMID: 36799746 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell has been underestimated for a long time in humans. It has been brought to the fore by its sudden disappearance during the Covid-19 pandemic of which anosmia (complete loss of smell) is one of the major symptoms. However, respiratory viruses have long been associated with smell disorders, 25% of which are linked to a viral infection. Olfaction begins in the nose within the olfactory epithelium which has the particularity of containing neurons in direct contact with the environment. Several respiratory viruses are known for their replicative capacity within this epithelium. This is particularly the case for the flu virus (influenza) and bronchiolitis (respiratory syncytial virus) but their tropism for this tissue is much lower than SARS-CoV-2. The understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology in the nasal cavity makes it possible to reveal part of the links between viral infection and olfactory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Meunier
- Unité de virologie et immunologie moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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12
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Li SG, Liang H, Chen YW, Pang YS. Death in children with influenza A (H3N2) virus infection-associated encephalopathy: two case reports. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605221149879. [PMID: 36694984 PMCID: PMC9893070 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221149879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein report two cases involving children who died of influenza A (H3N2) virus infection-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE). Both children developed convulsions and impaired consciousness within a relatively short period and eventually died of brainstem failure. Patient 1 presented with high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Laboratory tests indicated persistently high lactate, alanine aminotransferase, and urea nitrogen concentrations in the blood as well as a high protein concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. Patient 2 presented with persistent hyperthermia and progressive disturbance of consciousness, but the cerebrospinal fluid remained normal during the disease course. Both patients were actively given oseltamivir antiviral treatment after diagnosis of influenza virus infection. However, the disease progressed and invasive mechanical ventilation was performed. Both children's condition quickly progressed to IAE, and they eventually died. IAE is a rare complication of influenza virus infection with high mortality, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. The purpose of this report is to draw attention to the serious central nervous system complications of influenza infection and raise awareness of the fatal consequences of this disease among pediatricians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Guang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Island, China,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Island, China
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Island, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China,Yu-Sheng Pang, Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 570311, China.
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13
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Uyeki TM. Influenza-Associated Neurologic Disease in Children: Greater Efforts Are Needed to Prevent and Reduce These Severe Complications (Invited Commentary). J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:541-542. [PMID: 36049214 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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14
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Donnelley E, Teutsch S, Zurynski Y, Nunez C, Khandaker G, Lester-Smith D, Festa M, Booy R, Elliott EJ, Britton PN, Phu A, Handel D. Severe Influenza-Associated Neurological Disease in Australian Children: Seasonal Population-Based Surveillance 2008-2018. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:533-540. [PMID: 36153667 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza-associated neurological disease (IAND) is uncommon but can result in death or neurological morbidity in children. We aimed to describe the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of children with IAND from seasonal influenza in Australia. METHODS We analyzed national, population-based, surveillance data for children aged ≤ 14 years with severe influenza and neurological involvement, over 11 Australian influenza seasons, 2008-2018, by the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit. RESULTS There were 633 laboratory-confirmed cases of severe influenza reported. Of these, 165 (26%) had IAND. The average annual incidence for IAND was 3.39 per million children aged ≤ 14 years. Compared to cases without neurological complications, those with IAND were more likely to have a pre-existing neurological disease (odds ratio [OR] 3.03, P < .001), but most children with IAND did not (n = 135, 82%). Children with IAND were more likely to receive antivirals (OR 1.80, P = .002), require intensive care (OR 1.79, P = .001), require ventilation (OR 1.99; P = .001), and die (OR 2.83, P = .004). CONCLUSIONS IAND is a preventable cause of mortality, predominantly in otherwise well children. Incidence estimates validate previous sentinel site estimates from Australia. IAND accounted for a quarter of all severe influenza, is associated with intensive care unit admission, and accounted for half of all influenza deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Donnelley
- Department of General Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzy Teutsch
- Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yvonne Zurynski
- Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Institute of Health Innovation, National Health and Medical Research Council Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carlos Nunez
- Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gulam Khandaker
- Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Research Division, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Lester-Smith
- Department of General Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marino Festa
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Kids Critical Care Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Elliott
- Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip N Britton
- Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Jantarabenjakul W, Paprad T, Paprad T, Anugulruengkitt S, Pancharoen C, Puthanakit T, Chomtho K. Neurological complications associated with influenza in hospitalized children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13075. [PMID: 36514185 PMCID: PMC9835412 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a known respiratory and potential neurotropic virus. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and outcomes of influenza-related neurological complications among hospitalized children. METHODS All medical records of hospitalized children aged <18 years old diagnosed with influenza at a tertiary care hospital in Bangkok were retrospectively reviewed. Influenza infection was confirmed by rapid antigen or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests. Neurological characteristics and clinical outcomes were analyzed using the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Scale. RESULTS From 2013 to 2018, 397 hospitalized children with a median age of 3.7 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.6-6.9) were included. The prevalence of neurological complications, including seizure or acute encephalopathy, was 16.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.3-20.9). Influenza A and B were identified in 73.1% and 26.9% of the patients, respectively. Among 39 (58.2%) acute symptomatic seizure cases, 25 (37.3%) children had simple febrile seizures, 7 (10.4%) had repetitive seizures, and 7 (10.4%) had provoked seizures with pre-existing epilepsy. For 28 (41.8%) encephalopathy cases, the clinical courses were benign in 20 (29.9%) cases and severe in 8 (11.9%) cases. Ten (14.9%) children needed intensive care monitoring, and 62 (93.5%) fully recovered to their baselines at hospital discharge. Predisposing factors to the neurological complications included a history of febrile seizure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 20.3; 95% CI: 6.6-63.0), pre-existing epilepsy (aOR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.3-10.2), and a history of other neurological disorders (aOR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.2-10.2). CONCLUSIONS One fifth of hospitalized children with influenza had neurological complications with a favorable outcome. Children with pre-existing neurological conditions were at higher risk for developing neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watsamon Jantarabenjakul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand,Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand,Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical CenterKing Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalBangkokThailand
| | - Tanitnun Paprad
- Division of Neurological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Tunchanok Paprad
- Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalBangkokThailand
| | - Suvaporn Anugulruengkitt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand,Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chitsanu Pancharoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand,Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Thanyawee Puthanakit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand,Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Krisnachai Chomtho
- Division of Neurological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
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16
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Efficacy and safety of intravenous high-dose immunoglobulin in treatment of the severe form of Japanese encephalitis. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:3911-3918. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Clinical manifestations of hospitalized influenza patients without risk factors: A prospective multicenter cohort study in Japan via internet surveillance. J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:853-858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Influenza-associated Neurologic Complications in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Study in Republic of Korea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e466-e471. [PMID: 34609108 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rates of influenza-associated neurologic complications are variable among studies, and a difference has been observed between the Western and Asian countries. The study aims to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of influenza-associated neurologic complications. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of hospitalized cases of influenza infection from October 2010 to April 2017 from 3 referral hospitals. RESULTS A total of 1988 influenza cases were identified. Influenza-associated neurologic complications were 161 cases (8.1%); influenza virus A was detected in 113 (70.2%) cases, B in 47 (29.2%) cases and both A and B in 1 case (0.6%). Twenty-four patients (15%) had underlying neurologic diseases. The most common diagnosis was a simple febrile convulsion (44%), followed by complex febrile convulsion (29%), fever-provoked seizure under pre-existing neurologic disease or afebrile seizure (14%), encephalopathy/encephalitis (8%) and meningitis (5%). Most of the patients fully recovered (96%). Three patients (1.9%) died of myocarditis (n = 1), encephalopathy (n = 1), and simultaneous encephalitis and myocarditis (n = 1). Pre-existing neurologic disease, age groups of 6 months to 6 years and 6-12 years were a risk factor of influenza-associated neurologic complications with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.23-9.06, P < 0.001), 12.99 (95% CI 1.77-95.19, P = 0.01) and 8.54 (95% CI 1.14-64.79, P = 0.04), respectively. There was no association between neuropsychiatric adverse events and oseltamivir prescription (P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS Influenza-associated neurologic complications are not uncommon, and most patients fully recovered. The frequency of influenza-associated neurologic complications in Korean children was not significantly different from that of children in Western countries.
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19
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Antoon JW, Hall M, Herndon A, Johnson DP, Brown CM, Browning WL, Florin TA, Howard LM, Grijalva CG, Williams DJ. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Influenza-Associated Neurologic Complications in Children. J Pediatr 2021; 239:32-38.e5. [PMID: 34216629 PMCID: PMC8604779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of neurologic complications associated with influenza in hospitalized children. STUD DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional study of children (2 months through 17 years of age) with influenza discharged from 49 children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System during the influenza seasons of 2015-2020. Neurologic complications were defined as encephalopathy, encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, febrile seizure, nonfebrile seizure, brain abscess and bacterial meningitis, Reye syndrome, and cerebral infarction. We assessed length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU LOS, 30-day hospital readmissions, deaths, and hospital costs associated with these events. Patient-level risk factors associated with neurologic complications were identified using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Of 29 676 children hospitalized with influenza, 2246 (7.6%) had a concurrent diagnosis of a neurologic complication; the most frequent were febrile seizures (5.0%), encephalopathy (1.7%), and nonfebrile seizures (1.2%). Hospital LOS, ICU admission, ICU LOS, deaths, and hospital costs were greater in children with neurologic complications compared with those without complications. Risk factors associated with neurologic complications included male sex (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 1.02-1.21), Asian race/ethnicity (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.1) (compared with non-Hispanic White), and the presence of a chronic neurologic condition (aOR 3.7, 95% CI 3.1-4.2). CONCLUSIONS Neurologic complications are common in children hospitalized with influenza, especially among those with chronic neurologic conditions, and are associated with worse outcomes compared with children without neurologic complications. These findings emphasize the strategic importance of influenza immunization and treatment, especially in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Antoon
- Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.
| | - Matt Hall
- Children's Hospital Association, Lenexa, KS
| | - Alison Herndon
- Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - David P Johnson
- Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Charlotte M Brown
- Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Whitney L Browning
- Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Todd A Florin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago & Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Leigh M Howard
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Derek J Williams
- Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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20
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Cleuziou P, Renaldo F, Renolleau S, Javouhey E, Tissieres P, Léger PL, Bergounioux J, Desguerre I, Dauger S, Levy M. Mortality and Neurologic Sequelae in Influenza-Associated Encephalopathy: Retrospective Multicenter PICU Cohort in France. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2021; 22:e582-e587. [PMID: 33950890 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe and estimate the mortality rate of severe influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis among children admitted to PICUs. DESIGN Multicenter retrospective study. SETTING Twelve French PICUs. PATIENTS All children admitted for influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis between 2010 and 2018 with no severe preexisting chronic neurologic disorders and no coinfection potentially responsible for the disease. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We collected the clinical presentation; laboratory, electroencephalographic, and MRI findings; and treatments used in the PICU. The primary outcome was mortality. The secondary outcomes included sequelae at discharge and last follow-up. We included 41 patients with a median (interquartile range) age of 4.7 years (2.5-8.2 yr). The main reasons for admission were altered consciousness (59%) and status epilepticus (34%); 48% of patients had meningitis, and one third had acute necrotizing encephalopathy on MRI. Mechanical ventilation was required in 73% of patients and hemodynamic support in 24%. The use of specific treatments was variable; steroids were given to 49% of patients. Seven patients (17%) died in the PICU. Median (interquartile range) PICU stay length was 7 days (2-13 d), and total hospital length of stay was 23 days (7-33 d). On hospital discharge, 49% (n = 20) had neurologic sequelae, with 27% (n = 11) having severe disabilities defined by modified Rankin Score greater than or equal to 4. CONCLUSIONS Children requiring PICU admission for influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis have high mortality and morbidity rates. The management remains highly variable due to the lack of guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cleuziou
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Renaldo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Robert-Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Renolleau
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lyon University Hospital, and Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Tissieres
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre University Hospital, AP-HP, and Université de Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Léger
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Trousseau University Hospital, AP-HP, and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Jean Bergounioux
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Garches, and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Dauger
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Levy
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and Université de Paris, Paris, France
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21
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Ni J, Fang K, Zhao Z, Wang Z, Huang Q, Li L, Yang G, Guo H, Hong X, Li S. Continuous Blood purification on Influenza-Associated Neurological Disease in children: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:673. [PMID: 34246228 PMCID: PMC8271303 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to lack of proven therapies, we evaluated the effect of CBP on Influenza-Associated Neurological Disease in children. Methods A single-center, retrospective, cohort study was conducted in Luoyang, Henan province, China from January 2018 to January 2020. Children (<18 years) with influenza-associated neurological disease were enrolled in the study. Children with indications for CBP and parental consent received CBP (Continuous Blood purification), while others received maximal intensive care treatment because of the absence of parental consent. The outcomes of the CBP and non-CBP groups were compared. Categorical variables were presented as percentage and compared by Chi-square test. Continuous variables were expressed as median (interquartile ranges) and compared with non-parametric independent sample test. Statistical analyses were carried out by SPSS (version 26.0) and p < 0.05 (2 tailed) was considered to be statistically significant. Results 30 children with influenza-associated neurological disease were recruited to the study. 18 received CBP and the other 12 received maximal intensive care. There were no differences between CBP and non-CBP children in age, sex, body weight, type of influenza virus, neurological complications, Glasgow score, PIM-2 score and PCIS at admission (p > 0.05). The inflammatory factors (CRP, PCT and IL-6) of 30 cases were tested at admission and after 3 days of admission. In the CBP group, there was a significant decrease in IL-6 levels at 3 days of admission (p = 0.003) and a decrease in CRP and PCT levels, but no significant difference (p > 0.05). In the non-CBP group, there were no significant difference on levels of CRP, PCT and IL-6 at admission and 3-day of admission (p > 0.05). The 28-day mortality was significantly lower in the CBP group compared with the non-CBP group (11.11% vs. 50%, p = 0.034). Conclusions CBP definitely reduces IL-6 levels significantly. We did find that the survival rate of patients in the CBP group was improved. But we don’t know if there is a relationship between the reduction of IL-6 levels and the survival rate. Trial registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx(ChiCTR2000031754).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Ni
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, China
| | - Kenan Fang
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Department of Pediatric, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Pediatric intensive care unit, The second school of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Pediatric intensive care unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Pediatric intensive care unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lele Li
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, China
| | - Guiying Yang
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, China
| | - Huizi Guo
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Hong
- Pediatric intensive care unit, Department of Pediatric, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. .,Pediatric intensive care unit, The second school of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shujun Li
- Pediatric intensive care unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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22
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Hatachi T, Michihata N, Inata Y, Takeuchi M, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Prognostic Factors Among Children With Acute Encephalitis/Encephalopathy Associated With Viral and Other Pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:76-82. [PMID: 32379862 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute encephalitis/encephalopathy (AE) associated with viral and other pathogens leads to neurological sequelae and mortality. Knowing the prognostic factors is therefore important for immediate interventions. We examined early-phase unfavorable prognostic factors among children with AE using a nationwide database. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, which includes approximately half of acute-care inpatients across Japan. We enrolled children aged ≤ 18 years who were hospitalized for AE and discharged from April 2010 to March 2018. The composite unfavorable outcome included the following at discharge: in-hospital death, tracheostomy, enteral tube feeding, and physical rehabilitation. Unfavorable prognostic factors were assessed using a multivariable Poisson regression model including patient characteristics, associated pathogens, and interventions within 2 days of admission adjusting for within-hospital clustering. RESULTS This study included 9386 children with AE (median age, 3 years). A total of 241 (2.6%) in-hospital deaths occurred, and 2027 (21.6%) patients had the composite unfavorable outcome. Significant unfavorable prognostic factors were age 12-18 years, congenital anomalies, epilepsy, and Japan Coma Scale score of 100-300 at admission (ie, worse levels of consciousness). In contrast, herpes simplex virus infection and influenza virus infection were associated with favorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We identified early-phase (within 2 days of admission) unfavorable prognostic factors among children with AE. These findings will help identify patients who may benefit from early aggressive therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hatachi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Michihata
- Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Inata
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Muneyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lauzon-Joset JF, Mincham KT, Scott NM, Khandan Y, Stumbles PA, Holt PG, Strickland DH. Protection against neonatal respiratory viral infection via maternal treatment during pregnancy with the benign immune training agent OM-85. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1303. [PMID: 34249358 PMCID: PMC8248556 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Incomplete maturation of immune regulatory functions at birth is antecedent to the heightened risk for severe respiratory infections during infancy. Our forerunner animal model studies demonstrated that maternal treatment with the microbial‐derived immune training agent OM‐85 during pregnancy promotes accelerated postnatal maturation of mechanisms that regulate inflammatory processes in the offspring airways. Here, we aimed to provide proof of concept for a novel solution to reduce the burden and potential long‐term sequelae of severe early‐life respiratory viral infection through maternal oral treatment during pregnancy with OM‐85, already in widespread human clinical use. Methods In this study, we performed flow cytometry and targeted gene expression (RT‐qPCR) analysis on lungs from neonatal offspring whose mothers received oral OM‐85 treatment during pregnancy. We next determined whether neonatal offspring from OM‐85 treated mothers demonstrate enhanced protection against lethal lower respiratory infection with mouse‐adapted rhinovirus (vMC0), and associated lung immune changes. Results Offspring from mothers treated with OM‐85 during pregnancy display accelerated postnatal seeding of lung myeloid populations demonstrating upregulation of function‐associated markers. Offspring from OM‐85 mothers additionally exhibit enhanced expression of TLR4/7 and the IL‐1β/NLRP3 inflammasome complex within the lung. These treatment effects were associated with enhanced capacity to clear an otherwise lethal respiratory viral infection during the neonatal period, with concomitant regulation of viral‐induced IFN response intensity. Conclusion These results demonstrate that maternal OM‐85 treatment protects offspring against lethal neonatal respiratory viral infection by accelerating development of innate immune mechanisms crucial for maintenance of local immune homeostasis in the face of pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Lauzon-Joset
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Université Laval Québec QC Canada.,Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Naomi M Scott
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Yasmine Khandan
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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Shi Y, Chen W, Zeng M, Shen G, Sun C, Liu G, Gong H, Wang C, Ge M, Xu J, Wang L, Lu A, Lu G, Zhai X. Clinical features and risk factors for severe influenza in children: A study from multiple hospitals in Shanghai. Pediatr Neonatol 2021; 62:428-436. [PMID: 34103261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mortality of influenza in children had risen, but data are limited on children with severe influenza virus infection in China. METHODS We conducted a retrospective case-control study and collected the patients' clinical data. Clinical data including demography, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, radiologic findings, treatment and outcomes were collected. Children were clinically confirmed to have virus infection in Shanghai in three hospitals from June 2014 to June 2019. RESULTS During the study, 36,047 children were enrolled. Among them, 118 met the criteria for severe flu. Clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, gastrointestinal symptoms, coma and epilepsy were higher in the severe group. Complications such as pneumorrhagia, heart failure, septic shock, acute renal failure and influenza-associated encephalitis were higher in the severe influenza group than the death group. The laboratory findings including decreased hemoglobin, high alanine aminotransferase, high urea nitrogen and high lactate levels were risk factors for death in children with influenza. CONCLUSION Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were the common clinical manifestations and complications for the severe influenza, and delayed use of oseltamivir was found to be associated with fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Division of Medical Administration, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Guomei Shen
- Outpatient and Emergency Management Office, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongbao Liu
- Division of Medical Administration, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hairong Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Ge
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Aizhen Lu
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaowen Zhai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China; Hospital Administration, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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朱 欣, 刘 小, 王 小, 杨 亚. [A clinical study of influenza A virus infection with neurological symptoms in children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:451-455. [PMID: 34020732 PMCID: PMC8140337 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical features of children with influenza A virus infection and neurological symptoms. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of children with laboratory-confirmed influenza A and neurological symptoms who were treated in Xi'an Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University from January to December, 2019. RESULTS A total of 895 children were diagnosed with influenza A, among whom 291 had neurological symptoms. Boys had a significantly higher incidence rate of influenza A than girls (P < 0.05), and the children aged 1-3 years had a significantly higher incidence rate than the other age groups (P < 0.05). Common neurological symptoms included seizures (97.3%), vomiting (24.1%), and headache (7.2%). Febrile seizures were the most common type of seizures, accounting for 88%. There was no significant difference in the time from disease onset to seizures and frequency seizures between the children with a history of febrile seizures and those without such history (P > 0.05). Of all the children, 3 were diagnosed with acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), all of whom were girls and suffered seizures; the time from the first seizures to the occurrence of disturbance of consciousness was 0-7 hours, and 2 girls died within 2 days after disease onset. All children, except 2 who died of ANE and 1 with neurological sequelae, were cured. CONCLUSIONS There is a high incidence rate of neurological symptoms in children with influenza A, and seizures are the most common symptom. Most of the patients with neurological symptoms tend to have a good prognosis, but those with ANE may have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 欣欣 朱
- />西安交通大学附属西安市儿童医院感染科, 陕西西安 710003Department of Infection, Xi'an Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - 小乖 刘
- />西安交通大学附属西安市儿童医院感染科, 陕西西安 710003Department of Infection, Xi'an Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - 小燕 王
- />西安交通大学附属西安市儿童医院感染科, 陕西西安 710003Department of Infection, Xi'an Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - 亚荣 杨
- />西安交通大学附属西安市儿童医院感染科, 陕西西安 710003Department of Infection, Xi'an Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710003, China
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Lin CH, Chen CH, Hong SY, Lin SS, Chou IC, Lin HC, Chang JS. Comparison of severe pediatric complicated influenza patients with and without neurological involvement. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25716. [PMID: 33907160 PMCID: PMC8084033 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although influenza is generally an acute, self-limited, and uncomplicated disease in healthy children, it can result in severe morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study were to analyze and compare the clinical features and outcome of severe pediatric influenza with and without central nervous system (CNS) involvement.We conducted a retrospective observational study of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of China Medical University Children's Hospital in Taiwan with a confirmed diagnosis of influenza. The demographic data, clinical and laboratory presentations, therapeutic strategies, and neurodevelopmental outcomes for these patients were analyzed. Furthermore, comparison of patients with and without CNS involvement was conducted.A total of 32 children with severe influenza were admitted during the study periods. Sixteen children were categorized as the non-CNS (nCNS) group and 16 children were categorized as the CNS group. Nine of them had underlying disease. The most common complication in the nCNS group was acute respiratory distress syndrome, (n = 8/16), followed by pneumonia (n = 7/16, 44%). In the CNS group, the most lethal complication was acute necrotizing encephalopathy (n = 3/16) which led to 3 deaths. The overall mortality rate was higher in the CNS group (n = 6) than in the nCNS group (n = 1) (37.5% vs 6.25%, P = .03).The mortality rate of severe complicated influenza was significantly higher with CNS involvement. Children with primary cardiopulmonary abnormalities were at high risk of developing severe complicated influenza, while previously healthy children exhibited risk for influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Heng Lin
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, China Medical University Children's Hospital
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Chieh-Ho Chen
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, China Medical University Children's Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeng-Sheng Chang
- Divison of Pediatric Cardiology, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taiwan
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Taniguchi K, Ikeda S, Hagiwara Y, Tsuzuki D, Klai M, Sakai Y, Crawford B, Nealon J. Epidemiology and burden of illness of seasonal influenza among the elderly in Japan: A systematic literature review and vaccine effectiveness meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:293-314. [PMID: 32997395 PMCID: PMC7902263 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly populations are particularly vulnerable to influenza and often require extensive clinical support. In Japan, nationwide passive surveillance monitors seasonal influenza but does not capture the full disease burden. We synthesized existing evidence on the epidemiology, vaccine effectiveness (VE), and economic burden of seasonal influenza in the elderly population. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and ICHUSHI were searched for articles on seasonal influenza in Japan, published between 1997 and 2018, in English or Japanese. Grey literature was also assessed. A random-effects meta-analysis characterized VE of influenza vaccines among studies reporting this information. RESULTS Of 1,147 identified articles, 143 met inclusion criteria. Reported incidence rates varied considerably depending on study design, season, study setting and, most importantly, case definition. In nursing homes, the maximum reported attack rate was 55.2% and in the 16 articles reporting mortality rates, case fatality rates varied from 0.009% to 14.3%. Most hospitalizations were in people aged >60; healthcare costs were partially mitigated by vaccine administration. Meta-analysis estimated overall VE of 19.1% (95% CI: 2.3% - 33.0%) with a high proportion of heterogeneity (I2 : 89.1%). There was a trend of lower VE in older people (40.1% [-57.3-77.2] in the <65 group; 12.9% [-8.0-29.8] in those 65; P = .21). CONCLUSIONS Despite differences between studies that make comparisons challenging, the influenza burden in elderly Japanese is significant. While vaccines are effective, current vaccination programs offer suboptimal protection. Health economic data and cost-effectiveness analyses were limited and represent areas for policy-relevant future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunya Ikeda
- Department of Public HealthSchool of MedicineInternational University of Health and WelfareNaritaJapan
| | - Yuriko Hagiwara
- Sanofi PasteurTokyoJapan
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes ResearchGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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28
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[Influenza in the Elderly]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2021; 58:54-59. [PMID: 33627562 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.58.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Roth T, DiPrinzio D, Fisher JD. Rapid and severe neurologic deterioration due to influenza associated encephalopathy in a healthy child. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 45:687.e1-687.e2. [PMID: 33422405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid neurologic deterioration is rare in healthy school age children, particularly in the absence of trauma or toxic exposure. Hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, infectious etiologies and metabolic causes must be emergently considered. We present the clinical details of a previously well child with two days of mild viral symptoms who progressed from playful and active to severe neurologic injury over the course of eight hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Roth
- Children's Hospital of Nevada at UMC, 800 Hope Pl, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; University of Nevada, Las Vegas Emergency Medicine Residency, 901 Rancho Lane, Ste 135, Las Vegas, NV 89106, United States of America.
| | - Dominic DiPrinzio
- Children's Hospital of Nevada at UMC, 800 Hope Pl, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; University of Nevada, Las Vegas Emergency Medicine Residency, 901 Rancho Lane, Ste 135, Las Vegas, NV 89106, United States of America.
| | - Jay D Fisher
- Children's Hospital of Nevada at UMC, 800 Hope Pl, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; University of Nevada, Las Vegas Emergency Medicine Residency, 901 Rancho Lane, Ste 135, Las Vegas, NV 89106, United States of America.
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30
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Yu MKL, Leung CPP, Wong WHS, Ho ACC, Chiu ATG, Zhi HH, Chan GCF, Chan SHS. Clinical Spectrum and Burden of Influenza-Associated Neurological Complications in Hospitalised Paediatric Patients. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:752816. [PMID: 35127584 PMCID: PMC8811455 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.752816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections around the world. Influenza viruses can cause seasonal epidemics. There remains limited information on the impact of both seasonal influenza A and influenza B related hospitalisations from neurological complications in paediatric populations in Asia. OBJECTIVES To examine both the clinical spectrum and healthcare burden of influenza-associated neurological complications (IANCs) within the paediatric population of Hong Kong. METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective study to identify all paediatric patients (<18 years) admitted to a public hospital in Hong Kong with a confirmed influenza A or B infection between 2014 and 2018 using the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System of the Hospital Authority. The clinical spectrum of the paediatric patients with IANCs was studied. The clinical burden of paediatric influenza patients with IANCs were compared to paediatric influenza patients without neurological complications. RESULTS A total of 28,016 children admitted to the paediatric wards diagnosed to have influenza A or B infection were identified, accounting for 5.7% (28,016/489,955) of total paediatric admissions. 67.3% had influenza A and 32.7% had influenza B, and 8.9% had IANCs. The mean annual incidence of IANCs in children was 57 per 100,000 population. The spectrum of IANCs in our paediatric patients included febrile seizures (80.6%), myositis (11.4%), seizures with fever (5.4%), influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy (IAE) (2.6%) and rarely Guillain-Barré syndrome (0.04%). Most paediatric patients with IANCs (85.5%) presented at a young age of <6 years. Paediatric patients with IANCs had significant longer hospital stays (p < 0.001), higher percentages of mechanical ventilation use (p < 0.05) and PICU admissions (p < 0.001), and higher mortality rates (p < 0.001) compared to those without neurological complications. Amongst those with IANCs, IAE was the sole cause of all seven reported mortalities. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal influenza A & B is a common cause of hospitalisation for paediatric patients in Hong Kong. We found neurological complications from influenza A and B caused a significantly higher clinical burden compared to those without neurological complications. Children in younger age groups (<6 years old) are at highest risk and thus increasing vaccination coverage to this age group is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kwan Leung Yu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cherry Pui Pik Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wilfred Hing Sang Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alvin Chi Chung Ho
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Annie Ting Gee Chiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Helen Hui Zhi
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Godfrey Chi Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophelia Hoi Shan Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Billa RD, Czech T, Badheka A, Chegondi M. Influenza B associated acute necrotising encephalopathy with visual impairment in a child. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/12/e238221. [PMID: 33318255 PMCID: PMC7737065 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE) can result in serious neurological complications. We report a 4-year-old healthy female child with the diagnosis of IAE. Her clinical course was complicated by temporary visual impairment and significant motor deficits. Her unique ophthalmological findings have little precedent in previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Deepthi Billa
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Theresa Czech
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Aditya Badheka
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Madhuradhar Chegondi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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32
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Obata R, Ernst K. Aphasia and confusion - influenza encephalopathy: atypical presentation of influenza. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/10/e235559. [PMID: 33040034 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza encephalopathy, a rare manifestation of influenza infection in the adult population which is not widely recognised, can present with confusion and focal neurological symptoms, including aphasia. The aim of this report is to illustrate the unique presentation of influenza encephalopathy and discuss the need for close attention to and monitoring of this rare but highly fatal disease.A 28-year-old woman was admitted with acute-onset confusion and incoherent speech. CT of the head was unremarkable. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed elevation of protein, but was otherwise unremarkable. A detailed history revealed recent upper respiratory symptoms which prompted a rapid influenza test which was positive and oseltamivir was started. The patient's confusion and aphasia gradually improved and her speech was back to her baseline by the next day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiichiro Obata
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Elmhurst, New York, USA
| | - Kristina Ernst
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
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Komori Y, Uchida N, Soejima N, Fujita Y, Matsumoto H. Successful Outcome in an Adult Patient with Influenza-associated Hemorrhagic Shock and Encephalopathy Syndrome. Intern Med 2020; 59:2321-2326. [PMID: 32522919 PMCID: PMC7578601 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4312-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A 50-year-old woman presented with coma and hemorrhagic shock. A rapid influenza antigen test revealed influenza A infection; other laboratory examinations ruled out any other suspected infections. She was diagnosed with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) induced by influenza A. She was administered methylprednisolone pulse therapy and peramivir. Subsequently, she was discharged without any sequelae. Only a few cases of influenza-induced HSES have been reported, and the clinical outcomes were very poor. We herein report a successfully treated adult case of influenza-induced HSES and review this rare syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naohiro Uchida
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kyushu Rosai Hospital, Japan
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Hatachi T, Michihata N, Takeuchi M, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Early steroid pulse therapy among children with influenza virus-associated encephalopathy. J Intensive Care 2020; 8:62. [PMID: 32817797 PMCID: PMC7422675 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-020-00479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza virus-associated encephalopathy (IAE) can lead to neurological sequela and mortality among children. Therefore, instant recognition and therapeutic intervention for IAE are crucial. In some clinical subtypes of IAE, steroid pulse therapy might be beneficial, especially when it is administered in the early phase. However, early identification of patients who may benefit from steroid pulse therapy is sometimes difficult. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of early steroid pulse therapy among children with IAE. Methods In this retrospective observational study, we used a national database that covers half of the acute care inpatients across Japan to identify inpatients aged ≤ 18 years with a diagnosis of IAE between July 2010 and March 2017. Unfavorable outcome was defined as a composite outcome of sequela including Japan Coma Scale ≥ 10 at discharge, requiring tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, enteral tube feeding, rehabilitation at discharge, or in-hospital death. Propensity score matching was performed to compare unfavorable outcome and in-hospital mortality between patients with and without steroid pulse therapy within 2 days of admission. Results Among 692 patients included in the study, the mean age was 5.8 years, and 55.8% were male. The overall in-hospital mortality was 1.3%, and the proportion of the unfavorable outcome was 15.0%. We observed no significant difference in the unfavorable outcome between matched patients (168 patients in each group) with and without early steroid pulse therapy (13.7% vs 8.3%; P = 0.16) or in-hospital mortality (0.6% vs 1.2%; P = 1.0). Conclusions We did not observe the effectiveness of early steroid pulse therapy on patient outcomes among children with IAE in our study population including all clinical subtypes of IAE. Further studies considering severity of illness are warranted to determine whether steroid pulse therapy is beneficial, especially for specific clinical subtypes of IAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hatachi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodocho, Osaka, Izumi 594-1101 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Michihata
- Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodocho, Osaka, Izumi 594-1101 Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kasai M, Shibata A, Hoshino A, Maegaki Y, Yamanouchi H, Takanashi JI, Yamagata T, Sakuma H, Okumura A, Nagase H, Ishii A, Goto T, Oka A, Mizuguchi M. Epidemiological changes of acute encephalopathy in Japan based on national surveillance for 2014-2017. Brain Dev 2020; 42:508-514. [PMID: 32360071 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the nationwide, epidemiological data of acute encephalopathy in Japan during 2007-2010. Here we conducted the second national survey of acute encephalopathy during 2014-2017, and compared the results between the two studies to elucidate the trends in the seven years' interval as well as the influence of changes in pediatric viral infections and guidelines for acute encephalopathy in Japan. METHODS The Research Committee on Acute Encephalopathy supported by the Japanese Government sent a questionnaire to 507 hospitals throughout Japan, and collected the responses by mail. RESULTS A total of 1115 cases from 267 hospitals reportedly had acute encephalopathy during April 2014-June 2017. In this study, the age at onset was younger, the ratios of recently established syndromes, such as acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) and clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS), were higher, and the ratio of influenza-associated encephalopathy was lower, than in the previous study. The age at onset of influenza-associated encephalopathy was lower, and that of HHV-6/7-associated encephalopathy higher, compared to the first survey. The outcomes of entire acute encephalopathy remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Some of these changes reflected the recent trends of viral infectious diseases including 2009 influenza pandemic, and others the standardization of the diagnosis of acute encephalopathy in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kasai
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akiko Shibata
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Hoshino
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Hideo Yamanouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Sakuma
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagase
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohide Goto
- Division of Neurology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Oka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Influenza-associated encephalopathy with focal late reduced diffusion circumscribing a pre-existing cortical lesion. J Neuroradiol 2020; 47:241-243. [PMID: 32035073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2020.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen Q, Li P, Li S, Xiao W, Yang S, Lu H. Brain Complications with Influenza Infection in Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2020.103008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mastrolia MV, Rubino C, Resti M, Trapani S, Galli L. Characteristics and outcome of influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis among children in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Italy, 2017-2019. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1012. [PMID: 31783806 PMCID: PMC6884834 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza is the most frequent cause of acute upper respiratory tract infections during winter season. Although rare, neurological manifestations are known to occur during influenza infection and approximatively three-quarters of cases are in children. In this study, we aimed to characterize the burden and clinical spectrum of influenza-associated encephalopathy and encephalitis in children admitted at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Italy over two influenza seasons (2017–2019). Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical, laboratory, instrumental data and outcome of patients discharged with ICD9-CM 487.0 code. Results Fifteen children (13.1% of those discharged with a diagnosis of influenza infection in the study period), had influenza-associated central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. Eight patients (53.3%) were diagnosed as influenza encephalitis, 7 (46.7%) as influenza encephalopathy. Median age was 27 months. In children under 2 years of age (40% of all cases) altered consciousness was the most frequent neurological manifestation while respiratory symptoms were present at admission in all cases. Younger children also required intensive care support more frequently. Five subjects (33.3%) presented comorbidity. None of the patients had received seasonal influenza vaccination. The median time from onset of respiratory signs to onset of neurological manifestations was 24 h. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was normal in most patients and polymerase chain reaction for influenza virus RNA on CSF, when performed, was negative in all samples. Neuroradiological investigations, performed in 5 children, reported cortical and subcortical white matter signal alterations. Oseltamivir was administered only in 2 cases. Fourteen patients recovered without sequelae, and only a 2-year-old girl had minimal impairment in fine motor skills at discharge. Conclusions All children presenting acute neurological features during influenza season should be evaluated for influenza-associated CNS complications even if the respiratory involvement is mild. Absence of underlying diseases or other risk factors are not protective factors against CNS influenza-associated complications. The lack of CSF pleocytosis does not exclude CNS involvement. Children under 2 years of age are at higher risk of requiring intensive care support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vincenza Mastrolia
- Post-graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Chiara Rubino
- Post-graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Resti
- Pediatric Department, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Trapani
- Pediatric Department, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Health Sciences University of Florence, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Division, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Kalil AC, Thomas PG. Influenza virus-related critical illness: pathophysiology and epidemiology. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:258. [PMID: 31324202 PMCID: PMC6642581 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus affects the respiratory tract by direct viral infection or by damage from the immune system response. In humans, the respiratory epithelium is the only site where the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule is effectively cleaved, generating infectious virus particles. Virus transmission occurs through a susceptible individual's contact with aerosols or respiratory fomites from an infected individual. The inability of the lung to perform its primary function of gas exchange can result from multiple mechanisms, including obstruction of the airways, loss of alveolar structure, loss of lung epithelial integrity from direct epithelial cell killing, and degradation of the critical extracellular matrix.Approximately 30-40% of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza are diagnosed with acute pneumonia. These patients who develop pneumonia are more likely to be < 5 years old, > 65 years old, Caucasian, and nursing home residents; have chronic lung or heart disease and history of smoking, and are immunocompromised.Influenza can primarily cause severe pneumonia, but it can also present in conjunction with or be followed by a secondary bacterial infection, most commonly by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Influenza is associated with a high predisposition to bacterial sepsis and ARDS. Viral infections presenting concurrently with bacterial pneumonia are now known to occur with a frequency of 30-50% in both adult and pediatric populations. The H3N2 subtype has been associated with unprecedented high levels of intensive care unit (ICU) admission.Influenza A is the predominant viral etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Risk factors independently associated with ARDS are age between 36 and 55 years old, pregnancy, and obesity, while protective factors are female sex, influenza vaccination, and infections with Influenza A (H3N2) or Influenza B viruses.In the ICU, particularly during the winter season, influenza should be suspected not only in patients with typical symptoms and epidemiology, but also in patients with severe pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis with or without bacterial co-infection, as well as in patients with encephalitis, myocarditis, and rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre C Kalil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Immunology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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40
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Morita A, Ishihara M, Kamei S, Okuno H, Tanaka-Taya K, Oishi K, Morishima T. Nationwide survey of influenza-associated acute encephalopathy in Japanese adults. J Neurol Sci 2019; 399:101-107. [PMID: 30798106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of adult patients with influenza-associated acute encephalopathy (IAE) is limited. We conducted a detailed survey to investigate the prevalence, clinical features, associated outcomes, and prognostic factors in adult IAE patients. METHOD A nationwide questionnaire on IAE patients was sent to the departments of Internal Medicine, Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Emergency and Critical Care at all hospitals with ≥200 beds in Japan. RESULTS 118 patients were diagnosed with IAE during the 2013/14 to 2015/16 influenza seasons, and the estimated annual incidence of IAE in Japanese adults was 0.98/1000,000 population. 44 patients were subsequently enrolled in the detailed study. 93% of patients exhibited disturbance of consciousness. Convulsions and delirious behavior were present in 26% and 40% of patients, respectively. 65% of patients received pulse corticosteroid therapy with methylprednisolone and 21% of patients received intravenous gamma-globulin therapy. 63% of patients achieved a good recovery, but 7% died. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that plasma glucose level demonstrated a statistically significant association with poor outcome. CONCLUSION This nationwide survey provided data for the annual incidence and clinical features of IAE in Japanese adults. Hyperglycemia was indicated as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in IAE patients and reflected systemic hypercytokinemia in IAE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Morita
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishihara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamei
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hideo Okuno
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Morishima
- Departments of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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41
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Neuroinvasion of influenza A/H3N2: a fatal case in an immunocompetent adult. J Neurovirol 2018; 25:275-279. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Yong CH, Vallat W, Norton G. Influenza B-related meningoencephalitis in adults. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-224960. [PMID: 29930187 PMCID: PMC6020884 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case involving an 85-year-old man with acute confusion and new onset seizure following a 1-week history of respiratory prodrome. This case report describes a case of influenza B-related meningoencephalitis supported by evidence of an influenza B infection and temporal relation of the neurological event and respiratory illness in the absence of other identifiable cause. Diagnosis is guided by cerebrospinal fluid profile and nasopharyngeal PCR. Treatment is largely supportive and the effect of vaccination on prevention of this neurological complication remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Han Yong
- Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wilson Vallat
- Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
| | - Graham Norton
- Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
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Boccalini S, Bechini A, Innocenti M, Sartor G, Manzi F, Bonanni P, Panatto D, Lai PL, Zangrillo F, Rizzitelli E, Iovine M, Amicizia D, Bini C, Marcellusi A, Mennini FS, Rinaldi A, Trippi F, Ferriero AM, Lisi GC. [The universal influenza vaccination in children with Vaxigrip Tetra ® in Italy: an evaluation of Health Technology Assessment]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E1-E86. [PMID: 30465031 PMCID: PMC6219245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Boccalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - Angela Bechini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | | | - Gino Sartor
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - Federico Manzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - Paolo Bonanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - Donatella Panatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - Piero Luigi Lai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | | | | | | | - Daniela Amicizia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - Chiara Bini
- Economic Evaluation and HTA (CEIS- EEHTA) - Facoltà di Economia, Università Tor Vergata
| | - Andrea Marcellusi
- Economic Evaluation and HTA (CEIS- EEHTA) - Facoltà di Economia, Università Tor Vergata
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