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Loayza AP, García-Guzmán P, Carozzi-Figueroa G, Carvajal DE. Dormancy-break and germination requirements for seeds of the threatened Austral papaya (Carica chilensis). Sci Rep 2023; 13:17358. [PMID: 37833333 PMCID: PMC10576054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed dormancy is one of the most important adaptive mechanisms in plants, optimizing germination, seedling emergence, and establishment to ensure these processes occur when environmental conditions are favorable for plant survival and growth. Endemic to rocky environments of the southern Atacama Desert, the Austral papaya (Carica chilensis) is the papaya species with the southernmost distribution within the Caricaceae, thriving in the most extreme environmental conditions. This threatened plant exhibits low natural regeneration, primarily attributed to low germination, yet no information regarding seed dormancy release is available. In this study, we investigated the dormancy-break and germination requirements of C. chilensis. We hypothesized that if C. chilensis seeds exhibit physiological dormancy, then seeds with reduced moisture content and those treated with chemicals or growth hormones would exhibit higher germination percentages and faster germination than control seeds akin to other members of Caricacea. Our results confirmed this prediction and revealed that ultra-drying (< 3% moisture content) and treating seeds with sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, or potassium nitrate are the most effective methods for germinating C. chilensis. Consequently, we suggest using these treatments to propagate this threatened papaya species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Loayza
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de la Serena, 1720256, La Serena, Chile.
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), 7800003, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | | - Danny E Carvajal
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), 7800003, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
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2
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van der Walt K, Nadarajan J. Seed Storage Physiology of Lophomyrtus and Neomyrtus, Two Threatened Myrtaceae Genera Endemic to New Zealand. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1067. [PMID: 36903930 PMCID: PMC10005796 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is no published information on the seed germination or seed storage physiology of Lophomyrtus bullata, Lophomyrtus obcordata, and Neomyrtus pedunculata. This lack of information is hampering conservation efforts of these critically endangered species. This study investigated the seed morphology, seed germination requirements, and long-term seed storage methods for all three species. The impact of desiccation, desiccation and freezing, as well as desiccation plus storage at 5 °C, -18 °C, and -196 °C on seed viability (germination) and seedling vigour was assessed. Fatty acid profiles were compared between L. obcordata and L. bullata. Variability in storage behaviour between the three species was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by comparing thermal properties of lipids. L. obcordata seed were desiccation-tolerant and viability was retained when desiccated seed was stored for 24 months at 5 °C. L. bullata seed was both desiccation- and freezing-sensitive, while N. pedunculata was desiccation-sensitive. DSC analysis revealed that lipid crystallisation in L. bullata occurred between -18 °C and -49 °C and between -23 °C and -52 °C in L. obcordata and N. pedunculata. It is postulated that the metastable lipid phase, which coincides with the conventional seed banking temperature (i.e., storing seeds at -20 ± 4 °C and 15 ± 3% RH), could cause the seeds to age more rapidly through lipid peroxidation. Seeds of L. bullata, L. obcordata and N. pedunculata are best stored outside of their lipid metastable temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin van der Walt
- Ōtari Native Botanic Garden, Wellington City Council, 150 Wilton Road, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Jayanthi Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Fitzherbert Science Centre, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Trusiak M, Plitta-Michalak BP, Michalak M. Choosing the Right Path for the Successful Storage of Seeds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:72. [PMID: 36616200 PMCID: PMC9823941 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are the most commonly used source of storage material to preserve the genetic diversity of plants. However, prior to the deposition of seeds in gene banks, several questions need to be addressed. Here, we illustrate the scheme that can be used to ensure that the most optimal conditions are identified to enable the long-term storage of seeds. The main questions that need to be answered pertain to the production of viable seeds by plants, the availability of proper protocols for dormancy alleviation and germination, seed tolerance to desiccation and cold storage at -20 °C. Finally, it is very important to fully understand the capability or lack thereof for seeds or their explants to tolerate cryogenic conditions. The proper storage regimes for orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Trusiak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-721 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-721 Olsztyn, Poland
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Lee SY, Park K, Jang BK, Ji B, Lee H, Baskin CC, Cho JS. Exogenous gibberellin can effectively and rapidly break intermediate physiological dormancy of Amsonia elliptica seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043897. [PMID: 36388572 PMCID: PMC9643720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated global warming is leading to the loss of plant species diversity, and ex situ preservation of seeds is becoming an increasingly important aspect of species conservation. However, information on dormancy and germination is lacking in many endangered species. Amsonia elliptica (Apocynaceae) is the only Amsonia species native to Korea, and the South Korean Ministry of Environment has designated it Class II endangered wildlife. Nevertheless, the dormancy class and the dormancy breaking method for seeds of this species for germination are not precisely known. We identified the structure of A. elliptica seeds and the causes of dormancy, which inhibits germination. In addition, we tried to develop an effective germination promotion method by testing the wet stratified condition, which breaks dormancy, and the form of gibberellin that can replace it. Fresh seeds of A. elliptica imbibe water, but the covering layers (endosperm and seed coat) inhibit germination by mechanically restricting the embryo. Initial germination tests confirmed low embryo growth potential and physiological dormancy (PD). Restriction due to the covering layer was eliminated by seed scarification, and abnormal germination was observed. After 12 weeks of cold moist stratification at 4°C, only 12% of seeds germinated. However, 68.8% of seeds subjected to 8 weeks of warm moist stratification followed by 12 weeks of cold stratification germinated, indicating that warm stratification pretreatment before cold stratification is effective in breaking dormancy. A. elliptica seeds exhibited intermediate PD. Furthermore, 61.3% of seeds soaked in 500 mg/L GA4+7 for 14 days and incubated at 25/15°C germinated. Therefore, GA4+7 rapidly broke the dormancy of A. elliptica seeds compared with warm plus cold stratification treatment, thus providing an efficient method for seedling production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeob Lee
- Kiban Operation Department (KOD) production planning, The Kiban Co. Ltd., Anseong, South Korea
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyungtae Park
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Bo-Kook Jang
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Garden and Plant Resources Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Boran Ji
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hamin Lee
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Carol C. Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ju-Sung Cho
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Seglias AE. Can alpine plant species "bank" on conservation?: Using artificial aging to understand seed longevity. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11493. [PMID: 36258790 PMCID: PMC9575086 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE To conserve native plants, many institutions are turning toward ex-situ conservation methods, such as storage in seed banks; however, not all seeds are able to survive in seed bank conditions, or may not in the long term. Experimental aging has shown that alpine species lose viability more quickly than low-elevation species. Furthermore, the germination requirements for rare species are largely unknown, but are a necessary first step in understanding storage behavior and viability decline. METHODS Five alpine species were subjected to germination and accelerated aging experiments to understand their longevity in storage. For the accelerated aging experiment, the seeds were rehydrated in a dark incubator and subsequently placed in a drying oven. Following the aging process, the seeds were placed into previously determined germination conditions. RESULTS All species had p 50 values of <13.7 days, which is the threshold to consider a species short lived. These results suggest that we cannot haphazardly store seeds and assume that all species will survive for decades. DISCUSSION Accelerated aging experiments are not a perfect measure of seed longevity, and true longevity needs to be empirically determined. However, this experimental method allows us to predict which species may be short lived and whether alternative ex-situ conservation methods might be needed beyond conventional seed banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Seglias
- Department of Research and ConservationDenver Botanic Gardens, 909 York StreetDenver, Colorado80206USA
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Carta A, Fernández-Pascual E, Gioria M, Müller JV, Rivière S, Rosbakh S, Saatkamp A, Vandelook F, Mattana E. Climate shapes the seed germination niche of temperate flowering plants: a meta-analysis of European seed conservation data. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:775-786. [PMID: 35303062 PMCID: PMC9292614 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interactions between ecological factors and seed physiological responses during the establishment phase shape the distribution of plants. Yet, our understanding of the functions and evolution of early-life traits has been limited by the scarcity of large-scale datasets. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the germination niche of temperate plants is shaped by their climatic requirements and phylogenetic relatedness, using germination data sourced from a comprehensive seed conservation database of the European flora (ENSCOBASE). METHODS We performed a phylogenetically informed Bayesian meta-analysis of primary data, considering 18 762 germination tests of 2418 species from laboratory experiments conducted across all European geographical regions. We tested for the interaction between species' climatic requirements and germination responses to experimental conditions including temperature, alternating temperature, light and dormancy-breaking treatments, while accounting for between-study variation related to seed sources and seed lot physiological status. KEY RESULTS Climate was a strong predictor of germination responses. In warm and seasonally dry climates the seed germination niche includes a cold-cued germination response and an inhibition determined by alternating temperature regimes and cold stratification, while in climates with high temperature seasonality opposite responses can be observed. Germination responses to scarification and light were related to seed mass but not to climate. We also found a significant phylogenetic signal in the response of seeds to experimental conditions, providing evidence that the germination niche is phylogenetically constrained. Nevertheless, phylogenetically distant lineages exhibited common germination responses under similar climates. CONCLUSION This is the first quantitative meta-analysis of the germination niche at a continental scale. Our findings showed that the germination niches of European plants exhibit evolutionary convergence mediated by strong pressures at the macroclimatic level. In addition, our methodological approach highlighted how large datasets generated by conservation seed banking can be valuable sources to address questions in plant macroecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margherita Gioria
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Sergey Rosbakh
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arne Saatkamp
- Aix Marseille Université, Université d’Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
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Hahn J, Westerman PR, de Mol F, Heiermann M, Gerowitt B. Viability of Wildflower Seeds After Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion in Lab-Scale Biogas Reactors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942346. [PMID: 35909787 PMCID: PMC9337220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of wildflower species as biogas feedstock carries the risk that their seeds survive anaerobic digestion (AD) and cause weed problems if spread with the digestate. Risk factors for seed survival in AD include low temperature, short exposure and hardseededness (HS). However, it is not possible to predict how AD will affect seed viability of previously unstudied species. In laboratory-scale reactors, we exposed seeds of eight species from a mixture of flowering wild plants intended as biogas feedstock and three reference species to AD at two mesophilic temperatures. Half of the species were HS, the other was non-HS (NHS). Viability was determined using a combination of tetrazolium and germination tests. Viability and germinability were modeled as functions of exposure time using a dose-response approach. Responses to AD varied considerably among species, and none of the considered influencing factors (time, temperature, HS) had a consistent effect. Seed lots of a species differed in inactivation times and seed-killing efficacy. The HS species Melilotus officinalis, Melilotus albus, and Malva sylvestris were particularly AD-resistant. They were the only ones that exhibited biphasic viability curves and tended to survive and germinate more at 42°C than at 35°C. Viability of the remaining species declined in a sigmoidal curve. Most NHS species were inactivated within a few days (Cichorium intybus, Daucus carota, Echium vulgare, and Verbascum thapsus), while HS species survived longer (Malva alcea). AD stimulated germination in the HS species A. theophrasti and its AD-resistance overlapped with that of the most resistant NHS species, C. album and tomato. In all seed lots, germinability was lost faster than viability, implying that mainly dormant seeds survived. After the maximum exposure time of 36 days, seeds of HS species and Chenopodium album were still viable. We concluded that viability responses to mesophilic AD were determined by the interplay of AD-conditions and species- and seed-lot-specific traits, of which HS was an important but only one factor. For the use of wildflowers as biogas feedstock, we recommended long retention times and special care with regard to HS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hahn
- Crop Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Paula R. Westerman
- Crop Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Friederike de Mol
- Crop Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Monika Heiermann
- Department Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bärbel Gerowitt
- Crop Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Michalak M, Plitta-Michalak BP, Naskręt-Barciszewska MZ, Barciszewski J, Chmielarz P. DNA Methylation as an Early Indicator of Aging in Stored Seeds of “Exceptional” Species Populus nigra L. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132080. [PMID: 35805164 PMCID: PMC9265770 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex situ preservation of genetic resources is an essential strategy for the conservation of plant biodiversity. In this regard, seed storage is the most convenient and efficient way of preserving germplasm for future plant breeding efforts. A better understanding of the molecular changes that occur during seed desiccation and aging is necessary to improve conservation protocols, as well as real-time methods for monitoring seed quality. In the present study, we assessed changes in the level of genomic 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in seeds of Populus nigra L. by 2D-TLC. Epigenetic changes were characterized in response to several seed storage regimes. Our results demonstrate that P. nigra seeds represent an intermediate type of post-harvest behavior, falling between recalcitrant and orthodox seeds. This was also true for the epigenetic response of P. nigra seeds to external factors. A crucial question is whether aging in seeds is initiated by a decline in the level of 5mC, or if epigenetic changes induce a process that leads to deterioration. In our study, we demonstrate for the first time that 5mC levels decrease during storage and that the decline can be detected before any changes in seed germination are evident. Once P. nigra seeds reached an 8–10% reduction in the level of 5mC, a substantial decrease in germination occurred. The decline in the level of 5mC appears to be a critical parameter underlying the rapid deterioration of intermediate seeds. Thus, the measurement of 5mC can be a fast, real-time method for assessing asymptomatic aging in stored seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-721 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-89-523-44-55
| | - Beata Patrycja Plitta-Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-721 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Jan Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (M.Z.N.-B.); (J.B.)
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kornik, Poland;
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Lamont BB. Seed biologists beware: Estimates of initial viability based on ungerminated seeds at the end of an experiment may be error-prone. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:399-403. [PMID: 35238136 PMCID: PMC9314915 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed viability is routinely measured on seeds that fail to germinate at the end of an experiment. Together with the number of germinants, this is used to estimate viability of the seeds at start of the experiment (i.e., initial viability) and provides the comparative basis on which germination success is determined. The literature and recent data on the germination requirements of Leucadendron species were examined to determine if there was any evidence for a treatment effect on viability of ungerminated seeds at the end of the experiment. The survey showed that sometimes (perhaps often, as the problem has yet to be recognized or reported) prolonged duration in the treatment, especially the control where little germination occurs, lead to loss of viability during the experiment. This resulted in underestimation of initial viability if that treatment was used. I caution against the routine use of end-of-trial germination and viability of ungerminated seeds as an estimate of initial viability in determining germination success of various treatments. I explore ways to deal with the problem but the preference is for estimates of initial viability to be undertaken on a separate sample of seeds concurrently with the experiment as this avoids the risk of seed death during the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Lamont
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences (Ecology Section)Curtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
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Pradhan N, Fan X, Martini F, Chen H, Liu H, Gao J, Goodale UM. Seed viability testing for research and conservation of epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:3. [PMID: 35142915 PMCID: PMC8831675 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed viability testing is essential in plant conservation and research. Seed viability testing determines the success of ex-situ conservation efforts, such as seed banking but commonly testing protocols of orchids lack consistency and accuracy, therefore, there is a need to select an appropriate and reliable viability test, especially when conducting comparative studies. Here, we evaluated the suitability of three seed viability tests, Evans blue test (EB), Fluorescein diacetate test (FDA) and Tetrazolium test (TTC), with and without sterilization, on seeds of 20 orchid species, which included five epiphytes and fifteen terrestrials, using both fresh seeds and seeds stored at - 18 ºC for 6 to 8 years. RESULTS We found that sterilization and lifeform of seeds affected seed viability across all tests but the storage time was not an influential factor. Sterilization negatively affected seed viability under EB and FDA test conditions but increased the detection of viable seeds in the TTC test in both epiphytic and terrestrial species. The EB test, when administered without sterilization provided the highest viability results. Being non-enzymatic unlike TTC and FDA tests, as expected, the EB test was the most reliable with similar results between sterilized and not sterilized seeds for most epiphytic and terrestrial species as well as when compared between groups. CONCLUSIONS The lifeform of the species and seed sterilization prior to testing are important influential factors in orchid seed viability testing. Since EB test was found to be reliable we recommend the EB test for seed viability assessment in orchids rather than the less reliable but commonly used TTC test, or the FDA test, which require more expensive and sophisticated instrumentation. Since storage time was not an influential factor in orchid seed viability testing, the recommendations of this study can be used for both fresh as well as long-term stored orchid seeds. This is helpful for research and especially for conservation measures such as seed banking. However, due to the species specificity of the bio-physiology of orchids, we call for comprehensive viability test assessment in the hyper diverse orchid family to be extended to a greater number of species to facilitate efficient conservation and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Pradhan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 281196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Xuli Fan
- Lab of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Chenggong Campus, Yunnan University, University Town, Chenggong New District, Kunming, Yunnan 650504 People’s Republic of China
| | - Francesco Martini
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- Present Address: Faculty of Forest and Wood Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huayang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, Florida, 33199 USA
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Lab of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Chenggong Campus, Yunnan University, University Town, Chenggong New District, Kunming, Yunnan 650504 People’s Republic of China
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 281196 Gland, Switzerland
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11
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Kallow S, Garcia Zuluaga M, Fanega Sleziak N, Nugraha B, Mertens A, Janssens SB, Gueco L, Valle-Descalsota ML, Dang Vu T, Toan Vu D, Thi Li L, Vandelook F, Dickie JB, Verboven P, Swennen R, Panis B. Drying banana seeds for ex situ conservation. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coab099. [PMID: 35492425 PMCID: PMC9041424 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of seeds to withstand drying is fundamental to ex situ seed conservation but drying responses are not well known for most wild species including crop wild relatives. We look at drying responses of seeds of Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, the two primary wild relatives of bananas and plantains, using the following four experimental approaches: (i) We equilibrated seeds to a range of relative humidity (RH) levels using non-saturated lithium chloride solutions and subsequently measured moisture content (MC) and viability. At each humidity level we tested viability using embryo rescue (ER), tetrazolium chloride staining and germination in an incubator. We found that seed viability was not reduced when seeds were dried to 4% equilibrium relative humidity (eRH; equating to 2.5% MC). (ii) We assessed viability of mature and less mature seeds using ER and germination in the soil and tested responses to drying. Findings showed that seeds must be fully mature to germinate and immature seeds had negligible viability. (iii) We dried seeds extracted from ripe/unripe fruit to 35-40% eRH at different rates and tested viability with germination tests in the soil. Seeds from unripe fruit lost viability when dried and especially when dried faster; seeds from ripe fruit only lost viability when fast dried. (iv) Finally, we dried and re-imbibed mature and less mature seeds and measured embryo shrinkage and volume change using X-ray computer tomography. Embryos of less mature seeds shrank significantly when dried to 15% eRH from 0.468 to 0.262 mm3, but embryos of mature seeds did not. Based on our results, mature seeds from ripe fruit are desiccation tolerant to moisture levels required for seed genebanking but embryos from immature seeds are mechanistically less able to withstand desiccation, especially when water potential gradients are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kallow
- Corresponding author: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Millennium Seed Bank, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Manuela Garcia Zuluaga
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia Fanega Sleziak
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bayu Nugraha
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Arne Mertens
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium
| | - Steven B Janssens
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lavernee Gueco
- National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory, Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna, Philippines
| | - Michelle Lyka Valle-Descalsota
- National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory, Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna, Philippines
| | - Tuong Dang Vu
- Research Planning and International Cooperation Department, Plant Resources Center, VAAS, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Dang Toan Vu
- Research Planning and International Cooperation Department, Plant Resources Center, VAAS, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Loan Thi Li
- Genebank Management Division, Plant Resources Center, VAAS, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | | | - John B Dickie
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Millennium Seed Bank, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rony Swennen
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Plot 15B Naguru East Road, Upper Naguru, Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bart Panis
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Bioversity International, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Chandel A, Mann R, Kaur J, Norton S, Edwards J, Spangenberg G, Sawbridge T. Implications of Seed Vault Storage Strategies for Conservation of Seed Bacterial Microbiomes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:784796. [PMID: 34925291 PMCID: PMC8678515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.784796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global seed vaults are important, as they conserve plant genetic resources for future breeding to improve crop yield and quality and to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the impact of standard storage procedures, such as seed drying and cold storage on the seed bacterial community, and the ability to recover seed-associated bacteria after storage. In this study, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were analyzed to characterize changes in the bacterial community composition and culturability under varying storage conditions. The G. max bacterial microbiome was analyzed from undried seed, dried seed, and seed stored for 0, 3, 6, and 14months. Storage temperatures consisted of −20°C, 4°C, and room temperature (RT), with −20°C being commonly used in seed storage vaults globally. The seed microbiome of G. max was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria under all conditions. Undried seed was dominated by Pantoea (33.9%) and Pseudomonas (51.1%); however, following drying, the abundance of Pseudomonas declined significantly (0.9%), Pantoea increased significantly (73.6%), and four genera previously identified including Pajaroellobacter, Nesterenkonia, env.OPS_17, and Acidibacter were undetectable. Subsequent storage at RT, 4, or −20°C maintained high-abundance Genera at the majority of time points, although RT caused greater fluctuations in abundances. For many of the low-abundance Genera, storage at −20°C resulted in their gradual disappearance, whereas storage at 4°C or RT resulted in their more rapid disappearance. The changes in seed bacterial composition were reflected by cultured bacterial taxa obtained from the stored G. max seed. The main taxa were largely culturable and had similar relative abundance, while many, but not all, of the low-abundance taxa were also culturable. Overall, these results indicate that the initial seed drying affects the seed bacterial composition, suggesting that microbial isolation prior to seed drying is recommended to conserve these microbes. The standard seed storage condition of −20°C is most suitable for conservation of the bacterial seed microbiome, as this storage temperature slows down the loss of seed bacterial diversity over longer time periods, particularly low-abundance taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Chandel
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Mann
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sally Norton
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Australian Grains Genebank, Horsham, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy Sawbridge
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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13
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Tomlinson S, Tudor EP, Turner SR, Cross S, Riviera F, Stevens J, Valliere J, Lewandrowski W. Leveraging the value of conservation physiology for ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
| | - Emily P. Tudor
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Shane R. Turner
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Sophie Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Fiamma Riviera
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jason Stevens
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Justin Valliere
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson California 90747 US
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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14
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Lusty C, van Beem J, Hay FR. A Performance Management System for Long-Term Germplasm Conservation in CGIAR Genebanks: Aiming for Quality, Efficiency and Improvement. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122627. [PMID: 34961098 PMCID: PMC8709014 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UN Sustainable Development Goal 2 Target 2.5 focuses on the conservation of genetic diversity in soundly managed genebanks. In examining the term “soundly managed”, it becomes quickly evident that there is much more to long-term conservation than placing samples of seeds or other germplasm in long-term conservation conditions. There are several important factors that determine whether germplasm samples will remain viable in storage for long periods of time. To manage these factors efficiently and effectively, genebanks require sound data and quality management systems. The CGIAR Genebank Platform, coordinated by the Crop Trust, put in place a number of mechanisms that enabled effective online reporting, performance management, quality management, audit and external review and validation. These mechanisms do not conform to the usual monitoring systems put in place for research programs and have only been possible thanks to the flexibility of CGIAR in recognising that the genebanks were exceptional. As a result, in the past 10 years, CGIAR genebanks have significantly improved their performance and the conservation status of collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lusty
- Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Janny van Beem
- Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Fiona R. Hay
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
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15
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Fang C, Chen H, Castillo-Díaz D, Wen B, Cao KF, Goodale UM. Regeneration and Endogenous Phytohormone Responses to High-Temperature Stress Drive Recruitment Success in Hemiepiphytic Fig Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754207. [PMID: 34912356 PMCID: PMC8666629 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high-temperature stress (HTS) during early regeneration in plants can profoundly shape seed germination, seedling growth, and development, thereby providing stress resilience. In this study, we assessed how the timing of HTS, which was implemented as 8 h in 40°C, could affect the early regeneration stages and phytohormone concentration of four hemiepiphytic (Hs) and four non-hemiepiphytic (NHs) Ficus species. Their seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling survival probabilities and the concentrations of three endogenous phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and salicylic acid (SA) were assessed after HTS imposed during imbibition, germination, and emergence. In both groups, seeds were more sensitive to HTS in the early regeneration process; stress experienced during imbibition affected emergence and survival, and stress experienced during germination affected subsequent emergence. There was no effect from HTS when received after emergence. Survival was highest in hemiepiphytes regardless of the HTS treatment. The phytohormones showed growth form- and regeneration stage-specific responses to HTS. Due to the HTS treatment, both SA and ABA levels decreased in non-hemiepiphytes during imbibition and germination; during germination, IAA increased in hemiepiphytes but was reduced in non-hemiepiphytes. Due to the HTS treatment experienced during emergence ABA and IAA concentrations were greater for hemiepiphytes but an opposite effect was seen in the two growth forms for the SA concentration. Our study showed that the two growth forms have different strategies for regulating their growth and development in the early regeneration stages in order to respond to HTS. The ability to respond to HTS is an ecologically important functional trait that allows plant species to appropriately time their seed germination and seedling development. Flexibility in modulating species regeneration in response to HTS in these subtropical and tropical Ficus species could provide greater community resilience under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangwei Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huayang Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Diana Castillo-Díaz
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Bin Wen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
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16
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Germplasm Conservation: Instrumental in Agricultural Biodiversity—A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Germplasm is a valuable natural resource that provides knowledge about the genetic composition of a species and is crucial for conserving plant diversity. Germplasm protection strategies not only involve rescuing plant species threatened with extinction, but also help preserve all essential plants, on which rests the survival of all organisms. The successful use of genetic resources necessitates their diligent collection, storage, analysis, documentation, and exchange. Slow growth cultures, cryopreservation, pollen and DNA banks, botanical gardens, genetic reserves, and farmers’ fields are a few germplasm conservation techniques being employed. However, the adoption of in-vitro techniques with any chance of genetic instability could lead to the destruction of the entire substance, but the improved understanding of basic regeneration biology would, in turn, undoubtedly increase the capacity to regenerate new plants, thus expanding selection possibilities. Germplasm conservation seeks to conserve endangered and vulnerable plant species worldwide for future proliferation and development; it is also the bedrock of agricultural production.
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17
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Cooke SJ, Bergman JN, Madliger CL, Cramp RL, Beardall J, Burness G, Clark TD, Dantzer B, de la Barrera E, Fangue NA, Franklin CE, Fuller A, Hawkes LA, Hultine KR, Hunt KE, Love OP, MacMillan HA, Mandelman JW, Mark FC, Martin LB, Newman AEM, Nicotra AB, Raby GD, Robinson SA, Ropert-Coudert Y, Rummer JL, Seebacher F, Todgham AE, Tomlinson S, Chown SL. One hundred research questions in conservation physiology for generating actionable evidence to inform conservation policy and practice. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab009. [PMID: 33859825 PMCID: PMC8035967 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental change and biodiversity loss are but two of the complex challenges facing conservation practitioners and policy makers. Relevant and robust scientific knowledge is critical for providing decision-makers with the actionable evidence needed to inform conservation decisions. In the Anthropocene, science that leads to meaningful improvements in biodiversity conservation, restoration and management is desperately needed. Conservation Physiology has emerged as a discipline that is well-positioned to identify the mechanisms underpinning population declines, predict responses to environmental change and test different in situ and ex situ conservation interventions for diverse taxa and ecosystems. Here we present a consensus list of 10 priority research themes. Within each theme we identify specific research questions (100 in total), answers to which will address conservation problems and should improve the management of biological resources. The themes frame a set of research questions related to the following: (i) adaptation and phenotypic plasticity; (ii) human-induced environmental change; (iii) human-wildlife interactions; (iv) invasive species; (v) methods, biomarkers and monitoring; (vi) policy, engagement and communication; (vii) pollution; (viii) restoration actions; (ix) threatened species; and (x) urban systems. The themes and questions will hopefully guide and inspire researchers while also helping to demonstrate to practitioners and policy makers the many ways in which physiology can help to support their decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jordanna N Bergman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christine L Madliger
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erick de la Barrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lucy A Hawkes
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Kathleen E Hunt
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Oliver P Love
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John W Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA
| | - Felix C Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Amy E M Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adrienne B Nicotra
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences (SEALS) and Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR 7372—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Steven L Chown
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Analysis of Stored mRNA Degradation in Acceleratedly Aged Seeds of Wheat and Canola in Comparison to Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121707. [PMID: 33291562 PMCID: PMC7761881 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seed aging has become a topic of renewed interest but its mechanism remains poorly understood. Our recent analysis of stored mRNA degradation in aged Arabidopsis seeds found that the stored mRNA degradation rates (estimated as the frequency of breakdown per nucleotide per day or β value) were constant over aging time under stable conditions. However, little is known about the generality of this finding to other plant species. We expanded the analysis to aged seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and canola (Brassica napus). It was found that wheat and canola seeds required much longer periods than Arabidopsis seeds to lose seed germination ability completely under the same aging conditions. As what had been observed for Arabidopsis, stored mRNA degradation (∆Ct value in qPCR) in wheat and canola seeds correlated linearly and tightly with seed aging time or mRNA fragment size, while the quality of total RNA showed little change during seed aging. The generated β values reflecting the rate of stored mRNA degradation in wheat or canola seeds were similar for different stored mRNAs assayed and constant over seed aging time. The overall β values for aged seeds of wheat and canola showed non-significant differences from that of Arabidopsis when aged under the same conditions. These results are significant, allowing for better understanding of controlled seed aging for different species at the molecular level and for exploring the potential of stored mRNAs as seed aging biomarkers.
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19
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Gastauer M, Cavalcante RBL, Caldeira CF, Nunes SDS. Structural Hurdles to Large-Scale Forest Restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.593557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Challenges for Ex Situ Conservation of Wild Bananas: Seeds Collected in Papua New Guinea Have Variable Levels of Desiccation Tolerance. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091243. [PMID: 32967145 PMCID: PMC7570212 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ex situ seed conservation of banana crop wild relatives (Musa spp. L.), is constrained by critical knowledge gaps in their storage and germination behaviour. Additionally, challenges in collecting seeds from wild populations impact the quality of seed collections. It is, therefore, crucial to evaluate the viability of seeds from such collecting missions in order to improve the value of future seed collections. We evaluate the seed viability of 37 accessions of seven Musa species, collected from wild populations in Papua New Guinea, during two collecting missions. Seeds from one mission had already been stored in conventional storage (dried for four months at 15% relative humidity, 20 °C and stored for two months at 15% relative humdity, −20 °C), so a post-storage test was carried out. Seeds from the second mission were assessed freshly extracted and following desiccation. We used embryo rescue techniques to overcome the barrier of germinating in vivo Musa seeds. Seeds from the first mission had low viability (19 ± 27% mean and standard deviation) after storage for two months at 15% relative humidity and −20 °C. Musa balbisiana Colla seeds had significantly higher post-storage germination than other species (p < 0.01). Desiccation reduced germination of the seeds from the second collecting mission, from 84 ± 22% (at 16.7 ± 2.4% moisture content) to 36 ± 30% (at 2.4 ± 0.8% moisture content). There was considerable variation between and (to a lesser extent) within accessions, a proportion of individual seeds of all but one species (Musa ingens N.W.Simmonds) survived desiccation and sub-zero temperature storage. We identified that seeds from the basal end of the infructescence were less likely to be viable after storage (p < 0.001); and made morphological observations that identify seeds and infructescences with higher viability in relation to their developmental maturity. We highlight the need for research into seed eco-physiology of crop wild relatives in order to improve future collecting missions.
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21
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Frischie S, Miller AL, Pedrini S, Kildisheva OA. Ensuring seed quality in ecological restoration: native seed cleaning and testing. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Frischie
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Portland OR 97232 U.S.A
| | - Annette L. Miller
- USDA/ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Plant and Animal Genetic Resources PreservationSeed Quality Laboratory Fort Collins CO 80521‐4500 U.S.A
| | - Simone Pedrini
- Department of Environment & AgricultureCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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22
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Kijak H, Ratajczak E. What Do We Know About the Genetic Basis of Seed Desiccation Tolerance and Longevity? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3612. [PMID: 32443842 PMCID: PMC7279459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term seed storage is important for protecting both economic interests and biodiversity. The extraordinary properties of seeds allow us to store them in the right conditions for years. However, not all types of seeds are resilient, and some do not tolerate extreme desiccation or low temperature. Seeds can be divided into three categories: (1) orthodox seeds, which tolerate water losses of up to 7% of their water content and can be stored at low temperature; (2) recalcitrant seeds, which require a humidity of 27%; and (3) intermediate seeds, which lose their viability relatively quickly compared to orthodox seeds. In this article, we discuss the genetic bases for desiccation tolerance and longevity in seeds and the differences in gene expression profiles between the mentioned types of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kijak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland;
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23
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Baskin CC, Baskin JM. Breaking Seed Dormancy during Dry Storage: A Useful Tool or Major Problem for Successful Restoration via Direct Seeding? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E636. [PMID: 32429336 PMCID: PMC7284515 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate the restoration of disturbed vegetation, seeds of wild species are collected and held in dry storage, but often there is a shortage of seeds for this purpose. Thus, much research effort is expended to maximize the use of the available seeds and to ensure that they are nondormant when sown. Sowing nondormant (versus dormant) seeds in the field should increase the success of the restoration. Of the various treatments available to break seed dormancy, afterripening, that is, dormancy break during dry storage, is the most cost-effective. Seeds that can undergo afterripening have nondeep physiological dormancy, and this includes members of common families such as Asteraceae and Poaceae. In this review, we consider differences between species in terms of seed moisture content, temperature and time required for afterripening and discuss the conditions in which afterripening is rapid but could lead to seed aging and death if storage is too long. Attention is given to the induction of secondary dormancy in seeds that have become nondormant via afterripening and to the biochemical and molecular changes occurring in seeds during dry storage. Some recommendations are made for managing afterripening so that seeds are nondormant at the time for sowing. The most important recommendation probably is that germination responses of the seeds need to be monitored for germinability/viability during the storage period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol C. Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0321, USA;
| | - Jerry M. Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
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24
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Whitehouse KJ, Hay FR, Lusty C. Why Seed Physiology Is Important for Genebanking. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050584. [PMID: 32370279 PMCID: PMC7284513 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genebank management is a field in its own right; it is multifaceted, requiring a diverse set of skills and knowledge. Seed physiology is one area that is critical to the successful operation of seed genebanks, requiring understanding of seed quality during development and maturation, seed dormancy and germination, and seed longevity in storage of the target species. Careful management of the workflow between these activities, as seeds move from harvest to storage, and the recording and management of all relevant associated data, is key to ensuring the effective conservation of plant genetic resources. This review will discuss various aspects of seed physiology that genebank managers should be aware of, to ensure appropriate decisions are made about the handling and management of their seed collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Whitehouse
- Australian Grains Genebank, Agriculture Victoria Research, Departments of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Private Bag 260, Horsham, Victoria 3401, Australia;
| | - Fiona R. Hay
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-87-15-60-00
| | - Charlotte Lusty
- Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz Der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
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25
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Progress and Challenges in Ex Situ Conservation of Forage Germplasm: Grasses, Herbaceous Legumes and Fodder Trees. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040446. [PMID: 32252434 PMCID: PMC7238044 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forages provide an important livestock feed resource globally, particularly for millions of smallholder farmers, and have important roles in natural resource management and carbon sequestration, reducing soil erosion and mitigating the effects of climate change. Forage germplasm remains the basis for the selection and development of new, higher-yielding and better adaptedgenotypes to meet the increasing demand for livestock feed. Rapid rates of genetic erosion of forage diversity due to land-use change from natural pastures and rangelands to crop production to meet the food security requirements of a growing global population, together with pressures from a changing climate, highlight the necessity for ex situ seed conservation of forage genetic resources to provide germplasm for use by future generations. Whilst many forage species have orthodox seeds, the diverse range of genera and species which provide forage is a challenge in terms of the wide scope of information and understanding on conservation methods that genebank managers require—particularly for tropical forages, many of which are comparatively under-researched. We review the challenges to the conservation of tropical forage species by seed in ex situ genebanks and provide information on optimum methods for their management.
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26
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Abeli T, Dalrymple S, Godefroid S, Mondoni A, Müller JV, Rossi G, Orsenigo S. Ex situ collections and their potential for the restoration of extinct plants. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:303-313. [PMID: 31329316 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The alarming current and predicted species extinction rates have galvanized conservationists in their efforts to avoid future biodiversity losses, but for species extinct in the wild, few options exist. We posed the questions, can these species be restored, and, if so, what role can ex situ plant collections (i.e., botanic gardens, germplasm banks, herbaria) play in the recovery of plant genetic diversity? We reviewed the relevant literature to assess the feasibility of recovering lost plant genetic diversity with using ex situ material and the probability of survival of subsequent translocations. Thirteen attempts to recover species extinct in the wild were found, most of which used material preserved in botanic gardens (12) and seed banks (2). One case of a locally extirpated population was recovered from herbarium material. Eight (60%) of these cases were successful or partially successful translocations of the focal species or population; the other 5 failed or it was too early to determine the outcome. Limiting factors of the use of ex situ source material for the restoration of plant genetic diversity in the wild include the scarcity of source material, low viability and reduced longevity of the material, low genetic variation, lack of evolution (especially for material stored in germplasm banks and herbaria), and socioeconomic factors. However, modern collecting practices present opportunities for plant conservation, such as improved collecting protocols and improved cultivation and storage conditions. Our findings suggest that all types of ex situ collections may contribute effectively to plant species conservation if their use is informed by a thorough understanding of the aforementioned problems. We conclude that the recovery of plant species currently classified as extinct in the wild is not 100% successful, and the possibility of successful reintroduction should not be used to justify insufficient in situ conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Abeli
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma, 00146, Italy
| | - Sarah Dalrymple
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K
| | - Sandrine Godefroid
- Research Department, Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, Meise, 1860, Belgium
- Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, rue A. Lavallée 1, Brussels, 1080, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Biogeochemistry, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 244, Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Andrea Mondoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jonas V Müller
- Millennium Seed Bank, Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, RH17 6TN, West Sussex, U.K
| | - Graziano Rossi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Orsenigo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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27
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León‐Lobos P, Bustamante‐Sánchez MA, Nelson CR, Alarcón D, Hasbún R, Way M, Pritchard HW, Armesto JJ. Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018). Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro León‐Lobos
- Laboratorio de Semillas Nativas, Centro Regional de Investigación La PlatinaInstituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Avenida Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana Santiago CP 8831314 Chile
- Laboratorio de Epigenética Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
| | - Marcela A. Bustamante‐Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa Santiago Chile
| | - Cara R. Nelson
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry & ConservationUniversity of Montana Missoula MT U.S.A
| | - Diego Alarcón
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa Santiago Chile
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y OceanográficasUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
| | - Rodrigo Hasbún
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de Concepción, PO Box 160‐C Concepción Chile
| | - Michael Way
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly West Sussex RH176TN U.K
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly West Sussex RH176TN U.K
| | - Juan J. Armesto
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa Santiago Chile
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340 Santiago Chile
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28
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Gianella M, Balestrazzi A, Pagano A, Müller JV, Kyratzis AC, Kikodze D, Canella M, Mondoni A, Rossi G, Guzzon F. Heteromorphic seeds of wheat wild relatives show germination niche differentiation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:191-202. [PMID: 31639249 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crop wild relatives are fundamental genetic resources for crop improvement. Wheat wild relatives often produce heteromorphic seeds that differ in morphological and physiological traits. Several Aegilops and Triticum species possess, within the same spikelet, a dimorphic seed pair, with one seed being larger than the other. A comprehensive analysis is needed to understand which traits are involved in seed dimorphism and if these aspects of variation in dimorphic pairs are functionally related. To this end, dispersal units of Triticum urartu and five Aegilops species were X-rayed and the different seed morphs weighed. Germination tests were carried out on seeds, both dehulled and left in their dispersal units. Controlled ageing tests were performed to detect differences in seed longevity among seed morphs, and the antioxidant profile was assessed in terms of antioxidant compounds equipment and expression of selected antioxidant genes. We used PCA to group seed morphs sharing similar patterns of germination traits, longevity estimates and antioxidant profile. Different seed morphs differed significantly in terms of mass, final germination, germination timing, longevity estimates and antioxidant profile in most of the tested species. Small seeds germinated slower, had lower germination when left in their dispersal units, a higher antioxidant potential and were longer-lived than large seeds. The antioxidant gene expression varied between morphs, with different patterns across species but not clearly reflecting the phenotypic observations. The results highlight different trait trade-offs in dimorphic seeds of Aegilops and T. urartu, affecting their germination phenology and longevity, thereby resulting in recruitment niche differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gianella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Pagano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - J V Müller
- Millennium Seed Bank, Conservation Science Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, UK
| | - A C Kyratzis
- Vegetable Crops Sector, Agricultural Research Institute of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D Kikodze
- Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Canella
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Mondoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Rossi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Guzzon
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
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29
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Page A, Gibson J, Meyer RS, Chapman MA. Eggplant Domestication: Pervasive Gene Flow, Feralization, and Transcriptomic Divergence. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:1359-1372. [PMID: 31039581 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of food security, examining the genomics of domestication will help identify genes underlying adaptive and economically important phenotypes, for example, larger fruit, improved taste, and loss of agronomically inferior phenotypes. Examination of genome-scale single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrates the relationships between wild ancestors of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), confirming that Solanum insanum L. is the wild progenitor. This species is split roughly into an Eastern (Malaysian, Thai, and Vietnamese) and Western (Indian, Madagascan, and Sri Lankan) group, with domesticates derived from the former. Additional "wild" accessions from India appear to be feral escapes, derived multiple times from domesticated varieties through admixture. Accessions with small egg-shaped fruit are generally found intermixed with East Asian Solanum insanum confirming they are primitive relative to the large-fruited domesticates. Comparative transcriptomics was used to track the loci under selection. Sequence analysis revealed a genetic bottleneck reducing variation by almost 50% in the primitive accessions relative to the wild species and a further 10% in the landraces. We also show evidence for selection on genes with a role in response to wounding and apoptosis. Genes showing a significant difference in expression between wild and primitive or between primitive and landrace genepools were mostly (>75%) downregulated in the derived populations and enriched for gene ontologies related to defense, flowering, signaling, and response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. This work reveals genomic changes involved in crop domestication and improvement, and the population genetics work explains why defining the eggplant domestication trajectory has been so challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Page
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Gibson
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Meyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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30
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Single-Kernel FT-NIR Spectroscopy for Detecting Maturity of Cucumber Seeds Using a Multiclass Hierarchical Classification Strategy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9235058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The maturity of seeds at harvest determines their intrinsic quality characteristics such as longevity and vigor, and these characteristics are dominant factors for seed quality evaluation in the seed industry. However, little information is available on how to identify and further classify the maturation stage of seeds in a way that is nondestructive, precise, rapid, and inexpensive, while also exactly meeting the need for the uniform control of seed performance in the seed industry to improve crop yield. This study demonstrated a nondestructive method for detecting seed maturity by using the single-kernel near-infrared spectroscopy (SK-NIRS) technique. The results showed that five classes of cucumber seeds with different maturation levels can be distinguished successfully. A tree-structured hierarchical classification strategy consisting of one soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) model and three partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were proposed ending up with 99.69% of the overall classification accuracy and 0.9961 of Cohen’s kappa in the test set, and its predictive performance was superior to both SIMCA and PLS-DA for direct multiclass classification. SK-NIRS in combination with a multiclass hierarchical classification strategy was proved to be both intuitive and efficient in classifying cucumber seeds according to maturation levels.
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31
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Tausch S, Leipold M, Reisch C, Poschlod P. Dormancy and endosperm presence influence the ex situ conservation potential in central European calcareous grassland plants. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz035. [PMID: 31528324 PMCID: PMC6735842 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of plant species under ex situ conditions in seed banks strongly depends on seed longevity. However, detailed knowledge on this seed ecological aspect is limited and comparative studies from central European habitats are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the seed longevity of 39 calcareous grassland species in order to assess the prospects of ex situ storage of seeds originating from a single, strongly threatened habitat. Seed longevity (p 50 ) was determined by artificially ageing the seeds under rapid ageing conditions (45 °C and 60 % eRH (equilibrium relative humidity)), testing for germination and calculating survival curves. We consulted seed and germination traits that are expected to be related to seed longevity. P 50 values strongly varied within calcareous grassland species. The p 50 values ranged between 3.4 and 282.2 days. We discovered significantly positive effects of physical dormancy and endosperm absence on p 50 . Physiological dormancy was associated to comparatively short longevity. These relationships remained significant when accounting for phylogenetic effects. Seed mass, seed shape, and seed coat thickness were not associated with longevity. We therefore recommend more frequent viability assessments of stored endospermic, non-physically and physiologically dormant seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tausch
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Leipold
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Reisch
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Dalziell EL, Funnekotter B, Mancera RL, Merritt DJ. Seed storage behaviour of tropical members of the aquatic basal angiosperm genus Nymphaea L. (Nymphaeaceae). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz021. [PMID: 31093328 PMCID: PMC6510139 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen native species of Nymphaea (waterlilies) inhabit a range of freshwater wetlands in northern Australia, which are threatened by increased development and the potential impacts of climate change. To investigate conservation seed banking of these vulnerable species, we aimed to characterize their seed storage physiology by determining (i) seed desiccation tolerance and (ii) the effects of moisture content and storage temperature on seed germination and viability. Seeds of N. immutabilis, N. lukei, N. macrosperma and N. violacea (including multiple collections of three species) were placed in experimental storage at a range of temperatures (25°C, 5°C, -20°C and -190°C) following pre-equilibration at different RHs (15%, 30%, 50%, 70% or 95%). Seeds were also experimentally aged at 60% RH and 45°C to assess comparative longevity. We found seeds of all species to be desiccation tolerant. However, the responses of seeds to experimental storage conditions were complex and variable between species and collections of the same species, and seeds of many species/collections were short-lived across many of the storage treatments. In many cases decreasing storage temperature did not increase longevity. Additional protocol development is necessary before we can have confidence that ex situ seed banking is a viable long-term germplasm conservation strategy for Nymphaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Dalziell
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Bryn Funnekotter
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA, Australia
| | - David J Merritt
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Mattana E, Gomez-Barreiro P, Lötter M, Hankey AJ, Froneman W, Mamatsharaga A, Wilkin P, Ulian T. Morphological and functional seed traits of the wild medicinal plant Dioscorea strydomiana, the most threatened yam in the world. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:515-522. [PMID: 30076674 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphological and functional seed traits have important roles in characterising the species regeneration niche and help to understand the reproductive biology of rare and threatened plants, which can thus support appropriate plant conservation measures. Seed morphometric and dispersal kinetics of the critically endangered Dioscorea strydomiana were measured and compared with those of four other Dioscorea species, and seed germination response under constant temperatures (5-35 °C) was compared with that of the congeneric and widespread D. sylvatica. Seed mass of D. strydomiana (ca. 14 mg) was twice that of D. sylvatica, but similar to or smaller than the other species examined. Seeds of D. strydomiana have the lowest speed of descent and lowest variability in most of the morphological traits considered, suggesting lower phenotypic plasticity but higher variance in the wing-loading value. Seeds of D. strydomiana reached maximum germination at 15 °C (ca. 47%), which decreased slightly to ca. 37% at 25 °C and was completely inhibited at 35 °C. D. sylvatica seeds started to germinate at 10 °C (ca. 3%), reached 75-80% germination at 15-20 °C and maximum (ca. 90%) at 25-30 °C. Base temperatures for germination (Tb ) were 9.3 and 5.7 °C, for D. strydomiana and D. sylvatica, respectively. Due to the higher germination percentages of D. sylvatica, ceiling and optimum temperatures could also be modelled for this species, suggesting higher sensitivity to high temperature for seeds of D. strydomiana. The detected poor seed lot quality of D. strydomiana suggests difficulties in reproduction from seed, highlighting the need for further investigation and conservation actions for this threatened yam species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mattana
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - P Gomez-Barreiro
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - M Lötter
- Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Lydenburg, South Africa
| | - A J Hankey
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, Wilropark, South Africa
| | - W Froneman
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Lowveld National Botanical Garden, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - A Mamatsharaga
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Lowveld National Botanical Garden, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - P Wilkin
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - T Ulian
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
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34
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Morgan JW, Salmon KL. Message in a bottle: Inadvertent loss of seeds of native grassland species as a result of rudimentary long‐term storage. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Ballesteros D, Pence VC. Survival and growth of embryo axes of temperate trees after two decades of cryo-storage. Cryobiology 2019; 88:110-113. [PMID: 31022387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid nitrogen (LN) storage is recommended for conserving plants with seeds for which standard seed banking is not feasible, but there are few empirical reports confirming its long-term effectiveness. In this study we evaluated in vitro viability and ex vitro growth of embryo axes of a species that is short-lived in seed bank conditions (Juglans nigra) and two recalcitrant seeded species (Aesculus hippocastanum and A. glabra) that were stored 11-23 years in LN. Viability of J. nigra axes did not decrease significantly after 23 years and produced normal-appearing plantlets. Similarly, viability of A. hippocastanum axes did not decrease after 23 years. However, A. glabra axes showed a significant decline in viability after 23 years, from 80% when freshly harvested to 33%. These results demonstrate that LN storage can preserve embryo axes of J. nigra and Aesculus sp. for over two decades, providing a workable conservation tool for these and similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ballesteros
- Center for Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.
| | - Valerie C Pence
- Center for Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
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Chapman T, Miles S, Trivedi C. Capturing, protecting and restoring plant diversity in the UK: RBG Kew and the Millennium Seed Bank. PLANT DIVERSITY 2019; 41:124-131. [PMID: 31193132 PMCID: PMC6520460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ seed banking is a practical and cost-effective means of preserving wild plant diversity and a crucial complement to the in situ conservation and restoration of species and habitats. As pressures on the natural environment have grown, so has the call for seed banks to provide scientifically-robust, practical solutions to seed-related problems in nature conservation, from single-species recovery and reintroduction to the restoration of complex, dynamic communities at the largest scales. In this paper, we discuss how the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and its Millennium Seed Bank have responded to this call in the United Kingdom. We demonstrate that banked seed collections can provide a range of otherwise-unavailable, high quality, known-origin, genetically-diverse biological materials. The data, expertise and specialist facilities that accompany these collections are also valuable, helping overcome constraints to the collection, production and effective use of native seed. Challenges remain - to ensure ex situ collections protect the species and genetic diversity that will enable plants to adapt to a changing environment, and to find new ways for seed banks to mobilise their resources at a landscape scale.
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Ku JJ, Han SH, Kim DH. Extended Low Temperature and Cryostorage Longevity of Salix Seeds with Desiccation Control. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:1-11. [PMID: 33817131 PMCID: PMC7874817 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salix xerophila, S. maximowiczii, and S. koreensis are species of willow native to Korea that are important for bioenergy production. However, the native range of these species has narrowed in recent years due to the impact of climate change. Seeds of these Salix species lose viability within 4 weeks at ambient temperature, and within 4 months at -4°C. Preservation techniques are urgently needed to protect these valuable resources. The effects of seed water content (SWC; 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 18%, and 24%) and temperature (ambient, 4°C, -18°C, -80°C, and -196°C) on storage stability were investigated for up to 48, 52, or 60 months, depending on species. Optimal storage temperature and SWC varied between species. S. xerophila seed could be stored without deterioration for 60 months with 9% SWC at -80°C, but rapidly lost viability when stored at -18°C. In S. maximowiczii and S. koreensis, 100% and 90% of normal germination, respectively, was maintained with 18% SWC at -18°C or -80°C. Thus, for some Salix species, storage at -18 and -80°C may provide an economical alternative to cryopreservation or medium-term storage for the maintenance of seedbanks or breeding stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Jung Ku
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Sim Hee Han
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Resources Industry, Dong-A University, Busan49315, Republic of Korea, E-mail:
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Saatkamp A, Cochrane A, Commander L, Guja LK, Jimenez-Alfaro B, Larson J, Nicotra A, Poschlod P, Silveira FAO, Cross AT, Dalziell EL, Dickie J, Erickson TE, Fidelis A, Fuchs A, Golos PJ, Hope M, Lewandrowski W, Merritt DJ, Miller BP, Miller RG, Offord CA, Ooi MKJ, Satyanti A, Sommerville KD, Tangney R, Tomlinson S, Turner S, Walck JL. A research agenda for seed-trait functional ecology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1764-1775. [PMID: 30269352 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches have improved our understanding of plant evolution, community assembly and ecosystem functioning. A major challenge for the upcoming decades is to understand the functions and evolution of early life-history traits, across levels of organization and ecological strategies. Although a variety of seed traits are critical for dispersal, persistence, germination timing and seedling establishment, only seed mass has been considered systematically. Here we suggest broadening the range of morphological, physiological and biochemical seed traits to add new understanding on plant niches, population dynamics and community assembly. The diversity of seed traits and functions provides an important challenge that will require international collaboration in three areas of research. First, we present a conceptual framework for a seed ecological spectrum that builds upon current understanding of plant niches. We then lay the foundation for a seed-trait functional network, the establishment of which will underpin and facilitate trait-based inferences. Finally, we anticipate novel insights and challenges associated with incorporating diverse seed traits into predictive evolutionary ecology, community ecology and applied ecology. If the community invests in standardized seed-trait collection and the implementation of rigorous databases, major strides can be made at this exciting frontier of functional ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Saatkamp
- Aix Marseille Université, Université d'Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Facultés St Jérôme, case 421, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Cochrane
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Science and Conservation, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley, WA, 6983, Australia
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lucy Commander
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lydia K Guja
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Biodiversity Science Section, Australian National Botanic Gardens, Clunies Ross St, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Borja Jimenez-Alfaro
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC/UO/PA), Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio de Investigación, 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Julie Larson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Adrienne Nicotra
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology & Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adam T Cross
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Emma L Dalziell
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - John Dickie
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Todd E Erickson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24-A 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Biodiversity Science Section, Australian National Botanic Gardens, Clunies Ross St, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Peter J Golos
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Hope
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Atlas of Living Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David J Merritt
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ben P Miller
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russell G Miller
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Catherine A Offord
- The Australian Plant Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mount Annan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - Mark K J Ooi
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Annisa Satyanti
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Biodiversity Science Section, Australian National Botanic Gardens, Clunies Ross St, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Center for Plant Conservation, Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda, Bogor, West Java, 16001, Indonesia
| | - Karen D Sommerville
- The Australian Plant Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mount Annan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - Ryan Tangney
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Shane Turner
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park Science, 1 Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jeffrey L Walck
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
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Bordoni L, Fedeli D, Nasuti C, Maggi F, Papa F, Wabitsch M, De Caterina R, Gabbianelli R. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Nigella sativa Oil in Human Pre-Adipocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8020051. [PMID: 30823525 PMCID: PMC6406245 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The oil obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa), also known as black cumin, is frequently used in the Mediterranean area for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the oil extracted from seeds of a N. sativa cultivar produced in the Marche region of Italy, and to determine if the thymoquinone content, antioxidant properties, and biological activity would decay during storage. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of N. sativa oil were tested in an in vitro model of low-grade inflammation in Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome human pre-adipocytes. The fresh extracted oil (FEO) contained 33% more thymoquinone than stored extracted oil (SEO), demonstrating that storage affects its overall quality. In addition, the thymoquinone content in the N. sativa oil from the Marche region cultivar was higher compared with other N. sativa oils produced in the Middle East and in other Mediterranean regions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., Interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) were differently modulated by fresh and stored extracts from N. sativa oils: FEO, containing more thymoquinone reduced IL-6 levels significantly, while SEO inhibited IL-1beta and had a higher antioxidant activity. Total antioxidant activity, reported as µM of Trolox, was 11.273 ± 0.935 and 6.103 ± 0.446 for SEO and FEO (p = 1.255 × 10−7), respectively, while mean values of 9.895 ± 0.817 (SEO) and 4.727 ± 0.324 (FEO) were obtained with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay (p = 2.891 × 10−14). In conclusion, the oil capacity to counteract proinflammatory cytokine production does not strictly depend on the thymoquinone content, but also on other antioxidant components of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Donatella Fedeli
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Nasuti
- Unit of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Papa
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
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40
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Ballesteros D, Hill LM, Lynch RT, Pritchard HW, Walters C. Longevity of Preserved Germplasm: The Temperature Dependency of Aging Reactions in Glassy Matrices of Dried Fern Spores. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:376-392. [PMID: 30398653 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the temperature dependency of the aging rate in dry cells over a broad temperature range encompassing the fluid to solid transition (Tg) and well below. Spores from diverse species of eight families of ferns were stored at temperatures ranging from +45�C to approximately -176�C (vapor phase above liquid nitrogen), and viability was monitored periodically for up to 4,300 d (∼12 years). Accompanying measurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provide insights into structural changes that occur, such as Tg between +45 and -20�C (depending on moisture), and triacylglycerol (TAG) crystallization between -5 and -35�C (depending on species). We detected aging even at cryogenic temperatures, which we consider analogous to unscheduled degradation of pharmaceuticals stored well below Tg caused by a shift in the nature of molecular motions that dominate chemical reactivity. We occasionally observed faster aging of spores stored at -18�C (conventional freezer) compared with 5�C (refrigerator), and linked this with mobility and crystallization within TAGs, which probably influences molecular motion of dried cytoplasm in a narrow temperature range. Temperature dependency of longevity was remarkably similar among diverse fern spores, despite widely disparate aging rates; this provides a powerful tool to predict deterioration of germplasm preserved in the solid state. Future work will increase our understanding of molecular organization and composition contributing to differences in longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ballesteros
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Lisa M Hill
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan T Lynch
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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41
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Takenaka S, Yamamoto R, Nakamura C. Differential and interactive effects of cytoplasmic substitution and seed ageing on submergence stress response in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1549960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Takenaka
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamamoto
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nakamura
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
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42
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Wyse SV, Dickie JB, Willis KJ. Seed banking not an option for many threatened plants. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:848-850. [PMID: 30390079 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Wyse
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK.
- The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand.
| | - John B Dickie
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Katherine J Willis
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Oxford Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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43
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Whitehouse KJ, Owoborode OF, Adebayo OO, Oyatomi OA, Olaniyan AB, Abberton MT, Hay FR. Further Evidence That the Genebank Standards for Drying Orthodox Seeds May Not Be Optimal for Subsequent Seed Longevity. Biopreserv Biobank 2018; 16:327-336. [PMID: 30325666 PMCID: PMC6204563 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximizing seed longevity is important for genebanks to efficiently manage their accessions, reducing the frequency of costly regeneration cycles and the loss of genetic integrity. Research on rice seeds has shown that subsequent longevity in air-dry storage can be improved by drying seeds, which are metabolically active at harvest (moisture contents above a critical value close to 16.5%), for an initial period at a higher temperature (40°C-60°C) than that currently recommended by the current genebank standards (5°C-20°C). The aim of this study was to test whether similar benefits could be achieved in two legume species-cowpea and soya bean-by drying freshly harvested seeds, from two separate harvests, at 40°C and 35% relative humidity, for up to 8 days before equilibrium drying in a drying room (17°C and 15% relative humidity). Improvements in longevity were observed in three of the four accessions of soya bean, with the greatest improvement generally occurring after the maximum duration (8 days) at the higher temperature. However, of the five accessions of cowpea, only seeds of TVu-9698 and TVu-13209 from the first harvest, and of TVu-13193 from the second harvest, showed an improvement in longevity compared with drying following the standard protocol. A negative effect of high-temperature drying was also observed in one accession of cowpea, TVu-11980, but only in seeds harvested later in the season, 13 weeks after planting. This research not only provides evidence of the potential benefits of drying orthodox seeds at an alternative, higher, temperature instead of at the conventional lower temperature, before long-term storage, but also raises awareness of how genebanks can improve the management of their accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Whitehouse
- T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | | | | | - Olaniyi A. Oyatomi
- Genetic Resources Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Michael T. Abberton
- Genetic Resources Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fiona R. Hay
- T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
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44
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Kim DH. Extending Populus seed longevity by controlling seed moisture content and temperature. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203080. [PMID: 30142186 PMCID: PMC6108527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The poplar species Populus davidiana and P. koreana are widely grown in plantations and as biofuel resources, but little is known about ex-situ seed conservation in poplar. To identify the optimal long-term seed storage conditions for these species, we evaluated the viability of seeds with different seed water contents (SWCs) at various storage temperatures and time periods. P. davidiana seeds with <6% SWC could be stored at room temperature (RT) for 4 weeks, while P. koreana seeds showed no storability at RT. P. davidiana seeds with 3% SWC showed 74% viability after 36 months of storage at 4°C, while those with 9-18% SWC showed >89% viability after 48 months of storage at -18°C. Long-term storage at -80°C was best for P. davidiana seeds with a wide range of SWCs (3-24%), with 91-98% of normal germination after 48 months of storage. However, the normal germination of P. koreana seeds with 3-24% SWC declined to <20% after 36 months of storage, even at -18°C and -80°C. No significant difference was observed between seeds immersed vs. not immersed in liquid nitrogen for both species. Our findings increase the possibility for long-term seed conservation for both Populus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Resources Industry, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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45
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Madliger CL, Love OP, Hultine KR, Cooke SJ. The conservation physiology toolbox: status and opportunities. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy029. [PMID: 29942517 PMCID: PMC6007632 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For over a century, physiological tools and techniques have been allowing researchers to characterize how organisms respond to changes in their natural environment and how they interact with human activities or infrastructure. Over time, many of these techniques have become part of the conservation physiology toolbox, which is used to monitor, predict, conserve, and restore plant and animal populations under threat. Here, we provide a summary of the tools that currently comprise the conservation physiology toolbox. By assessing patterns in articles that have been published in 'Conservation Physiology' over the past 5 years that focus on introducing, refining and validating tools, we provide an overview of where researchers are placing emphasis in terms of taxa and physiological sub-disciplines. Although there is certainly diversity across the toolbox, metrics of stress physiology (particularly glucocorticoids) and studies focusing on mammals have garnered the greatest attention, with both comprising the majority of publications (>45%). We also summarize the types of validations that are actively being completed, including those related to logistics (sample collection, storage and processing), interpretation of variation in physiological traits and relevance for conservation science. Finally, we provide recommendations for future tool refinement, with suggestions for: (i) improving our understanding of the applicability of glucocorticoid physiology; (ii) linking multiple physiological and non-physiological tools; (iii) establishing a framework for plant conservation physiology; (iv) assessing links between environmental disturbance, physiology and fitness; (v) appreciating opportunities for validations in under-represented taxa; and (vi) emphasizing tool validation as a core component of research programmes. Overall, we are confident that conservation physiology will continue to increase its applicability to more taxa, develop more non-invasive techniques, delineate where limitations exist, and identify the contexts necessary for interpretation in captivity and the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Madliger
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver P Love
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N. Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Cremon T, Dresch DM, Scalon SPQ, Masetto TE. Drying and reduction in sensitivity to desiccation of seeds of Alibertia edulis: the influence of fruit ripening stage. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:1481-1491. [PMID: 29898107 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense environmental degradation in tropical regions suitable for agriculture has decreased native forest populations of plants with important fruits and medicinal properties. Alibertia edulis is a native tree from the Brazilian Cerrado. Knowledge about the effects of drying and storage on the physiological behavior of its seeds may aid in its sustainable exploitation and conservation. The goal of the present study was to determine which fruit ripening stage results in A. edulis seeds with higher tolerance to desiccation, and to investigate the effectiveness of polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced osmotic stress in combination with abscisic acid (ABA) in increasing seed desiccation tolerance during storage. Seeds were dried in activated silica gel (fast) or under ambient conditions (slow). Seeds originating from mid-ripe or fully ripe fruits exhibited better physiological performance than those obtained from green fruits. Slow drying resulted in seeds with high physiological potential. Seeds may be stored for up to 180 days without losing viability when treated with -0.73 MPa PEG without ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cremon
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias/FCA, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados/UFGD, Rodovia Dourados, Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Daiane M Dresch
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias/FCA, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados/UFGD, Rodovia Dourados, Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Silvana P Q Scalon
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias/FCA, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados/UFGD, Rodovia Dourados, Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Tathiana E Masetto
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias/FCA, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados/UFGD, Rodovia Dourados, Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
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Mattana E, Sacande M, Bradamante G, Gomez-Barreiro P, Sanogo S, Ulian T. Understanding biological and ecological factors affecting seed germination of the multipurpose tree Anogeissus leiocarpa. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:602-609. [PMID: 29394528 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) has important economic and cultural value in West Africa as source of wood, dye and medicine. Although this tree is in high demand by local communities, its planting remains limited due to its very low propagation via seed. In this study, X-rays were used to select filled fruits in order to characterise their morphology and seed germination responses to treatment with sulphuric acid and different incubation temperatures. Morphological observations highlighted a straight orthotropous seed structure. The increase in mass detected for both intact and scarified fruits through imbibition tests, as well as morphological observations of fruits soaked in methylene blue solution, confirmed that they are water-permeable, although acid-scarified fruits reached significantly higher mass increment values than intact ones. Acid scarification (10 min soaking in 98% H2 SO4 ) positively affected seed germination rate but not final germination proportions. When intact fruits where incubated at a range of temperatures, no seeds germinated at 10 °C, while maximum seed germination (ca. 80%) was reached at 20 °C. T50 values ranged from a minimum of ca. 12 days at 25 °C to a maximum of ca. 34 days at 15 and 35 °C. A theoretical base temperature for germination (Tb ) of ca. 10 °C and a thermal requirement for 50% germination (S) of ca. 195 °Cd were also identified for intact fruits. The results of this study revealed the seed germination characteristics driven by fruit and seed morphology of this species, which will help in its wider propagation in plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mattana
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - M Sacande
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
- Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - G Bradamante
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - P Gomez-Barreiro
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
| | - S Sanogo
- Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER), Centre Régional de Recherche Agronomique de Sikasso (CRRA), Sikasso, Mali
| | - T Ulian
- Natural Capital and Plant Health Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, UK
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Ensslin A, Van de Vyver A, Vanderborght T, Godefroid S. Ex situ cultivation entails high risk of seed dormancy loss on short-lived wild plant species. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Vanderborght
- Botanic Garden Meise; Meise Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles; Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique; Brussels Belgium
| | - Sandrine Godefroid
- Botanic Garden Meise; Meise Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles; Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique; Brussels Belgium
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Astuti G, Roma-Marzio F, D'Antraccoli M, Bedini G, Carta A, Sebastiani F, Bruschi P, Peruzzi L. Conservation biology of the last Italian population of Cistus laurifolius (Cistaceae): demographic structure, reproductive success and population genetics. NATURE CONSERVATION 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.22.19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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Pereira Lima JJ, Buitink J, Lalanne D, Rossi RF, Pelletier S, da Silva EAA, Leprince O. Molecular characterization of the acquisition of longevity during seed maturation in soybean. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180282. [PMID: 28700604 PMCID: PMC5507495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed longevity, defined as the ability to remain alive during storage, is an important agronomic factor. Poor longevity negatively impacts seedling establishment and consequently crop yield. This is particularly problematic for soybean as seeds have a short lifespan. While the economic importance of soybean has fueled a large number of transcriptome studies during embryogenesis and seed filling, the mechanisms regulating seed longevity during late maturation remain poorly understood. Here, a detailed physiological and molecular characterization of late seed maturation was performed in soybean to obtain a comprehensive overview of the regulatory genes that are potentially involved in longevity. Longevity appeared at physiological maturity at the end of seed filling before maturation drying and progressively doubled until the seeds reached the dry state. The increase in longevity was associated with the expression of genes encoding protective chaperones such as heat shock proteins and the repression of nuclear and chloroplast genes involved in a range of chloroplast activities, including photosynthesis. An increase in the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO)/sucrose ratio together with changes in RFO metabolism genes was also associated with longevity. A gene co-expression network analysis revealed 27 transcription factors whose expression profiles were highly correlated with longevity. Eight of them were previously identified in the longevity network of Medicago truncatula, including homologues of ERF110, HSF6AB, NFXL1 and members of the DREB2 family. The network also contained several transcription factors associated with auxin and developmental cell fate during flowering, organ growth and differentiation. A transcriptional transition occurred concomitant with seed chlorophyll loss and detachment from the mother plant, suggesting the activation of a post-abscission program. This transition was enriched with AP2/EREBP and WRKY transcription factors and genes associated with growth, germination and post-transcriptional processes, suggesting that this program prepares the seed for the dry quiescent state and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Joice Pereira Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Julia Buitink
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - David Lalanne
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Rubiana Falopa Rossi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Olivier Leprince
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
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