1
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Ruan J, Yin Z, Yi P. Effects of fluorescent tags and activity status on the membrane localization of ROP GTPases. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2306790. [PMID: 38270144 PMCID: PMC10813580 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2306790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant-specific Rho-type GTPases (ROPs) are master regulators of cell polarity and development. Over the past 30 years, their localization and dynamics have been largely examined with fluorescent proteins fused at the amino terminus without investigating their impact on protein function. The moss Physcomitrium patens genome encodes four rop genes. In this study, we introduce a fluorescent tag at the endogenous amino terminus of ROP4 in wild-type and rop1,2,3 triple mutant via homologous recombination and demonstrate that the fluorescent tag severely impairs ROP4 function and inhibits its localization on the plasma membrane. This phenotype is exacerbated in mutants lacking ROP-related GTPase-activating proteins. By comparing the localization of nonfunctional and functional ROP4 fusion reporters, we provide insight into the mechanism that governs the membrane association of ROPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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2
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Tian H, Lyu R, Yi P. Crosstalk between Rho of Plants GTPase signalling and plant hormones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3778-3796. [PMID: 38616410 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROPs) constitute a plant-specific subset of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins within the Cdc42/Rho/Rac family. These versatile proteins regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, cell division, cell morphogenesis, organ development, and stress responses. In recent years, the dynamic cellular and subcellular behaviours orchestrated by ROPs have unveiled a notable connection to hormone-mediated organ development and physiological responses, thereby expanding our knowledge of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of this signalling pathway. This review delineates advancements in understanding the interplay between plant hormones and the ROP signalling cascade, focusing primarily on the connections with auxin and abscisic acid pathways, alongside preliminary discoveries in cytokinin, brassinosteroid, and salicylic acid responses. It endeavours to shed light on the intricate, coordinated mechanisms bridging cell- and tissue-level signals that underlie plant cell behaviour, organ development, and physiological processes, and highlights future research prospects and challenges in this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ruohan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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3
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Pedenla Bomzan D, Sharma A, Lemos Cruz P, Carqueijeiro I, Bellenger L, Rai A, Thippesh AK, Chinnegowda VS, Parihar D, Ducos E, Courdavault V, Nagegowda DA. ROP GTPases with a geranylgeranylation motif modulate alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2213-2233. [PMID: 38466200 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Rho of Plant (ROP) GTPases function as molecular switches that control signaling processes essential for growth, development, and defense. However, their role in specialized metabolism is poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that inhibition of protein geranylgeranyl transferase (PGGT-I) negatively impacts the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIA) in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), indicating the involvement of prenylated proteins in signaling. Here, we show through biochemical, molecular, and in planta approaches that specific geranylgeranylated ROPs modulate C. roseus MIA biosynthesis. Among the six C. roseus ROP GTPases (CrROPs), only CrROP3 and CrROP5, having a C-terminal CSIL motif, were specifically prenylated by PGGT-I. Additionally, their transcripts showed higher expression in most parts than other CrROPs. Protein-protein interaction studies revealed that CrROP3 and CrROP5, but not ΔCrROP3, ΔCrROP5, and CrROP2 lacking the CSIL motif, interacted with CrPGGT-I. Further, CrROP3 and CrROP5 exhibited nuclear localization, whereas CrROP2 was localized to the plasma membrane. In planta functional studies revealed that silencing of CrROP3 and CrROP5 negatively affected MIA biosynthesis, while their overexpression upregulated MIA formation. In contrast, silencing and overexpression of CrROP2 had no effect on MIA biosynthesis. Moreover, overexpression of ΔCrROP3 and ΔCrROP5 mutants devoid of sequence coding for the CSIL motif failed to enhance MIA biosynthesis. These results implicate that CrROP3 and CrROP5 have a positive regulatory role on MIA biosynthesis and thus shed light on how geranylgeranylated ROP GTPases mediate the modulation of specialized metabolism in C. roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pamela Lemos Cruz
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Universitéde de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Ines Carqueijeiro
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Universitéde de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Léo Bellenger
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Universitéde de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Avanish Rai
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Akshay Kumar Thippesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, College of Horticulture, UHS Bagalkot, Mysuru 571130, India
| | - Venkatesha S Chinnegowda
- Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, College of Horticulture, UHS Bagalkot, Mysuru 571130, India
| | - Durgesh Parihar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Eric Ducos
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Universitéde de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, BBV, EA2106, Universitéde de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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4
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Deinum EE, Jacobs B. Rho of Plants patterning: linking mathematical models and molecular diversity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1274-1288. [PMID: 37962515 PMCID: PMC10901209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
ROPs (Rho of Plants) are plant specific small GTPases involved in many membrane patterning processes and play important roles in the establishment and communication of cell polarity. These small GTPases can produce a wide variety of patterns, ranging from a single cluster in tip-growing root hairs and pollen tubes to an oriented stripe pattern controlling protoxylem cell wall deposition. For an understanding of what controls these various patterns, models are indispensable. Consequently, many modelling studies on small GTPase patterning exist, often focusing on yeast or animal cells. Multiple patterns occurring in plants, however, require the stable co-existence of multiple active ROP clusters, which does not occur with the most common yeast/animal models. The possibility of such patterns critically depends on the precise model formulation. Additionally, different small GTPases are usually treated interchangeably in models, even though plants possess two types of ROPs with distinct molecular properties, one of which is unique to plants. Furthermore, the shape and even the type of ROP patterns may be affected by the cortical cytoskeleton, and cortex composition and anisotropy differ dramatically between plants and animals. Here, we review insights into ROP patterning from modelling efforts across kingdoms, as well as some outstanding questions arising from these models and recent experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva E Deinum
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Jacobs
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods (Biometris), Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Raya-González J, Prado-Rodríguez JC, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J. Loss-of-function of MEDIATOR 12 or 13 subunits causes the swelling of root hairs in response to sucrose and abscisic acid in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2191460. [PMID: 36942634 PMCID: PMC10038024 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2191460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are epidermal cell extensions that increase the root surface for water and nutrient acquisition. Thus, both the initiation and elongation of root hairs are critical for soil exploration and plant adaptation to ever changing growth conditions. Here, we describe the critical roles of two subunits of the Mediator complex, MED12 and MED13, in root hair growth in response to sucrose and abscisic acid, which are tightly linked to abiotic stress resistance. When compared to the WT, med12 and med13 mutants showed increased sensitivity to sucrose and ABA treatments on root meristem and elongation zones that were accompanied with alterations in root hair length and morphology, leading to the isodiametric growth of these structures. The swollen root hair phenotype appeared to be specific, since med8 or med16 mutants did not develop rounded hairs when supplied with 4.8% sucrose. Under standard growth medium, MED12 and MED13 were mainly expressed in root vascular tissues and cotyledons, and their expression was repressed by sucrose or ABA. Interestingly, med12 and med13 mutants manifested exacerbated levels of nitric oxide under normal growth conditions, and upon sucrose supplementation in trichoblast cells, which coincided with root hair deformation. Our results indicate that MED12 and MED13 play non-redundant functions for maintenance of root hair integrity in response to sucrose and ABA and involve nitric oxide as a cellular messenger in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Raya-González
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - José Carlos Prado-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México
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6
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Ruan J, Lai L, Ou H, Yi P. Two subtypes of GTPase-activating proteins coordinate tip growth and cell size regulation in Physcomitrium patens. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7084. [PMID: 37925570 PMCID: PMC10625565 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of cell polarity is a prerequisite for many developmental processes. However, how it is achieved during tip growth in plants remains elusive. Here, we show that the RHO OF PLANTs (ROPs), ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORs (RopGEFs), and ROP GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINs (RopGAPs) assemble into membrane domains in tip-growing cells of the moss Physcomitrium patens. The confinement of membrane domains requires redundant global inactivation of ROPs by PpRopGAPs and the PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY (PH) domain-containing RenGAP PpREN. Unexpectedly, PpRopGAPs and PpREN exert opposing effects on domain size and cell width upon overexpression. Biochemical and functional analyses indicate that PpRopGAPs are recruited to the membrane by active ROPs to restrict domain size through clustering, whereas PpREN rapidly inactivates ROPs and inhibits PpRopGAP-induced clustering. We propose that the activity- and clustering-based domain organization by RopGAPs and RenGAPs is a general mechanism for coordinating polarized cell growth and cell size regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Linyu Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Hongxin Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China.
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7
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Marconi M, Wabnik K. Computer models of cell polarity establishment in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:42-53. [PMID: 37144853 PMCID: PMC10469401 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant development is a complex task, and many processes involve changes in the asymmetric subcellular distribution of cell components that strongly depend on cell polarity. Cell polarity regulates anisotropic growth and polar localization of membrane proteins and helps to identify the cell's position relative to its neighbors within an organ. Cell polarity is critical in a variety of plant developmental processes, including embryogenesis, cell division, and response to external stimuli. The most conspicuous downstream effect of cell polarity is the polar transport of the phytohormone auxin, which is the only known hormone transported in a polar fashion in and out of cells by specialized exporters and importers. The biological processes behind the establishment of cell polarity are still unknown, and researchers have proposed several models that have been tested using computer simulations. The evolution of computer models has progressed in tandem with scientific discoveries, which have highlighted the importance of genetic, chemical, and mechanical input in determining cell polarity and regulating polarity-dependent processes such as anisotropic growth, protein subcellular localization, and the development of organ shapes. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of computer models of cell polarity establishment in plants, focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms, the proteins involved, and the current state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marconi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Xiang X, Zhang S, Li E, Shi XL, Zhi JY, Liang X, Yin GM, Qin Z, Li S, Zhang Y. RHO OF PLANT proteins are essential for pollen germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:140-155. [PMID: 36974907 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination is a process of polarity establishment, through which a single and unique growth axis is established. Although most of the intracellular activities associated with pollen germination are controlled by RHO OF PLANTs (ROPs) and increased ROP activation accompanies pollen germination, a critical role of ROPs in this process has not yet been demonstrated. Here, by genomic editing of all 4 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ROPs that are preferentially expressed in pollen, we showed that ROPs are essential for polarity establishment during pollen germination. We further identified and characterized 2 ROP effectors in pollen germination (REGs) through genome-wide interactor screening, boundary of ROP domain (BDR) members BDR8 and BDR9, whose functional loss also resulted in no pollen germination. BDR8 and BDR9 were distributed in the cytosol and the vegetative nucleus of mature pollen grains but redistributed to the plasma membrane (PM) of the germination site and to the apical PM of growing pollen tubes. We demonstrated that the PM redistribution of BDR8 and BDR9 during pollen germination relies on ROPs but not vice versa. Furthermore, enhanced expression of BDR8 partially restored germination of rop1 pollen but had no effects on that of the quadruple rop pollen, supporting their genetic epistasis. Results presented here demonstrate an ROP signaling route essential for pollen germination, which supports evolutionarily conserved roles of Rho GTPases in polarity establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shuzhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xue-Lian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhi
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Gui-Min Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
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Liu X, Yu X, Shi Y, Ma L, Fu Y, Guo Y. Phosphorylation of RhoGDI1, a Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, regulates root hair development in Arabidopsis under salt stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217957120. [PMID: 37590409 PMCID: PMC10450838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217957120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure optimal growth, plants actively regulate their growth and development based on environmental changes. Among these, salt stress significantly influences growth and yield. In this study, we demonstrate that the growth of root hairs of salt-stressed Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings is regulated by the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2 (SOS2)-GUANOSINE NUCLEOTIDE DIPHOSPHATE DISSOCIATION INHIBITOR 1 (RhoGDI1)-Rho GTPASE OF PLANTS 2 (ROP2) module. We show here that the kinase SOS2 is activated by salt stress and subsequently phosphorylates RhoGDI1, a root hair regulator, thereby decreasing its stability. This change in RhoGDI1 abundance resulted in a fine-tuning of polar localization of ROP2 and root hair initiation followed by polar growth, demonstrating how SOS2-regulated root hair development is critical for plant growth under salt stress. Our results reveal how a tissue-specific response to salt stress balances the relationship of salt resistance and basic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
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10
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Song R, Yan B, Xie J, Zhou L, Xu R, Zhou JM, Ji XH, Yi ZL. Comparative proteome profiles of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua rhizomes (Rhizoma Ploygonati) in response to different levels of cadmium stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:149. [PMID: 36935490 PMCID: PMC10026435 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua rhizomes (also known as Rhizoma Polygonati, RP) are consumed for their health benefits. The main source of the RP is wild P. cyrtonema populations in the Hunan province of China. However, the soil Cadmium (Cd) content in Huanan is increasing, thus increasing the risks of Cd accumulation in RP which may end up in the human food chain. To understand the mechanism of Cd accumulation and resistance in P. cyrtonema, we subjected P. cyrtonema plants to four levels of Cd stress [(D2) 1, (D3) 2, (D4) 4, and (D5) 8 mg/kg)] compared to (D1) 0.5 mg/kg. RESULTS The increase in soil Cd content up to 4 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in tissue (root hair, rhizome, stem, and leaf) Cd content. The increase in Cd concentration variably affected the antioxidant enzyme activities. We could identify 14,171 and 12,115 protein groups and peptides, respectively. There were 193, 227, 260, and 163 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in D2, D3, D4, and D5, respectively, compared to D1. The number of downregulated DEPs increased with an increase in Cd content up to 4 mg/kg. These downregulated proteins belonged to sugar biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis-related pathways, and secondary metabolism-related pathways. Our results indicate that Cd stress increases ROS generation, against which, different ROS scavenging proteins are upregulated in P. cyrtonema. Moreover, Cd stress affected the expression of lipid transport and assembly, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, sugar biosynthesis, and ATP generation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that an increase in soil Cd content may end up in Huangjing. Cadmium stress initiates expression changes in multiple pathways related to energy metabolism, sugar biosynthesis, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The proteins involved in these pathways are potential candidates for manipulation and development of Cd stress-tolerant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Song
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Bei Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Xie
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Min Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong Hui Ji
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Zi Li Yi
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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11
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Zhu L, Fu Y. Investigation of ROP GTPase Activity and Cytoskeleton Dynamics During Tip Growth in Root Hairs and Pollen Tubes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:227-235. [PMID: 36773237 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes and root hairs are typical tip-growing cells and are employed as model systems to study plant cell polarity. Previous studies have shown that the Rho family ROP GTPase plays a critical role in the regulation of pollen tube and root hair growth. Periodically, activated ROP GTPase coordinates with the tip-focused calcium gradient, to regulate actin dynamics and vesicle trafficking. Moreover, microtubules are also involved in organelle movement and growth directionality. Here, we describe methods for analyzing the spatiotemporal localization and activity of ROP, cortical microtubule organization, and F-actin dynamics in pollen tubes and/or root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Li E, Zhang YL, Qin Z, Xu M, Qiao Q, Li S, Li SW, Zhang Y. Signaling network controlling ROP-mediated tip growth in Arabidopsis and beyond. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100451. [PMID: 36114666 PMCID: PMC9860187 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity operates across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales and is essential for specific biological functions of polarized cells. Tip growth is a special type of polarization in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained, as for the growth of root hairs and pollen tubes in plants. Extensive studies in past decades have demonstrated that the spatiotemporal localization and activity of Rho of Plants (ROPs), the only class of Rho GTPases in plants, are critical for tip growth. ROPs are switched on or off by different factors to initiate dynamic intracellular activities, leading to tip growth. Recent studies have also uncovered several feedback modules for ROP signaling. In this review, we summarize recent progress on ROP signaling in tip growth, focusing on molecular mechanisms that underlie the dynamic distribution and activity of ROPs in Arabidopsis. We also highlight feedback modules that control ROP-mediated tip growth and provide a perspective for building a complex ROP signaling network. Finally, we provide an evolutionary perspective for ROP-mediated tip growth in Physcomitrella patens and during plant-rhizobia interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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13
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Xi J, Zeng J, Fu X, Zhang L, Li G, Li B, Yan X, Chu Q, Xiao Y, Pei Y, Zhang M. GhROP6 GTPase modulates auxin accumulation in cotton fibers by regulating cell-specific GhPIN3a localization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:265-282. [PMID: 36255218 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED- (PIN) mediated polar auxin transport plays a predominant role in most auxin-triggered organogenesis in plants. Global control of PIN polarity at the plasma membrane contributes to the essential establishment of auxin maxima in most multicellular tissues. However, establishment of auxin maxima in single cells is poorly understood. Cotton fibers, derived from ovule epidermal cells by auxin-triggered cell protrusion, provide an ideal model to explore the underlying mechanism. Here, we report that cell-specific degradation of GhPIN3a, which guides the establishment of the auxin gradient in cotton ovule epidermal cells, is associated with the preferential expression of GhROP6 GTPase in fiber cells. In turn, GhROP6 reduces GhPIN3a abundance at the plasma membrane and facilitates intracellular proteolysis of GhPIN3a. Overexpression and activation of GhROP6 promote cell elongation, resulting in a substantial improvement in cotton fiber length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jianyan Zeng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xingxian Fu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liuqin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gailing Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Baoxia Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xingying Yan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qingqing Chu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
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14
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Zhang X, Bian A, Li T, Ren L, Li L, Su Y, Zhang Q. ROS and calcium oscillations are required for polarized root hair growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2106410. [PMID: 35938584 PMCID: PMC9359386 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2106410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are filamentous extensions from epidermis of plant roots with growth limited to the apical dome. Cell expansion undergoes tightly regulated processes, including the coordination between cell wall loosening and cell wall crosslinking, to form the final shape and size. Tip-focused gradients and oscillations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) together with calcium ions (Ca2+) as indispensable regulated mechanisms control rapid and polarized elongation of root hair cells. ROS homeostasis mediated by plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), and class III cell wall peroxidases (PRXs), modulates cell wall properties during cell expansion. The expression levels of RBOHC, an NADPH oxidase that produces ROS, and class III PRXs are directly upregulated by ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE 4 (RSL4), encoding a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, to modulate root hair elongation. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), as central regulators of Ca2+ oscillations, also regulate root hair extension. Here, we review how the gradients and oscillations of Ca2+ and ROS interact to promote the expansion of root hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ang Bian
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Teng Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lifei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Su
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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15
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Analysis of Rac/Rop Small GTPase Family Expression in Santalum album L. and Their Potential Roles in Drought Stress and Hormone Treatments. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121980. [PMID: 36556345 PMCID: PMC9787843 DOI: 10.3390/life12121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant-specific Rac/Rop small GTPases, also known as Rop, belong to the Rho subfamily. Rac proteins can be divided into two types according to their C-terminal motifs: Type I Rac proteins have a typical CaaL motif at the C-terminal, whereas type II Rac proteins lack this motif but retain a cysteine-containing element for membrane anchoring. The Rac gene family participates in diverse signal transduction events, cytoskeleton morphogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hormone responses in plants as molecular switches. S. album is a popular semiparasitic plant that absorbs nutrients from the host plant through the haustoria to meet its own growth and development needs. Because the whole plant has a high use value, due to the high production value of its perfume oils, it is known as the "tree of gold". Based on the full-length transcriptome data of S. album, nine Rac gene members were named SaRac1-9, and we analyzed their physicochemical properties. Evolutionary analysis showed that SaRac1-7, AtRac1-6, AtRac9 and AtRac11 and OsRac5, OsRacB and OsRacD belong to the typical plant type I Rac/Rop protein, while SaRac8-9, AtRac7, AtRac8, AtRac10 and OsRac1-4 belong to the type II Rac/ROP protein. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that nine genes were expressed in roots, stems, leaves and haustoria, and SaRac7/8/9 expression in stems, haustoria and roots was significantly higher than that in leaves. The expression levels of SaRac1, SaRac4 and SaRac6 in stems were very low, and the expression levels of SaRac2 and SaRac5 in roots and SaRac2/3/7 in haustoria were very high, which indicated that these genes were closely related to the formation of S. album haustoria. To further analyze the function of SaRac, nine Rac genes in sandalwood were subjected to drought stress and hormone treatments. These results establish a preliminary foundation for the regulation of growth and development in S. album by SaRac.
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16
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Feiguelman G, Cui X, Sternberg H, Hur EB, Higa T, Oda Y, Fu Y, Yalovsky S. Microtubule-associated ROP interactors affect microtubule dynamics and modulate cell wall patterning and root hair growth. Development 2022; 149:279331. [PMID: 36314989 PMCID: PMC9845754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rho of plant (ROP) proteins and the interactor of constitutively active ROP (ICR) family member ICR5/MIDD1 have been implicated to function as signaling modules that regulate metaxylem secondary cell wall patterning. Yet, loss-of-function mutants of ICR5 and its closest homologs have not been studied and, hence, the functions of these ICR family members are not fully established. Here, we studied the functions of ICR2 and its homolog ICR5. We show that ICR2 is a microtubule-associated protein that affects microtubule dynamics. Secondary cell wall pits in the metaxylem of Arabidopsis icr2 and icr5 single mutants and icr2 icr5 double mutants are smaller than those in wild-type Col-0 seedlings; however, they are remarkably denser, implying a complex function of ICRs in secondary cell wall patterning. ICR5 has a unique function in protoxylem secondary cell wall patterning, whereas icr2, but not icr5, mutants develop split root hairs, demonstrating functional diversification. Taken together, our results show that ICR2 and ICR5 have unique and cooperative functions as microtubule-associated proteins and as ROP effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Feiguelman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Xiankui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hasana Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eliran Ben Hur
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Department of Gene Phenomics and Function, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Phenomics and Function, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel,Author for correspondence (; )
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17
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Martin RE, Postiglione AE, Muday GK. Reactive oxygen species function as signaling molecules in controlling plant development and hormonal responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102293. [PMID: 36099672 PMCID: PMC10475289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as second messengers in plant signaling pathways to remodel plant growth and development. New insights into how enzymatic ROS-producing machinery is regulated by hormones or localized during development have provided a framework for understanding the mechanisms that control ROS accumulation patterns. Signaling-mediated increases in ROS can then modulate the activity of proteins through reversible oxidative modification of specific cysteine residues. Plants also control the synthesis of antioxidants, including plant-specialized metabolites, to further define when, where, and how much ROS accumulate. The availability of sophisticated imaging capabilities, combined with a growing tool kit of ROS detection technologies, particularly genetically encoded biosensors, sets the stage for improved understanding of ROS as signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Emily Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA; Department of Biology and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Anthony E Postiglione
- Department of Biology and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA; Department of Biology and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
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18
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Glanc M. Plant cell division from the perspective of polarity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5361-5371. [PMID: 35604840 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of cell division is a major determinant of plant morphogenesis. In spite of considerable efforts over the past decades, the precise mechanism of division plane selection remains elusive. The majority of studies on the topic have addressed division orientation from either a predominantly developmental or a cell biological perspective. Thus, mechanistic insights into the links between developmental and cellular factors affecting division orientation are particularly lacking. Here, I review recent progress in the understanding of cell division orientation in the embryo and primary root meristem of Arabidopsis from both developmental and cell biological standpoints. I offer a view of multilevel polarity as a central aspect of cell division: on the one hand, the division plane is a readout of tissue- and organism-wide polarities; on the other hand, the cortical division zone can be seen as a transient polar subcellular plasma membrane domain. Finally, I argue that a polarity-focused conceptual framework and the integration of developmental and cell biological approaches hold great promise to unravel the mechanistic basis of plant cell division orientation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matouš Glanc
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Gonin M, Jeong K, Coudert Y, Lavarenne J, Hoang GT, Bes M, To HTM, Thiaw MN, Do TV, Moukouanga D, Guyomarc'h S, Bellande K, Brossier J, Parizot B, Nguyen HT, Beeckman T, Bergougnoux V, Rouster J, Sallaud C, Laplaze L, Champion A, Gantet P. CROWN ROOTLESS1 binds DNA with a relaxed specificity and activates OsROP and OsbHLH044 genes involved in crown root formation in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:546-566. [PMID: 35596715 PMCID: PMC9542200 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In cereals, the root system is mainly composed of post-embryonic shoot-borne roots, named crown roots. The CROWN ROOTLESS1 (CRL1) transcription factor, belonging to the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2-LIKE/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (ASL/LBD) family, is a key regulator of crown root initiation in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we show that CRL1 can bind, both in vitro and in vivo, not only the LBD-box, a DNA sequence recognized by several ASL/LBD transcription factors, but also another not previously identified DNA motif that was named CRL1-box. Using rice protoplast transient transactivation assays and a set of previously identified CRL1-regulated genes, we confirm that CRL1 transactivates these genes if they possess at least a CRL1-box or an LBD-box in their promoters. In planta, ChIP-qPCR experiments targeting two of these genes that include both a CRL1- and an LBD-box in their promoter show that CRL1 binds preferentially to the LBD-box in these promoter contexts. CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutation of these two CRL1-regulated genes, which encode a plant Rho GTPase (OsROP) and a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (OsbHLH044), show that both promote crown root development. Finally, we show that OsbHLH044 represses a regulatory module, uncovering how CRL1 regulates specific processes during crown root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gonin
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Kwanho Jeong
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIALyon69007France
| | - Jeremy Lavarenne
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Giang Thi Hoang
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell Biotechnology, LMI RICE2Agricultural Genetic Institute11300HanoiVietnam
| | - Martine Bes
- CIRAD, UMR AGAPF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAPUniversité de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Huong Thi Mai To
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMIRICE2Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology11300HanoiVietnam
| | - Marie‐Rose Ndella Thiaw
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Toan Van Do
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell Biotechnology, LMI RICE2Agricultural Genetic Institute11300HanoiVietnam
| | - Daniel Moukouanga
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Soazig Guyomarc'h
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Kevin Bellande
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Jean‐Rémy Brossier
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityB‐9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology9052GhentBelgium
| | - Hieu Trang Nguyen
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityB‐9052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology9052GhentBelgium
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Jacques Rouster
- Limagrain Field Seeds, Traits and Technologies, Groupe Limagrain—Centre de RechercheRoute d'EnnezatChappesFrance
| | - Christophe Sallaud
- Limagrain Field Seeds, Traits and Technologies, Groupe Limagrain—Centre de RechercheRoute d'EnnezatChappesFrance
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Antony Champion
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
| | - Pascal Gantet
- UMR DIADEUniversité de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD911 Avenue Agropolis34394Montpellier cedex 5France
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
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20
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Martin RE, Marzol E, Estevez JM, Muday GK. Ethylene signaling increases reactive oxygen species accumulation to drive root hair initiation in Arabidopsis. Development 2022; 149:275731. [PMID: 35713303 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Root hair initiation is a highly regulated aspect of root development. The plant hormone ethylene and its precursor, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, induce formation and elongation of root hairs. Using confocal microscopy paired with redox biosensors and dyes, we demonstrated that treatments that elevate ethylene levels lead to increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation in hair cells prior to root hair formation. In the ethylene-insensitive receptor mutant, etr1-3, and the signaling double mutant, ein3eil1, the increase in root hair number or reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation after ACC and ethylene treatment was lost. Conversely, etr1-7, a constitutive ethylene signaling receptor mutant, has increased root hair formation and ROS accumulation, similar to ethylene-treated Col-0 seedlings. The caprice and werewolf transcription factor mutants have decreased and elevated ROS levels, respectively, which are correlated with levels of root hair initiation. The rhd2-6 mutant, with a defect in the gene encoding the ROS-synthesizing RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG C (RBOHC), and the prx44-2 mutant, which is defective in a class III peroxidase, showed impaired ethylene-dependent ROS synthesis and root hair formation via EIN3EIL1-dependent transcriptional regulation. Together, these results indicate that ethylene increases ROS accumulation through RBOHC and PRX44 to drive root hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Emily Martin
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109,USA
| | - Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1405BWE
| | - Jose M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina, C1405BWE.,Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Santiago, Chile and ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) and Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile, 8370146
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109,USA
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21
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Li G, Song P, Wang X, Ma Q, Xu J, Zhang Y, Qi B. Genome-Wide Identification of Genes Encoding for Rho-Related Proteins in ' Duli' Pear ( Pyrus betulifolia Bunge) and Their Expression Analysis in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1608. [PMID: 35736759 PMCID: PMC9230837 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Rho-related proteins (ROPs), namely PbROPs, were identified from the genome of the recently sequenced 'Duli' pear (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge), a wild-type pear variety routinely used for rootstocks in grafting in China. The length and molecular weight of these proteins are between 175 and 215 amino acids and 19.46 and 23.45 kDa, respectively. The 12 PbROPs are distributed on 8 of the 17 chromosomes, where chromosome 15 has the highest number of 3 PbROPs. Analysis of the deduced protein sequences showed that they are relatively conserved and all have the G domain, insertion sequence, and HVR motif. The expression profiles were monitored by quantitative RT-PCR, which showed that these 12 PbROP genes were ubiquitously expressed, indicating their involvement in growth and development throughout the life cycle of 'Duli' pear. However, they were altered upon treatments with abscisic acid (ABA, mimicking abiotic stress), polyethylene glycol (PEG, mimicking drought), and sodium chloride (NaCl, mimicking salt) to tissue-cultured seedlings. Further, transgenic Arabidopsis expressing PbROP1, PbROP2, and PbROP9 exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA, demonstrating that these 3 PbROPs may play important roles in the abiotic stress of 'Duli' pear. The combined results showed that the 'Duli' genome encodes 12 typical ROPs and they appeared to play important roles in growth, development, and abiotic stress. These preliminary data may guide future research into the molecular mechanisms of these 12 PbROPs and their utility in molecular breeding for abiotic stress-resistant 'Duli' pear rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Pingli Song
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Qingcui Ma
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moors University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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22
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Cui X, Wang S, Huang Y, Ding X, Wang Z, Zheng L, Bi Y, Ge F, Zhu L, Yuan M, Yalovsky S, Fu Y. Arabidopsis SYP121 acts as an ROP2 effector in the regulation of root hair tip growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1008-1023. [PMID: 35488430 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is an extreme form of polarized cell expansion that occurs in all eukaryotic kingdoms to generate highly elongated tubular cells with specialized functions, including fungal hyphae, animal neurons, plant pollen tubes, and root hairs (RHs). RHs are tubular structures that protrude from the root epidermis to facilitate water and nutrient uptake, microbial interactions, and plant anchorage. RH tip growth requires polarized vesicle targeting and active exocytosis at apical growth sites. However, how apical exocytosis is spatially and temporally controlled during tip growth remains elusive. Here, we report that the Qa-Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) SYP121 acts as an effector of Rho of Plants 2 (ROP2), mediating the regulation of RH tip growth. We show that active ROP2 promotes SYP121 targeting to the apical plasma membrane. Moreover, ROP2 directly interacts with SYP121 and promotes the interaction between SYP121 and the R-SNARE VAMP722 to form a SNARE complex, probably by facilitating the release of the Sec1/Munc18 protein SEC11, which suppresses the function of SYP121. Thus, the ROP2-SYP121 pathway facilitates exocytic trafficking during RH tip growth. Our study uncovers a direct link between an ROP GTPase and vesicular trafficking and a new mechanism for the control of apical exocytosis, whereby ROP GTPase signaling spatially regulates SNARE complex assembly and the polar distribution of a Q-SNARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaohui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuening Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lidan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fanghui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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23
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Jin Z, Li T, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ning C, Xu J, Hicks G, Raikhel N, Xiang Y, Li R. Small molecule RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth by acting upstream of the RHD6-RSL4-dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP signaling in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1636-1650. [PMID: 35388535 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell projections in the root epidermis. The presence of root hairs greatly expands the root surface, which facilitates soil anchorage and the absorption of water and nutrients. Root hairs are also the ideal system to study the mechanism of polar growth. Previous research has identified many important factors that control different stages of root hair development. Using a chemical genetics screen, in this study we report the identification of a steroid molecule, RHP1, which promotes root hair growth at nanomolar concentrations without obvious change of other developmental processes. We further demonstrate that RHP1 specifically affects tip growth with no significant influence on cell fate or planar polarity. We also show that RHP1 promotes root hair tip growth via acting upstream of the RHD6-RSL4-dependent transcriptional pathway and ROP GTPase-guided local signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that RHP1 exhibits a wide range of effects on different plant species in both monocots and dicots. This study of RHP1 will not only help to dissect the mechanism of root hair tip growth, but also provide a new tool to modify root hair growth in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcai Jin
- Harbin institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuelong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuanzhi Huang
- Harbin institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Chengqing Ning
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Glenn Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Natasha Raikhel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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24
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Kuběnová L, Tichá M, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 2 vesicular delivery to the apical plasma membrane domain during Arabidopsis root hair development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1563-1585. [PMID: 34986267 PMCID: PMC8896599 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs develop as long tubular extensions from the rootward pole of trichoblasts and exert polarized tip growth. The establishment and maintenance of root hair polarity is a complex process involving the local apical production of reactive oxygen species generated by A. thaliana nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein C/ROOT HAIR-DEFECTIVE 2 (AtRBOHC/RHD2). Loss-of-function root hair defective 2 (rhd2) mutants have short root hairs that are unable to elongate by tip growth, and this phenotype is fully complemented by GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP)-RHD2 expressed under the RHD2 promoter. However, the spatiotemporal mechanism of AtRBOHC/RHD2 subcellular redistribution and delivery to the plasma membrane (PM) during root hair initiation and tip growth are still unclear. Here, we used advanced microscopy for detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of vesicular compartments containing GFP-RHD2 and characterization of their movements in developing bulges and growing root hairs. These compartments, identified by an independent molecular marker mCherry-VTI12 as the trans-Golgi network (TGN), deliver GFP-RHD2 to the apical PM domain, the extent of which corresponds with the stage of root hair formation. Movements of TGN/early endosomes, but not late endosomes, were affected in the bulging domains of the rhd2-1 mutant. Finally, we revealed that structural sterols might be involved in the accumulation, docking, and incorporation of TGN compartments containing GFP-RHD2 to the apical PM of root hairs. These results help in clarifying the mechanism of polarized AtRBOHC/RHD2 targeting, maintenance, and recycling at the apical PM domain, coordinated with different developmental stages of root hair initiation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kuběnová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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25
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Zhang C, Lauster T, Tang W, Houbaert A, Zhu S, Eeckhout D, De Smet I, De Jaeger G, Jacobs TB, Xu T, Müller S, Russinova E. ROPGAP-dependent interaction between brassinosteroid and ROP2-GTPase signaling controls pavement cell shape in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:518-531.e6. [PMID: 35085499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal pavement cell shape in Arabidopsis is driven by chemical and mechanical cues that direct partitioning mechanisms required for the establishment of the lobe- and indentation-defining polar sites. Brassinosteroid (BR) hormones regulate pavement cell morphogenesis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified two PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY GTPase-ACTIVATING proteins (PHGAPs) as substrates of the GSK3-like kinase BR-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2). The phgap1phgap2 mutant displayed severe epidermal cell shape phenotypes, and the PHGAPs were markedly enriched in the anticlinal face of the pavement cell indenting regions. BIN2 phosphorylation of PHGAPs was required for their stability and polarization. BIN2 inhibition activated ROP2-GTPase signaling specifically in the lobes because of PHGAP degradation, while the PHGAPs restrained ROP2 activity in the indentations. Hence, we connect BR and ROP2-GTPase signaling pathways via the regulation of PHGAPs and put forward the importance of spatiotemporal control of BR signaling for pavement cell interdigitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Theresa Lauster
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wenxin Tang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Centre for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Anaxi Houbaert
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas B Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tongda Xu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Centre for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Sabine Müller
- Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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26
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Roszak P, Heo JO, Blob B, Toyokura K, Sugiyama Y, de Luis Balaguer MA, Lau WWY, Hamey F, Cirrone J, Madej E, Bouatta AM, Wang X, Guichard M, Ursache R, Tavares H, Verstaen K, Wendrich J, Melnyk CW, Oda Y, Shasha D, Ahnert SE, Saeys Y, De Rybel B, Heidstra R, Scheres B, Grossmann G, Mähönen AP, Denninger P, Göttgens B, Sozzani R, Birnbaum KD, Helariutta Y. Cell-by-cell dissection of phloem development links a maturation gradient to cell specialization. Science 2021; 374:eaba5531. [PMID: 34941412 PMCID: PMC8730638 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the plant meristem, tissue-wide maturation gradients are coordinated with specialized cell networks to establish various developmental phases required for indeterminate growth. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics to reconstruct the protophloem developmental trajectory from the birth of cell progenitors to terminal differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana root. PHLOEM EARLY DNA-BINDING-WITH-ONE-FINGER (PEAR) transcription factors mediate lineage bifurcation by activating guanosine triphosphatase signaling and prime a transcriptional differentiation program. This program is initially repressed by a meristem-wide gradient of PLETHORA transcription factors. Only the dissipation of PLETHORA gradient permits activation of the differentiation program that involves mutual inhibition of early versus late meristem regulators. Thus, for phloem development, broad maturation gradients interface with cell-type-specific transcriptional regulators to stage cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Roszak
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jung-Ok Heo
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernhard Blob
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- GRA&GREEN Inc., Incubation Facility, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiyama
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | | | - Winnie W Y Lau
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Hamey
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacopo Cirrone
- Computer Science Department, Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ewelina Madej
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alida M Bouatta
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjorie Guichard
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, CEPLAS, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robertas Ursache
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugo Tavares
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bioinformatics Training Facility, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin Verstaen
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos Wendrich
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Dennis Shasha
- Computer Science Department, Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian E Ahnert
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London, UK
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Rijk Zwaan R&D, 4793 Fijnaart, Netherlands
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, CEPLAS, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philipp Denninger
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Birnbaum
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yrjö Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Sternberg H, Buriakovsky E, Bloch D, Gutman O, Henis YI, Yalovsky S. Formation of self-organizing functionally distinct Rho of plants domains involves a reduced mobile population. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2485-2508. [PMID: 34618086 PMCID: PMC8644358 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rho family proteins are central to the regulation of cell polarity in eukaryotes. Rho of Plants-Guanyl nucleotide Exchange Factor (ROPGEF) can form self-organizing polar domains following co-expression with an Rho of Plants (ROP) and an ROP GTPase-Activating Protein (ROPGAP). Localization of ROPs in these domains has not been demonstrated, and the mechanisms underlying domain formation and function are not well understood. Here we show that six different ROPs form self-organizing domains when co-expressed with ROPGEF3 and GAP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana or Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Domain formation was associated with ROP-ROPGEF3 association, reduced ROP mobility, as revealed by time-lapse imaging and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching beam size analysis, and was independent of Rho GTP Dissociation Inhibitor mediated recycling. The domain formation depended on the ROPs' activation/inactivation cycles and interaction with anionic lipids via a C-terminal polybasic domain. Coexpression with the microtubule-associated protein ROP effector INTERACTOR OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE ROP 1 (ICR1) revealed differential function of the ROP domains in the ability to recruit ICR1. Taken together, the results reveal mechanisms underlying self-organizing ROP domain formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasana Sternberg
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ella Buriakovsky
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daria Bloch
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Orit Gutman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yoav I Henis
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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28
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Xu P, Ma W, Liu J, Hu J, Cai W. Overexpression of a small GTP-binding protein Ran1 in Arabidopsis leads to promoted elongation growth and enhanced disease resistance against P. syringae DC3000. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:977-991. [PMID: 34312926 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants resist infection through an innate immune response, which is usually associated with slowing of growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying the trade-off between plant growth and defense remain unclear. The present study reveals that growth/defense trade-offs mediated by gibberellin (GA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways are uncoupled during constitutive overexpression of transgenic AtRAN1 and AtRAN1Q72L (active, GTP-locked form) Arabidopsis plants. It is well known that the small GTP-binding protein Ran (a Ras-related nuclear protein) functions in the nucleus-cytoplasmic transport of proteins. Although there is considerable evidence indicating that nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning of specific proteins can participate in hormone signaling, the role of Ran-dependent nuclear transport in hormone signaling is not yet fully understood. In this report, we used a combination of genetic and molecular methods to reveal whether AtRAN1 is involved in both GA and SA signaling pathways. Constitutively overexpressed AtRAN1 promoted both elongation growth and the disease resistance response, whereas overexpression of AtRAN1Q72L in the atran2atran3 double mutant background clearly inhibited elongation growth and the defense response. Furthermore, we found that AtRAN1 coordinated plant growth and defense by promoting the stability of the DELLA protein RGA in the nucleus and by modulating NPR1 nuclear localization. Interestingly, genetically modified rice (Oryza sativa) overexpressing AtRAN1 exhibited increased plant height and yield per plant. Altogether, the ability to achieve growth/defense trade-offs through AtRAN1 overexpression provides an approach to maximizing crop yield to meet rising global food demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Microbiology and Immunity Department, The College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, No. 279 Zhouzhu Road, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Bibeau JP, Galotto G, Wu M, Tüzel E, Vidali L. Quantitative cell biology of tip growth in moss. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:227-244. [PMID: 33825083 PMCID: PMC8492783 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Here we review, from a quantitative point of view, the cell biology of protonemal tip growth in the model moss Physcomitrium patens. We focus on the role of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and cell wall mechanics, including reviewing some of the existing mathematical models of tip growth. We provide a primer for existing cell biological tools that can be applied to the future study of tip growth in moss. Polarized cell growth is a ubiquitous process throughout the plant kingdom in which the cell elongates in a self-similar manner. This process is important for nutrient uptake by root hairs, fertilization by pollen, and gametophyte development by the protonemata of bryophytes and ferns. In this review, we will focus on the tip growth of moss cells, emphasizing the role of cytoskeletal organization, cytoplasmic zonation, vesicle trafficking, cell wall composition, and dynamics. We compare some of the existing knowledge on tip growth in protonemata against what is known in pollen tubes and root hairs, which are better-studied tip growing cells. To fully understand how plant cells grow requires that we deepen our knowledge in a variety of forms of plant cell growth. We focus this review on the model plant Physcomitrium patens, which uses tip growth as the dominant form of growth at its protonemal stage. Because mosses and vascular plants shared a common ancestor more than 450 million years ago, we anticipate that both similarities and differences between tip growing plant cells will provide mechanistic information of tip growth as well as of plant cell growth in general. Towards this mechanistic understanding, we will also review some of the existing mathematical models of plant tip growth and their applicability to investigate protonemal morphogenesis. We attempt to integrate the conclusions and data across cell biology and physical modeling to our current state of knowledge of polarized cell growth in P. patens and highlight future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Mapar M, Chopra D, Stephan L, Schrader A, Sun H, Schneeberger K, Albani M, Coupland G, Hülskamp M. Genetic and Molecular Analysis of Root Hair Development in Arabis alpina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767772. [PMID: 34721494 PMCID: PMC8554057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hair formation in Arabidopsis thaliana is a well-established model system for epidermal patterning and morphogenesis in plants. Over the last decades, many underlying regulatory genes and well-established networks have been identified by thorough genetic and molecular analysis. In this study, we used a forward genetic approach to identify genes involved in root hair development in Arabis alpina, a related crucifer species that diverged from A. thaliana approximately 26-40 million years ago. We found all root hair mutant classes known in A. thaliana and identified orthologous regulatory genes by whole-genome or candidate gene sequencing. Our findings indicate that the gene-phenotype relationships regulating root hair development are largely conserved between A. thaliana and A. alpina. Concordantly, a detailed analysis of one mutant with multiple hairs originating from one cell suggested that a mutation in the SUPERCENTIPEDE1 (SCN1) gene is causal for the phenotype and that AaSCN1 is fully functional in A. thaliana. Interestingly, we also found differences in the regulation of root hair differentiation and morphogenesis between the species, and a subset of root hair mutants could not be explained by mutations in orthologs of known genes from A. thaliana. This analysis provides insight into the conservation and divergence of root hair regulation in the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mapar
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Stephan
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrader
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hequan Sun
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maria Albani
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
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31
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Wang M, Feng H, Xu P, Xie Q, Gao J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang J, Murray JD, Sun F, Wang C, Wang E, Yu N. Phosphorylation of MtRopGEF2 by LYK3 mediates MtROP activity to regulate rhizobial infection in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1787-1800. [PMID: 34236765 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-fixing no dules on legume roots requires the coordination of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis with the initiation of cell divisions in the root cortex. During infection, rhizobia attach to the tip of elongating root hairs which then curl to entrap the rhizobia. However, the mechanism of root hair deformation and curling in response to symbiotic signals is still elusive. Here, we found that small GTPases (MtRac1/MtROP9 and its homologs) are required for root hair development and rhizobial infection in Medicago truncatula. Our results show that the Nod factor receptor LYK3 phosphorylates the guanine nucleotide exchange factor MtRopGEF2 at S73 which is critical for the polar growth of root hairs. In turn, phosphorylated MtRopGEF2 can activate MtRac1. Activated MtRac1 was found to localize at the tips of root hairs and to strongly interact with LYK3 and NFP. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that MtRac1, LYK3, and NFP form a polarly localized receptor complex that regulates root hair deformation during rhizobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Huan Feng
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qiujin Xie
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jinpeng Gao
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yanzhang Wang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fengli Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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32
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Gao H, Wang T, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang C, Guo S, Zhang T, Wang C. GTPase ROP6 negatively modulates phosphate deficiency through inhibition of PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1775-1786. [PMID: 34288396 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus, an essential macroelement for plant growth and development, is a major limiting factor for sustainable crop yield. The Rho of plant (ROP) GTPase is involved in regulating multiple signal transduction processes in plants, but potentially including the phosphate deficiency signaling pathway remains unknown. Here, we identified that the rop6 mutant exhibited a dramatic tolerant phenotype under Pi-deficient conditions, with higher phosphate accumulation and lower anthocyanin content. In contrast, the rop6 mutant was more sensitive to arsenate (As(V)) toxicity, the analog of Pi. Immunoblot analysis displayed that the ROP6 protein was rapidly degraded through ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway under Pi-deficient conditions. In addition, pull-down assay using GST-RIC1 demonstrated that the ROP6 activity was decreased obviously under Pi-deficient conditions. Strikingly, protein-protein interaction and two-voltage clamping assays demonstrated that ROP6 physically interacted with and inhibited the key phosphate uptake transporters PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, genetic analysis showed that ROP6 functioned upstream of PHT1;1 and PHT1;4. Thus, we conclude that GTPase ROP6 modulates the uptake of phosphate by inhibiting the activities of PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shiyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Liu L, Jiang LG, Luo JH, Xia AA, Chen LQ, He Y. Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic architecture of root hair length in maize. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:664. [PMID: 34521344 PMCID: PMC8442424 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Root hair, a special type of tubular-shaped cell, outgrows from root epidermal cell and plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients and water, as well as interactions with biotic and abiotic stress. Although many genes involved in root hair development have been identified, genetic basis of natural variation in root hair growth has never been explored. Results Here, we utilized a maize association panel including 281 inbred lines with tropical, subtropical, and temperate origins to decipher the phenotypic diversity and genetic basis of root hair length. We demonstrated significant associations of root hair length with many metabolic pathways and other agronomic traits. Combining root hair phenotypes with 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed several candidate genes implicated in cellular signaling, polar growth, disease resistance and various metabolic pathways. Conclusions These results illustrate the genetic basis of root hair length in maize, offering a list of candidate genes predictably contributing to root hair growth, which are invaluable resource for the future functional investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07961-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu-Guang Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin-Hong Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ai-Ai Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Chin S, Kwon T, Khan BR, Sparks JA, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB, Blancaflor EB. Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2131-2148. [PMID: 33881536 PMCID: PMC8364238 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Eileen L. Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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Lin Y, Zeng Y, Zhu Y, Shen J, Ye H, Jiang L. Plant Rho GTPase signaling promotes autophagy. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:905-920. [PMID: 33794369 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of plants (ROPs) in modulating plant growth and development have been well characterized. However, little is known about the roles of ROP signaling pathways in regulating plant autophagy and autophagosome formation. In this study, we identify a unique ROP signaling mechanism, which mediates developmental to autophagic transition under stress conditions in the model plant Arabidopsis. Loss-of-function mutants of ROP8 showed stress-induced hypersensitive phenotypes and compromised autophagic flux. Similar to other ROPs in the ROP/RAC family, ROP8 exhibits both plasma membrane and cytosolic punctate localization patterns. Upon autophagic induction, active ROP8 puncta colocalize with autophagosomal markers and are degraded inside the vacuole. In human cells, RalB, an RAS subfamily GTPase, engages its effector Exo84 for autophagosome assembly. However, a RalB counterpart is missing in the plant lineage. Intriguingly, we discovered that plant ROP8 promotes autophagy via its downstream effector Sec5. Live-cell super-resolution imaging showed that ROP8 and Sec5 reside on phagophores for autophagosome formation. Taken together, our findings highlight a previously unappreciated role of an ROP8-Sec5 signaling axis in autophagy promotion, providing new insights into how plants utilize versatile ROP signaling networks to coordinate developmental and autophagic responses depending on environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshun Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hao Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, CUHK, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Shenzhen, Hong Kong, 518057, China.
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36
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Kim EJ, Hong WJ, Tun W, An G, Kim ST, Kim YJ, Jung KH. Interaction of OsRopGEF3 Protein With OsRac3 to Regulate Root Hair Elongation and Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in Rice ( Oryza sativa). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661352. [PMID: 34113363 PMCID: PMC8185220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are tip-growing cells that emerge from the root epidermis and play a role in water and nutrient uptake. One of the key signaling steps for polar cell elongation is the formation of Rho-GTP by accelerating the intrinsic exchange activity of the Rho-of-plant (ROP) or the Rac GTPase protein; this step is activated through the interaction with the plant Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RopGEFs). The molecular players involved in root hair growth in rice are largely unknown. Here, we performed the functional analysis of OsRopGEF3, which is highly expressed in the root hair tissues among the OsRopGEF family genes in rice. To reveal the role of OsRopGEF3, we analyzed the phenotype of loss-of-function mutants of OsRopGEF3, which were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The mutants had reduced root hair length and increased root hair width. In addition, we confirmed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were highly reduced in the root hairs of the osropgef3 mutant. The pairwise yeast two-hybrid experiments between OsRopGEF3 and OsROP/Rac proteins in rice revealed that the OsRopGEF3 protein interacts with OsRac3. This interaction and colocalization at the same subcellular organelles were again verified in tobacco leaf cells and rice root protoplasts via bimolecular functional complementation (BiFC) assay. Furthermore, among the three respiratory burst oxidase homolog (OsRBOH) genes that are highly expressed in rice root hair cells, we found that OsRBOH5 can interact with OsRac3. Our results demonstrate an interaction network model wherein OsRopGEF3 converts the GDP of OsRac3 into GTP, and OsRac3-GTP then interacts with the N-terminal of OsRBOH5 to produce ROS, thereby suggesting OsRopGEF3 as a key regulating factor in rice root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Win Tun
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sun-Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, and Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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Jaeger R, Moody LA. A fundamental developmental transition in Physcomitrium patens is regulated by evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Evol Dev 2021; 23:123-136. [PMID: 33822471 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most defining moments in history was the colonization of land by plants approximately 470 million years ago. The transition from water to land was accompanied by significant changes in the plant body plan, from those than resembled filamentous representatives of the charophytes, the sister group to land plants, to those that were morphologically complex and capable of colonizing harsher habitats. The moss Physcomitrium patens (also known as Physcomitrella patens) is an extant representative of the bryophytes, the earliest land plant lineage. The protonema of P. patens emerges from spores from a chloronemal initial cell, which can divide to self-renew to produce filaments of chloronemal cells. A chloronemal initial cell can differentiate into a caulonemal initial cell, which can divide and self-renew to produce filaments of caulonemal cells, which branch extensively and give rise to three-dimensional shoots. The process by which a chloronemal initial cell differentiates into a caulonemal initial cell is tightly regulated by auxin-induced remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Studies have revealed that the genetic mechanisms underpinning this transition also regulate tip growth and differentiation in diverse plant taxa. This review summarizes the known cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning the chloronema to caulonema transition in P. patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jaeger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura A Moody
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Smokvarska M, Jaillais Y, Martinière A. Function of membrane domains in rho-of-plant signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:663-681. [PMID: 33793925 PMCID: PMC8133555 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In a crowded environment, establishing interactions between different molecular partners can take a long time. Biological membranes have solved this issue, as they simultaneously are fluid and possess compartmentalized domains. This nanoscale organization of the membrane is often based on weak, local, and multivalent interactions between lipids and proteins. However, from local interactions at the nanoscale, different functional properties emerge at the higher scale, and these are critical to regulate and integrate cellular signaling. Rho of Plant (ROP) proteins are small guanosine triphosphate hydrolase enzymes (GTPases) involved in hormonal, biotic, and abiotic signaling, as well as fundamental cell biological properties such as polarity, vesicular trafficking, and cytoskeleton dynamics. Association with the membrane is essential for ROP function, as well as their precise targeting within micrometer-sized polar domains (i.e. microdomains) and nanometer-sized clusters (i.e. nanodomains). Here, we review our current knowledge about the formation and the maintenance of the ROP domains in membranes. Furthermore, we propose a model for ROP membrane targeting and discuss how the nanoscale organization of ROPs in membranes could determine signaling parameters like signal specificity, amplification, and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Smokvarska
- BPMP, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Martinière
- BPMP, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier, France
- Author for communication:
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Kim D, Yang J, Gu F, Park S, Combs J, Adams A, Mayes HB, Jeon SJ, Bahk JD, Nielsen E. A temperature-sensitive FERONIA mutant allele that alters root hair growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:405-423. [PMID: 33721904 PMCID: PMC8133571 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, root hairs undergo a highly polarized form of cell expansion called tip-growth, in which cell wall deposition is restricted to the root hair apex. In order to identify essential cellular components that might have been missed in earlier genetic screens, we identified conditional temperature-sensitive (ts) root hair mutants by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe one of these mutants, feronia-temperature sensitive (fer-ts). Mutant fer-ts seedlings were unaffected at normal temperatures (20°C), but failed to form root hairs at elevated temperatures (30°C). Map based-cloning and whole-genome sequencing revealed that fer-ts resulted from a G41S substitution in the extracellular domain of FERONIA (FER). A functional fluorescent fusion of FER containing the fer-ts mutation localized to plasma membranes, but was subject to enhanced protein turnover at elevated temperatures. While tip-growth was rapidly inhibited by addition of rapid alkalinization factor 1 (RALF1) peptides in both wild-type and fer-ts mutants at normal temperatures, root elongation of fer-ts seedlings was resistant to added RALF1 peptide at elevated temperatures. Additionally, at elevated temperatures fer-ts seedlings displayed altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation upon auxin treatment and phenocopied constitutive fer mutant responses to a variety of plant hormone treatments. Molecular modeling and sequence comparison with other Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1L (CrRLK1L) receptor family members revealed that the mutated glycine in fer-ts is highly conserved, but is not located within the recently characterized RALF23 and LORELI-LIKE-GLYCOPROTEIN 2 binding domains, perhaps suggesting that fer-ts phenotypes may not be directly due to loss of binding to RALF1 peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Fangwei Gu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jonathon Combs
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alexander Adams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Heather B Mayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Su Jeong Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Dong Bahk
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Li E, Zhang YL, Shi X, Li H, Yuan X, Li S, Zhang Y. A positive feedback circuit for ROP-mediated polar growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:395-410. [PMID: 33271334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is a special type of polarized growth in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained. Rho of Plants (ROP) proteins, which represent the only class of Rho GTPases in plants, regulate tip growth. The dynamic and asymmetric distribution of ROPs is critical for the establishment and maintenance of tip growth, and requires at least one positive feedback loop, which is still elusive. Here, we report a positive feedback circuit essential for tip growth of root hairs, in which ROPs, ROP activators and effectors, and AGC1.5 subfamily kinases are interconnected by sequential oligomerization and phosphorylation. AGC1.5 subfamily kinases interact with and phosphorylate two guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of ROPs, RopGEF4 and RopGEF10. They also interact with two ROP effectors, ICR2/RIP3 and MIDD1/RIP4, which bridge active ROPs with AGC1.5. Functional loss of the AGC1.5 subfamily kinases or ICR2 and MIDD1 compromised root hair growth due to reduced ROP signaling. We found that asymmetric targeting of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 is controlled by AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation. Interestingly, we discovered that the ROP effectors recruit AGC1.5 to active ROP domains at the plasma membrane during root hair growth and are critical for AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation of RopGEFs. Given the large number of AGC kinases in plants, this positive feedback circuit may be a universal theme for plant cell polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuelian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. The TOR-Auxin Connection Upstream of Root Hair Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:150. [PMID: 33451169 PMCID: PMC7828656 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are orchestrated by a network of signaling cascades involved in balancing responses to perceived environmental changes with resource availability. Vascular plants are divided into the shoot, an aboveground organ where sugar is synthesized, and the underground located root. Continuous growth requires the generation of energy in the form of carbohydrates in the leaves upon photosynthesis and uptake of nutrients and water through root hairs. Root hair outgrowth depends on the overall condition of the plant and its energy level must be high enough to maintain root growth. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR)-mediated signaling cascades serve as a hub to evaluate which resources are needed to respond to external stimuli and which are available to maintain proper plant adaptation. Root hair growth further requires appropriate distribution of the phytohormone auxin, which primes root hair cell fate and triggers root hair elongation. Auxin is transported in an active, directed manner by a plasma membrane located carrier. The auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED 2 is necessary to transport auxin to root hair cells, followed by subcellular rearrangements involved in root hair outgrowth. This review presents an overview of events upstream and downstream of PIN2 action, which are involved in root hair growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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Ou Y, Kui H, Li J. Receptor-like Kinases in Root Development: Current Progress and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:166-185. [PMID: 33316466 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment communications are critical to the growth and development of plants. Cell surface-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are mainly involved in sensing various extracellular signals to initiate their corresponding cellular responses. As important vegetative organs for higher plants to adapt to a terrestrial living situation, roots play a critical role for the survival of plants. It has been demonstrated that RLKs control many biological processes during root growth and development. In this review, we summarize several key regulatory processes during Arabidopsis root development in which RLKs play critical roles. We also put forward a number of relevant questions that are required to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Kui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Mase K, Tsukagoshi H. Reactive Oxygen Species Link Gene Regulatory Networks During Arabidopsis Root Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660274. [PMID: 33986765 PMCID: PMC8110921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant development under altered nutritional status and environmental conditions and during attack from invaders is highly regulated by plant hormones at the molecular level by various signaling pathways. Previously, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were believed to be harmful as they cause oxidative damage to cells; however, in the last decade, the essential role of ROS as signaling molecules regulating plant growth has been revealed. Plant roots accumulate relatively high levels of ROS, and thus, maintaining ROS homeostasis, which has been shown to regulate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation at the root tip, is important for proper root growth. However, when the balance is disturbed, plants are unable to respond to the changes in the surrounding conditions and cannot grow and survive. Moreover, ROS control cell expansion and cell differentiation processes such as root hair formation and lateral root development. In these processes, the transcription factor-mediated gene expression network is important downstream of ROS. Although ROS can independently regulate root growth to some extent, a complex crosstalk occurs between ROS and other signaling molecules. Hormone signals are known to regulate root growth, and ROS are thought to merge with these signals. In fact, the crosstalk between ROS and these hormones has been elucidated, and the central transcription factors that act as a hub between these signals have been identified. In addition, ROS are known to act as important signaling factors in plant immune responses; however, how they also regulate plant growth is not clear. Recent studies have strongly indicated that ROS link these two events. In this review, we describe and discuss the role of ROS signaling in root development, with a particular focus on transcriptional regulation. We also summarize the crosstalk with other signals and discuss the importance of ROS as signaling molecules for plant root development.
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Liu J, Liu MX, Qiu LP, Xie F. SPIKE1 Activates the GTPase ROP6 to Guide the Polarized Growth of Infection Threads in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3774-3791. [PMID: 33023954 PMCID: PMC7721321 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, rhizobia attach to root hair tips and secrete nodulation factor to activate rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. Endosymbiotic rhizobia enter nodule primordia via a specialized transcellular compartment known as the infection thread (IT). The IT elongates by polar tip growth, following the path of the migrating nucleus along and within the root hair cell. Rho-family ROP GTPases are known to regulate the polarized growth of cells, but their role in regulating polarized IT growth is poorly understood. Here, we show that LjSPK1, a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), interacts with three type I ROP GTPases. Genetic analyses showed that these three ROP GTPases are involved in root hair development, but only LjROP6 is required for IT formation after rhizobia inoculation. Misdirected ITs formed in the root hairs of Ljspk1 and Ljrop6 mutants. We show that LjSPK1 functions as a GEF that activates LjROP6. LjROP6 enhanced the plasma membrane localization LjSPK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells and Lotus japonicus root hairs, and LjSPK1 and LjROP6 interact at the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results shed light on how the LjROP6-LjSPK1 module mediates the polarized growth of ITs in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Miao Xia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Ping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Can Promote Brassica napus L. and Arabidopsis thaliana L. Root Hair Development through Nitric Oxide and Ethylene Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239109. [PMID: 33266061 PMCID: PMC7729517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can promote plant root hair growth in the species analyzed in this study; however, low and excessive concentrations of MWCNTs had no significant effect or even an inhibiting influence. Further results show that MWCNTs can enter rapeseed root cells. Meanwhile, nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene syntheses, as well as root hair formation, were significantly stimulated by MWCNTs. Transcription of root hair growth-related genes were also modulated. The above responses were sensitive to the removal of endogenous NO or ethylene with a scavenger of NO or NO/ethylene synthesis inhibitors. Pharmacological and molecular evidence suggested that ethylene might act downstream of NR-dependent NO in MWCNTs-induced root hair morphogenesis. Genetic evidence in Arabidopsis further revealed that MWCNTs-triggered root hair growth was abolished in ethylene-insensitive mutants ein2-5 and ein3-1, and NR mutant nia1/2, but not in noa1 mutant. Further data placed NO synthesis linearly before ethylene production in root hair development triggered by MWCNTs. The above findings thus provide some insights into the molecular mechanism underlying MWCNTs control of root hair morphogenesis.
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46
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Cheng X, Mwaura BW, Chang Stauffer SR, Bezanilla M. A Fully Functional ROP Fluorescent Fusion Protein Reveals Roles for This GTPase in Subcellular and Tissue-Level Patterning. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3436-3451. [PMID: 32917738 PMCID: PMC7610296 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROPs) are GTPases that regulate polarity and patterned wall deposition in plants. As these small, globular proteins have many interactors, it has been difficult to ensure that methods to visualize ROP in live cells do not affect ROP function. Here, motivated by work in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), we generated a fluorescent moss (Physcomitrium [Physcomitrella] patens) ROP4 fusion protein by inserting mNeonGreen after Gly-134. Plants harboring tagged ROP4 and no other ROP genes were phenotypically normal. Plants lacking all four ROP genes comprised an unpatterned clump of spherical cells that were unable to form gametophores, demonstrating that ROP is essentially for spatial patterning at the cellular and tissue levels. The functional ROP fusion protein formed a steep gradient at the apical plasma membranes of growing tip cells. ROP also predicted the site of branch formation in the apical cell at the onset of mitosis, which occurs one to two cell cycles before a branch cell emerges. While fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies demonstrated that ROP dynamics do not depend on the cytoskeleton, acute depolymerization of the cytoskeleton removed ROP from the membrane only in recently divided cells, pointing to a feedback mechanism between the cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Bethany W Mwaura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Ge FR, Chai S, Li S, Zhang Y. Targeting and signaling of Rho of plants guanosine triphosphatases require synergistic interaction between guanine nucleotide inhibitor and vesicular trafficking. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1484-1499. [PMID: 32198818 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells are polarized. Common toolbox regulating cell polarization includes Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), in which spatiotemporal activation is regulated by a plethora of regulators. Rho of plants (ROPs) are the only Rho GTPases in plants. Although vesicular trafficking was hinted in the regulation of ROPs, it was unclear where vesicle-carried ROP starts, whether it is dynamically regulated, and which components participate in vesicle-mediated ROP targeting. In addition, although vesicle trafficking and guanine nucleotide inhibitor (GDI) pathways in Rho signaling have been extensively studied in yeast, it is unknown whether the two pathways interplay. Unclear are also cellular and developmental consequences of their interaction in multicellular organisms. Here, we show that the dynamic targeting of ROP through vesicles requires coat protein complex II and ADP-ribosylation factor 1-mediated post-Golgi trafficking. Trafficking of vesicle-carried ROPs between the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network is mediated through adaptor protein 1 and sterol-mediated endocytosis. Finally, we show that GDI and vesicle trafficking synergistically regulate cell polarization and ROP targeting, suggesting that the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is regulated by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Sen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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48
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Kulich I, Vogler F, Bleckmann A, Cyprys P, Lindemeier M, Fuchs I, Krassini L, Schubert T, Steinbrenner J, Beynon J, Falter-Braun P, Längst G, Dresselhaus T, Sprunck S. ARMADILLO REPEAT ONLY proteins confine Rho GTPase signalling to polar growth sites. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1275-1288. [PMID: 33020609 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polar growth requires the precise tuning of Rho GTPase signalling at distinct plasma membrane domains. The activity of Rho of plant (ROP) GTPases is regulated by the opposing action of guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Whereas plant-specific ROPGEFs have been shown to be embedded in higher-level regulatory mechanisms involving membrane-bound receptor-like kinases, the regulation of GAPs has remained enigmatic. Here, we show that three Arabidopsis ARMADILLO REPEAT ONLY (ARO) proteins are essential for the stabilization of growth sites in root hair cells and trichomes. AROs interact with ROP1 enhancer GAPs (RENGAPs) and bind to the plasma membrane via a conserved polybasic region at the ARO amino terminus. The ectopic spreading of ROP2 in aro2/3/4 mutant root hair cells and the preferential interaction of AROs with active ROPs and anionic phospholipids suggests that AROs recruit RENGAPs into complexes with ROPs to confine ROP signalling to distinct membrane regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kulich
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Vogler
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Bleckmann
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Cyprys
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Lindemeier
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fuchs
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Krassini
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Steinbrenner
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
- Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Microbe-Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Längst
- Biochemistry III, Biochemistry Centre Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Takatsuka H, Ito M. Cytoskeletal Control of Planar Polarity in Root Hair Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580935. [PMID: 33014003 PMCID: PMC7496891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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50
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Zhang X, Yang Z, Wu D, Yu F. RALF-FERONIA Signaling: Linking Plant Immune Response with Cell Growth. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100084. [PMID: 33367248 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020b.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive various external and internal signals to self-modulate biological processes through members of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) family, among which Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) proteins with their ligands, rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides, have attracted considerable interest. FERONIA (FER), a CrRLK1L member, was initially reported to act as a major plant cell growth modulator in distinct tissues. Subsequently, the RALF-FER pathway was confirmed to function as an essential regulator of plant stress responses, including but not limited to immune responses. Furthermore, the RALF-FER pathway modulates immune responses and cell growth in a context-specific manner, and the vital roles of this pathway are beginning to be appreciated in crop species. The recent remarkable advances in understanding the functions and molecular mechanisms of the RALF-FER pathway have also raised many interesting questions that need to be answered in the future. This review mainly focuses on the roles of FER and other CrRLK1L members in modulating immune responses in the context of cell growth in response to their RALF peptide ligands and presents a brief outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Zhuhong Yang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Dousheng Wu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
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