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Rivas-Caceres RR, Khazaei R, Ponce-Covarrubias JL, Di Rosa AR, Ogbuagu NE, Estrada GT, Zigo F, Gorlov IF, Slozhenkina MI, Mosolov AA, Lackner M, Elghandour MMMY. Effects of dietary Silybum marianum powder on growth performance, egg and carcass characteristics, immune response, intestinal microbial population, haemato-biochemical parameters and sensory meat quality of laying quails. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104036. [PMID: 39079329 PMCID: PMC11340560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the effects of different dietary Silybum marianum (SM, milk thistle) powder levels on growth performance, productivity, immunity, small intestine, haemato-biochemical parameters, meat quality, and egg and carcass characteristics of laying quails. The experimental subjects consisted of one hundred and eight 43-day-old quails divided into 3 treatments (0, 0.75, and 1.50% SM) with 4 replicates each. The egg characteristics and growth performance of the quails were evaluated. Quails were euthanized for evaluation of carcasses, microbiota, and sensory characteristics of meat. Blood samples were analyzed for haematology and biochemical profile. SM at 0.75% and 1.50% significantly (P < 0.05) increased feed intake, enhanced egg characteristics (number, weight, width, length, volume, weight of egg yolk, and eggshell thickness), jejunum and ileum length, spleen weight, lactobacillus population, sensory characteristics of meat, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, erythrocytic indices, concentration of albumin, globulin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). SM at 0.75% and 1.50% decreased (P < 0.05) carcass weight (abdominal fat, heart, neck, and pancreas), feed conversion ratio (FCR) based on eggs produced, percentages of heterophils and lymphocytes, concentration of lactate dehydrogenase, population of coliforms clostridia, and Escherichia coli. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and creatine kinase were not significantly (P > 0.05) altered by 0.75% and 1.50% SM. SM at both levels (0.75% and 1.50%) may improve growth, egg characteristics, immune response, intestinal morphology and microbiota, meat quality and erythropoiesis, and also lead to decreased cholesterol in laying quails. Economics can be improved, too. The authors recommend adding 1.0% of SM to quail diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Rene Rivas-Caceres
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, México
| | - Roshanak Khazaei
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, 4147654919, Iran
| | - José Luis Ponce-Covarrubias
- Escuela Superior de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 3, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro), Técpan de Galeana 40900, Guerrero, México
| | - Ambra Rita Di Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Ngozi Ejum Ogbuagu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 810107, Nigeria
| | - Gustavo Tirado Estrada
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL)/Tecnológico Nacional de México (TecNM), El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, México
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivan F Gorlov
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat and Milk Production, Volgograd 400131, Russia
| | - Marina I Slozhenkina
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat and Milk Production, Volgograd 400131, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Mosolov
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat and Milk Production, Volgograd 400131, Russia
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona M M Y Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, 50000, México.
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2
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Li Q, Chen X, Wang H, Tuo B, Zhou Z, Yang L. A case of erythrogenic protoporphyria with thyrotoxicosis and liver dysfunction in an adult female. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:1769-1774. [PMID: 38432869 PMCID: PMC10929955 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited metabolic disease caused by the deficiency in ferrochelatase (FECH) encoded by the FECH gene, and it is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. EPP usually produces acute pain photosensitivity after exposure to sunlight in infancy or early childhood, and liver failure is the most serious associated complication. This article reported an adult female case of EPP complicated with thyrotoxicosis and liver dysfunction which is a rare condition. The patient's liver function improved after liver protection treatment, her thyroid function returned to normal, and her EPP symptoms improved significantly. Moreover, the c.286C>T gene mutation may be the pathogenic locus of EPP. For patients with abnormal liver function, the possibility of EPP should be considered after the common causes are excluded, and FECH gene detection should be done to confirm the diagnosis in time. When EPP is associated with thyrotoxicosis and liver dysfunction, priority may be given to hepatoprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563000.
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563000
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563000.
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563000
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563000
| | - Zunlan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563000
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3
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Role of Nuclear Receptors in Controlling Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052800. [PMID: 35269942 PMCID: PMC8911257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs), are a wide family of ligand-regulated transcription factors sharing a common modular structure composed by an N-terminal domain and a ligand-binding domain connected by a short hinge linker to a DNA-binding domain. NRs are involved in many physiological processes, including metabolism, reproduction and development. Most of them respond to small lipophilic ligands, such as steroids, retinoids, and phospholipids, which act as conformational switches. Some NRs are still "orphan" and the search for their ligands is still ongoing. Upon DNA binding, NRs can act both as transcriptional activators or repressors of their target genes. Theoretically, the possibility to modulate NRs activity with small molecules makes them ideal therapeutic targets, although the complexity of their signaling makes drug design challenging. In this review, we discuss the role of NRs in erythropoiesis, in both homeostatic and stress conditions. This knowledge is important in view of modulating red blood cells production in disease conditions, such as anemias, and for the expansion of erythroid cells in culture for research purposes and for reaching the long-term goal of cultured blood for transfusion.
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Bujko K, Cymer M, Adamiak M, Ratajczak MZ. An Overview of Novel Unconventional Mechanisms of Hematopoietic Development and Regulators of Hematopoiesis - a Roadmap for Future Investigations. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:785-794. [PMID: 31642043 PMCID: PMC6925068 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the best-characterized stem cells in adult tissues. Nevertheless, as of today, many open questions remain. First, what is the phenotype of the most primitive "pre-HSC" able to undergo asymmetric divisions during ex vivo expansion that gives rise to HSC for all hemato-lymphopoietic lineages. Next, most routine in vitro assays designed to study HSC specification into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for major hematopoietic lineages are based on a limited number of peptide-based growth factors and cytokines, neglecting the involvement of several other regulators that are endowed with hematopoietic activity. Examples include many hormones, such as pituitary gonadotropins, gonadal sex hormones, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones, as well as bioactive phosphosphingolipids and extracellular nucleotides (EXNs). Moreover, in addition to regulation by stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), trafficking of these cells during mobilization or homing after transplantation is also regulated by bioactive phosphosphingolipids, EXNs, and three ancient proteolytic cascades, the complement cascade (ComC), the coagulation cascade (CoA), and the fibrinolytic cascade (FibC). Finally, it has emerged that bone marrow responds by "sterile inflammation" to signals sent from damaged organs and tissues, systemic stress, strenuous exercise, gut microbiota, and the administration of certain drugs. This review will address the involvement of these unconventional regulators and present a broader picture of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Monika Cymer
- Center for Preclinical Studies and Technology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adamiak
- Center for Preclinical Studies and Technology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Center for Preclinical Studies and Technology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Activation of the vitamin D receptor transcription factor stimulates the growth of definitive erythroid progenitors. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1207-1219. [PMID: 29844206 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathways that regulate the growth of erythroid progenitors are incompletely understood. In a computational analysis of gene expression changes during erythroid ontogeny, the vitamin D receptor (Vdr) nuclear hormone receptor transcription factor gene was identified in fetal and adult stages, but not at the embryonic stage of development. Vdr was expressed in definitive erythroid (EryD) progenitors and was downregulated during their maturation. Activation of Vdr signaling by the vitamin D3 agonist calcitriol increased the outgrowth of EryD colonies from fetal liver and adult bone marrow, maintained progenitor potential, and delayed erythroid maturation, as revealed by clonogenic assays, suspension culture, cell surface phenotype, and gene expression analyses. The early (cKit+CD71lo/neg), but not the late (cKit+CD71hi), EryD progenitor subset of LinnegcKit+ cells was responsive to calcitriol. Culture of cKit+CD71lo/neg progenitors in the presence of both vitamin D3 and glucocorticoid receptor ligands resulted in an increase in proliferation that was at least additive compared with either ligand alone. Lentivirus shRNA-mediated knockdown of Vdr expression abrogated the stimulation of early erythroid progenitor growth by calcitriol. These findings suggest that Vdr has a cell-intrinsic function in early erythroid progenitors. Targeting of downstream components of the Vdr signaling pathway may lead to new approaches for the expansion of erythroid progenitors ex vivo.
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Lee J, Miller RS. Case 2: Fatigue and Shortness of Breath in an 18-year-old Girl. Pediatr Rev 2018; 39:614-616. [PMID: 30504254 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Micronutrients are indispensable for adequate metabolism, such as biochemical function and cell production. The production of blood cells is named haematopoiesis and this process is highly consuming due to the rapid turnover of the haematopoietic system and consequent demand for nutrients. It is well established that micronutrients are relevant to blood cell production, although some of the mechanisms of how micronutrients modulate haematopoiesis remain unknown. The aim of the present review is to summarise the effect of Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Co, iodine, P, Se, Cu, Li and Zn on haematopoiesis. This review deals specifically with the physiological requirements of selected micronutrients to haematopoiesis, showing various studies related to the physiological requirements, deficiency or excess of these minerals on haematopoiesis. The literature selected includes studies in animal models and human subjects. In circumstances where these minerals have not been studied for a given condition, no information was used. All the selected minerals have an important role in haematopoiesis by influencing the quality and quantity of blood cell production. In addition, it is highly recommended that the established nutrition recommendations for these minerals be followed, because cases of excess or deficient mineral intake can affect the haematopoiesis process.
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Niu H, Fujiwara H, di Martino O, Hadwiger G, Frederick TE, Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Ricote M, Bowman GR, Welch JS. Endogenous retinoid X receptor ligands in mouse hematopoietic cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/503/eaan1011. [PMID: 29089448 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The retinoid X receptor α (RXRA) has been implicated in diverse hematological processes. To identify natural ligands of RXRA that are present in hematopoietic cells, we adapted an upstream activation sequence-green fluorescent protein (UAS-GFP) reporter mouse to detect natural RXRA ligands in vivo. We observed reporter activity in diverse types of hematopoietic cells in vivo. Reporter activity increased during granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced granulopoiesis and after phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemia, suggesting the presence of dynamically regulated natural RXRA ligands in hematopoietic cells. Mouse plasma activated Gal4-UAS reporter cells in vitro, and plasma from mice treated with G-CSF or PHZ recapitulated the patterns of reporter activation that we observed in vivo. Plasma from mice with dietary vitamin A deficiency only mildly reduced RXRA reporter activity, whereas plasma from mice on a fatty acid restriction diet reduced reporter activity, implicating fatty acids as plasma RXRA ligands. Through differential extraction coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified the long-chain fatty acid C24:5 as a natural RXRA ligand that was greatly increased in abundance in response to hematopoietic stress. Together, these data suggest that natural RXRA ligands are present and dynamically increased in abundance in mouse hematopoietic cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Niu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Orsola di Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gayla Hadwiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas E Frederick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - María P Menéndez-Gutiérrez
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John S Welch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Park S, Han CR, Park JW, Zhao L, Zhu X, Willingham M, Bodine DM, Cheng SY. Defective erythropoiesis caused by mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor α gene. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006991. [PMID: 28910278 PMCID: PMC5621702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations of the THRA gene exhibit classical features of hypothyroidism, including erythroid disorders. We previously created a mutant mouse expressing a mutated TRα1 (denoted as PV; Thra1PV/+ mouse) that faithfully reproduces the classical hypothyroidism seen in patients. Using Thra1PV/+ mice, we explored how the TRα1PV mutant acted to cause abnormalities in erythropoiesis. Thra1PV/+ mice exhibited abnormal red blood cell indices similarly as reported for patients. The total bone marrow cells and erythrocytic progenitors were markedly reduced in the bone marrow of Thra1PV/+ mice. In vitro terminal differentiation assays showed a significant reduction of mature erythrocytes in Thra1PV/+ mice. In wild-type mice, the clonogenic potential of progenitors in the erythrocytic lineage was stimulated by thyroid hormone (T3), suggesting that T3 could directly accelerate the differentiation of progenitors to mature erythrocytes. Analysis of gene expression profiles showed that the key regulator of erythropoiesis, the Gata-1 gene, and its regulated genes, such as the Klf1, β-globin, dematin genes, CAII, band3 and eALAS genes, involved in the maturation of erythrocytes, was decreased in the bone marrow cells of Thra1PV/+ mice. We further elucidated that the Gata-1 gene was a T3-directly regulated gene and that TRα1PV could impair erythropoiesis via repression of the Gata-1 gene and its regulated genes. These results provide new insights into how TRα1 mutants acted to cause erythroid abnormalities in patients with mutations of the THRA gene. Importantly, the Thra1PV/+ mouse could serve as a preclinical mouse model to identify novel molecular targets for treatment of erythroid disorders. Patients with mutations of the THRA gene exhibit erythroid disorders. The molecular pathogenesis underlying erythroid abnormalities is poorly understood. In Thra1PV/+ mice expressing a dominant negative mutant TRα1PV, we found abnormal red blood cell indices similar to patients. Total bone marrow cells, the clonogenic potential of erythrocytic progenitors, and terminal differentiation of erythrocytes were markedly decreased in Thra1PV/+ mice. We elucidated that Gata-1, a key erythroid gene, was directly positively regulated by TRα1. The erythroid defects in Thra1PV/+ mice were due, at least partly, to the TRα1PV-mediated suppression of the Gata-1 gene and its down-stream target genes. Over-expression of Gata-1 rescued impaired terminal differentiation. Our studies elucidated molecular mechanisms by which TRα1 mutants caused erythroid disorders in patients. The present study suggests that therapies aimed at GATA1 could be tested as a potential target in treating erythroid abnormalities in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Willingham
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Bodine
- Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Geneome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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van Gucht ALM, Meima ME, Moran C, Agostini M, Tylki-Szymanska A, Krajewska M, Walasek, Chrzanowska K, Efthymiadou A, Chrysis D, Demir K, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Chatterjee K, van Dijk TB, Peeters RP. Anemia in Patients With Resistance to Thyroid Hormone α: A Role for Thyroid Hormone Receptor α in Human Erythropoiesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3517-3525. [PMID: 28911146 PMCID: PMC5587074 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (TH) α (RTHα) are characterized by growth retardation, macrocephaly, constipation, and abnormal thyroid function tests. In addition, almost all RTHα patients have mild anemia, the pathogenesis of which is unknown. Animal studies suggest an important role for TH and TH receptor (TR)α in erythropoiesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a defect in TRα affects the maturation of red blood cells in RTHα patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Cultures of primary human erythroid progenitor cells (HEPs), from peripheral blood of RTHα patients (n = 11) harboring different inactivating mutations in TRα (P398R, F397fs406X, C392X, R384H, A382fs388X, A263V, A263S), were compared with healthy controls (n = 11). During differentiation, erythroid cells become smaller, accumulate hemoglobin, and express different cell surface markers. We assessed cell number and cell size, and used cell staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis to monitor maturation at different time points. RESULTS After ∼14 days of ex vivo expansion, both control and patient-derived progenitors differentiated spontaneously. However, RTHα-derived cells differentiated more slowly. During spontaneous differentiation, RTHα-derived HEPs were larger, more positive for c-Kit (a proliferation marker), and less positive for glycophorin A (a differentiation marker). The degree of abnormal spontaneous maturation of RTHα-derived progenitors did not correlate with severity of underlying TRα defect. Both control and RTHα-derived progenitors responded similarly when differentiation was induced. T3 exposure accelerated differentiation of both control- and RTHα patient-derived HEPs. CONCLUSIONS Inactivating mutations in human TRα affect the balance between proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells during erythropoiesis, which may contribute to the mild anemia seen in most RTHα patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja L. M. van Gucht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Moran
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maura Agostini
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Walasek
- The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Alexandra Efthymiadou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, 25002 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, 25002 Patras, Greece
| | - Korcan Demir
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thamar B. van Dijk
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Cai Y, Pi W, Sivaprakasam S, Zhu X, Zhang M, Chen J, Makala L, Lu C, Wu J, Teng Y, Pace B, Tuan D, Singh N, Li H. UFBP1, a Key Component of the Ufm1 Conjugation System, Is Essential for Ufmylation-Mediated Regulation of Erythroid Development. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005643. [PMID: 26544067 PMCID: PMC4636156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ufm1 conjugation system is an ubiquitin-like modification system that consists of Ufm1, Uba5 (E1), Ufc1 (E2), and less defined E3 ligase(s) and targets. The biological importance of this system is highlighted by its essential role in embryogenesis and erythroid development, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. UFBP1 (Ufm1 binding protein 1, also known as DDRGK1, Dashurin and C20orf116) is a putative Ufm1 target, yet its exact physiological function and impact of its ufmylation remain largely undefined. In this study, we report that UFBP1 is indispensable for embryonic development and hematopoiesis. While germ-line deletion of UFBP1 caused defective erythroid development and embryonic lethality, somatic ablation of UFBP1 impaired adult hematopoiesis, resulting in pancytopenia and animal death. At the cellular level, UFBP1 deficiency led to elevated ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress and activation of unfolded protein response (UPR), and consequently cell death of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. In addition, loss of UFBP1 suppressed expression of erythroid transcription factors GATA-1 and KLF1 and blocked erythroid differentiation from CFU-Es (colony forming unit-erythroid) to proerythroblasts. Interestingly, depletion of Uba5, a Ufm1 E1 enzyme, also caused elevation of ER stress and under-expression of erythroid transcription factors in erythroleukemia K562 cells. By contrast, knockdown of ASC1, a newly identified Ufm1 target that functions as a transcriptional co-activator of hormone receptors, led to down-regulation of erythroid transcription factors, but did not elevate basal ER stress. Furthermore, we found that ASC1 was associated with the promoters of GATA-1 and Klf1 in a UFBP1-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that UFBP1, along with ASC1 and other ufmylation components, play pleiotropic roles in regulation of hematopoietic cell survival and differentiation via modulating ER homeostasis and erythroid lineage-specific gene expression. Modulating the activity of this novel ubiquitin-like system may represent a novel approach to treat blood-related diseases such as anemia. Protein modification by Ubiquitin (Ub) and Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl) plays pivotal roles in a wide range of cellular functions and signaling pathways. The Ufm1 conjugation system is a novel ubiquitin-like system, yet its biological functions and working mechanism remains poorly understood. UFBP1 is a putative Ufm1 target that has been implicated in several signaling pathways but little is known regarding its in vivo function. In this report, by using multiple knockout mouse models, we demonstrate that UFBP1 is essential for murine development and blood cell development. While germ-line deletion of UFBP1 caused defective red blood cell development and embryonic lethality, somatic ablation of UFBP1 impaired production of mature red blood cells and other types of hematopoietic cells. We found that depletion of UFBP1 led to elevated stress in the endoplasmic reticulum that in turn caused cell death of hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, UFBP1 deficiency diminished expression of key transcription factors essential for red blood cell development. Taken together, our study provides strong genetic evidence for the essential role of UFBP1 as well as other components of the Ufm1 system in hematopoietic development. Therefore, the ufmylation pathway may represent a novel therapeutic target in treatment of blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Cai
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wenhu Pi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Satish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaobin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Levi Makala
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jianchu Wu
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yong Teng
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Betty Pace
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Tuan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NS); (HL)
| | - Honglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- The 10th People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (NS); (HL)
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12
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Shiraishi M, Yamamoto Y, Hirooka N, Obuchi Y, Tachibana S, Makishima M, Tanaka Y. A high concentration of triiodothyronine attenuates the stimulatory effect on hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of human erythroleukemia K562 cells. Endocr J 2015; 62:431-40. [PMID: 25787723 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although thyroid hormone is a known stimulator of erythropoietic differentiation, severe anemia is sometimes observed in patients with hyperthyroidism and this mechanism is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on hemin-induced erythropoiesis. Human erythroleukemia K562 cells were used as an erythroid differentiation model. Cell differentiation was induced by hemin and the effect of pre-incubation with T3 (0.1 to 100 nM) was analyzed by measuring the benzidine-positive rate, hemoglobin content, CD71 expression (transferrin receptor), and mRNA expression for transcription factors related to erythropoiesis and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Hemin, a promoter of erythroid differentiation, increased the levels of mRNAs for TRα, TRβ, and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), as well as those for nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NFE2), GATA-binding protein 1 (GATA1) and GATA-binding protein 2 (GATA2). Lower concentrations of T3 had a stimulatory effect on hemin-induced hemoglobin production (1 and 10 nM), CD71 expression (0.1 nM), and α-globin mRNA expression (1 nM), while a higher concentration of T3 (100 nM) abrogated the stimulatory effect on these parameters. T3 at 100 nM did not affect cell viability and proliferation, suggesting that the abrogation of erythropoiesis enhancement was not due to toxicity. T3 at 100 nM also significantly inhibited expression of GATA2 and RXRα mRNA, compared to 1 nM T3. We conclude that a high concentration of T3 attenuates the classical stimulatory effect on erythropoiesis exerted by a low concentration of T3 in hemin-induced K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieno Shiraishi
- Department of General Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
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13
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Maggio M, De Vita F, Fisichella A, Lauretani F, Ticinesi A, Ceresini G, Cappola A, Ferrucci L, Ceda GP. The Role of the Multiple Hormonal Dysregulation in the Onset of "Anemia of Aging": Focus on Testosterone, IGF-1, and Thyroid Hormones. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:292574. [PMID: 26779261 PMCID: PMC4686706 DOI: 10.1155/2015/292574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a multifactorial condition whose prevalence increases in both sexes after the fifth decade of life. It is a highly represented phenomenon in older adults and in one-third of cases is "unexplained." Ageing process is also characterized by a "multiple hormonal dysregulation" with disruption in gonadal, adrenal, and somatotropic axes. Experimental studies suggest that anabolic hormones such as testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones are able to increase erythroid mass, erythropoietin synthesis, and iron bioavailability, underlining a potential role of multiple hormonal changes in the anemia of aging. Epidemiological data more consistently support an association between lower testosterone and anemia in adult-older individuals. Low IGF-1 has been especially associated with anemia in the pediatric population and in a wide range of disorders. There is also evidence of an association between thyroid hormones and abnormalities in hematological parameters under overt thyroid and euthyroid conditions, with limited data on subclinical statuses. Although RCTs have shown beneficial effects, stronger for testosterone and the GH-IGF-1 axis and less evident for thyroid hormones, in improving different hematological parameters, there is no clear evidence for the usefulness of hormonal treatment in improving anemia in older subjects. Thus, more clinical and research efforts are needed to investigate the hormonal contribution to anemia in the older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Maggio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- *Marcello Maggio:
| | - Francesca De Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Fisichella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Fulvio Lauretani
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anne Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gian Paolo Ceda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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14
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Yamamoto Y, Shiraishi M, Fujita M, Kojima I, Tanaka Y, Tachibana S. Triiodothyronine suppresses activin-induced differentiation of erythroleukemia K562 cells under hypoxic conditions. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 391:217-24. [PMID: 24604674 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone stimulates erythropoietic differentiation. However, severe anemia is sometimes seen in patients with hyperthyroidism, and the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Bone marrow is comprised about 2-8% oxygen, and the characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells have been shown to be influenced under hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 is a critical mediator of cellular responses to hypoxia and an important mediator in signal transduction of thyroid hormone [triiodothyronine (T3)]. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of T3 on erythropoiesis under hypoxia mimicking physiological conditions in the bone marrow. We maintained human erythroleukemia K562 cells under hypoxic atmosphere (2% O₂) and examined their cellular characteristics. Compared to that under normal atmospheric conditions, cells under hypoxia showed a reduction in the proliferation rate and increase in the hemoglobin content or benzidine-positive rate, indicating promotion of erythroid differentiation. T3 had no effect on hypoxia-induced erythroid differentiation, but significantly inhibited activin A/erythroid differentiation factor-induced erythroid differentiation. Moreover, GATA2 mRNA expression was suppressed in association with erythroid differentiation, while T3 significantly diminished that suppression. These results suggest that T3 has a direct suppressive effect on erythroid differentiation under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoritsuna Yamamoto
- Division of Environmental Medicine, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan,
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15
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Dentice M, Antonini D, Salvatore D. Type 3 deiodinase and solid tumors: an intriguing pair. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1369-79. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.833189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Schindhelm RK, ten Boekel E, Heima NE, van Schoor NM, Simsek S. Thyroid hormones and erythrocyte indices in a cohort of euthyroid older subjects. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:241-4. [PMID: 23276452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypothyroidism is associated with normocytic anaemia. Indeed, a limited number of studies have shown significant associations between free thyroxin (T4) and erythrocyte indices. These studies did not include vitamin B12, folic acid, iron and renal function in the analyses. We therefore studied the association between thyroid hormones and erythrocyte indices in a population-based cohort of older euthyroid subjects, with adjustment for major confounding parameters. DESIGN Data, including thyroid hormones and erythrocyte indices, are from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), an ongoing cohort study on predictors and consequences of changes in health in the ageing population in the Netherlands. Multivariable linear regression analyses were applied to study the cross-sectional associations between free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and erythrocyte indices (haemoglobin content, haematocrit, mean cell volume (MCV) and erythrocyte count) in a euthyroid sub-sample. The final models were adjusted for vitamin B12, folic acid, iron levels and renal function. RESULTS In 708 euthyroid older subjects, an increase of 5pmol/L free T4 was associated with a mean increase of 0.12mmol/L or 0.19g/dL of haemoglobin, 0.068 10(12)/L erythrocytes and 0.006L/L haematocrit (P=0.007, P=0.005, P=0.001, respectively). Free T4 was not significantly associated with MCV (P>0.05). TSH appeared not to be associated with any of the erythrocyte indices (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of older subjects, free T4, but not TSH, was associated with erythrocyte indices, confirming the role of thyroid hormones in the regulation of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Schindhelm
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Haematology & Immunology, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
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17
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Ingley E. Integrating novel signaling pathways involved in erythropoiesis. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:402-10. [PMID: 22431075 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors control the development of red blood cells from committed progenitors, with the Erythropoietin-receptor (Epo-R) signaling network being the primary controlling molecular hub. Although much is understood about erythroid signaling pathways, new and intriguing factors that influence different aspects of erythroid cell development are still being uncovered. New extrinsic effectors include hypoxia and polymeric IgA1 (pIgA1), and new Epo-R signaling pathway components include Lyn/Cbp and Lyn/Liar. Hypoxia directly activates committed erythroid progenitors to expand, whereas pIgA1 activates the Akt and MAP-Kinase (MAPK) pathways through transferrin receptors on more mature erythroid cells. The Lyn/Cbp pathway controls the activity and protein levels of Lyn through recruitment of Csk and SOCS1, as well as feeding into the control of other pathways mediated by recruitment of ras-GAP, PI3-kinase, PLCγ, Fes, and EBP50. Nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of Lyn and other signaling molecules is influenced by Liar and results in regulation of their intersecting signaling pathways. The challenge of future research is to flesh out the details of these new signaling regulators/networks and integrate their influences during the different stages of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Ingley
- Cell Signalling Group, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Medical Research and The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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18
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Castro R, Silva J, Ocarino N, Boeloni J, Nunes P, Silva G, Melo M, Paes P, Serakides R. Mielograma de ratas com disfunção tireoidiana. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Miller MS, Mymryk JS. An unhealthy relationship: viral manipulation of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:999-1019. [PMID: 21958141 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily is a diverse group of over 50 proteins whose function is to regulate the transcription of a vast array of cellular genes. These proteins are able to tune transcription over an extremely dynamic range due to the fact that they may act as either transcriptional activators or repressors depending on promoter context and ligand status. Due to these unique properties, diverse families of viruses have evolved strategies to exploit NRs in order to regulate expression of their own genes and to optimize the cellular milieu to facilitate the viral lifecycle. While the specific NRs targeted by these viruses vary, the strategies used to target them are common. This is accomplished at the cis-level by incorporation of nuclear receptor response elements into the viral genome and at the trans-level by viral proteins that target NRs directly or indirectly to modulate their function. The specific NR(s) targeted by a particular virus are likely to be reflective of the tissue tropism of the virus in question. Thus, the essential role played by NRs in the replication cycles of such diverse viruses underscores the importance of understanding their functions in the context of specific infections. This knowledge will allow appropriate considerations to be made when treating infected individuals with hormone-associated diseases and will potentially assist in the rational design of novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Miller
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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20
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Tarım Ö. Thyroid hormones and growth in health and disease. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2011; 3:51-5. [PMID: 21750631 PMCID: PMC3119440 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v3i2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate growth by several mechanisms. In addition to their negative feedback effect on the stimulatory hormones thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid hormones also regulate their receptors in various physiological and pathological conditions. Up-regulation and down-regulation of the thyroid receptors fine-tune the biological effects exerted by the thyroid hormones. Interestingly, the deiodinase enzyme system is another intrinsic regulator of thyroid physiology that adjusts the availability of thyroid hormones to the tissues, which is essential for normal growth and development. Almost all chronic diseases of childhood impair growth and development. Every disease may have a unique mechanism to halt linear growth, but reduced serum concentration or diminished local availability of thyroid hormones seems to be a common pathway. Therefore, the effects of systemic diseases on thyroid physiology must be taken into consideration in the evaluation of growth retardation in affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Tarım
- Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey.
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21
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An uncommon cause of anaemia: Sheehan's syndrome. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010; 122:717-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-010-1480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Minder EI, Haldemann AR, Schneider-Yin X. Exacerbation of erythropoietic protoporphyria by hyperthyroidism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S465-9. [PMID: 21069463 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary disorder caused by deficiency of ferrochelatase, the last enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The majority of EPP patients present with a clinical symptom of painful phototoxicity. Liver damage, the most serious complication of EPP, occurs in <5% of the patients. This report describes a case of an EPP patient who complained of worsening cutaneous symptoms, nervousness, and insomnia. Laboratory tests showed highly increased protoporphyrin concentration in erythrocytes and elevated serum transaminases that are indicative of EPP-related liver damage. The subsequent finding of decreased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations, as well antibodies against both thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and TSH receptors, led to the diagnosis of Graves' disease. The patient received 500 MBq of radioiodine (I(131)). Three months after the radioactive iodine therapy, the thyroid volume was reduced to 30% of pretherapeutic volume. Although the patient was slightly hypothyroidic, his liver enzymes returned to normal, his erythrocytic protoporphyrin concentration dropped fivefold, and his skin symptoms improved dramatically. The coexistence of Graves' disease and EPP is a statistically rare event as, besides our patient, there was one additional case reported in the literature. Although the exact mechanism whereby Graves' disease interacts with EPP is yet to be explored, we recommend testing thyroid function in EPP patients with liver complication to exclude hyperthyroidism as a potential cause.
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23
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Thyroid hormones induce activation of rat hepatic stellate cells through increased expression of p75 neurotrophin receptor and direct activation of Rho. J Transl Med 2010; 90:674-84. [PMID: 20231820 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that hyperthyroidism is detrimental for liver fibrosis and in this study we have investigated the mechanisms regulating triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was determined by western blot analyses and transient transfection of the promoters. Rho activation was assayed using a pull-down assay and by ELISA. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 decreases, whereas T4 receptor integrin alphaVbeta3 increases, with transdifferentiation of HSC to myofibroblasts. T3 and T4 enhance HSC activation, without affecting proliferation or phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 or Akt. Addition of 10(-7) M T3 or T4 to thyroid hormone-depleted serum induces a twofold increase in activation marker alphaSMA, as well as upregulation of p75NTR protein levels. Both hormones enhance transcription of alphaSMA and p75NTR. We report a novel signaling pathway for thyroid hormones, activation of Rho. T4 induces activation of Rho acting through alphavbeta3 integrin, and the activation is abolished by the T4 antagonist, tetraiodothyroacetic acid, by peptide RGD and by a function-blocking antibody to integrin beta3. T3 and T4 increase phosphorylation of non-muscle myosin light chain II, a downstream signal to Rho/Rho-kinase activation. T3 also induces expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In vivo, administration of T3 or T4 together with thioacetamide (TAA) enhances fibrosis after 3 weeks, compared with the TAA-treated group, accompanied by increased alphaSMA in T3- and T4-treated groups, and of p75NTR in T4-treated rats. Thyroid hormones enhance activation of HSC through increased p75NTR and alphaSMA expression and activation of Rho, therefore accelerating development of liver fibrosis.
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24
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Chute JP, Ross JR, McDonnell DP. Minireview: Nuclear receptors, hematopoiesis, and stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:1-10. [PMID: 19934345 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate a panoply of biological processes, including the function and development of cells within the hematopoietic and immune system, such as erythrocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Significantly less is known regarding the function of NRs in regulating the fate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the self-renewing, pluripotent cells that give rise to the entirety of the blood and immune systems throughout the lifetime of an individual. Several recent studies suggest, either directly or indirectly, a role for members of the NR family in regulating the differentiation and self-renewal of HSCs, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Herein, we review in detail the function of specific NRs in controlling HSC and other stem cell fate and propose a framework through which these observations can be translated into therapeutic amplification of HSCs for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chute
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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25
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Dentice M, Ambrosio R, Salvatore D. Role of type 3 deiodinase in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1363-73. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220903339122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Sato Y, Ding A, Heimeier RA, Yousef AF, Mymryk JS, Walfish PG, Shi YB. The adenoviral E1A protein displaces corepressors and relieves gene repression by unliganded thyroid hormone receptors in vivo. Cell Res 2009; 19:783-92. [PMID: 19434099 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 5 early region 1A (E1A) is one of two oncogenes present in the adenovirus genome and functions by interfering with the activities of cellular regulatory proteins. The E1A gene is alternatively spliced to yield five products. Earlier studies have revealed that E1A can regulate the function of thyroid hormone (T3) receptors (TRs). However, analysis in yeast compared with transfection studies in mammalian cell cultures yields surprisingly different effects. Here, we have examined the effect of E1A on TR function by using the frog oocyte in vivo system, where the effects of E1A can be studied in the context of chromatin. We demonstrate that different isoforms of E1A have distinct effects on TR function. The two longest forms inhibit both the repression by unliganded TR and activation by T3-bound TR. We further show that E1A binds to unliganded TR to displace the endogenous corepressor nuclear receptor corepressor, thus relieving the repression by unliganded TR. On the other hand, in the presence of T3, E1A inhibits gene activation by T3-bound TR indirectly, through a mechanism that requires its binding domain for the general coactivator p300. Taken together, our results thus indicate that E1A affects TR function through distinct mechanisms that are dependent upon the presence or absence of T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyasu Sato
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, PCRM, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Gamper I, Koh KR, Ruau D, Ullrich K, Bartunkova J, Piroth D, Hacker C, Bartunek P, Zenke M. GAR22: a novel target gene of thyroid hormone receptor causes growth inhibition in human erythroid cells. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:539-548.e4. [PMID: 19375645 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors with a major impact on erythroid cell development. Here we investigated TR activity on red cell gene expression and identified TR target genes. The impact of the TR target gene GAR22 (growth arrest-specific 2 [GAS2]-related gene on chromosome 22) on red cell differentiation was determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stem cell factor/erythropoietin (SCF/EPO)-dependent red cell progenitors were differentiated in vitro in the presence or absence of thyroid hormone. Hormone-induced changes in gene expression were measured by a genome-wide approach with DNA microarrays. Ectopic expression of the TR target gene GAR22 was used to determine its impact on red cell differentiation. RESULTS Ligand-activated TR effectively accelerated red cell progenitor differentiation in vitro concomitantly with inducing growth arrest. We demonstrate that activated TR-induced specific gene expression patterns of up- or downregulated genes, including distinct clusters associated with accelerated differentiation in response to treatment. Mining for T3-induced genes identified basic transcription element binding protein 1/Krüppel-like factor 9 (BTEB1/KLF9) and GAR22 as TR target genes. BTEB1/KLF9 is a known TR target gene while GAR22, initially identified as a putative tumor suppressor, represents a novel TR target gene. We demonstrate that ectopic GAR22 expression in red cell progenitors lengthens the cell cycle and causes growth inhibition, but leaves red cell gene expression unaffected. CONCLUSION This study identifies GAR22 as a novel and direct TR target gene. Our results suggest that hormone-induced GAR22 might represent an important trigger of growth inhibition induced by thyroid hormone in red cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Gamper
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
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28
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Alva-Sánchez C, Sánchez-Huerta K, Arroyo-Helguera O, Anguiano B, Aceves C, Pacheco-Rosado J. The maintenance of hippocampal pyramidal neuron populations is dependent on the modulation of specific cell cycle regulators by thyroid hormones. Brain Res 2009; 1271:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Cinemre H, Bilir C, Gokosmanoglu F, Bahcebasi T. Hematologic effects of levothyroxine in iron-deficient subclinical hypothyroid patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:151-6. [PMID: 18984662 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In patients with coexisting iron-deficiency anemia and subclinical hypothyroidism, anemia does not adequately respond to oral iron therapy. OBJECTIVE We studied whether iron-deficiency anemia might indicate treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism. DESIGN PATIENTS were assigned to a control or experimental group: 240 mg/d oral iron alone (iron group) or 240 mg/d oral iron plus 75 microg/d levothyroxine (iron/levothyroxine group). Levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, serum iron levels, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, TSH, and free T(4) were measured before and after treatment. SETTING The study was conducted at a university hospital outpatient clinic. PATIENTS Fifty-one patients with coexisting iron-deficiency anemia and subclinical hypothyroidism participated in the study. INTERVENTION PATIENTS were treated as described above in either the iron group or the iron/levothyroxine group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE A clinically satisfactory increase in hemoglobin was regarded as successful. RESULTS Mean hemoglobin levels increased by 0.4 g/dl in the iron group [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.7, P = 0.001], whereas it increased by a mean of 1.9 g/dl in the iron/levothyroxine group (95% CI 1.5-2.3, P < 0.0001). The increase in serum iron was greater in the iron/levothyroxine group by a mean of 47.6 microg/dl (95% CI 34.5-60.6, P < 0.0001). Increases in hemoglobin, red blood cells, hematocrit, and serum ferritin levels after treatment were statistically significantly greater in the iron/levothyroxine group (P < 0.0001). Starting hemoglobin and increase in hemoglobin were negatively correlated in the iron/levothyroxine group (r = -0.531, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Subclinical hypothyroidism should be treated in iron-deficiency anemia patients when both conditions coexist. This would provide a desired therapeutic response to oral iron replacement and prevent ineffective iron therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Cinemre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Duzce University School of Medicine, Duzce 81620, Turkey.
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Abstract
Abstract
Thyroid hormone and its cognate receptor (TR) have been implicated in the production of red blood cells. Here, we show mice deficient for TRα have compromised fetal and adult erythropoiesis. Erythroid progenitor numbers were significantly reduced in TRα−/− fetal livers, and transit through the final stages of maturation was impeded. In addition, immortalized TRα−/− erythroblasts displayed increased apoptosis and reduced capacity for proliferation and differentiation. Adult TRα−/− mice had lower hematocrit levels, elevated glucocorticoid levels, and an altered stress erythropoiesis response to hemolytic anemia. Most TRα−/− animals contained markedly altered progenitor numbers in their spleens. Strikingly, 20% of TRα−/− mice failed to elicit a stress erythropoiesis response and recovered very poorly from hemolytic anemia. We conclude that an underlying erythroid defect exists in TRα−/− mice, demon-strating the importance of TRα to the erythroid compartment.
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Jugan ML, Lévy-Bimbot M, Pomérance M, Tamisier-Karolak S, Blondeau JP, Lévi Y. A new bioluminescent cellular assay to measure the transcriptional effects of chemicals that modulate the alpha-1 thyroid hormone receptor. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1197-205. [PMID: 17532181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of environmental pollutants with the thyroid endocrine axis have received much attention especially because thyroid hormones (THs) play a major role in mammalian brain development. In order to screen for compounds that act on the triiodothyronine (T3) signaling pathway, we developed a new reporter gene assay expressing luciferase under the control of the TH receptor (TR). PC12 cells expressing the alpha1-isoform of TR of avian origin were stably transfected with a luciferase gene controlled by the SV40 promoter, and enhanced by a four-spaced direct repeat (DR4) thyroid response element (TRE). The resulting PC-DR-LUC cells were used to optimize a T3 assay in multiwell microplates. This assay was highly sensitive (30 pM T3) and reproducible, and responded as expected to TH analogues. Several halogenated phenolic (3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A, 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobisphenol A, 4-hydroxy-2',3,4',5,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl) and phenol (pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-triiodophenol) compounds suspected of being thyroid-disrupting environmental chemicals induced partial agonistic and/or complex competitive/uncompetitive antagonistic responses in PC-DR-LUC cells at micromolar concentrations. A cell viability test indicated that these effects were not related to cytotoxicity of the chemicals. These results suggest that the PC-DR-LUC assay could be a valuable tool for the large-scale screening for thyroid receptor agonists and antagonists in vitro, and for detecting thyroid disruptors in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jugan
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire Santé Publique-Environnement, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Hörkkö TT, Tuppurainen K, George SM, Jernvall P, Karttunen TJ, Mäkinen MJ. Thyroid hormone receptor β1 in normal colon and colorectal cancer–association with differentiation, polypoid growth type and K-ras mutations. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1653-9. [PMID: 16231318 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The precursors for colorectal cancer include polypoid (conventional), flat and serrated adenomas. Polypoid growth in polypoid adenomas and serrated adenomas is associated with K-ras mutations. The regulation of polypoid or nonpolypoid growth is not well known, but could be related to trophic stimuli, such as thyroid hormones. Hence, we investigated the expression pattern of thyroid hormone receptor TRbeta1 in colorectal mucosa and in colorectal tumours and its relationship to tumour growth type. One hundred fourteen colorectal carcinoma specimens were evaluated for TRbeta1. Normal mucosa, adjacent adenomatous component (N = 46) and lymph node metastases (N = 28) were analysed when present, and the results were confirmed by Western blot analysis in selected cases. Nuclear TRbeta1 was almost always present in normal epithelium (96%), but less frequent in adenomas (83%) and in cancer (68%; p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). TRbeta1 was associated with polypoid growth, presence of K-ras mutations and also with a higher WHO histological grade and advanced Dukes' stage. Cytoplasmic expression of TRbeta1 was observed in nonneoplastic and neoplastic epithelium. In Western blot analysis, a 58 kDa band corresponding to TRbeta1 was expressed in normal mucosa and in colorectal cancer specimens with positive immunohistochemistry. Association of TRbeta1 expression with growth pattern and the presence of K-ras mutations suggest that abnormalities in thyroid hormone signalling involving TRbeta1 play a role in the development of some types of colorectal adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo T Hörkkö
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
The v-Erb A oncoprotein of avian erythroblastosis virus is derived from c-Erb A, a hormone-activated transcription factor. Notably, v-Erb A has sustained multiple mutations relative to c-Erb A and functions as a constitutive transcriptional repressor. We report here an analysis of the contributions of these different mutations to v-Erb A function. Our experiments demonstrate that two amino-acid differences between v-Erb A and c-Erb A, located in the 'I-box,' alter the dimerization properties of the viral protein, resulting in more stable homodimer formation, increased corepressor binding, and increased target gene repression. An additional amino-acid difference between v- and c-Erb A, located in helix 3 of the hormone binding domain, renders corepressor binding by the viral protein more resistant to release by thyroid hormone. Finally, we report that a C-terminal truncation in v-Erb A not only inhibits exchange of corepressor and coactivator, as previously noted, but also permits v-Erb A to recruit both SMRT and N-CoR corepressors, whereas c-Erb A is selective for N-CoR. The latter two mutations in v-Erb A also impair its ability to suppress c-Jun function in response to T3 hormone. We propose that the acquisition of oncogenic potential by the v-Erb A protein was a multistep process involving a series of mutations that alter the transcriptional repressive properties of the viral protein through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lee
- Section of Microbiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Martin L Privalsky
- Section of Microbiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ML Privalsky; E-mail:
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Bonamy GMC, Guiochon-Mantel A, Allison LA. Cancer promoted by the oncoprotein v-ErbA may be due to subcellular mislocalization of nuclear receptors. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:1213-30. [PMID: 15650025 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retroviral v-ErbA oncoprotein is a highly mutated variant of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRalpha), which is unable to bind T(3) and interferes with the action of TRalpha in mammalian and avian cancer cells. v-ErbA dominant-negative activity is attributed to competition with TRalpha for T(3)-responsive DNA elements and/or auxiliary factors involved in the transcriptional regulation of T(3)-responsive genes. However, competition models do not address the altered subcellular localization of v-ErbA and its possible implications in oncogenesis. Here, we report that v-ErbA dimerizes with TRalpha and the retinoid X receptor and sequesters a significant fraction of the two nuclear receptors in the cytoplasm. Recruitment of TRalpha to the cytoplasm by v-ErbA can be partially reversed in the presence of ligand and when chromatin is disrupted by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. These results define a new mode of action of v-ErbA and illustrate the importance of cellular compartmentalization in transcriptional regulation and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain M C Bonamy
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Millington Hall 116, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
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Porlan E, Vega S, Iglesias T, Rodríguez-Peña A. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor beta1 inhibits proliferation of murine fibroblasts by delaying the onset of the G1 cell-cycle signals. Oncogene 2005; 23:8756-65. [PMID: 15467737 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are members of the ligand-inducible transcription factor superfamily. The two major functional TRs (alpha1 and beta1) have different spatial and temporal expression patterns and specific physiological functions for these isoforms are now starting to emerge. By expressing these TR isoforms individually in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, we found that TRbeta1 expression, in the absence of hormone, provokes a proliferation arrest in G0/G1, lengthening the cycling time. Upon serum stimulation TRbeta1-expressing cells showed a marked delay in the induction of cyclins D and E, in the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, and in the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, accompanied by increased levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. Accordingly, serum-stimulated E2F-1 transcriptional activity was repressed by TRbeta1 in transient transfection experiments. Analysis of the receptor domains required for this effect confirmed that there is no need for a functional ligand-binding domain while the DNA-binding domain is essential. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that TRbeta1 participates in the molecular mechanisms that control cell proliferation. The unliganded TRbeta1 impairs the normal induction of the G1/S cycle regulators preventing progression into the S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Porlan
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas--Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
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36
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Lemkine GF, Raj A, Alfama G, Turque N, Hassani Z, Alegria-Prévot O, Samarut J, Levi G, Demeneix BA. Adult neural stem cell cycling in vivo requires thyroid hormone and its alpha receptor. FASEB J 2005; 19:863-5. [PMID: 15728663 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2916fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for brain development. However, information on if and how this key endocrine factor affects adult neurogenesis is fragmentary. We thus investigated the effects of TH on proliferation and apoptosis of stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), as well as on migration of transgene-tagged neuroblasts out of the stem cell niche. Hypothyroidism significantly reduced all three of these processes, inhibiting generation of new cells. To determine the mechanisms relaying TH action in the SVZ, we analyzed which receptor was implicated and whether the effects were played out directly at the level of the stem cell population. The alpha TH receptor (TRalpha), but not TRbeta, was found to be expressed in nestin positive progenitor cells of the SVZ. Further, use of TRalpha mutant mice showed TRalpha to be required to maintain full proliferative activity. Finally, a direct TH transcriptional effect, not mediated through other cell populations, was revealed by targeted gene transfer to stem cells in vivo. Indeed, TH directly modulated transcription from the c-myc promoter reporter construct containing a functional TH response element containing TRE but not from a mutated TRE sequence. We conclude that liganded-TRalpha is critical for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Lemkine
- UMR CNRS 5166, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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González-Cinca N, Pérez de la Ossa P, Carreras J, Climent F. Effects of thyroid hormone and hypoxia on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, bisphosphoglycerate synthase and phosphoglycerate mutase in rabbit erythroblasts and reticulocytes in vivo. HORMONE RESEARCH 2004; 62:191-6. [PMID: 15375329 DOI: 10.1159/000080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of triiodothyronine (T(3)) and hypoxia on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) studied in vitro are unclear. To clarify these effects we selected a more physiologic approach: the in vivo study in rabbits. We also present the changes produced by T(3) and hypoxia on phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM), which requires 2,3-BPG as a cofactor, and 2,3-BPG synthase (BPGS), the enzyme responsible for 2,3-BPG synthesis in erythroblasts and reticulocytes. METHODS Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily T(3) injection (250 microg/kg), hypoxia by a mixture of 90% nitrogen and 10% oxygen and hypothyroidism by propylthiouracil (PTU) added to drinking water. RESULTS Both T(3) administration and hypoxic conditions increased 2,3-BPG levels and BPGS mRNA levels and activity in erythroblasts but not in reticulocytes. Unlike BPGS, both PGAM mRNA levels and activity were increased in erythroblasts and reticulocytes under hyperthyrodism and hypoxia. The antihormone PTU produced opposite effects to T(3). CONCLUSION The results presented here suggest that both hyperthyroidism and hypoxia modulate in vivo red cell 2,3-BPG content by changes in the expression of BPGS. Similarly, the changes in PGAM activity are also explained by changes in its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria González-Cinca
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Departament de Ciéncies Fisiològiques I, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Leberbauer C, Boulmé F, Unfried G, Huber J, Beug H, Müllner EW. Different steroids co-regulate long-term expansion versus terminal differentiation in primary human erythroid progenitors. Blood 2004; 105:85-94. [PMID: 15358620 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outgrowth, long-term self-renewal, and terminal maturation of human erythroid progenitors derived from umbilical cord blood in serum-free medium can be modulated by steroid hormones. Homogeneous erythroid cultures, as characterized by flow cytometry and dependence on a specific mixture of physiologic proliferation factors, were obtained within 8 days from a starting population of mature and immature mononuclear cells. Due to previous results in mouse and chicken erythroblasts, the proliferation-promoting effect of glucocorticoids was not unexpected. Surprisingly, however, androgen had a positive effect on the sustained expansion of human female but not male erythroid progenitors. Under optimal conditions, sustained proliferation of erythroid progenitors resulted in a more than 10(9)-fold expansion within 60 days. Terminal erythroid maturation was significantly improved by adding human serum and thyroid hormone (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine [T3]) to the differentiation medium. This resulted in highly synchronous differentiation of the cells toward enucleated erythrocytes within 6 days, accompanied by massive size decrease and hemoglobin accumulation to levels comparable to those in peripheral blood erythrocytes. Thus, obviously, different ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptors massively influence the decision between self-renewal and terminal maturation in the human erythroid compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Leberbauer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, The University Departments at the Vienna Biocenter, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ibañez V, Sharma A, Buonamici S, Verma A, Kalakonda S, Wang J, Kadkol S, Saunthararajah Y. AML1-ETO Decreases ETO-2 (MTG16) Interactions with Nuclear Receptor Corepressor, an Effect That Impairs Granulocyte Differentiation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4547-54. [PMID: 15231665 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The t(8;21) chromosome abnormality in acute myeloid leukemia targets the AML1 and ETO genes to produce the leukemia fusion protein AML1-ETO. Another member of the ETO family, ETO-2/MTG16, is highly expressed in murine and human hematopoietic cells, bears >75% homology to ETO, and like ETO, contains a conserved MYND domain that interacts with the nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR). AML1-ETO prevents granulocyte but not macrophage differentiation of murine 32Dcl3 granulocyte/macrophage progenitors. One possible mechanism is recruitment of N-CoR to aberrantly repress AML1 target genes. We wished to examine another mechanism by which AML1-ETO might impair granulocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that AML1-ETO decreases interactions between ETO-2 and N-CoR. Furthermore, overexpression of ETO-2 relieves AML1-ETO-induced granulocyte differentiation arrest. This suggests that decreased interactions between ETO-2 and N-CoR may contribute to granulocyte differentiation impairment. The MYND domain coimmunoprecipitates with N-CoR and inhibits interactions between ETO-2 and N-CoR, presumably by occupying the ETO-2 binding site on N-CoR. This inhibition of ETO-2 interactions with N-CoR is specific because the MYND domain does not inhibit retinoic acid receptor interactions with N-CoR. To examine the effect of decreasing interactions between ETO-2 and N-CoR in hematopoietic cells, without effects of AML1-ETO such as direct repression of AML1 target genes, the MYND domain was expressed in 32Dcl3 and human CD34+ cells. The MYND domain prevented granulocyte but not macrophage differentiation of both 32Dcl3 and human CD34+ cells, recapitulating this effect of AML1-ETO. In conclusion, decreasing interactions between ETO-2 and N-CoR, an effect of AML1-ETO, inhibits granulocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzon Ibañez
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
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Levchenko A. Dynamical and integrative cell signaling: challenges for the new biology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 84:773-82. [PMID: 14708118 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Years of careful experimental analysis have revealed that signaling molecules are organized into complex networks of biochemical reactions exquisitely regulated in time and space to provide a cell with high-fidelity information about an extremely noisy and volatile environment. A new view of signaling networks as systems consisting of multiple complex elements interacting in a multifarious fashion is emerging, a view that conflicts with the single-gene or protein-centric approach common in biological research. The postgenomic era has brought about a different, network-centric methodology of analysis, suddenly forcing researchers toward the opposite extreme of complexity, where the networks being explored are, to a certain extent, intractable and uninterpretable. Both the cartoons of simple pathways and the very large "hair-ball" diagrams of large intracellular networks are also representations of static worlds, superficially devoid of dynamics and chemistry. These representations are often viewed as being analogous to stably linked computer and neural networks rather than dynamically changing networks of chemical interactions, where the notions of concentration, compartmentalization, and diffusion may be the primary determinants of connectivity. Arguably, the systems biology approach, relying on computational modeling coupled with various experimental techniques and methodologies, will be an essential component of analysis of the behavior of signal transduction pathways. Combining the dynamical view of rapidly evolving responses and the structural view arising from high-throughput analyses of the interacting species will be the best approach toward efforts toward greater understanding of intracellular signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Levchenko
- The Whitaker Institute for Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 208C Clark Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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Dazy S, Damiola F, Parisey N, Beug H, Gandrillon O. The MEK-1/ERKs signalling pathway is differentially involved in the self-renewal of early and late avian erythroid progenitor cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:9205-16. [PMID: 14681680 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Making decisions between self-renewal and differentiation is a central ability of stem cells. Elucidation of molecular networks governing this decision is therefore of prime importance. A model of choice to explore this question is represented by chicken erythroid progenitors, in which self-renewal versus differentiation as well as progenitor maturation are regulated by external factor combinations. We used this system to study whether similar or different signalling pathways were involved in the self-renewal of early, immature or more mature erythroid progenitors. We show that a transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha-activated Ras/MEK-1/ERK1/2 pathway is strictly required for immature self-renewing cells but becomes fully dispensable when those cells are induced to differentiate. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of this pathway led to spontaneous differentiation, only dependent on the presence of survival signals. Conversely, ectopic expression of a constitutive form of MEK-1 stimulates renewal and arrests differentiation process. Finally, we demonstrate that the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway is required in early but not in late primary erythroid progenitors, which can be turned into each other by different growth factor combinations specifically driving their renewal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of a central role of ERK/MAPK signalling in regulating progenitor plasticity in the same cell type under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dazy
- Laboratoire Signalisations et identités cellulaires, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 5534, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, bât Grégoire Mendel, 16 rue Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Bartůnek P, Králová J, Blendinger G, Dvorák M, Zenke M. GATA-1 and c-myb crosstalk during red blood cell differentiation through GATA-1 binding sites in the c-myb promoter. Oncogene 2003; 22:1927-35. [PMID: 12673198 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
GATA-1 and c-Myb transcription factors represent key regulators of red blood cell development. GATA-1 is upregulated and c-myb proto-oncogene expression is downregulated when red cell progenitors differentiate into erythrocytes. Here we have employed a culture system, that faithfully recapitulates red blood cell differentiation in vitro, to follow the kinetics of GATA-1 and c-myb expression. We show that c-myb proto-oncogene expression is high in progenitors and effectively downregulated at the time when nuclear GATA-1 accumulates and cells differentiate into erythrocytes. Additionally, we identified two GATA-1 binding sites within the c-myb promoter and demonstrate that GATA-1 protein binds to these sites in vitro. Furthermore, GATA-1 represses c-myb expression through one of the GATA-1 binding sites in transient transfection experiments and this requires FOG-1. Thus, our study provides evidence for a direct molecular link between GATA-1 activity and c-myb proto-oncogene expression during terminal red cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bartůnek
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Luger D, Shinder D, Wolfenson D, Yahav S. Erythropoiesis regulation during the development of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens: a possible role of corticosterone. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:784-90. [PMID: 12661659 DOI: 10.2527/2003.813784x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascites syndrome in broiler chickens is attributed to metabolic burdening, which results from intensive genetic selection for rapid growth coupled with exposure to extreme environmental conditions, such as low ambient temperature. These conditions impose on the broilers difficulties in fulfilling tissue demands for oxygen, and the birds exhibit a decrease in blood oxygen saturation and high hematocrit values. It is unknown whether the increase in hematocrit results from alteration in erythropoiesis or from fluid exudation out of the blood system to the abdominal cavity. The present study was conducted to examine the association between abnormal stress response and erythropoiesis process in ascitic broilers. Ascitic chickens revealed a uniquely continuous stress response: expressing an increase (P < or = 0.05) in plasma corticosterone concentration 2 to 3 wk before death. At 5 wk of age, ascitic broilers exhibited an increase (P < 0.05) in hematocrit, blood cell count, and packed cells and blood volumes, with no significant change in plasma volume. These results confirm an accelerated erythropoiesis process in ascitic birds. Increased blood cell production in ascitic birds was matched by an increase (P < 0.05) in the proportion of immature red blood cells (23%) in comparison with broilers that remained healthy (7%), and by decreased (P < 0.05) hemoglobin content relative to red blood cells. We conclude that continually increased corticosterone concentrations, as an inducer of erythropoiesis proliferation and differentiation arrest, in ascitic chickens, resulted in increased production of red blood cells (partially immature) with decreased hemoglobin content; this decrease in hemoglobin might have contributed to enhanced development of hypoxemia and to aggravation of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luger
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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McNagny KM, Graf T. E26 leukemia virus converts primitive erythroid cells into cycling multilineage progenitors. Blood 2003; 101:1103-10. [PMID: 12393697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute chicken leukemia retroviruses, because of their capacity to readily transform hematopoietic cells in vitro, are ideal models to study the mechanisms governing the cell-type specificity of oncoproteins. Here we analyzed the transformation specificity of 2 acute chicken leukemia retroviruses, the Myb-Ets- encoding E26 virus and the ErbA/ErbB-encoding avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV). While cells transformed by E26 are multipotent (designated "MEP" cells), those transformed by AEV resemble erythroblasts. Using antibodies to separate subpopulations of precirculation yolk sac cells, both viruses were found to induce the proliferation of primitive erythroid progenitors within 2 days of infection. However, while AEV induced a block in differentiation of the cells, E26 induced a gradual shift in their phenotype and the acquisition of the potential for multilineage differentiation. These results suggest that the Myb-Ets oncoprotein of the E26 leukemia virus converts primitive erythroid cells into proliferating definitive-type multipotent hematopoietic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M McNagny
- Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Nygård M, Wahlström GM, Gustafsson MV, Tokumoto YM, Bondesson M. Hormone-dependent repression of the E2F-1 gene by thyroid hormone receptors. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17:79-92. [PMID: 12511608 DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone induces differentiation of many different tissues in mammals, birds, and amphibians. The different tissues all differentiate from proliferating precursor cells, and the normal cell cycle is suspended while cells undergo differentiation. We have investigated how thyroid hormone affects the expression of the E2F-1 protein, a key transcription factor that controls G1- to S-phase transition. We show that during thyroid hormone-induced differentiation of embryonic carcinoma cells and of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, the levels of E2F-1 mRNA and E2F-1 protein decrease. This is caused by the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) regulating the transcription of the E2F-1 gene. The TR binds directly to a negative thyroid hormone response element, called the Z-element, in the E2F-1 promoter. When bound, the TR activates transcription in the absence of ligand but represses transcription in the presence of ligand. In addition, liganded TR represses transcription of the S-phase-specific DNA polymerase alpha, thymidine kinase, and dihydropholate reductase genes. These results suggest that thyroid hormone-induced withdrawal from the cell cycle takes place through the repression of S-phase genes. We suggest that this is an initial and crucial step in thyroid hormone-induced differentiation of precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nygård
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lobmayr L, Sauer T, Killisch I, Schranzhofer M, Wilson RB, Ponka P, Beug H, Müllner EW. Transferrin receptor hyperexpression in primary erythroblasts is lost on transformation by avian erythroblastosis virus. Blood 2002; 100:289-98. [PMID: 12070039 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.1.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary chicken erythroblasts (stem cell factor [SCF] erythroblasts), transferrin receptor (TfR) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were hyperexpressed as compared to nonerythroid chicken cell types. This erythroid-specific hyperexpression was abolished in transformed erythroblasts (HD3E22 cells) expressing the v-ErbA and v-ErbB oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus. TfR expression in HD3E22 cells could be modulated by changes in exogenous iron supply, whereas expression in SCF erythroblasts was not subject to iron regulation. Measurements of TfR mRNA half-life indicated that hyperexpression in SCF erythroblasts was due to a massive stabilization of transcripts even in the presence of high iron levels. Changes in mRNA binding activity of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), the primary regulator of TfR mRNA stability in these cells, correlated well with TfR mRNA expression; IRP1 activity in HD3E22 cells and other nonerythroid cell types tested was iron dependent, whereas IRP1 activity in primary SCF erythroblasts could not be modulated by iron administration. Analysis of avian erythroblasts expressing v-ErbA alone indicated that v-ErbA was responsible for these transformation-specific alterations in the regulation of iron metabolism. In SCF erythroblasts high amounts of TfR were detected on the plasma membrane, but a large fraction was also located in early and late endosomal compartments, potentially concealing temporary iron stores from the IRP regulatory system. In contrast, TfR was almost exclusively located to the plasma membrane in HD3E22 cells. In summary, stabilization of TfR mRNA and redistribution of Fe-Tf/TfR complexes to late endosomal compartments may contribute to TfR hyperexpression in primary erythroblasts, effects that are lost on leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lioba Lobmayr
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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Liu YY, Tachiki KH, Brent GA. A targeted thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene dominant-negative mutation (P398H) selectively impairs gene expression in differentiated embryonic stem cells. Endocrinology 2002; 143:2664-72. [PMID: 12072400 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.7.8906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone and retinoic acid (RA) are essential for normal neural development in vivo, yet all in vitro differentiation strategies of embryonic stem (ES) cells use only RA. We developed a novel differentiation strategy of mouse ES cells using T(3). A dominant-negative knock-in point mutation (P398H) was introduced into the thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene to determine the influence of T(3) on ES cell differentiation. Differentiation promoted by T(3) (1 nM), RA (1 microM), or combined T(3)/RA was assessed in wild-type (wt) and mutant (m) ES cells on the basis of neuronal-specific gene expression and cell cycle. T(3) alone stimulated neural differentiation in a similar fashion as that seen with RA in both wtES and mES cells. Expression of neurogranin and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV mRNA (identified in vivo as T(3)-regulated genes), however, was markedly reduced in mES, compared with wtES cells. RA treatment enhanced apoptosis, significantly greater than that seen with T(3) stimulation. T(3) treatment given with RA significantly reduced the apoptotic effects of RA, an effect not seen in mES cells. T(3)-induced ES cell neural differentiation of thyroid hormone alpha mutant and wtES cells provides an in vitro model to study T(3)-dependent gene regulation in neural development. This system could also be used to identify novel T(3)-regulated genes. The modulation of the apoptotic effects of RA by T(3) may have implications for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, 90073, USA
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Abstract
Transcriptional repression, which plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes, is mediated in part by non-DNA-binding co-repressors. The closely related co-repressor proteins N-CoR and SMRT, although originally identified on the basis of their ability to associate with and confer transcriptional repression through nuclear receptors, have been shown to be recruited to many classes of transcription factor and are in fact components of multiple protein complexes containing histone deacetylase proteins. This association with histone deacetylase activity provides an important component of the mechanism that allows DNA-binding proteins interacting with N-CoR or SMRT to repress transcription of specific target genes. Both N-CoR and SMRT are important targets for cell signaling pathways, which influence their expression levels, subcellular localization and association with other proteins. Recently, the biological importance of these proteins has been revealed by studies of genetically engineered mice and human diseases such as acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and resistance to thyroid hormone(RTH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Jepsen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 920393-0648, USA
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Adelman CA, Chattopadhyay S, Bieker JJ. The BMP/BMPR/Smad pathway directs expression of the erythroid-specific EKLF and GATA1 transcription factors during embryoid body differentiation in serum-free media. Development 2002; 129:539-49. [PMID: 11807044 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.2.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Erythroid cell-specific gene regulation during terminal differentiation is controlled by transcriptional regulators, such as EKLF and GATA1, that themselves exhibit tissue-restricted expression patterns. Their early expression, already in evidence within multipotential hematopoietic cell lines, has made it difficult to determine what extracellular effectors and transduction mechanisms might be directing the onset of their own transcription during embryogenesis. To circumvent this problem, we have taken the novel approach of investigating whether the ability of embryonic stem (ES) cells to mimic early developmental patterns of cellular expression during embryoid body (EB) differentiation can address this issue. We first established conditions whereby EBs could form efficiently in the absence of serum. Surprisingly, in addition to mesoderm, these cells expressed hemangioblast and hematopoietic markers. However, they did not express the committed erythroid markers EKLF and GATA1, nor the terminally differentiated β-like globin markers. Using this system, we determined that EB differentiation in BMP4 was necessary and sufficient to recover EKLF and GATA1 expression and could be further stimulated by the inclusion of VEGF, SCF, erythropoietin and thyroid hormone. EBs were competent to respond to BMP4 only until day 4 of differentiation, which coincides with the normal onset of EKLF expression. The direct involvement of the BMP/Smad pathway in this induction process was further verified by showing that erythroid expression of a dominant negative BMP1B receptor or of the inhibitory Smad6 protein prevented induction of EKLF or GATA1 even in the presence of serum. Although Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 are all expressed in the EBs, BMP4 induction of EKLF and GATA1 transcription is not immediate. These data implicate the BMP/Smad induction system as being a crucial pathway to direct the onset of EKLF and GATA1 expression during hematopoietic differentiation and demonstrate that EB differentiation can be manipulated to study induction of specific genes that are expressed early within a lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Adelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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