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Masenga SK, Liweleya S, Kirabo A. High salt intake and HIV infection on endothelial glycocalyx shedding in salt-sensitive hypertension. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1395885. [PMID: 39081863 PMCID: PMC11286502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1395885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is closely associated with various physiological and pathophysiological events. Significant modification of the endothelial glycocalyx is an early process in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. High dietary salt and HIV infection damages the endothelial glycocalyx causing endothelial dysfunction and increasing the risk for salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The two factors, HIV infection and dietary salt are critical independent predictors of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and often synergize to exacerbate and accelerate disease pathogenesis. Salt-sensitive hypertension is more common among people living with HIV and is associated with risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart attack and even death. However, the underlying mechanisms linking endothelial glycocalyx damage to dietary salt and HIV infection are lacking. Yet, both HIV infection/treatment and dietary salt are closely linked to endothelial glycocalyx damage and development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Moreover, the majority of individuals globally, consume more salt than is recommended and the burden of HIV especially in sub-Sahara Africa is disproportionately high. In this review, we have discussed the missing link between high salt and endothelial glycocalyx shedding in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. We have further elaborated the role played by HIV infection and treatment in modifying endothelial glycocalyx integrity to contribute to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Situmbeko Liweleya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States
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Prakash P, Swami Vetha BS, Chakraborty R, Wenegieme TY, Masenga SK, Muthian G, Balasubramaniam M, Wanjalla CN, Hinton AO, Kirabo A, Williams CR, Aileru A, Dash C. HIV-Associated Hypertension: Risks, Mechanisms, and Knowledge Gaps. Circ Res 2024; 134:e150-e175. [PMID: 38781298 PMCID: PMC11126208 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS. Since the start of the epidemic, HIV/AIDS has been responsible for ≈40 million deaths. Additionally, an estimated 39 million people are currently infected with the virus. HIV-1 primarily infects immune cells, such as CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4+) T lymphocytes (T cells), and as a consequence, the number of CD4+ T cells progressively declines in people living with HIV. Within a span of ≈10 years, HIV-1 infection leads to the systemic failure of the immune system and progression to AIDS. Fortunately, potent antiviral therapy effectively controls HIV-1 infection and prevents AIDS-related deaths. The efficacy of the current antiviral therapy regimens has transformed the outcome of HIV/AIDS from a death sentence to a chronic disease with a prolonged lifespan of people living with HIV. However, antiviral therapy is not curative, is challenged by virus resistance, can be toxic, and, most importantly, requires lifelong adherence. Furthermore, the improved lifespan has resulted in an increased incidence of non-AIDS-related morbidities in people living with HIV including cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, liver disease, bone disease, cancer, and neurological conditions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the cardiovascular comorbidities associated with HIV-1 infection, with a particular focus on hypertension. We also discuss the potential mechanisms known to drive HIV-1-associated hypertension and the knowledge gaps in our understanding of this comorbid condition. Finally, we suggest several directions of future research to better understand the factors, pathways, and mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated hypertension in the post-antiviral therapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Berwin Singh Swami Vetha
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Rajasree Chakraborty
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Tara-Yesomi Wenegieme
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
| | - Gladson Muthian
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | | | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Azeez Aileru
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
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Perkins MV, Joseph S, Dittmer DP, Mackman N. Cardiovascular Disease and Thrombosis in HIV Infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:175-191. [PMID: 36453273 PMCID: PMC10165851 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection has transitioned from an acute, fatal disease to a chronic one managed by antiretroviral therapy. Thus, the aging population of people living with HIV (PLWH) continues to expand. HIV infection results in a dysregulated immune system, wherein CD4+ T cells are depleted, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, disrupting the gut epithelial barrier. Long-term HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation through potentially direct mechanisms caused by viral replication or exposure to viral proteins and indirect mechanisms resulting from increased translocation of microbial products from the intestine or exposure to antiretroviral therapy. Chronic inflammation (as marked by IL [interleukin]-6 and CRP [C-reactive protein]) in PLWH promotes endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. PLWH show significantly increased rates of cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction (risk ratio, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.54-2.08]) and stroke (risk ratio, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.43-4.61]). In addition, PLWH have increased levels of the coagulation biomarker D-dimer and have a two to ten-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared with the general population. Several small clinical trials analyzed the effect of different antithrombotic agents on platelet activation, coagulation, inflammation, and immune cell activation. Although some markers for coagulation were reduced, most agents failed to reduce inflammatory markers in PLWH. More studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms driving inflammation in PLWH to create better therapies for lowering chronic inflammation in PLWH. Such therapies can potentially reduce atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and thrombosis rates in PLWH and thus overall mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V. Perkins
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Joseph
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Martínez-Ayala P, Alanis-Sánchez GA, Álvarez-Zavala M, Sánchez-Reyes K, Ruiz-Herrera VV, Cabrera-Silva RI, González-Hernández LA, Ramos-Becerra C, Cardona-Muñoz E, Andrade-Villanueva JF. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on decreasing arterial stiffness, metabolic profile, vascular and systemic inflammatory cytokines in treatment-naïve HIV: A one-year prospective study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282728. [PMID: 36930649 PMCID: PMC10022802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among people living with HIV (PLH). Non-treated PLH show increased levels of inflammation and biomarkers of vascular activation, and arterial stiffness as a prognostic cardiovascular disease risk factor. We investigated the effect of one year of ART on treatment-naïve HIV(+) individuals on arterial stiffness and inflammatory and vascular cytokines. METHODS We cross-sectionally compared aortic stiffness via tonometry, inflammatory, and vascular serum cytokines on treatment-naïve (n = 20) and HIV (-) (n = 9) matched by age, sex, metabolic profile, and Framingham score. We subsequently followed young, treatment-naïve individuals after 1-year of ART and compared aortic stiffness, metabolic profile, and inflammatory and vascular serum biomarkers to baseline. Inflammatory biomarkers included: hs-CRP, D-Dimer, SAA, sCD163s, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-18, MRP8/14. Vascular cytokines included: myoglobin, NGAL, MPO, Cystatin C, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMP9. RESULTS Treatment-naïve individuals were 34.8 years old, mostly males (95%), and with high smoking prevalence (70%). Baseline T CD4+ was 512±324 cells/mcL. cfPWV was similar between HIV(-) and treatment-naïve (6.8 vs 7.3 m/s; p = 0.16) but significantly decreased after ART (-0.52 m/s; 95% CI -0.87 to -0.16; p0.006). Almost all the determined cytokines were significantly higher compared to controls, except for MCP-1, myoglobin, NGAL, cystatin C, and MMP-9. At follow-up, only total cholesterol and triglycerides increased and all inflammatory cytokines significantly decreased. Regarding vascular cytokines, MPO, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 showed a reduction. D-Dimer tended to decrease (p = 0.06) and hs-CRP did not show a significant reduction (p = 0.17). CONCLUSION One year of ART had a positive effect on reducing inflammatory and vascular cytokines and arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martínez-Ayala
- HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde", University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Monserrat Álvarez-Zavala
- Clinical Medicine Department, HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Karina Sánchez-Reyes
- Clinical Medicine Department, HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Vida Verónica Ruiz-Herrera
- HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde", University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Ismael Cabrera-Silva
- Clinical Medicine Department, HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Luz Alicia González-Hernández
- HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde", University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Clinical Medicine Department, HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ramos-Becerra
- Department of Physiology, Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Cardona-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Arterial Stiffness Laboratory, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jaime Federico Andrade-Villanueva
- HIV Unit Department, University Hospital "Fray Antonio Alcalde", University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Clinical Medicine Department, HIV and Immunodeficiencies Research Institute, CUCS-University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Sirtuins as Interesting Players in the Course of HIV Infection and Comorbidities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102739. [PMID: 34685718 PMCID: PMC8534645 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of enzymes from the group of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Through the reaction of splitting the acetyl group of various transcription factors and histones they regulate many processes in the organism. The activity of sirtuins is linked to metabolic control, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and they also affect the course of viral infections. For this reason, they may participate in the pathogenesis and development of many diseases, but little is known about their role in the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is the subject of this review. In the course of HIV infection, comorbidities such as: neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, lipid disorders and cardiovascular diseases, renal and bone diseases developed more frequently and faster compared to the general population. The role of sirtuins in the development of accompanying diseases in the course of HIV infection may also be interesting. There is still a lack of detailed information on this subject. The role of sirtuins, especially SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6, are indicated to be of great importance in the course of HIV infection and the development of the abovementioned comorbidities.
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6
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HIV Associated Preeclampsia: A Multifactorial Appraisal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179157. [PMID: 34502066 PMCID: PMC8431090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This review explores angiogenesis, vascular dysfunction, the complement system, RAAS, apoptosis and NETosis as potential pathways that are dysregulated during preeclampsia, HIV infection and ART usage. Results: HIV-1 accessory and matrix proteins are protagonists for the elevation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and elevation of adhesion markers. Despite the immunodeficiency during HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 exploits our cellular defence arsenal by escaping cell-mediated lysis, yet HIV-1 infectivity is enhanced via C5a release of TNF-α and IL-6. This review demonstrates that PE is an oxidatively stressed microenvironment associated with increased apoptosis and NETosis, but with a decline in angiogenesis. Immune reconstitution in the duality of HIV-1 and PE by protease inhibitors, HAART and nucleoside reverse transcriptase, affect similar cellular pathways that eventuate in loss of endothelial cell integrity and, hence, its dysfunction. Conclusions: HIV-1 infection, preeclampsia and ARTs differentially affect endothelial cell function. In the synergy of both conditions, endothelial dysfunction predominates. This knowledge will help us to understand the effect of HIV infection and ART on immune reconstitution in preeclampsia.
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Phoswa WN. The Role of HIV Infection in the Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:613930. [PMID: 34055923 PMCID: PMC8149620 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.613930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Review: The main objective of this study is to investigate mechanisms associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in HIV infected pregnant women by looking how placental hormones such as (progesterone and prolactin) and basic haemostatic parameters are regulated in HIV infected pregnancies. Recent Findings: HIV/AIDS are a major global obstetric health burden that lead to increased rate of morbidity and mortality. HIV/AIDS has been associated with the pathophysiology of GDM and HDP. Increased risk of GDM due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) usage has been reported in HIV infected pregnancies, which causes insulin resistance in both pregnant and non-pregnant individuals. HAART is a medication used for lowering maternal antepartum viral load and pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis of the infant. In pregnant women, HAART induces diabetogenic effect by causing dysregulation of placental hormones such as (progesterone and prolactin) and predispose HIV infected women to GDM. In addition to HIV/AIDS and GDM, Studies have indicated that HIV infection causes haemostatic abnormalities such as hematological disorder, deregulated haematopoiesis process and the coagulation process which results in HDP. Summary: This study will help on improving therapeutic management and understanding of the pathophysiology of GDM and HDP in the absence as well as in the presence of HIV infection by reviewing studies reporting on these mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy N Phoswa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Science Campus, Florida, South Africa
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8
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Chen YF, Stampley JE, Irving BA, Dugas TR. Chronic Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Disrupt Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Promote Premature Endothelial Senescence. Toxicol Sci 2020; 172:445-456. [PMID: 31545371 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the life expectancy of HIV patients, thus increasing the number of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are now one of the most prevalent causes of death among PLWH. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the backbone of cART, and the emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) coformulation is commonly used. In prior studies, acute NRTI treatment-induced endothelial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species production, and mitophagic activity, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may be critical to NRTI-induced endothelial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a causal role in endothelial senescence, whereas premature endothelial senescence can promote the development of CVD. We hypothesize that for chronic NRTI treatment, a disruption in mitochondrial homeostasis leads to premature endothelial senescence and predisposes PLWH to CVD. We used human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and HIV-1 transgenic (Tg26) mice to test the interrelationship between mitochondrial and vascular dysfunction after chronic NRTI treatment in vitro and in vivo. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was decreased in late-passage HAEC treated with NRTIs, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase accumulation was elevated. In late-passage HAEC, NRTIs decreased the activity of Parkin-mediated mitophagy. In Tg26 mice treated with FTC, plasma nitrite levels were decreased. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in NRTI-treated Tg26 mice was also reduced. Our work suggests that long-term use of NRTI may disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis, induce premature endothelial senescence, and impair vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Chen
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - James E Stampley
- College of Human Sciences and Education, LSU School of Kinesiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Brian A Irving
- College of Human Sciences and Education, LSU School of Kinesiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70808
| | - Tammy R Dugas
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
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Almodovar S, Wade BE, Porter KM, Smith JM, Lopez-Astacio RA, Bijli K, Kang BY, Cribbs SK, Guidot DM, Molehin D, McNair BK, Pumarejo-Gomez L, Perez Hernandez J, Salazar EA, Martinez EG, Huang L, Kessing CF, Suarez-Martinez EB, Pruitt K, Hsue PY, Tyor WR, Flores SC, Sutliff RL. HIV X4 Variants Increase Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase in the Pulmonary Microenvironment and are associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11696. [PMID: 32678115 PMCID: PMC7366722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is overrepresented in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH). HIV protein gp120 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HIV-PAH. Genetic changes in HIV gp120 determine viral interactions with chemokine receptors; specifically, HIV-X4 viruses interact with CXCR4 while HIV-R5 interact with CCR5 co-receptors. Herein, we leveraged banked samples from patients enrolled in the NIH Lung HIV studies and used bioinformatic analyses to investigate whether signature sequences in HIV-gp120 that predict tropism also predict PAH. Further biological assays were conducted in pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro and in HIV-transgenic rats. We found that significantly more persons living with HIV-PAH harbor HIV-X4 variants. Multiple HIV models showed that recombinant gp120-X4 as well as infectious HIV-X4 remarkably increase arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) expression. ALOX5 is essential for the production of leukotrienes; we confirmed that leukotriene levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients. This is the first report associating HIV-gp120 genotype to a pulmonary disease phenotype, as we uncovered X4 viruses as potential agents in the pathophysiology of HIV-PAH. Altogether, our results allude to the supplementation of antiretroviral therapy with ALOX5 antagonists to rescue patients with HIV-X4 variants from fatal PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn Almodovar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Brandy E Wade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristi M Porter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Justin M Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert A Lopez-Astacio
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico in Ponce, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Kaiser Bijli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Sushma K Cribbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Deborah Molehin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bryan K McNair
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Pumarejo-Gomez
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jaritza Perez Hernandez
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ethan A Salazar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Edgar G Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cari F Kessing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Tyor
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonia C Flores
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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10
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Yu X, Shang H, Jiang Y. ICAM-1 in HIV infection and underlying mechanisms. Cytokine 2019; 125:154830. [PMID: 31491723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a glycoprotein that participates in inflammatory and immune responses. Both cell surface and soluble ICAM-1 are significantly increased during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and ICAM-1 has important functions in promoting inflammatory responses and enhancing HIV infectivity; however, a comprehensive summary these roles has yet to be elaborated. In this review we describe the general biological characteristics of ICAM-1, its association with HIV disease progression and promotion of HIV production, mechanisms inducing upregulation of ICAM-1, and possible intervention strategies, representing important insights in the context of HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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11
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Maloberti A, Vallerio P, Triglione N, Occhi L, Panzeri F, Bassi I, Pansera F, Piccinelli E, Peretti A, Garatti L, Palazzini M, Sun J, Grasso E, Giannattasio C. Vascular Aging and Disease of the Large Vessels: Role of Inflammation. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2019; 26:175-182. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-019-00318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Hijmans JG, Stockleman K, Reiakvam W, Levy MV, Brewster LM, Bammert TD, Greiner JJ, Connick E, DeSouza CA. Effects of HIV-1 gp120 and tat on endothelial cell sensescence and senescence-associated microRNAs. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13647. [PMID: 29595877 PMCID: PMC5875545 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine, in vitro, the effects of X4 and R5 HIV‐1 gp120 and Tat on: (1) endothelial cell senescence and (2) endothelial cell microRNA (miR) expression. Endothelial cells were treated with media without and with: R5 gp120 (100 ng/mL), X4 gp120 (100 ng/mL), or Tat (500 ng/mL) for 24 h and stained for senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal). Cell expression of miR‐34a, miR‐217, and miR‐146a was determined by RT‐PCR. X4 and R5 gp120 and Tat significantly increased (~100%) cellular senescence versus control. X4 gp120 significantly increased cell expression of miR‐34a (1.60 ± 0.04 fold) and miR‐217 (1.52 ± 0.18), but not miR‐146a (1.25 ± 0.32). R5 gp120 significantly increased miR‐34a (1.23 ± 0.07) and decreased miR‐146a (0.56 ± 0.07). Tat significantly increased miR‐34a (1.49 ± 0.16) and decreased miR‐146a (0.55 ± 0.23). R5 and Tat had no effect on miR‐217 (1.05 ± 0.13 and 1.06 ± 0.24; respectively). HIV‐1 gp120 (X4 and R5) and Tat promote endothelial cell senescence and dysregulation of senescence‐associated miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G Hijmans
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kelly Stockleman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Whitney Reiakvam
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Ma'ayan V Levy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Lillian M Brewster
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Tyler D Bammert
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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13
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Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020294. [PMID: 30642080 PMCID: PMC6358897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that ritonavir (RTV), a highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) drug, can cause endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress. Several antioxidants including ginsenoside Rb1, a compound with antioxidant effect, can effectively block this side effect of RTV in endothelial cells. In the current study, we explored a mechanism by which ginsenoside Rb1 could protect these cells via binding of estrogen receptors (ERs). We found that several human endothelial cell lines differentially expressed ER-β and had very low levels of ER-α. RTV treatment significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the expression of endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in HUVECs, while Rb1 effectively blocked these effects of RTV. These effects of Rb1 were effectively inhibited by silencing ER-β, indicating that ginsenoside Rb1 requires ER-β for its antioxidant activity in inhibiting the deleterious effect of RTV in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, Rb1 specifically activated ER-β transactivation activity by ER-β luciferase reporter assay. Rb1 competitively bound to ER-β, which was determined by the high sensitive fluorescent polarization assay.
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14
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Deciphering Endothelial Dysfunction in the HIV-Infected Population. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:193-215. [PMID: 30919339 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), as a possible consequence of endothelial dysfunction, is prevalent among HIV-infected patients despite successful administration of antiretroviral drugs. This warrants the routine clinical assessment of endothelial function in HIV-positive patients to circumvent potential CVD events. Several different non-invasive strategies have been employed to assess endothelial function in clinical research studies yielding inconsistencies among these reports. This review summarises the different techniques used for assessing endothelial function, with a focus on proposed blood-based biomarkers, such as endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), TNF-α, interleukin 6 (IL6) and soluble thrombomodulin (sTM). The identification of suitable blood-based biomarkers, especially those that can be measured using a point-of-care device, would be more applicable in under-resourced countries where the prevalence of HIV is high.
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Anand AR, Rachel G, Parthasarathy D. HIV Proteins and Endothelial Dysfunction: Implications in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:185. [PMID: 30619892 PMCID: PMC6305718 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a dramatic decrease in viral burden and opportunistic infections and an increase in life expectancy has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. However, it is now clear that HIV- infected individuals have enhanced susceptibility to non-AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)-related complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVDs such as atherosclerosis have become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV infection. Though studies indicate that ART itself may increase the risk to develop CVD, recent studies suggest a more important role for HIV infection in contributing to CVD independently of the traditional risk factors. Endothelial dysfunction triggered by HIV infection has been identified as a critical link between infection, inflammation/immune activation, and atherosclerosis. Considering the inability of HIV to actively replicate in endothelial cells, endothelial dysfunction depends on both HIV-encoded proteins as well as inflammatory mediators released in the microenvironment by HIV-infected cells. Indeed, the HIV proteins, gp120 (envelope glycoprotein) and Tat (transactivator of transcription), are actively secreted into the endothelial cell micro-environment during HIV infection, while Nef can be actively transferred onto endothelial cells during HIV infection. These proteins can have significant direct effects on the endothelium. These include a range of responses that contribute to endothelial dysfunction, including enhanced adhesiveness, permeability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress as well as activation of cytokine secretion. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interactions of HIV, specifically its proteins with endothelial cells and its implications in cardiovascular disease. We analyze recent in vitro and in vivo studies examining endothelial dysfunction in response to HIV proteins. Furthermore, we discuss the multiple mechanisms by which these viral proteins damage the vascular endothelium in HIV patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HIV protein associated endothelial dysfunction leading to cardiovascular disease is likely to be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appakkudal R Anand
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.,Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Gladys Rachel
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Durgadevi Parthasarathy
- L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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16
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Marincowitz C, Genis A, Goswami N, De Boever P, Nawrot TS, Strijdom H. Vascular endothelial dysfunction in the wake of HIV and ART. FEBS J 2018; 286:1256-1270. [PMID: 30220106 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to increased rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Endothelial dysfunction (loss of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in response to provasodilatory stimuli) constitutes an early pathophysiological event in atherogenesis and CVD. Both HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction; however, conclusions are frequently drawn from associations shown in epidemiological studies. In this narrative review of mainly in vitro and animal studies, we report on the current understanding of how various HIV-1 proteins, HIV-1-induced proinflammatory cytokines and common antiretroviral drugs directly impact vascular endothelial cells. Proposed cellular mechanisms underlying the switch to a dysfunctional state are discussed, including oxidative stress, impaired expression and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and increased expression of vascular adhesion molecules. From the literature, it appears that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, linked to decreased NO bioavailability and ensuing endothelial dysfunction, may be proposed as a putative final common pathway afflicting the vascular endothelium in PLWHA. The HIV-1-proteins Tat, Gp120 and Nef in particular, the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, and the antiretroviral drugs Efavirenz and Lopinavir, most commonly postulated to be primary causal agents of endothelial dysfunction, are also discussed. We conclude that, despite existing evidence from basic research papers, a significant gap remains in terms of the exact underlying cellular mechanisms involved in HIV-1 and ART induced endothelial dysfunction. Bridging this gap could help pave the way for future strategies to prevent and treat early cardiovascular changes in PLWHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marincowitz
- Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amanda Genis
- Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Department of Physiology and Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Centre for Environment and Health, Department for Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Strijdom
- Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mondejar-Parreño G, Morales-Cano D, Barreira B, Callejo M, Ruiz-Cabello J, Moreno L, Esquivel-Ruiz S, Mathie A, Butrous G, Perez-Vizcaino F, Cogolludo A. HIV transgene expression impairs K + channel function in the pulmonary vasculature. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L711-L723. [PMID: 30136611 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00045.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an established risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, the pathogenesis of HIV-related PAH remains unclear. Since K+ channel dysfunction is a common marker in most forms of PAH, our aim was to analyze whether the expression of HIV proteins is associated with impairment of K+ channel function in the pulmonary vascular bed. HIV transgenic mice (Tg26) expressing seven of the nine HIV viral proteins and wild-type (WT) mice were used. Hemodynamic assessment was performed by echocardiography and catheterization. Vascular reactivity was studied in endothelium-intact pulmonary arteries. K+ currents were recorded in freshly isolated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) using the patch-clamp technique. Gene expression was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR. PASMC from Tg26 mice had reduced K+ currents and were more depolarized than those from WT. Whereas voltage-gated K+ channel 1.5 (Kv1.5) currents were preserved, pH-sensitive noninactivating background currents ( IKN) were nearly abolished in PASMC from Tg26 mice. Tg26 mice had reduced lung expression of Kv7.1 and Kv7.4 channels and decreased responses to the Kv7.1 channel activator L-364,373 assessed by vascular reactivity and patch-clamp experimental approaches. Although we found pulmonary vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction in Tg26 mice, this was not accompanied by changes in hemodynamic parameters. In conclusion, the expression of HIV proteins in vivo impairs pH-sensitive IKN and Kv7 currents. This negative impact of HIV proteins in K+ channels was not sufficient to induce PAH, at least in mice, but may play a permissive or accessory role in the pathophysiology of HIV-associated PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Mondejar-Parreño
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
| | - Daniel Morales-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
| | - Bianca Barreira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Callejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales, Donostia- San Sebastián , Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain.,Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sergio Esquivel-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alistair Mathie
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and University of Greenwich , Chatham , United Kingdom
| | - Ghazwan Butrous
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and University of Greenwich , Chatham , United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Perez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
| | - Angel Cogolludo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón , Madrid , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain
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18
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Basic Coagulation Parameters among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5320827. [PMID: 29888267 PMCID: PMC5977028 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5320827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed at assessing the basic coagulation parameters of HIV-infected adults at the University of Gondar Hospital antiretroviral therapy clinic. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2017. A total of 300 study participants, consisting of 100 HAART-naïve HIV-infected adults, 100 HIV-infected adults who were taking HAART, and 100 HIV-seronegative apparently healthy adults, were included. Basic coagulation functional assays such as PT, APTT, and INR were determined by coagulation analyzer. CD4 cells and platelet count were analyzed by FACS count and SYSMEX K-21N automated analyzer, respectively. The data were entered, cleaned, and edited using Epi Info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Kruskal-Wallis H, Dunn-Bonferroni pairwise comparison test, and Spearman's rank-order correlation analysis were used for inferential statistics. The results were expressed by a median and presented in tables. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results PT, APTT, and INR were significantly higher, whereas platelet count was significantly lower in HIV-infected adults (both who were taking HAART and HAART-naïve) than HIV-seronegative adults (P < 0.001). PT and INR were significantly higher, and platelet count was significantly lower in HAART-naïve HIV-infected adults than HIV-infected adults who were taking HAART. In Spearman's rank-order correlation analysis, APTT has shown a significant negative correlation with a CD4 count in HAART-naïve HIV-infected adults. Conclusion HIV-infected adults are more likely to develop coagulation abnormality than HIV-seronegative subjects. Coagulation parameters need to be checked regularly to monitor coagulation disorders in HIV-infected adults.
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19
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Mitrofan CG, Appleby SL, Nash GB, Mallat Z, Chilvers ER, Upton PD, Morrell NW. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and BMP10 enhance tumor necrosis factor-α-induced monocyte recruitment to the vascular endothelium mainly via activin receptor-like kinase 2. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28646109 PMCID: PMC5566526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins 9 and 10 (BMP9/BMP10) are circulating cytokines with important roles in endothelial homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of BMP9 and BMP10 in mediating monocyte-endothelial interactions using an in vitro flow adhesion assay. Herein, we report that whereas BMP9/BMP10 alone had no effect on monocyte recruitment, at higher concentrations both cytokines synergized with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to increase recruitment to the vascular endothelium. The BMP9/BMP10-mediated increase in monocyte recruitment in the presence of TNFα was associated with up-regulated expression levels of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells. Using siRNAs to type I and II BMP receptors and the signaling intermediaries (Smads), we demonstrated a key role for ALK2 in the BMP9/BMP10-induced surface expression of E-selectin, and both ALK1 and ALK2 in the up-regulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. The type II receptors, BMPR-II and ACTR-IIA were both required for this response, as was Smad1/5. The up-regulation of cell surface adhesion molecules by BMP9/10 in the presence of TNFα was inhibited by LDN193189, which inhibits ALK2 but not ALK1. Furthermore, LDN193189 inhibited monocyte recruitment induced by TNFα and BMP9/10. BMP9/10 increased basal IκBα protein expression, but did not alter p65/RelA levels. Our findings suggest that higher concentrations of BMP9/BMP10 synergize with TNFα to induce the up-regulation of endothelial selectins and adhesion molecules, ultimately resulting in increased monocyte recruitment to the vascular endothelium. This process is mediated mainly via the ALK2 type I receptor, BMPR-II/ACTR-IIA type II receptors, and downstream Smad1/5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia-Gabriela Mitrofan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Sarah L Appleby
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Gerard B Nash
- the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Paul D Upton
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
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20
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Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Is Elevated in HIV Infection but Not Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 73:507-513. [PMID: 27509250 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease contributes to excess morbidity and mortality in HIV infection, and endothelial dysfunction may contribute to this pattern. We aimed to determine the endothelial function in treated and untreated HIV-infected individuals and investigate potential associations with viral replication, immune activation, coagulation, platelet function, and subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, marker of endothelial dysfunction) and soluble CD14 (sCD14, marker of monocyte activation) were measured in plasma from two previously established cross-sectional cohorts: cohort A including 50 untreated and 50 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals with previously assessed coagulation and platelet function and cohort B including 105 HIV-infected individuals on ART and 105 uninfected controls with previously assessed coronary artery calcium score, myocardial perfusion defects, and carotid intima-media thickness. RESULTS Concentrations of ADMA were higher in HIV-infected individuals compared with uninfected controls, and higher ADMA was found in ART-treated compared with untreated HIV-infected individuals. ADMA was associated with viral load, sCD14, D-dimer, and low CD4 T-cell count in untreated HIV infection. Only viral load remained significant in multivariate analyses. In ART-treated HIV-infected individuals, ADMA was not associated with coronary artery calcium score, myocardial perfusion defects, or intima-media thickness. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of endothelial dysfunction was found in HIV infection and in untreated compared with treated HIV infection. In untreated HIV infection, the main driver of endothelial dysfunction was viral replication. Importantly, in treated HIV infection, ADMA was not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Thus, our data question the potential of ADMA as a useful biomarker of early atherosclerosis in treated HIV infection.
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Abstract
This study was aimed at exploring the effects of P2X7 receptor on BV2 microglia cell injury induced by glycoprotein gp120 (gp120) and its underlying mechanisms. We used the MTS method to study the influence of different gp120 concentrations on BV2 microglia cells, and to test the degree of cell injury in each gp120 treatment group; quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect the P2X7 mRNA and receptor protein expressions. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the P2X7 receptor expression and P65 NF-κB, respectively. We also measured the content of TNFα, IL-1β, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We found that the cell survival rate generally decreased as gp120 concentration increased, and the cell survival rate of the gp120 + Brilliant Blue G (BBG) group was higher than that of the gp120 group. Western blot and qPCR results showed that the expressions of P2X7 receptor protein and mRNA were positively dose-dependent with gp120 concentration; the results of immunocytochemistry and Western blot showed that the expressions of P2X7 receptor and P65 NF-κB in the gp120 group increased significantly compared to those of the control (Ctrl) group, but those in the gp120+BBG group decreased. Taken together, these results confirmed that the P2X7 receptor is involved in gp120-induced BV2 microglial cell injury and that the underlying mechanism may be associated with the over-activation of microglia caused by P2X7 receptor up-regulation, which leads to abundant release of inflammatory factors which exert toxic effects on the cells.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke compared to uninfected controls. Although traditional risk factors contribute to this increased risk of cardiovascular disease, HIV-specific mechanisms likely also play a role. Systemic inflammation has been linked to cardiovascular disease in several populations suffering from chronic inflammation, including people living with HIV. Although antiretroviral therapy reduces immune activation, levels of inflammatory markers remain elevated compared to uninfected controls. The causes of this sustained immune response are likely multifactorial and incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize the evidence describing the relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular disease and discuss potential anti-inflammatory treatment options for cardiometabolic disease in people living with HIV.
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Prolonged Morphine Exposure Induces Increased Firm Adhesion in an in Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060916. [PMID: 27294916 PMCID: PMC4926449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been defined as a critically important protective barrier that is involved in providing essential biologic, physiologic, and immunologic separation between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Insults to the BBB can cause overall barrier damage or deregulation of the careful homeostasis maintained between the periphery and the CNS. These insults can, therefore, yield numerous phenotypes including increased overall permeability, interendothelial gap formation, alterations in cytokine and chemokine secretion, and accelerated cellular passage. The current studies expose the human brain microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3, to prolonged morphine exposure and aim to uncover the mechanisms underlying alterations in barrier function in vitro. These studies show alterations in the mRNA and protein levels of the cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule that correlate with an increased firm adhesion of the CD3⁺ subpopulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Overall, these studies suggest that prolonged morphine exposure may result in increased cell migration into the CNS, which may accelerate pathological processes in many diseases that involve the BBB.
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Thulasi Raman R, Manimaran D, Rachakatla P, Bharathi K, Afroz T, Sagar R. Study of Basic Coagulation Parameters among HIV Patients in Correlation to CD4 Counts and ART Status. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:EC04-6. [PMID: 27437222 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17459.7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection is known to cause coagulation abnormalities by various mechanism, especially during its late course. AIM The objective of this study was to analyse platelet count, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time among HIV infected patients and to analyse these parameters with respect to their CD4 count and ART status. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case control study was conducted with 120 HIV infected patients and 40 normal individuals. The blood samples were collected after obtaining consent from the subjects. The blood samples were processed for platelet count, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time and CD4 count. The results were tabulated and analysed with statistical package. RESULTS The platelet count was significantly decreased in HIV infected patients compared to controls. Though HIV patients with CD4 count less than 200cells/mm(3) showed a decreased platelet count compared to those with CD4 count greater than 200cells/mm(3), it was not statistically significant. Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) was significantly prolonged in HIV patients, but only aPTT showed significant inverse correlation with CD4 count. None of the parameters showed statistical significance on comparing HIV patients on ART with those not on ART. CONCLUSION Basic coagulation tests like platelet count, PT and especially aPTT can be used as prospective screening test to assess severity in HIV patients in resource limited settings where CD4 count is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thulasi Raman
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute , Ammapettai, Chengalpet Taluk, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Manimaran
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Tagore Medical College and Hospital , Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Rathinamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen Rachakatla
- Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - K Bharathi
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute , Ammapettai, Chengalpet Taluk, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tameem Afroz
- Senior Consultant, Department of Pathology, Aware Global Hospitals , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Radha Sagar
- Head of Department and Senior Consultant, Department of Pathology, Aware Global Hospitals , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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d’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Pavone P, Vittozzi P, De Girolamo G, Schietroma I, Serafino S, Giustini N, Vullo V. What happens to cardiovascular system behind the undetectable level of HIV viremia? AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13:21. [PMID: 27127532 PMCID: PMC4848790 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-016-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the combined antiretroviral therapy has improved the length and quality of life of HIV infected patients, the survival of these patients is always decreased compared with the general population. This is the consequence of non-infectious illnesses including cardio vascular diseases. In fact large studies have indicated an increased risk of coronary atherosclerotic disease, myocardial infarction even in HIV patients on cART. In HIV infected patients several factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular problems: life-style, metabolic parameters, genetic predisposition, viral factors, immune activation, chronic inflammation and side effects of antiretroviral therapy. The same factors may also contribute to complicate the clinical management of these patients. Therefore, treatment of these non-infectious illnesses in HIV infected population is an emerging challenge for physicians. The purpose of this review is to focus on the new insights in non AIDS-related cardiovascular diseases in patients with suppressed HIV viremia.
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Haser GC, Sumpio B. Systemic and cell-specific mechanisms of vasculopathy induced by human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Vasc Surg 2016; 65:849-859. [PMID: 26994951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher rates of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammation that can damage the vascular system compared with the general population. This can be attributed both to HIV itself and to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) they receive. This review outlines the mechanisms by which HIV and HIV medications can cause vascular complications and identifies strategic areas of research to treat these dysfunctions. REVIEW HIV and HAART affect the vascular system through several mechanisms that target systemic or metabolic systems and specific cells. HIV causes dyslipidemia and chronic immune activation, which can contribute to atherosclerosis. In addition, HIV damages macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets, and this damage also plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis. HAART, particularly protease inhibitors, interferes with cholesterol metabolism and can affect macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. The metabolic changes and cell damage induced by HIV and HAART put HIV patients at increased risk for atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and serious cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. CONCLUSIONS HIV patients have increased risk of developing potentially life-threatening cardiovascular pathology, which cannot be explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors alone. More research is needed into therapies to target this HIV-specific vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Haser
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Bauer Sumpio
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
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Tugizov S. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated disruption of mucosal barriers and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS disease. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1159276. [PMID: 27583187 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1159276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral, intestinal and genital mucosal epithelia have a barrier function to prevent paracellular penetration by viral, bacterial and other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight and adherens junctions of mucosal epithelia. HIV-associated disruption of epithelial junctions may also facilitate paracellular penetration and dissemination of other viral pathogens. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Orofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Shahbaz S, Manicardi M, Guaraldi G, Raggi P. Cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: A true or perceived risk? World J Cardiol 2015; 7:633-44. [PMID: 26516417 PMCID: PMC4620074 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After the successful introduction of highly active antiretroviral agents the survival of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developed countries has increased substantially. This has allowed the surfacing of several chronic diseases among which cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prominent. The pathogenesis of CVD in HIV is complex and involves a combination of traditional and HIV related factors. An accurate assessment of risk of CVD in these patients is still elusive and as a consequence the most appropriate preventive and therapeutic interventions remain controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shahbaz
- Shima Shahbaz, Paolo Raggi, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2B7, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcella Manicardi
- Shima Shahbaz, Paolo Raggi, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2B7, Alberta, Canada
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Shima Shahbaz, Paolo Raggi, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2B7, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paolo Raggi
- Shima Shahbaz, Paolo Raggi, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2B7, Alberta, Canada
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Wang T, Yi R, Green LA, Chelvanambi S, Seimetz M, Clauss M. Increased cardiovascular disease risk in the HIV-positive population on ART: potential role of HIV-Nef and Tat. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:279-82. [PMID: 26233281 PMCID: PMC4831910 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), many HIV-infected people die of diseases other than acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In particular, coronary artery disease has emerged as one of most critical complications of HIV infection and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although reportedly antiretroviral combination therapy itself may accelerate atherosclerosis by enhancing dyslipidemia, most recent epidemiological studies support the notion that HIV infection itself contributes to cardiovascular disease. However, it is still a mystery how the virus can contribute to cardiovascular disease development even while suppressed by ARTs. This review discusses the current understanding of interactions between HIV infection and cardiovascular diseases in both clinical and experimental studies with special focus on those viral proteins that are still produced by HIV. This will help infectious disease/vascular biology experts to gain insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of HIV-associated cardiovascular disease and new trends to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ru Yi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Linden Ann Green
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Michael Seimetz
- Medical Clinic II, Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA.
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Basta D, Latinovic O, Lafferty MK, Sun L, Bryant J, Lu W, Caccuri F, Caruso A, Gallo R, Garzino-Demo A. Angiogenic, lymphangiogenic and adipogenic effects of HIV-1 matrix protein p17. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv062. [PMID: 26333571 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis and concurrent angiogenesis are essential in supporting proliferation and survival of AIDS-related lymphomas, which are often metastatic. In vitro studies suggest a candidate angiogienic and lymphangiogenic factor encoded by HIV: the matrix protein p17. p17 accumulates in lymph nodes of patients even when they are undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy. p17 has been found to affect immune cells, and recent data showed that a variant p17, called S75X, induces cell growth by triggering MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. We tested the in vivo angiogenic activity of p17 by injecting it in Matrigel plugs in nude mice. Plugs were retrieved 7 days after injection, and assessed macroscopically, and by light and confocal microscopy. Our data revealed that both reference and S75X variant p17 promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in vivo. Our results suggest that the induction of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by HIV-1 p17 may generate a favorable microenvironment that could trigger tumor growth and maintenance. Moreover, the presence of adipocytes infiltration observed at the histological level suggests a possible interplay between angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and adipogenesis. These findings offer new opportunities for the development of treatment strategies to combat HIV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Basta
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Microbiology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Olga Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark K Lafferty
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lingling Sun
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Microbiology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Robert Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35123, Italy
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Lin S, Nadeau PE, Mergia A. HIV inhibits endothelial reverse cholesterol transport through impacting subcellular Caveolin-1 trafficking. Retrovirology 2015; 12:62. [PMID: 26169283 PMCID: PMC4501058 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to decreased reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in macrophages, and Nef mediated down-regulation and redistribution of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) are identified as key factors for this effect. This may partially explain the increased risk of atherosclerosis in HIV infected individuals. Since endothelial dysfunction is key in the initial stages of atherosclerosis, we sought to determine whether RCT was affected in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Results We found that apoA-I does not significantly stimulate cholesterol efflux in HAECs while cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was dramatically reduced in HAECs co-cultured with HIV infected cells. Studies with wild type and Nef defective HIV revealed no significant differences suggesting that multiple factors are working perhaps in concert with Nef to affect cholesterol efflux to HDL from HAECs. Interestingly, treating HAECs with recombinant Nef showed similar effect in HDL mediated cholesterol efflux as observed in HAECs co-cultured with HIV infected cells. Using a detergent-free based subcellular fractionation approach, we demonstrated that exposure of HAECs to HIV infected cells or Nef alone disrupts caveolin 1 (Cav-1) subcellular trafficking upon HDL stimulation. Moreover, Nef significantly enhanced tyrosine 14 phosphorylation of Cav-1 which may have an impact on recycling of Cav-1 and caveolae. Conclusion These results suggest that HIV interferes with cholesterol efflux by HDL in HAECs through the disruption of Cav-1s’ cellular distribution and that multiple factors are involved, possibly including Nef, for the inhibition of HDL mediated cholesterol efflux and alteration of cellular distribution of Cav-1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0188-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Peter E Nadeau
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Ayalew Mergia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Maloberti A, Dozio D, Betelli M, Bandera A, Squillace N, Gori A, Castoldi G, Stella A, Mancia G, Giannattasio C. Brachial and central blood pressure in HIV-infected subjects. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:405-12. [PMID: 25740293 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HIV infected subjects present an unfavorable cardiovascular (CV) risk profile that is determined by the infection itself, highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and other factors, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Information is scant and contradictory on whether these factors are associated with arterial stiffness and blood pressure (BP) alteration. Our study aimed to evaluate those parameters in HIV-positive subjects both with and without HAART and with and without CKD, which was defined as the presence of microalbuminuria with a normal glomerular filtration rate. We enrolled 94 HIV-infected subjects without known CV risk factors and compared them with 37 control subjects. We recorded brachial and central BP (pulse wave analysis) and pulse wave velocity ( SphygmoCor). HIV-positive subjects of similar ages and with similar BP values showed central pulse pressure values that were significantly greater than those of controls; this was also the case for the Aix value. Central systolic and pulse pressure values and Aix were significantly greater in HIV-positive subjects with HAART and CKD than in the other HIV-positive subgroups and control subjects. PWV was also superimposable between groups when the data were analyzed relative to the presence of HAART and CKD. Our study shows that the unfavorable CV risk profile associated with HIV infection includes an increase in both central BP and Aix. The central BP increase seems to be favored by renal damage, which apparently has a role in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Dozio
- Health Science Department, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Betelli
- Health Science Department, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Squillace
- Infectious Disease Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- 1] Health Science Department, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy [2] Infectious Disease Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanna Castoldi
- 1] Health Science Department, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy [2] Nephrology department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Stella
- 1] Health Science Department, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy [2] Nephrology department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancia
- 1] Health Science Department, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy [2] IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Giannattasio
- 1] Health Science Department, Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy [2] Cardiology IV, 'A. De Gasperis' Department, Niguarda Ca Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The lives of individuals infected with HIV who have access to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are substantially prolonged, which increases the risk of developing non-AIDS comorbidities, including coronary heart disease (CHD). In Europe and the USA, individuals with HIV infection have a ∼1.5-fold increased risk of myocardial infarction relative to uninfected individuals. In Africa, the relative risk of myocardial infarction is unknown, but broadened access to life-extending cART suggests that rates of CHD will rise in this and other resource-constrained regions. Atherogenesis in HIV is affected by complex interactions between traditional and immune risk factors. cART has varied, regimen-specific effects on metabolic risk factors. Overall, cART seems to lessen proatherogenic immune activation, but does not eliminate it even in patients in whom viraemia is suppressed. Current strategies to decrease the risk of CHD in individuals infected with HIV include early initiation of cART regimens with the fewest metabolic adverse effects, and careful management of traditional CHD risk factors throughout treatment. Future strategies to prevent CHD in patients with HIV infection might involve the use of HIV-tailored CHD risk-prediction paradigms and the administration of therapies alongside cART that will further decrease proatherogenic HIV-specific immune activation.
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Green LA, Yi R, Petrusca D, Wang T, Elghouche A, Gupta SK, Petrache I, Clauss M. HIV envelope protein gp120-induced apoptosis in lung microvascular endothelial cells by concerted upregulation of EMAP II and its receptor, CXCR3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L372-82. [PMID: 24318111 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00193.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases, such as pulmonary emphysema, are increasingly recognized complications of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Emphysema in HIV may occur independent of cigarette smoking, via mechanisms that are poorly understood but may involve lung endothelial cell apoptosis induced by the HIV envelope protein gp120. Recently, we have demonstrated that lung endothelial apoptosis is an important contributor to the development of experimental emphysema, via upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokine endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) in the lung. Here we investigated the role of EMAP II and its receptor, CXCR3, in gp120-induced lung endothelial cell apoptosis. We could demonstrate that gp120 induces a rapid and robust increase in cell surface expression of EMAP II and its receptor CXCR3. This surface expression occurred via a mechanism involving gp120 signaling through its CXCR4 receptor and p38 MAPK activation. Both EMAP II and CXCR3 were essentially required for gp120-induced apoptosis and exposures to low gp120 concentrations enhanced the susceptibility of endothelial cells to undergo apoptosis when exposed to soluble cigarette smoke extract. These data indicate a novel mechanism by which HIV infection causes endothelial cell loss involved in lung emphysema formation, independent but potentially synergistic with smoking, and suggest therapeutic targets for emphysema prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden A Green
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
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Probability weighted ensemble transfer learning for predicting interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79606. [PMID: 24260261 PMCID: PMC3832534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of host-pathogen protein interaction networks is of great significance to reveal the underlying microbic pathogenesis. However, the current experimentally-derived networks are generally small and should be augmented by computational methods for less-biased biological inference. From the point of view of computational modelling, data scarcity, data unavailability and negative data sampling are the three major problems for host-pathogen protein interaction networks reconstruction. In this work, we are motivated to address the three concerns and propose a probability weighted ensemble transfer learning model for HIV-human protein interaction prediction (PWEN-TLM), where support vector machine (SVM) is adopted as the individual classifier of the ensemble model. In the model, data scarcity and data unavailability are tackled by homolog knowledge transfer. The importance of homolog knowledge is measured by the ROC-AUC metric of the individual classifiers, whose outputs are probability weighted to yield the final decision. In addition, we further validate the assumption that only the homolog knowledge is sufficient to train a satisfactory model for host-pathogen protein interaction prediction. Thus the model is more robust against data unavailability with less demanding data constraint. As regards with negative data construction, experiments show that exclusiveness of subcellular co-localized proteins is unbiased and more reliable than random sampling. Last, we conduct analysis of overlapped predictions between our model and the existing models, and apply the model to novel host-pathogen PPIs recognition for further biological research.
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Maloberti A, Giannattasio C, Dozio D, Betelli M, Villa P, Nava S, Cesana F, Facchetti R, Giupponi L, Castagna F, Sabbatini F, Bandera A, Gori A, Grassi G, Mancia G. Metabolic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects: prevalence, phenotype, and related alterations in arterial structure and function. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2013; 11:403-11. [PMID: 23885973 DOI: 10.1089/met.2013.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection itself and highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) have been proposed to be associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, but, to date, prevalence and phenotype of metabolic syndrome among HIV subjects and the related structural and functional vascular alterations are not conclusively defined. METHODS We analyzed the data of 108 HIV-infected subjects without known cardiovascular risk factors: 72 were on HAART (group A, age 46.5±7.5 years, clinical blood pressure 125.7/74.9±11.6/7.8 mmHg) and there 36 in a naïve group (group B, age 40.7±7.9 years, blood pressure 126/75.8±9.8/7.7 mmHg). A total of 224 healthy subjects served as controls (group C, age 44.9±6.9 years, blood pressure 123.7/75.7±9.8/7.1 mmHg). Arterial stiffness was measured by aorto-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV, sfigmocor), and carotid intima media thickness (IMT) was measured by a semiautomatic echotracking system (Esaote-WTS). RESULTS Metabolic syndrome was more frequent in HIV-positive subjects than in controls (19.4%, 13.8%, 4.5% for groups A, B, and C; P<0.001), with no significant difference between HAART and naïve. In metabolic syndrome subjects, group A displayed lipid profile alterations more frequently (91%, 50%, 57% for groups A, B, and C; P<0.05), whereas others metabolic syndrome components were equally represented in the three groups. In metabolic syndrome subjects, IMT was similar [556±108, 542±164, and 564±110.4 μm for groups A, B, and C; P=not significant (NS)], whereas PWV was significantly greater in HAART subjects when compared with controls (10.8±1.8, 9.±1.1, 9.3±1 cm/sec for groups A, B, and C; P=0.02 for A vs. C). Moreover, in this group (metabolic syndrome+HAART), PWV was higher than in subjects on HAART but without metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS HIV subjects showed a higher prevalence and a different pattern of metabolic syndrome components. HAART, more than HIV infection per se, appeared to be responsible for the increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome and arterial function derangement.
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Green LA, Kim C, Gupta SK, Rajashekhar G, Rehman J, Clauss M. Pentoxifylline reduces tumor necrosis factor-α and HIV-induced vascular endothelial activation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1207-15. [PMID: 22463742 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Untreated HIV infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease, likely due to both direct effects of the virus and to indirect effects of systemic inflammation on the vasculature. We have recently shown that treatment with the antiinflammatory agent pentoxifylline (PTX) improved in vivo endothelial function and reduced circulating levels of the inflammatory markers vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and interferon-gamma-induced protein (IP-10) in HIV-infected patients. To delineate the mechanisms underlying this therapeutic effect, we tested whether clinically relevant concentrations of PTX suppress VCAM-1 or IP-10 release in cultivated human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Indeed, we found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced VCAM-1 was reduced with concentrations of PTX in the low nanomolar range, comparable to plasma levels in PTX-treated groups. We also investigated the effect of HIV proteins and found that HIV transactivator of transcription (HIV-Tat) and HIV-envelope-derived recombinant gp120 enhanced TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 gene expression in lung microvascular and coronary macrovascular endothelial cells, respectively. In addition, PTX and a NF-κB-specific inhibitor reduced this enhanced VCAM-1 gene induction in microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells. These results provide novel insights in how the antiinflammatory agent PTX can directly reduce HIV-associated proinflammatory endothelial activation, which may underlie vascular dysfunction and coronary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden Ann Green
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chul Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Samir K. Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Section of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Ye T, Zong R, Zhang X. Involvement of interaction between viral VP466 and host tropomyosin proteins in virus infection in shrimp. Gene 2012; 505:254-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mukhopadhyay A, Maulik U, Bandyopadhyay S. A novel biclustering approach to association rule mining for predicting HIV-1-human protein interactions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32289. [PMID: 22539940 PMCID: PMC3335119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of potential viral-host protein interactions is a vital and useful approach towards development of new drugs targeting those interactions. In recent days, computational tools are being utilized for predicting viral-host interactions. Recently a database containing records of experimentally validated interactions between a set of HIV-1 proteins and a set of human proteins has been published. The problem of predicting new interactions based on this database is usually posed as a classification problem. However, posing the problem as a classification one suffers from the lack of biologically validated negative interactions. Therefore it will be beneficial to use the existing database for predicting new viral-host interactions without the need of negative samples. Motivated by this, in this article, the HIV-1–human protein interaction database has been analyzed using association rule mining. The main objective is to identify a set of association rules both among the HIV-1 proteins and among the human proteins, and use these rules for predicting new interactions. In this regard, a novel association rule mining technique based on biclustering has been proposed for discovering frequent closed itemsets followed by the association rules from the adjacency matrix of the HIV-1–human interaction network. Novel HIV-1–human interactions have been predicted based on the discovered association rules and tested for biological significance. For validation of the predicted new interactions, gene ontology-based and pathway-based studies have been performed. These studies show that the human proteins which are predicted to interact with a particular viral protein share many common biological activities. Moreover, literature survey has been used for validation purpose to identify some predicted interactions that are already validated experimentally but not present in the database. Comparison with other prediction methods is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
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Zhang X, Yu J, Kuzontkoski PM, Zhu W, Li DY, Groopman JE. Slit2/Robo4 signaling modulates HIV-1 gp120-induced lymphatic hyperpermeability. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002461. [PMID: 22241990 PMCID: PMC3252370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of HIV in the host involves transit of the virus and virus-infected cells across the lymphatic endothelium. HIV may alter lymphatic endothelial permeability to foster dissemination, but the mechanism is largely unexplored. Using a primary human lymphatic endothelial cell model, we found that HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 induced lymphatic hyperpermeability by disturbing the normal function of Robo4, a novel regulator of endothelial permeability. HIV-1 gp120 induced fibronectin expression and integrin α₅β₁ phosphorylation, which led to the complexing of these three proteins, and their subsequent interaction with Robo4 through its fibronectin type III repeats. Moreover, pretreatment with an active N-terminus fragment of Slit2, a Robo4 agonist, protected lymphatic endothelial cells from HIV-1 gp120-induced hyperpermeability by inhibiting c-Src kinase activation. Our results indicate that targeting Slit2/Robo4 signaling may protect the integrity of the lymphatic barrier and limit the dissemination of HIV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinlong Yu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Kuzontkoski
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dean Y. Li
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jerome E. Groopman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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