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de Moraes IA, Barbon Junior S, Barbin DF. Interpretation and explanation of computer vision classification of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) according to maturity stage. Food Res Int 2024; 192:114836. [PMID: 39147524 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The classification of carambola, also known as starfruit, according to quality parameters is usually conducted by trained human evaluators through visual inspections. This is a costly and subjective method that can generate high variability in results. As an alternative, computer vision systems (CVS) combined with deep learning (DCVS) techniques have been introduced in the industry as a powerful and an innovative tool for the rapid and non-invasive classification of fruits. However, validating the learning capability and trustworthiness of a DL model, aka black box, to obtain insights can be challenging. To reduce this gap, we propose an integrated eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method for the classification of carambolas at different maturity stages. We compared two Residual Neural Networks (ResNet) and Visual Transformers (ViT) to identify the image regions that are enhanced by a Random Forest (RF) model, with the aim of providing more detailed information at the feature level for classifying the maturity stage. Changes in fruit colour and physicochemical data throughout the maturity stages were analysed, and the influence of these parameters on the maturity stages was evaluated using the Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), the Attention Maps using RF importance. The proposed approach provides a visualization and description of the most important regions that led to the model decision, in wide visualization follows the models an importance features from RF. Our approach has promising potential for standardized and rapid carambolas classification, achieving 91 % accuracy with ResNet and 95 % with ViT, with potential application for other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Alves de Moraes
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Fernandes Barbin
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Su J, Lai J, Li J, Liu X, Chen H, Li C, Zhu B, Jia X, Li Y. Carambolaside W Inhibited H1N1 Influenza Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress through STAT-3/BCL-XL Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:1858. [PMID: 37766266 PMCID: PMC10534857 DOI: 10.3390/v15091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza virus is highly infectious and pathogenic, and in recent years, it has often presented seasonal mass outbreaks of infection. People infected with H1N1 will develop a high fever and other respiratory infection symptoms. If not treated in time, complications such as pneumonia may occur. In this study, we focused on developing drugs that can effectively fight against with H1N1 virus. A flavonoid glycoside was extracted from the carambola, then characterized by HR-ESI-MS with the molecular formula C47H58O2, and named carambolaside W. The flavonoid glycosides were found to have good anti-H1N1 influenza virus effects. In this study, we verified that carambolaside W has low toxicity and can effectively inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro. H1N1 virus infection induces intracellular oxidative stress damage to accelerate disease progression. The results showed that carambolaside W effectively inhibited the oxidative stress caused by H1N1 infection. The Western blot assay also revealed that carambolaside W alters the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in vitro and exerts a good anti-H1N1 influenza virus effect. In summary, carambolaside W is a low-toxicity natural flavonoid that can effectively treat the H1N1 influenza virus as a potential anti-H1N1 virus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Su
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jia Lai
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiali Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Xia Liu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Haitian Chen
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Chuqing Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Xuchao Jia
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
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3
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Bekkouch O, Zengin G, Harnafi M, Touiss I, Khoulati A, Saalaoui E, Harnafi H, Abdellattif MH, Amrani S. Anti-Inflammatory Study and Phytochemical Characterization of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Citrus limon L. Juices and Their Formulation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26715-26724. [PMID: 37546676 PMCID: PMC10398691 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Zingiber officinale and Citrus limon, well known as ginger and lemon, are two vegetals widely used in traditional medicine and the culinary field. The juices of the two vegetals were evaluated based on their inflammation, both in vivo and in vitro. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to characterize different juices from Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Citrus limon. After the application of the HPLC method, different compounds were identified, such as 6-gingerol and 6-gingediol from the ginger juice and isorhamnetin and hesperidin from the lemon juice. In addition, the two juices and their formulation were assessed for their anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro by utilizing the BSA denaturation test, in vivo using the carrageenan-induced inflammation test, and the vascular permeability test. Important and statistically significant anti-inflammatory activities were observed for all juices, especially the formulation. The results of our work showed clearly that the Zingiber officinale and Citrus limon juices protect in vivo the development of the rat paw edema, especially the formulation F composed of the Zingiber officinale and Citrus limon juices, which shows an anti-inflammatory activity equal to -35.95% and -44.05% using 10 and 20 mg/kg of the dose, respectively. Our work also showed that the formulation was the most effective tested extract since it inhibits the vascular permeability by -37% and -44% at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, and in vitro via the inhibition of the denaturation of BSA by giving a synergetic effect with the highest IC50 equal to 684.61 ± 7.62 μg/mL corresponding to the formulation F. This work aims to develop nutraceutical preparations in the future and furnishes the support for a new investigation into the activities of the various compounds found in Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Citrus limon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Bekkouch
- Laboratory
of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty
of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda60000, Morocco
| | - Gökhan Zengin
- Physiology
and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science
Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohamed Harnafi
- Laboratory
of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty
of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda60000, Morocco
| | - Ilham Touiss
- Laboratory
of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty
of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda60000, Morocco
| | - Amine Khoulati
- Laboratory
of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty
of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda60000, Morocco
| | - Ennouamane Saalaoui
- Laboratory
of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty
of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda60000, Morocco
| | - Hicham Harnafi
- Laboratory
of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty
of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda60000, Morocco
| | - Magda H. Abdellattif
- Chemistry
Department, Sciences College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratory
of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty
of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda60000, Morocco
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Ferreira EA, Queiroz LS, Silva Facchini GDF, Guedes MCMR, Macedo GC, de Sousa OV, Da Silva Filho AA. Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) Root Extract and Its Triterpene Baccharis Oxide Display Topical Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Different Mice Ear Edema Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:9923941. [PMID: 37275573 PMCID: PMC10234725 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9923941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
B. dracunculifolia is popularly used to treat skin diseases. This work aimed to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory properties of B. dracunculifolia root extract (BdR) and its major compound baccharis oxide (BOx) on mice ear edema models. BdR was analyzed by GC-MS, and BOx was isolated by chromatographic fractionation. Topical anti-inflammatory activities were determined by using the croton oil, capsaicin, histamine, and phenol-induced mouse ear edema models. N-acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as NO dosage and histopathological analyses, were also evaluated. Phytochemical analysis of BdR showed BOx as one of the major constituents. BdR and BOx (both at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ear) significantly reduced croton oil, histamine, and phenol-induced ear edema, while only BOx was effective in reducing capsaicin-induced edema. MPO and NAG activities, as well as NO production, were significantly inhibited by BdR and BOx. Histopathological analysis confirmed the topical anti-inflammatory properties of BdR and BOx. Our findings showed that BdR and BOx demonstrated significant topical anti-inflammatory effects in mouse ear edema induced by different agents, suggesting their possible application on skin inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Allan Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sales Queiroz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriella de Faria Silva Facchini
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, R. José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus Universitário, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Machado Resende Guedes
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, R. José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus Universitário, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, R. José Lourenço Kelmer s/n, Campus Universitário, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Orlando Vieira de Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ademar A. Da Silva Filho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
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Abduh MS, Saghir SAM, Al Hroob AM, Bin-Ammar A, Al-Tarawni AH, Murugaiyah V, Mahmoud AM. Averrhoa carambola leaves prevent dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in a rat model of poloxamer-407-induced acute hyperlipidemia. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1134812. [PMID: 36814487 PMCID: PMC9939629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1134812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The star fruit [Averrhoa carambola L (Oxalidaceae)] is traditionally used in the treatment of many ailments in many countries. It possesses several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it contains the neurotoxic caramboxin and its high content of oxalic acid limits its consumption by individuals with compromised kidney function. This study assessed the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of different fractions of the methanolic extract of A. carambola leaves (MEACL). Methods: The antioxidant activity was investigated using FRAP, and ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging assays and the inhibitory activity toward pancreatic lipase (PL) and HMG-CoA reductase was assayed in vitro. Acute hyperlipidemia was induced by poloxamer-407 (P-407) in rats and different fractions of MEACL (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, ethyl acetate (EA), water, and chloroform) were orally administered. Cholesterol and triglycerides were determined at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h and LDL-C, vLDL-C, HDL-C, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidants were assayed after 48 h. The expression of ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8, LDL-R, SREBP-1, and SREBP-2 and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase were assayed in the liver of P-407-administered rats treated with the EA fraction. Results: The in vitro data revealed potent radical-scavenging activities of MEACL fractions with the most potent effect showed by the EA fraction that also suppressed the activities of HMG-CoA reductase and PL. In P-407-induced hyperlipidemic rats, all fractions prevented dyslipidemia as shown by the decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, vLDL-C and atherogenic index. MEACL and its fractions prevented LPO and boosted GSH, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in P-407-administered rats. The EA fraction showed more effective anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects than other fractions and downregulated SREBP-2 while upregulated ABCA1 and LDL-R and ameliorated LPL and HMG-CoA reductase in hyperlipidemic rats. Conclusion: MEACL showed in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and the EA fraction significantly ameliorated dyslipidemia in a rat model of P-407-induced acute hyperlipidemia by modulating LPL, PL, HMG-CoA reductase, and cholesterolgenesis-related factors. Therefore, the leaves of A. carambola represent a safe alternative for the star fruit particularly in kidney disease patients, and the EA is the most effective anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Siddiq Abduh
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A. M. Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Amir M. Al Hroob
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan
| | - Albandari Bin-Ammar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Nwabuife JC, Hassan D, Madhaorao Pant A, Devnarain N, Gafar MA, Osman N, Rambharose S, Govender T. Novel vancomycin free base – Sterosomes for combating diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections (S. Aureus and MRSA). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Saghir SAM, Abdulghani MAM, Alruhaimi RS, Ahmeda AF, Al-Gabri NA, Alomaisi SAMA, Sadikun A, Murugaiyah V, Mahmoud AM. Acute and sub-chronic toxicological evaluation of Averrhoa carambola leaves in Sprague Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:90058-90069. [PMID: 35864392 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Averrhoa carambola is a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia. It possesses antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemia effects and has traditionally been used to treat a variety of ailments. However, the presence of oxalic acid in its fruits might restrict its consumption by individuals suffering from kidney disease, and caramboxin can cause neurotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the methanolic extract of A. carambola leaves (MEAC) in male and female rats. In the acute study, female rats were given a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg of MEAC and closely examined for distinct indications of toxic effects during the first 4 h, periodically for 48 h, and daily thereafter for 14 days. Rats of both sexes were employed in the sub-chronic investigation for the 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study. Results of the acute study revealed the safety of MEAC up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg where the rats did not show changes or signs of toxicity. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, MEAC (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) administration did not affect the body weight, food, and water consumption, motor coordination, behavior, or mental alertness in the treated rats. In addition, no variations in hematological or biochemical markers were found in MEAC-treated rats. In conclusion, these findings pinpoint the safety of MEAC at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. The leaves of A. carambola could be safely consumed by people with kidney disease to treat other ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan A M Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Mahfoudh A M Abdulghani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S Alruhaimi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad F Ahmeda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naif A Al-Gabri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Saleh A M A Alomaisi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Veterinary Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Amirin Sadikun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physilogy Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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Bakasatae N, Sangkaew W, Kunworarath N, Ontong JC, Phoopha S, Takahashi Yupanqui C, Voravuthikunchai SP, Joycharat N. The Standardized Wood Extract of Albizia myriophylla: Its Potential as an Active Ingredient in an Anti-inflammatory Herbal Gel Formulation. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:964-974. [PMID: 34359081 DOI: 10.1055/a-1535-2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Albizia myriophylla has been used in Thai folk medicine for treating inflammation-related diseases. The wood of this medicinal plant is traditionally used as a single herbal drug in the form of an aqueous decoction and as a component in several Thai herbal formulations for the remedy of fever, sore throat, and aphthous ulcers. This study aimed to evaluate in vivo the anti-inflammatory potential and possible mechanism of action of the standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla as well as to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and physicochemical properties of the developed herbal gel formulation containing standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla. Results of quantitative HPLC analysis demonstrated that the standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla contained 22.95 mg/g of 8-methoxy-7,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone, a bioactive marker compound of A. myriophylla. The standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla (1% w/v) exhibited remarkable inhibition (54.4 - 80.3%) in the croton oil model of topical inflammation at all assessment times, comparable to standard indomethacin (55.3 - 63.6%). Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla, and the result showed that this standardized extract decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. The developed herbal gel containing standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla (1% w/w) had good physicochemical characteristics and exhibited potent inhibition (51.4 - 77.8%) of inflammation in a rat ear edema model at all assessment times, comparable to indomethacin gel (33.3 - 40.5%). The notable anti-inflammatory activity of standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla and its developed herbal gel formulation indicates their potential application as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazneen Bakasatae
- Traditional Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Warissara Sangkaew
- Traditional Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Nongluk Kunworarath
- Traditional Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Julalak Chorachoo Ontong
- Cosmetic Technology and Dietary Supplement Products Program, Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, Thailand
| | - Sathianpong Phoopha
- Traditional Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Chutha Takahashi Yupanqui
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Nutraceutical and Functional Food, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Nantiya Joycharat
- Traditional Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Ganeshkar MP, Goder PH, Mirjankar MR, Gaddigal AT, Shivappa P, Kamanavalli CM. Characterization and screening of anticancer properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Averrhoa carambola plant extract. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2077374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Parashuram Shivappa
- P. G. Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
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10
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Sarkar T, Salauddin M, Roy A, Sharma N, Sharma A, Yadav S, Jha V, Rebezov M, Khayrullin M, Thiruvengadam M, Chung IM, Shariati MA, Simal-Gandara J. Minor tropical fruits as a potential source of bioactive and functional foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6491-6535. [PMID: 35164626 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2033953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tropical fruits are defined as fruits that are grown in hot and humid regions within the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, covering most of the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Oceania. Depending on the cultivation area covered, economic value and popularity these tropical fruits are divided into major and minor tropical fruits. There is an annual increment of 3.8% in terms of commercialization of the tropical fruits. In total 26 minor tropical fruits (Kiwifruit, Lutqua, Carambola, Tree Tomato, Elephant apple, Rambutan, Bay berry, Mangosteen, Bhawa, Loquat, Silver berry, Durian, Persimon, Longan, Passion fruit, Water apple, Pulasan, Indian gooseberry, Guava, Lychee, Annona, Pitaya, Sapodilla, Pepino, Jaboticaba, Jackfruit) have been covered in this work. The nutritional composition, phytochemical composition, health benefits, traditional use of these minor tropical fruits and their role in food fortification have been portrayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India
| | - Molla Salauddin
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Mir Madan Mohanlal Govt. Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Nadia, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Apoorva Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Saanya Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Vaishnavi Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
- V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems, Moscow, Russian Federation
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies, and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mars Khayrullin
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies, and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies, and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
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11
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Cavalli J, Freitas MA, Gonçalves ECD, Fadanni GP, Santos AA, Raposo NRB, Dutra RC. Chia oil prevents chemical and immune-mediated inflammatory responses in mice: Evidence for the underlying mechanisms. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110703. [PMID: 34600695 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an herbaceous plant used as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) source that presents a range of beneficial effects on human health. Herein, it was used a chia oil containing over than 62% of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a compound widely related to anti-inflammatory actions. Chia oil effect was tested using paw edema and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, and ear edema induced by croton oil, histamine, and capsaicin. Croton oil was used in both preventive and therapeutic treatment schedules of chia oil while histamine and capsaicin were used only in preventive treatment schedule. Chia oil mechanism of action was investigated using nociception and paw edema response induced by intraplantar injection of acidified saline (ASIC activator), PGE2 (prostaglandin pathway), cinnamaldehyde (TRPA1 activator), bradykinin (BK pathway), menthol (TRPM8 activator), and capsaicin (TRPV1 activator). Further, RT-PCR for inflammatory mediators (TRPA1, NF-κB, PPAR-γ, COX-2, IL-6, TNF, FPR2, FAAH, MAGL, and IL-12A) induced by carrageenan, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the cell viability were then accessed. Later, chia oil actions were evaluated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis (MS) model. Chia oil showed anti-edematogenic and anti-hyperalgesic effects when administered 1 h before pro-inflammatory stimulus - particularly carrageenan and croton oil. Moreover, chia oil upregulated the mRNA levels of COX-2 and formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) while reduced IL-6 expression in the spinal cord of mice submitted to i.pl. injection of carrageenan. Interestingly, chia oil mediates antinociceptive effects in mice decreasing the nociceptive response induced by acidified saline, PGE2, and cinnamaldehyde, but not by bradykinin, menthol, and capsaicin. On the EAE model, chia oil preventively administered attenuated EAE-induced motor deficits and mechanical hyperalgesia in mice, suggesting a valuable effect of chia oil supplementation in regulating inflammatory responses and some immune functions during immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMID). Nonetheless, additional reports will need to assess the effect of chia oil in well-controlled clinical trials performed in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cavalli
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Freitas
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Elaine C D Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme P Fadanni
- Center of Innovation and Preclinical Research, 88056-000 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Adara A Santos
- Center of Innovation and Preclinical Research, 88056-000 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nádia R B Raposo
- Center for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (NUPICS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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12
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Luan F, Peng L, Lei Z, Jia X, Zou J, Yang Y, He X, Zeng N. Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Averrhoa carambola L.: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699899. [PMID: 34475822 PMCID: PMC8407000 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Averrhoa carambola L. (star fruit) is an edible fruit that is extensively cultivated in southern China, Southeast Asia, India, and northern South America. It has a sweet and juicy taste and is frequently used in fruit salads and fruit platters, as a garnish in cocktail drinks and beverages, or squeezed into juice and served as a beverage. Traditionally, it has been used for treating diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, arthralgia, vomiting, lithangiuria, coughing, hangovers, and chronic paroxysmal headache for thousands of years. Currently, approximately 132 compounds have been isolated from A. carambola. Among them, flavonoids, benzoquinone, and their glycosides have been considered as biologically active substances, which are responsible for various biological activities. Pharmacological studies have revealed that crude extracts or monomeric compounds from A. carambola exhibit multiple bioactivities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive, neuroprotective, and others. Thus, A. carambola is a valuable treatment in Chinese medicine with therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, especially diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. Even though it is a very promising candidate in the development of functional food and the pharmaceutical industry, reports on its bioactivities have only been conducted in vivo and in vitro and there is a gap in research regarding clinical settings and safety. This review therefore provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of current progress on botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of A. carambola, providing a valuable reference for further developments and applications of A. carambola in the pharmaceutical industry and functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xirui He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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13
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Rosa W, da Silva Domingos O, de Oliveira Salem PP, Caldas IS, Murgu M, Lago JHG, Sartorelli P, Dias DF, Chagas-Paula DA, Soares MG. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Fabaceae species extracts screened by a new ex vivo assay using human whole blood. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:859-883. [PMID: 33594803 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plants have been considered a promising source for discovering new compounds with pharmacological activities. The Fabaceae family comprises a large variety of species that produce substances with diverse therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory activity. The limitations of current anti-inflammatories generate the need to research new anti-inflammatory structures with higher efficacy as well as develop methods for screening multiple samples, reliably and ethically, to assess such therapeutic properties. OBJECTIVE Validate and apply a quantification method for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) production from an ex vivo assay in human blood in order to screen anti-inflammatory activity present in many Fabaceae species extracts. METHODS Human blood was incubated with extracts from 47 Fabaceae species. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, PGE2 was quantified in the plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The extracts that presented PGE2 production inhibition were further assessed through in vivo assay and then chemically characterised through an analysis of ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 ) data. RESULTS The new ex vivo anti-inflammatory assay showed that five out of the 47 Fabaceae species inhibited PGE2 production. Results from an in vivo assay and the metabolic profile of the active extracts supported the anti-inflammatory potential of four species. CONCLUSION The quantification method for PGE2 demonstrated fast, sensitive, precise, and accurate results. The new ex vivo anti-inflammatory assay comprised a great, reliable, and ethical approach for the screening of a large number of samples before an in vivo bioassay. Additionally, the four active extracts in both ex vivo and in vivo assays may be useful for the development of more efficient anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welton Rosa
- Institute of Chemistry - Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Michael Murgu
- Waters Corporation, Alphaville, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Sartorelli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marisi Gomes Soares
- Institute of Chemistry - Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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14
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Fasiku V, Omolo CA, Devnarain N, Ibrahim UH, Rambharose S, Faya M, Mocktar C, Singh SD, Govender T. Chitosan-Based Hydrogel for the Dual Delivery of Antimicrobial Agents Against Bacterial Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Infected Wounds. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21994-22010. [PMID: 34497894 PMCID: PMC8412894 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global health concern. This is attributed to the biofilm-forming ability of bacteria on wound surfaces, thus enabling their persistent growth. In most cases, it leads to morbidity and in severe cases mortality. Current conventional approaches used in the treatment of biofilm wounds are proving to be ineffective due to limitations such as the inability to penetrate the biofilm matrix; hence, biofilm-related wounds remain a challenge. Therefore, there is a need for more efficient alternate therapeutic interventions. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) is a known antibacterial/antibiofilm agent; however, prolonged delivery has been challenging due to its short half-life. In this study, we developed a hydrogel for the codelivery of HP and antimicrobial peptides (Ps) against bacteria, biofilms, and wound infection associated with biofilms. The hydrogel was prepared via the Michael addition technique, and the physiochemical properties were characterized. The safety, in vitro, and in vivo antibacterial/antibiofilm activity of the hydrogel was also investigated. Results showed that the hydrogel is biosafe. A greater antibacterial effect was observed with HP-loaded hydrogels (CS-HP; hydrogel loaded with HP and CS-HP-P; hydrogel loaded with HP and peptide) when compared to HP as seen in an approximately twofold and threefold decrease in minimum inhibitory concentration values against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, respectively. Similarly, both the HP-releasing hydrogels showed enhanced antibiofilm activity in the in vivo study in mice models as seen in greater wound closure and enhanced wound healing in histomorphological analysis. Interestingly, the results revealed a synergistic antibacterial/antibiofilm effect between HP and P in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The successfully prepared HP-releasing hydrogels showed the potential to combat bacterial biofilm-related infections and enhance wound healing in mice models. These results suggest that the HP-releasing hydrogels may be a superior platform for eliminating bacterial biofilms without using antibiotics in the treatment of chronic MRSA wound infections, thus improving the quality of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria
O. Fasiku
- Discipline
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Calvin A. Omolo
- Discipline
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
- School
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, United States International University-Africa, P.O. Box 14634, Nairobi 00800, Kenya
| | - Nikita Devnarain
- Discipline
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Usri H. Ibrahim
- Discipline
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Sanjeev Rambharose
- Department
of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Mbuso Faya
- Discipline
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- Discipline
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Sanil D. Singh
- Biomedical
Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South
Africa
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15
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Lakmal K, Yasawardene P, Jayarajah U, Seneviratne SL. Nutritional and medicinal properties of Star fruit ( Averrhoa carambola): A review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1810-1823. [PMID: 33747490 PMCID: PMC7958541 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), a popular fruit in many parts of the world, is considered to have many beneficial nutritional and medicinal effects. However, harmful nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects have also been described. In this review, we have discussed the reported beneficial effects of star fruit, explored the potential mechanisms for such beneficial effects, and outline factors that may affect the safe level of consumption. The beneficial effects include the following: antioxidant (mediated via L-ascorbic acid, epicatechin, and gallic acid), hypoglycemic (mediated via high fiber levels and 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione), hypotensive (mediated via apigenin), hypocholesterolemic (mediated via micronized fiber), anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, antitumor effects, and immune-boosting effects. The presence of chronic kidney disease, gastroenteropathies, chronic pancreatitis, dehydration, consumption on an empty stomach, and higher concentration of oxalate in fruit/juice consumed predisposes to toxicity. The level of ingestion at which the beneficial effects transition to nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity is still to be accurately ascertained. Furthermore, the relationship between the amount of star fruit ingested and the severity of toxicity is not certain and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Lakmal
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ColomboColomboSri Lanka
| | - Pamodh Yasawardene
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ColomboColomboSri Lanka
| | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ColomboColomboSri Lanka
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16
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Shamsudin NA, Wah Goh LP, Sabullah MK, Abdul Sani S, Abdulla R, Gansau JA. A Review: Underutilized plant of Sabah and Its Potential Value. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:47-59. [PMID: 33563152 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210208201212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Underutilized plants are referred to a plant species which their potential is not fully utilized yet and they are usually found abundantly in certain local area but globally rare. Sabah is known for a high biodiversity and contains many underutilized plants. To our knowledge, this is the first review is to provide an overview information of medicinal value and pharmacological properties of underutilized plant in Sabah. Extract and metabolites in different part of several underutilized plant contains multiple beneficial bioactive compounds and exploitation of these compounds was supported by additional data which plays various biological activities including anti-atherosclerotic, anti-cancer, antihypercholesterolemic and anti-ulcerogenic. A handful of pharmacological studies on the natural product these underutilized plants have conclusively outlined the mode of action in treatment of several diseases and in other health aspects. This paper limits its scope to reviewe and highlight the potential of using underutilized plants in Sabah only which could serve as reliable resource for health product development in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical through continuous discovering of more active and sustainable resources as well as ingredients for food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Amirah Shamsudin
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, . Malaysia
| | - Lucky Poh Wah Goh
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, . Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khalizan Sabullah
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, . Malaysia
| | - Suraya Abdul Sani
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, . Malaysia
| | - Rahmath Abdulla
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, . Malaysia
| | - Jualang Azlan Gansau
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, . Malaysia
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17
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Hariono M, Hariyono P, Dwiastuti R, Setyani W, Yusuf M, Salin N, Wahab H. Potential SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors from chromene, flavonoid and hydroxamic acid compound based on FRET assay, docking and pharmacophore studies. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 3:100195. [PMID: 34567959 PMCID: PMC8451405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study reports some natural products and one hydroxamic acid synthetic compound which were previously reported as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitors to be evaluated for their inhibition toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro). This enzyme is one of the proteins responsible for this coronaviral replication. Two herbal methanolic extracts i.e., Averrhoa carambola leaves and Ageratum conyzoides aerial part demonstrate >50% inhibition at 1000 µg/mL. Interestingly, apigenin, one of flavonoids, demonstrates 92% inhibition at 250 µg/mL (925 µM) as well as hydroxamic acid compound, N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)glycyl hydroxamic acid (NNGH), which shows 69% inhibition at 100 µM. The in vitro results are supported by the docking studies revealing that the binding mode of both compounds is mainly by interacting with GLU166 residue in the hydrophobic pocket of the 3CLpro. Pharmacophore mapping further supported the results by confirming that the in vitro activities of both compounds are due to their pharmacophore features employing hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrophobic. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis reported chromene compounds in Ageratum conyzoides aerial part methanolic extract are potential to be this enzyme inhibitor candidate. These all results reflect their potencies to be SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through 3CLpro inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maywan Hariono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pandu Hariyono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rini Dwiastuti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wahyuning Setyani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Campus III, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Salin
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Wahab
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and USM-RIKEN Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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18
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Siddika A, Zahan T, Khatun L, Habib MR, Aziz MA, Tareq ARM, Rahman MH, Karim MR. In vivo the antioxidative extract of Averrhoa carambola Linn. leaves induced apoptosis in Ehrilch ascites carcinoma by modulating p53 expression. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1251-1260. [PMID: 32802564 PMCID: PMC7406629 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Averrhoa carambolla Linn. leaves (MELA) using DPPH· and ABTS·+ free radical scavenging assays whereas its antineoplastic effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) was assed using viable cell count, life span, body weight gain and hematological parameters of experimental mice. Results showed that rich phenolic and flavonoid content of MELA had moderate dose dependent free radical scavenging activity (IC50: 62.0 μg/mL for DPPH· and 6.0 μg/mL for ABTS·+). In vivo antineoplastic assay, MELA significantly (P < 0.05) decreased viable cells and body weight gain, increased the survival time and restored altered hematological profiles of cancer cell bearing mice. Fluorescence microscopic view of EAC cells derived from MELA-treated group showed apoptotic characteristics and this observation was also supported by overexpression of pro-apoptotic genes coding p53 and Bax proteins in treated cancer cells. The anti-apoptotic genes coding Bcl-2 protein was also absent in treated EAC cells as compared with the control. Moreover, phytochemical profiles of MELA as identified by GC/MS analysis are also consistent with its activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Siddika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
- Institute of Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research, Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka, 1349 Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Zahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Lipy Khatun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rowshanul Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - A. R. M. Tareq
- Environmental and Organic Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, 1349 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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19
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Fan Y, Sahu SK, Yang T, Mu W, Wei J, Cheng L, Yang J, Mu R, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Xu X, Liu X, Liu H. Dissecting the genome of star fruit ( Averrhoa carambola L.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:94. [PMID: 32528706 PMCID: PMC7261804 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Averrhoa carambola is commonly known as star fruit because of its peculiar shape, and its fruit is a rich source of minerals and vitamins. It is also used in traditional medicines in countries such as India, China, the Philippines, and Brazil for treating various ailments, including fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and skin disease. Here, we present the first draft genome of the Oxalidaceae family, with an assembled genome size of 470.51 Mb. In total, 24,726 protein-coding genes were identified, and 16,490 genes were annotated using various well-known databases. The phylogenomic analysis confirmed the evolutionary position of the Oxalidaceae family. Based on the gene functional annotations, we also identified enzymes that may be involved in important nutritional pathways in the star fruit genome. Overall, the data from this first sequenced genome in the Oxalidaceae family provide an essential resource for nutritional, medicinal, and cultivational studies of the economically important star-fruit plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Weixue Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinpu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Cheng
- BGI-Yunnan, BGI-Shenzhen, 650106 Kunming, China
| | | | - Ranchang Mu
- Forestry Bureau of Ruili, Yunnan Dehong, 678600 Ruili, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Forestry Bureau of Ruili, Yunnan Dehong, 678600 Ruili, China
| | - Jianming Zhao
- Forestry Bureau of Ruili, Yunnan Dehong, 678600 Ruili, China
| | | | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Fuyang, BGI-Shenzhen, 236009 Fuyang, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518120 Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ashokhan S, Othman R, Abd Rahim MH, Karsani SA, Yaacob JS. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Coloured Callus Formation and Accumulation of Azadirachtin, an Essential Biopesticide in Azadirachta indica. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E352. [PMID: 32168737 PMCID: PMC7154880 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, Azadirachta indica or neem has been utilized as a primary source of medicine due to its antimicrobial, larvacidal, antimalarial and antifungal properties. Recently, its potential as an effective biopesticide has garnered attention, especially towards efficient and continuous production of its bioactive compounds. The present study investigated the effect of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) thiadiazuron (TDZ) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the induction of colored callus formation and subsequent accumulation of azadirachtin (AZA) in A. indica. An efficient protocol was established for micropropagation and colored callus production of this species, followed by quantification of AZA (a mixture of azadirachtin A and B) and its safety assessment. For induction of the callus, leaf and petiole explants obtained from a young growing neem plant were excised and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with TDZ (0.2-0.6 mg L-1) and 2,4-D (0.2-0.6 mg L-1), either applied singly or in combination. Callus was successfully induced from both explant types at different rates, where media with 0.6 mg L-1 of TDZ resulted in the highest fresh weight (3.38 ± 0.08 g). In general, media with a single hormone (particularly TDZ) was more effective in producing a high mass of callus compared to combined PGRs. A culture duration of six weeks resulted in the production of green, brown and cream colored callus. The highest callus weight and accumulation of AZA was recorded in green callus (214.53 ± 33.63 mg g-1 dry weight (DW)) induced using TDZ. On the other hand, small amounts of AZA were detected in both brown and cream callus. Further experimentation indicated that the green callus with the highest AZA was found to be non-toxic (LC50 at 4606 µg mL-1) to the zebrafish animal model. These results suggested that the addition of different PGRs during in vitro culture could prominently affect callus and secondary metabolite production and can further be manipulated as a sustainable method for the production of a natural and environmentally friendly pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmilla Ashokhan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Rashidi Othman
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), Herbarium Unit, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environment Design, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Jamilah Syafawati Yaacob
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.A.); (S.A.K.)
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Bouhlali EDT, Hmidani A, Bourkhis B, Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Filali-Zegzouti Y, Alem C. Phenolic profile and anti-inflammatory activity of four Moroccan date ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed varieties. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03436. [PMID: 32149199 PMCID: PMC7033326 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds are seen as good drug to cure rheumatoid arthritis and asthma in Moroccan traditional medicine. The present research aimed to study the anti-inflammatory effect, of methanol extract of different date seed varieties using membrane stabilizing effect, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, inhibition of protein denaturation, carrageenan-induced paw edema and croton oil induced ear edema. The polyphenolic profile was examined using HPLC-DAD. Rutin, quercetin, p-coumaric and caffeic acids were the main among the analysed phenolic compounds. Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, the analysed date seed were significantly effective in scavenging nitric oxide free radical, in stabilisation of erythrocyte membrane and possessed a high anti denaturation effect. In agreement with this finding, date seed exhibited a profound ability to reduce paw and ear swelling induced by carrageenan and croton oil respectively. The biochemical parameters showed that date seed are able to reduce the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ERS) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in rats used in Carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The predominant phenolic compounds are the potential candidates that drive these activities and the differences observed among varieties are related to their chemical composition. These data suggest that date seeds can be explored as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimad Dine Tariq Bouhlali
- National Institute of Agronomic Research Regional Center of Errachidia, Morocco.,Biochemistry of Natural Products Team, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Abdelbasset Hmidani
- Biochemistry of Natural Products Team, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Morocco
| | | | - Tarik Khouya
- Biochemistry of Natural Products Team, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Ressources, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Younes Filali-Zegzouti
- Biochemistry of Natural Products Team, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Chakib Alem
- Biochemistry of Natural Products Team, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Morocco
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Cornara L, Xiao J, Smeriglio A, Trombetta D, Burlando B. Emerging Exotic Fruits: New Functional Foods in the European Market. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200406.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Qin L, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu X, Huang X, Chen M, Wu Y, Lu S, Zhang H, Xu X, Wei X, Zhang S, Huang R. Protective Effect of Benzoquinone Isolated from the Roots of Averrhoa carambola L. on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2129-2138. [PMID: 32606871 PMCID: PMC7319517 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s241998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that the roots of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine, can be used to treat diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. Nevertheless, the potential beneficial effects and mechanism of benzoquinone isolated from the roots of Averrhoa carambola L. (BACR) on diabetes remain unclear. METHODS Diabetic Kunming mice were injected with STZ (120 mgkg-1) in the tail vein. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the change of body weight were measured after oral administration of BACR (120, 60, 30 mg/kg/d) every week. The levels of the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), glucosylated hemoglobin (GHb), fasting insulin (FINS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured. The histological examination of pancreatic tissues and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was analyzed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS The study found that clearly the BACR obviously reduced the blood glucose, serum lipids, GHb and FINS. In addition, BACR treatment markedly reduced the release of inflammatory factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, and down-regulated the expression of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION BACR has potential benefits for the treatment of diabetes by ameliorating metabolic functions and attenuating the inflammatory response via inhibition of the activation of theTLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhui Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingchun Wu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yani Wu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunyu Lu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renbin Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Renbin Huang; Shijun Zhang Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region530021, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 771 533 9805Fax +86 771 535 8272 Email ;
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Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Averrhoa Carambola Extract in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030072. [PMID: 31527433 PMCID: PMC6784245 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the antihyperlipidemic potential of a standardized methanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola (A. carambola) leaf (MEACL) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The standardized MEACL was orally administered at different doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) to HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats for five weeks. Serum lipid profile, body weight changes, body mass index (BMI), daily food intake, relative organ weight, and histology of the liver were evaluated. In addition, the effect of MEACL on HMG-CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase activities as well as hepatic and fecal lipids was demonstrated. MEACL supplementation reduced serum lipids in HFD-fed rats in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological scores revealed that 1000 mg/kg MEACL restored the damage to liver tissue in hyperlipidemic rats. MEACL decreased the body mass index (BMI), atherogenic index, and hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides and increased fecal cholesterol and bile acids in HFD-fed rats. Also, MEACL ameliorated lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant defenses in the liver of HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, HMG-CoA reductase and lipase were suppressed by MEACL. In conclusion, this study shows the potential effect of MEACL to ameliorate hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in HFD-fed rats. It prevented hepatic lipid accumulation and exerted an inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase and lipase.
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Junior AJ, Leitão MM, Bernal LPT, Dos Santos E, Kuraoka-Oliveira ÂM, Justi P, Argandoña EJS, Kassuya CAL. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Caryocar brasiliense. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:313-322. [PMID: 30961515 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190408144320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caryocar brasiliense, popularly known as pequi, is widely distributed in the Amazon rainforest and Brazilian savannah. The fruit obtained from pequi is used in cooking and has folk use as an anti-inflammatory and for the treatment of respiratory disease. Until now, these two properties had not been scientifically demonstrated for Pequi oil in a carrageenan model. OBJECTIVE Our group determined the composition and safe use of Pequi oil from the Savannah of Campo Grande, and the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of this pequi oil were investigated in vivo models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Doses of 300, 700, and 1000 mg/kg of Pequi oil were administered orally (p.o.) to Swiss male mice, and three parameters of inflammation (mechanical hyperalgesia, cold, hyperalgesia, and oedema) were analyzed in a carrageenan model to induce an inflammatory paw state. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effects of Pequi oil were also carrageenan in pleurisy model, formalin, and acetic acid induced nociception. Oral administration of 1,000 mg/kg orally Pequi oil (p.o.) inhibited (*P<0.05), the migration of total leukocytes, but not alter plasma extravasation, in the pleurisy model when compared to control groups. The paw edema was inhibited with doses of 700 (P <0.05) and 1,000 mg (P<0.001) of pequi oil after 1, 2, and 4 hours after carrageenan. Pequi oil (1,000 mg/kg) also blocked the mechanical hyperalgesy and reduced cold allodynia induced by carrageenan in paw (P <0.05). Pequi oil treatment (1,000 mg/kg) almost blocked (P < 0.001) all parameters of nociception observed in formalin and acid acetic test. CONCLUSION This is the first time that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Pequi oil have been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Jorge Junior
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Maicon Matos Leitão
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Elisângela Dos Santos
- University Hospital (HU-UFGD), Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Justi
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Milani GB, Camponogara C, Piana M, Silva CR, Oliveira SM. Cariniana domestica fruit peels present topical anti-inflammatory efficacy in a mouse model of skin inflammation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:513-528. [PMID: 30617548 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract of Cariniana domestica fruit peels (CdE), its dichloromethane, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate (EtAc) fractions, and steroids (β-sitosterol, lupeol, and stigmasterol) isolated from the EtAc fraction in models of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) croton oil-induced in mice. We induced skin inflammation by single (acute; 1 mg/ear) and multiple (chronic; 0.4 mg/ear) croton oil application. We topically applied C. domestica (CdE, fractions, and gel formulations) and β-sitosterol, lupeol, and stigmasterol immediately after applying croton oil. HPLC-DAD chromatography of the EtAc fraction and stability of the gel formulations were verified. HPLC-DAD of the EtAc fraction revealed the stigmasterol, lupeol, and β-sitosterol presence. CdE and EtAc fraction gels showed no organoleptic or pH changes at room temperatures. CdE and dichloromethane, n-butanol, and EtAc (1 mg/ear) fractions decreased the acute ear edema with maximum inhibition (Imax) of 97 ± 2, 86 ± 1, 81 ± 4, and 95 ± 2%, respectively. CdE and EtAc fraction gel presented similar effects, with respective Imax of 85 ± 6% (3%;15 mg/ear) and 82 ± 2% (1%;15 mg/ear). β-sitosterol (7.5 μg/ear), lupeol (10 μg/ear), and stigmasterol (5.7 μg/ear) also reduced this parameter by 46 ± 8, 51 ± 7, and 62 ± 7%, respectively. All topical treatments reduced the inflammatory cells' infiltration in the acute ICD model. CdE reduced the ear edema by 77 ± 4% (1 mg/ear) and the inflammatory cell infiltration in the chronic ICD model. CdE's anti-inflammatory effect was accompanied by a minimum development of adverse effects. C. domestica demonstrates a promising potential for the development of a topical anti-inflammatory agent. Graphical abstract Cariniana domestica, popularly known as jequitibá-roxo, presented topical anti-inflammatory activity in an acute and chronic irritant contact dermatitis croton oil-induced in mice. The crude extract (solutions and gel formulations) and different fractions obtained from fruit peels of C. domestica showed topical antiinflammatory activity on skin inflammation models with minimum adverse effects in preliminary toxicological studies (behavior and biochemical parameters). Moreover, the HPLC analysis revealed the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and lupeol, which also presented topical anti-inflammatory effect in the acute irritant contact dermatitis croton oil-induced. Our findings support the use of this species as a promising topical antiinflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica Brum Milani
- Laboratory Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Camponogara
- Laboratory Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Piana
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cássia Regina Silva
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Laboratory Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Xian YF, Hu Z, Ip SP, Chen JN, Su ZR, Lai XP, Lin ZX. Comparison of the anti-inflammatory effects of Sinapis alba and Brassica juncea in mouse models of inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:196-204. [PMID: 30466979 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinapis Semen is derived from the dried mature seeds of Sinapis alba L. or Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. Traditionally, the seeds from S. alba are called "White Sinapis Semen" while those from B. juncea are called "Yellow Sinapis Semen". PURPOSE The present study aimed to compare the chemical composition and the anti-inflammatory effects of 50% aqueous ethanol extracts of the White Sinapis Semen (EWSS) and Yellow Sinapis Semen (EYSS) using both acute (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate (TPA)- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced mouse ear edema) and chronic (multiple applications of croton oil (CO)) inflammatory models. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effects of EWSS and EYSS were determined by measuring the ear thickness and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by measuring the protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the ear of the TPA-treated mice. RESULTS The results showed that both EWSS and EYSS significantly decreased the ear thickness in both the TPA- and AA-induced acute models, as well as in the CO-induced chronic model. In addition, EWSS and EYSS could markedly inhibit the MPO activity in the ears of TPA-, AA- or CO-treated mice. Moreover, EWSS and EYSS also remarkably inhibited the protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the ears of TPA-treated mice. Comparatively, EWSS exerted more potent anti-inflammatory effect than that of EYSS. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that both EWSS and EYSS are effective anti-inflammatory agents against acute and chronic inflammatory processes, and EWSS possess more potent anti-inflammatory effect than EYSS. The anti-inflammatory effect of the two herbs may be mediated, at least in part, by suppressing the mRNA expression of a panel of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jian-Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Pinz MP, Reis AS, de Oliveira RL, Voss GT, Vogt AG, Sacramento MD, Roehrs JA, Alves D, Luchese C, Wilhelm EA. 7-Chloro-4-phenylsulfonyl quinoline, a new antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory molecule: Structural improvement of a quinoline derivate with pharmacological activity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:72-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pre-clinical efficacy assessment of Malva sylvestris on chronic skin inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:852-860. [PMID: 28711022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for improved quality of life, the treatment of skin diseases like psoriasis (hyperproliferative disease) is valid, since it causes huge social discomfort to the patient. In this context, earlier studies showed that Malva sylvestris L. has anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated by acute animal models of skin inflammation, becoming a promising target for further studies. The present investigation aimed to verify the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of M. sylvestris (HEMS) on the chronic inflammatory and hyperproliferative response caused by multiple applications of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on mouse ears. Topical application of HEMS reduced oedema, leukocyte migration (mono- and polymorphonuclear cells) and keratinocyte hyperproliferation, confirmed by histology and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. It was found that the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract did not involve the glucocorticoid system, and its incubation with HaCaT keratinocytes caused low toxicity and reduced cell proliferation by apoptosis. Thus, HEMS proved to be effective as an anti-psoriatic therapy, with the ability to prevent keratinocyte hyperproliferation and with low toxicity by topical application.
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Prasetijo L, Trisnawati C, Srianta I. Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of reduced sugar starfruit juice. FOOD RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.4.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Antonisamy P, Agastian P, Kang CW, Kim NS, Kim JH. Anti-inflammatory activity of rhein isolated from the flowers of Cassia fistula L. and possible underlying mechanisms. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 26:96-104. [PMID: 30622412 PMCID: PMC6319193 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Anti-inflammatory activity of rhein in animal models with potential mechanism of actions. Methods Rhein was isolated from Cassia fistula L. flowers collected in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Its anti-inflammatory activity was then investigated in Wistar rats and mice using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, croton oil-induced ear oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability models. Results Administration of rhein (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice in dose-dependent manners. Continual administration of rhein to rats using implanted cotton pellets significantly (p < 0.05) reduced granuloma formation (20 mg/kg: 17.24%; 40 mg/kg: 36.12%) compared to control group animals. Administration of rhein increased the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and decreased the levels of nitrite, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to control animals. Western blotting results revealed that rhein diminished carrageenan-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased heme oxygenase (HO)-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR)-γ and heat shock protein (HSP)-72 expression after 6 h in the paw oedema model. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of rhein might be related to decrease in the levels of MDA, iNOS and COX-2 and the stimulation of HO-1, PPAR-γ and Nrf2 expression via increases in the activities of CAT, SOD and GSH-px through the suppression of nitrite, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- AUC, area under the curve
- Anti-inflammatory
- C.fistula, Cassiafistula L.
- CAT, catalase
- CMC, carboxymethylcellulose
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- Cassia fistula
- Ear oedema
- GSH-px, glutathione peroxidase
- HSP-72, heat shock protein
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Paw oedema
- Rats
- Rhein
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WHO, World Health Organization
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulrayer Antonisamy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chang-Won Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Soo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 5459679 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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Gastaldello A, Livingstone DEW, Abernethie AJ, Tsang N, Walker BR, Hadoke PWF, Andrew R. Safer topical treatment for inflammation using 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone in mouse models. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 129:73-84. [PMID: 28131845 PMCID: PMC5342892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Use of topical glucocorticoid for inflammatory skin conditions is limited by systemic and local side-effects. This investigation addressed the hypothesis that topical 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone (5αTHB, a corticosterone metabolite) inhibits dermal inflammation without affecting processes responsible for skin thinning and impaired wound healing. The topical anti-inflammatory properties of 5αTHB were compared with those of corticosterone in C57Bl/6 male mice with irritant dermatitis induced by croton oil, whereas its effects on angiogenesis, inflammation, and collagen deposition were investigated by subcutaneous sponge implantation. 5αTHB decreased dermal swelling and total cell infiltration associated with dermatitis similarly to corticosterone after 24 h, although at a five fold higher dose, but in contrast did not have any effects after 6 h. Pre-treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 attenuated the effect of corticosterone on swelling at 24 h, but not that of 5αTHB. After 24 h 5αTHB reduced myeloperoxidase activity (representative of neutrophil infiltration) to a greater extent than corticosterone. At equipotent anti-inflammatory doses 5αTHB suppressed angiogenesis to a limited extent, unlike corticosterone which substantially decreased angiogenesis compared to vehicle. Furthermore, 5αTHB reduced only endothelial cell recruitment in sponges whereas corticosterone also inhibited smooth muscle cell recruitment and decreased transcripts of angiogenic and inflammatory genes. Strikingly, corticosterone, but not 5αTHB, reduced collagen deposition. However, both 5αTHB and corticosterone attenuated macrophage infiltration into sponges. In conclusion, 5αTHB displays the profile of a safer topical anti-inflammatory compound. With limited effects on angiogenesis and extracellular matrix, it is less likely to impair wound healing or cause skin thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Gastaldello
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Dawn E W Livingstone
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
| | - Amber J Abernethie
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Tsang
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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da Silva ÉRS, Salmazzo GR, da Silva Arrigo J, Oliveira RJ, Kassuya CAL, Cardoso CAL. Anti-inflammatory Evaluation and Toxicological Analysis of Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg. Inflammation 2017; 39:1462-8. [PMID: 27271512 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Myrtaceae) is used in Brazilian traditional medicine against fever, diabetes, hypercholesteremic, obesity, and urinary diseases. In the present study, the compounds 2',6'-dihydroxy-3'-methyl-4'-metoxychalcone and 2',4'-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethyl-6'-methoxychalcone were identified for the first time in leaves of the C. xanthocarpa. These compounds and the hydroethanolic extract (HECX) significantly inhibited paw edema and reduced both leukocyte migration and the leakage of protein into the pleural cavity. No toxicity was detected by HECX in an acute toxicity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élica Renata Soares da Silva
- Program in Natural Resources, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil. .,Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79804-970, C.P. 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Ruivo Salmazzo
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79804-970, C.P. 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- School of Medicine "Dr. Hélio Mandetta" (FAMED), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Andréa Lima Cardoso
- Program in Natural Resources, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil. .,Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79804-970, C.P. 351, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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Zuntini Viscardi D, Arrigo JDS, Correia CDAC, Kassuya CAL, Cardoso CAL, Maldonade IR, Argandoña EJS. Seed and peel essential oils obtained from Campomanesia adamantium fruit inhibit inflammatory and pain parameters in rodents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0157107. [PMID: 28222179 PMCID: PMC5319778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae) is popularly known as “gabiroba” and has been used in folk medicine as antirheumatic, antidiarrheal, hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities and toxicology of essential oils from peel (EOP) and seed (EOS) of C. adamantium fruits in animal models. Different groups were treated with doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg and the inflammatory parameters were evaluated in carrageenan induced paw oedema and leukocyte migration in pleurisy model, while antinociceptive activity was evaluated using formalin method in rodents. The major constituent of EOP and EOS was limonene with 13.07% and 20.89%, respectively. No clinical signs of toxicity have been observed in animals. It was observed a significant decreased (P<0.01) in leukocyte migration at the dose of 300 mg/kg of EOP and EOS, with maximal inhibition of 89±3% for EOP and 80±6% for EOS. Paw oedema was inhibited at all times, and maximal inhibition was at the dose of 100 mg/kg at 2 h after carrageenan injection with 72±2% for EOP and 74±2% for EOS. EOS and EOP also reduced the first and second phases of formalin-induced nociception test. In the first formalin-phase, maximal inhibitions were at 48±5% for EOP and 66±4% for EOS (300 mg/kg). At the inflammatory phase induced by formalin, maximal inhibitions were 72±2% for EOP and 80±2% for EOS at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Seed and peel essential oils from C. adamantium fruit inhibited leukocyte migration, inflammatory and neurogenic pain and oedema suggesting their use as nutraceutical or pharmacological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli Zuntini Viscardi
- College of Exact and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jucicléia da Silva Arrigo
- College of Exact and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Muthu N, Lee SY, Phua KK, Bhore SJ. Nutritional, Medicinal and Toxicological Attributes of Star-Fruits (Averrhoa carambola L.): A Review. Bioinformation 2016; 12:420-424. [PMID: 28405126 PMCID: PMC5357571 DOI: 10.6026/97320630012420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are very complex organisms that produce medicinally important natural products. The Star-fruit producing plant (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a species of woody plant in the family Oxalidaceae native to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka; but, cultivated in many parts of the world. Star-fruits are popular tropical fruits and used commonly in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) in India, China, and Brazil to relieve ailments such as chronic headache, fever, cough, gastro-enteritis, diarrhoea, ringworm infections, and skin inflammations. However, this fruit contains high amount of oxalate, which is hazardous for uremic patients, and caramboxin (CBX), which is neurotoxic. The aim of this review is to highlight the nutritional, medicinal and toxicological traits of the star-fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmataa Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong-Semeling Road, Semeling 08100, Kedah,Malaysia
| | - Su Yin Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong-Semeling Road, Semeling 08100, Kedah,Malaysia
| | - Kia Kien Phua
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Subhash Janardhan Bhore
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong-Semeling Road, Semeling 08100, Kedah,Malaysia
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Pires Gouvea D, Vasconcellos FA, Dos Anjos Berwaldt G, Neto ACPS, Fischer G, Sakata RP, Almeida WP, Cunico W. 2-Aryl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)thiazolidin-4-ones: Synthesis, anti-inflammatory in vivo, cytotoxicity in vitro and molecular docking studies. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:259-65. [PMID: 27131068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven new 4-thiazolidinones bearing the morpholino moiety were easily synthesized by one-pot reactions of 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (2-morpholinoethylamine), arenealdehydes and mercaptoacetic acid refluxing toluene for 19 h with moderate to good yields (45-97%). These novel compounds were fully identified and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Thiazolidin-4-ones in vivo anti-inflammatory activities were determined using a croton oil-induced ear edema model of inflammation in BALB C mice. The best results were found for compounds 4c (49.20 mmol/kg), 4d (49.20 mmol/kg) and 4f (52.48 mmol/kg), which showed the ability to decrease the ear edema in mice by 50%, 48% and 54%, respectively, when compared to the standard drug indomethacin. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of thiazolidin-4-ones against Vero cells was also performed and four compounds (4a, 4c, 4d and 4f) showed no toxic effect at 500 μg/mL. A docking simulation of compounds into the 1Q4G (COX-1) and 4PH9 (COX-2) enzymes binding site was conducted. This preliminary result will guide us in for further studies to improve the anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pires Gouvea
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Bioativos, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimento, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aleixo Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Bioativos, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimento, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Gabriele Dos Anjos Berwaldt
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Bioativos, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimento, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Amilton Clair Pinto Seixas Neto
- Laboratório do Grupo de Estudos em Doenças Transmitidas por Animais, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gerferson Fischer
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Renata Parruca Sakata
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Química e Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Wanda Pereira Almeida
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Química e Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Wilson Cunico
- Laboratório de Química Aplicada à Bioativos, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimento, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil.
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Leivas CL, Nascimento LF, Barros WM, Santos AR, Iacomini M, Cordeiro LM. Substituted galacturonan from starfruit: Chemical structure and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 84:295-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Działo M, Mierziak J, Korzun U, Preisner M, Szopa J, Kulma A. The Potential of Plant Phenolics in Prevention and Therapy of Skin Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:160. [PMID: 26901191 PMCID: PMC4783894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds constitute a group of secondary metabolites which have important functions in plants. Besides the beneficial effects on the plant host, phenolic metabolites (polyphenols) exhibit a series of biological properties that influence the human in a health-promoting manner. Evidence suggests that people can benefit from plant phenolics obtained either by the diet or through skin application, because they can alleviate symptoms and inhibit the development of various skin disorders. Due to their natural origin and low toxicity, phenolic compounds are a promising tool in eliminating the causes and effects of skin aging, skin diseases, and skin damage, including wounds and burns. Polyphenols also act protectively and help prevent or attenuate the progression of certain skin disorders, both embarrassing minor problems (e.g., wrinkles, acne) or serious, potentially life-threatening diseases such as cancer. This paper reviews the latest reports on the potential therapy of skin disorders through treatment with phenolic compounds, considering mostly a single specific compound or a combination of compounds in a plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Działo
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Mierziak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Korzun
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Wilches I, Tobar V, Peñaherrera E, Cuzco N, Jerves L, Vander Heyden Y, León-Tamariz F, Vila E. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract from Jungia rugosa leaves in rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:166-71. [PMID: 26192806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae), popularly known in Ecuador as "Carne humana" or "Fompo", is a vine present into the Andean region. It is traditionally used as medicine for the treatment of bruises, cuts and other external inflammatory processes. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of J. rugosa leaves extract (JRLE) in rodents. MATERIAL AND METHODS The acute anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by animal models, including croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice, carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and myeloperoxidase (MPO); the chronic anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by cotton pellet-induced granuloma. RESULTS Intraperitoneal administration of JRLE (125, 250, 500mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01-0.001) inhibited the croton oil-induced ear oedema and MPO activity in mice; the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 500mg/kg. Repeated (6 days) administration of the extract to mice previously implanted with cotton pellets reduced the formed granuloma (125mg/kg: 11.7%; 250mg/kg: 17.9%; 500mg/kg: 32.4%) but only the inhibition by 500mg/kg reached statistical significance (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results show that JRLE is effective as an anti-inflammatory agent in acute and chronic inflammation in mice, supporting its traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wilches
- Faculty of Chemistry, School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Vladimiro Tobar
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Eugenia Peñaherrera
- Faculty of Chemistry, School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Nancy Cuzco
- Faculty of Chemistry, School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Lourdes Jerves
- Faculty of Chemistry, School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels-VUB, Belgium
| | - Fabián León-Tamariz
- Faculty of Chemistry, School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Elisabet Vila
- Faculty of Chemistry, School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Cai C, Chen Y, Zhong S, Ji B, Wang J, Bai X, Shi G. Anti-inflammatory activity of N-butanol extract from Ipomoea stolonifera in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95931. [PMID: 24752203 PMCID: PMC3994116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ipomoea stolonifera (I. stolonifera) has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese traditional medicine. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of I. stolonifera has not been elucidated. For this reason, the anti-inflammatory activity of n-butanol extract of I. stolonifera (BE-IS) was evaluated in vivo by using acute models (croton oil-induced mouse ear edema, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and carrageenan-induced rat pleurisy) and chronic models (cotton pellet-induced rat granuloma, and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced rat arthritis). Results indicated that oral administration of BE-IS significantly attenuated croton oil-induced ear edema, decreased carrageenan-induced paw edema, reduced carrageenan-induced exudates and cellular migration, inhibited cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation and improved CFA-induced arthritis. Preliminary mechanism studies demonstrated that BE-IS decreased the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the activity of anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in vivo, and reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro. Results obtained in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that BE-IS has considerable anti-inflammatory potential, which provided experimental evidences for the traditional application of Ipomoea stolonifera in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xueting Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail:
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Santos JA, Arruda A, Silva MA, Cardoso CAL, Vieira MDC, Kassuya CAL, Arena AC. Anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Jacaranda decurrens roots in adult male rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:802-805. [PMID: 23088848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias and Proença (Bignoniaceae) is a species traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, until this moment, there is no scientific evidence of these effects. AIM OF STUDY To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of hydroethanolic root extract of Jacaranda decurrens in rats and to determine the safe of this plant after acute exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acute toxicity of Jacaranda decurrens root extract (EJD) was evaluated by oral administration to male rats as single doses of 0; 500; 1000 or 2000 mg/kg body weight. General behavior and toxic symptoms were observed for 14 days. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw edema and myeloperoxidase activity in male rats. RESULTS No signs of acute toxicity were observed, indicating that the LD(50) is greater than 2000 mg/kg. EJD (100 and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced edema formation and at higher dose, the reduction was similar to dexamethasone. A significant decrease in myeloperoxidase activity was also observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that Jacaranda decurrens extract has anti-inflammatory properties in rats without causing acute toxicity. These properties observed may be due to the presence of bioactive constituents such as ursolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Alencar Santos
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS, Brazil
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Shah PP, Desai PR, Patel AR, Singh MS. Skin permeating nanogel for the cutaneous co-delivery of two anti-inflammatory drugs. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1607-17. [PMID: 22118820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an effective drug delivery system for the simultaneous topical delivery of two anti-inflammatory drugs, spantide II (SP) and ketoprofen (KP). To achieve this primary goal, we have developed a skin permeating nanogel system (SPN) containing surface modified polymeric bilayered nanoparticles along with a gelling agent. Poly-(lactide-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan were used to prepare bilayered nanoparticles (NPS) and the surface was modified with oleic acid (NPSO). Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and Carbopol with the desired viscosity were utilized to prepare the nanogels. The nanogel system was further investigated for in vitro skin permeation, drug release and stability studies. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and psoriatic plaque like model were used to assess the effectiveness of SPN. Dispersion of NPSO in HPMC (SPN) produced a stable and uniform dispersion. In vitro permeation studies revealed increase in deposition of SP for the SP-SPN or SP+KP-SPN in the epidermis and dermis by 8.5 and 9.5 folds, respectively than SP-gel. Further, the deposition of KP for KP-SPN or SP+KP-SPN in epidermis and dermis was 9.75 and 11.55 folds higher, respectively than KP-gel. Similarly the amount of KP permeated for KP-SPN or SP+KP-SPN was increased by 9.92 folds than KP-gel. The ear thickness in ACD model and the expression of IL-17 and IL-23; PASI score and TEWL values in psoriatic plaque like model were significantly less (p < 0.001) for SPN compared to control gel. Our results suggest that SP+KP-SPN have significant potential for the percutaneous delivery of SP and KP to the deeper skin layers for treatment of various skin inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit P Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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