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Thrasher SS, Otachi JK, Brune SC, Surratt HL. Early vs. Later Experiences of Violence and Polysubstance Use Among Adults Who Inject Drugs. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1802-1811. [PMID: 39252209 PMCID: PMC11431478 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2383590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) experience high rates of violence, especially in early childhood, increasing their likelihood of engaging in risky substance use behavior in adulthood. Additionally, complex trauma has been reported among PWID due to witnessing and experiencing an overdose, further highlighting the need to examine the role of multiple experiences of trauma on their vulnerability to substance misuse. METHODS Our study of 350 PWID from rural Kentucky examined differences in polysubstance use between participants who experienced violence earlier (≤15 years old) versus later (≥16 years old) in their childhood. RESULTS Findings highlighted a direct association between experiences of early childhood violence and polysubstance use in adulthood. Additionally, our sample of PWID who experienced violence early in their childhood reported higher rates of severe substance use disorder and mental health distress. CONCLUSIONS Tailored approaches that incorporate trauma-informed care may help to address the disproportionate rates of substance use and related adverse effects among PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet K Otachi
- Department of Social Work and Urban Studies, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean C Brune
- School of Social Work, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hilary L Surratt
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Puittinen E, Haukilahti R, Lindroos K. Alcohol use, civilian interference, and other possible risk factors for death during restraint. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 106:102728. [PMID: 39089136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Physical restraint is usually used when trying to control and terminate a violent episode. Many causes are possible behind aggressive, agitated, and violent behavior. Some of these are such factors that can either be detected in forensic autopsies or can be evident from the person's medical records. Various causes for deaths during physical restraint have been suggested. In this study, we wanted to review all incidents in which physical restraint was employed, ending in death of the restrained person, whether the restraint was applied by police officers, security guards, police custody personnel, health care personnel or ordinary civilians. The main aim was to see if this new kind of study design would increase our knowledge in circumstances and causes leading to death in restraint situations. Data was collected retrospectively from all forensic autopsies performed in the Southern Finland area during 2010-2015. We went through 21,036 forensic autopsy cases and found 12 cases (0.06 %) in which a physical restraint was employed before death. Police officers were involved in the physical restraint in 7/12 of the cases: in two of these cases, police alone; in three cases, police and guards; and in two cases, police and health care personnel. Civilians carried out the restraint in 5/12 cases. With civilians responsible for the restraint, the cause of death was more likely considered to be a result of the restraint itself than in cases where police and other authorities were responsible for the restraint. This could be because civilians aren't educated about safe restraint methods, and they might themselves be intoxicated. Alcohol was the most common psychoactive substance found in this study and could be a risk factor for not only aggressive behavior but also death, since alcohol use can provoke cardiac arrhythmias and even sudden death. Based on this study, and previously published studies, we see restraint deaths as a varying spectrum of deaths, in which the death is often possibly a result of many factors, including the effects of agitation and restraint, intoxication, and cardiac and other illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Puittinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Riitta Haukilahti
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarina Lindroos
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
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Volkow ND, Compton WM, Blanco C, Einstein EB, Han B. Associations of cannabis use, use frequency, and cannabis use disorder with violent behavior among young adults in the United States. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 128:104431. [PMID: 38677161 PMCID: PMC11213661 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most violent crimes (52 %) are committed by adults aged 18-34, who account for 23 % of the US population and have the highest prevalence of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD). We examined whether and how associations of cannabis use, use frequency, and CUD with violent behavior (i.e., attacking someone with the intent to harm seriously) vary by sex in U.S. young adults. METHODS Data were from 113,454 participants aged 18-34 in the 2015-2019 US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, providing nationally representative data on cannabis use, CUD (using DSM-IV criteria), and violent behavior. Descriptive analyses and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Among U.S. adults aged 18-34, 28.9 % (95 % CI = 28.5-29.2 %) reported past-year cannabis use (with/without CUD), including 20.5 % (95 % CI = 20.2-20.8 %) with non-daily cannabis without CUD, 4.7 % (95 % CI = 4.5-4.8 %) with daily cannabis use without CUD, 2.1 % (95 % CI = 1.9-2.2 %) with non-daily cannabis use and CUD, and 1.7 % (95 % CI = 1.5-1.8 %) with daily cannabis use and CUD. Past-year adjusted prevalence of violent behavior was higher among males with daily cannabis use but without CUD (2.9 %, 95 % CI = 2.4-2.7 %; adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.7, 95 % CI = 1.3-2.2) and males with daily cannabis use and CUD (3.1 %, 95 % CI = 2.3-4.0 %; adjusted PR = 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.3-2.4) than males without past-year cannabis use (1.7 %, 95 % CI = 1.6-1.9 %). Adjusted prevalence of violent behavior was higher among females with cannabis use regardless of daily cannabis use/CUD status (adjusted prevalence = 1.6-2.4 %, 95 % CIs = 0.9-3.2 %; adjusted PRs = 1.6-2.4, 95 % CI = 1.3-3.2) than females without past-year cannabis use (1.0 %, 95 % CI = 0.9-1.1 %). CONCLUSIONS Research is needed to ascertain the directionality of the associations between cannabis use and violent behavior and underlying sex-specific mechanism(s). Our results point to complex sex-specific relationships between cannabis use frequency, CUD, and violent behavior and highlight the importance of early screening for and treatment of CUD and of preventive interventions addressing cannabis misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Blanco
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily B Einstein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beth Han
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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López-Ortiz E, Altamirano JM, Romero-Henríquez LF, López-Ortiz G. Characterization of Homicides in Mexico: Analysis of 2015-2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:617. [PMID: 38791831 PMCID: PMC11121517 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico, homicides are the leading cause of death among men aged 15 to 44 years; however, despite their increase in recent decades, the study of this issue is insufficient, given its magnitude and impact. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns and associated factors of homicides in Mexico from 2015 to 2022. METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing death records from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography's general mortality databases. Simple frequencies and incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants by sex, year, and state of the Mexican Republic were calculated. Mortality was evaluated by age groups and geographic areas, and bivariate logistic regression models with sociodemographic variables were performed. RESULTS Records of 229,182 homicides in Mexico were analyzed, with a median age of 33 years, interquartile range 18. A total of 203,898 (88.96%) were men and 25,284 (11.04%) were women. The majority of deaths occurred in public places and were caused by firearms; women had a higher percentage of homicides at home. States with high incidence rates for both sexes were Chihuahua, Zacatecas, Michoacán, Colima, and Estado de México. The total years of life lost were 9.19 million years. The national incidence of homicides in men showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2019; however, in the case of women, this incidence increased in various age groups during the study period. Occupation, education, marital status, and place of occurrence had significant associations in the logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a spatial-temporal characterization of homicides in Mexico between 2015 and 2022, highlighting the high incidence in men and the upward trend in certain age groups among women. These findings underscore the need for preventive measures and public policies to address this issue in a multisectoral manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo López-Ortiz
- Subdivisión de Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Altamirano
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Ángeles Clínica Londres, Mexico City 06700, Mexico;
| | - Luisa Fernanda Romero-Henríquez
- Posgrado en Pedagogía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Cuerpo Académico CAMCM-CA-2321, Centro de Actualización del Magisterio en la Ciudad de México, Autoridad Educativa Federal, Secretaría de Educación Pública, Mexico City 06400, Mexico
| | - Geovani López-Ortiz
- Subdivisión de Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Viña SM. Religion, Psychedelics, Risky Behavior, and Violence. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38660976 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2346132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Research has found that psychedelic use is associated with positive behavioral changes, however research has yet to explore the relationship between socio-cultural conditions on this relationship. This paper intends to fill this gap by testing the effects of religious participation and beliefs on the relationship between psychedelic use and behaviors. This study examines the relationship between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use (LCPU), different aspects of religion (such as salience and attendance), and the likelihood of committing a violent assault. The analysis uses pooled data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) from 2015 to 2019, with a sample size of 282,768. Binary logistic regression models conducted in Stata 17 reveal that LCPU and religion (salience and influence) are independently associated with reduced violence. Additionally, two-way interactions indicate that the association between risky behavior and violence is smaller among individuals with high levels of religious salience. Furthermore, a three-way interaction suggests that the association between risky behavior and violence is smaller for those who have used psychedelics, with the largest effect observed among individuals with high religious salience. These results show that religious factors can influence the relationship between psychedelic use and behaviors, with both attendance and salience operating simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Viña
- The University of the Incarnate Word, Department of Sociology, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Fede SJ, Kisner MA, Dean SF, Buckler E, Chholak R, Momenan R. Alcohol attention bias modulates neural engagement during moral processing. Soc Neurosci 2024; 19:106-123. [PMID: 39038485 PMCID: PMC11382621 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2024.2377666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The neurobiology of typical moral cognition involves the interaction of frontal, limbic, and temporoparietal networks. There is still much to be understood mechanistically about how moral processing is disrupted; such understanding is key to combating antisociality. Neuroscientific models suggest a key role for attention mechanisms in atypical moral processing. We hypothesized that attention-bias toward alcohol cues in alcohol use disorder (AUD) leads to a failure to properly engage with morally relevant stimuli, reducing moral processing. We recruited patients with AUD (n = 30) and controls (n = 30). During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants viewed pairs of images consisting of a moral or neutral cue and an alcohol or neutral distractor. When viewing moral cues paired with alcohol distractors, individuals with AUD had lower medial prefrontal cortex engagement; this pattern was also seen for left amygdala in younger iAUDs. Across groups, individuals had less engagement of middle/superior temporal gyri. These findings provide initial support for AUD-related attention bias interference in sociomoral processing. If supported in future longitudinal and causal study designs, this finding carries potential societal and clinical benefits by suggesting a novel, leverageable mechanism and in providing a cognitive explanation that may help combat persistent stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Fede
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mallory A Kisner
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah F Dean
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma Buckler
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin Chholak
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Bender EM, Machetanz L, von Känel R, Euler S, Kirchebner J, Günther MP. When do drugs trigger criminal behavior? a machine learning analysis of offenders and non-offenders with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1356843. [PMID: 38516261 PMCID: PMC10954830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1356843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) is linked to a higher risk of violence in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). The objective of this study is to explore the most distinguishing factors between offending and non-offending patients diagnosed with SSD and comorbid SUD using supervised machine learning. Methods A total of 269 offender patients and 184 non-offender patients, all diagnosed with SSD and SUD, were assessed using supervised machine learning algorithms. Results Failures during opening, referring to rule violations during a permitted temporary leave from an inpatient ward or during the opening of an otherwise closed ward, was found to be the most influential distinguishing factor, closely followed by non-compliance with medication (in the psychiatric history). Following in succession were social isolation in the past, no antipsychotics prescribed (in the psychiatric history), and no outpatient psychiatric treatments before the current hospitalization. Discussion This research identifies critical factors distinguishing offending patients from non-offending patients with SSD and SUD. Among various risk factors considered in prior research, this study emphasizes treatment-related differences between the groups, indicating the potential for improvement regarding access and maintenance of treatment in this particular population. Further research is warranted to explore the relationship between social isolation and delinquency in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa-Maria Bender
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Machetanz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Euler
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Kirchebner
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Philipp Günther
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Privatklinik Meiringen, Willigen, Meiringen, Switzerland
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Beeler S, Gerrish O, Aldred BG, Asher BlackDeer A. Histories of violence among clients seeking substance use disorder treatment: a systematic mapping review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1307641. [PMID: 38505794 PMCID: PMC10948608 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1307641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a limited literature base regarding the intersection of drug and alcohol treatment, violence, and trauma. While research substantiates that exposure to violence and trauma impacts the propensity to misuse substances, the conceptualization in clinical trials and practice has largely been narrow and gendered, referring only to intimate partner or domestic violence. Our systematic mapping review explored a more inclusive and expansive review of survivors of and perpetrators of violence and trauma (e.g., intimate partner violence, sexual assault, stalking, child abuse, political and community violence, criminal violence, micro violence, structural violence, and oppression) to establish: 1) the types of treatment settings included in intervention studies, 2) the common indicators of success or common outcomes recorded, and 3) understanding who is seeking treatment for drug and alcohol use with histories of violence. Methods A systematic mapping review was conducted to identify any peer-reviewed articles published from 2011 to 2022. The Web of Science database was searched using a broad set of Boolean search terms related to violence, substance use disorders, and treatment. Over 8,800 records were identified from the systematic review with a total of 48 articles meeting inclusion criteria. Results Most studies in this review included populations reporting perpetration of violence (n=23, 48%) versus participants reporting survival of trauma/violence (n=17, 35%). Results also indicated female identifying populations (n=19; 40%) were predominantly served, were treated in the US (n=33; 69%) and seen in an outpatient setting (n=24; 50%). Authors also were attentive to studies that included sexual and gender minorities and discovered only three studies (6%) explicitly acknowledging inclusion of transgender participants or participants in relationship with partners of the same sex; three more studies (6%) were focused on participants with histories of or engaging in sex work. Discussion This review outlines treatment and research implications directly situated in the gap of service delivery found in this review. Specifically, the results elucidate the impact on minoritized and excluded identities based on gender, sexual preference, criminal legal status and directions for research and treatment to increase inclusion, representation, and equity across research and treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Beeler
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Olivia Gerrish
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - B. Grantham Aldred
- University Library, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Lyons VH, Myers MG, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA, Carter PM, Walton MA, Goldstick J. Experiencing violence and other predictors of within-person same-day use of multiple substances in youth: a longitudinal study in emergency settings. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024; 50:218-228. [PMID: 38563511 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2307546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background: Although experiencing violence is a risk factor for substance use among youth, its association with same-day use of multiple substances (a form of polysubstance use) and mitigating factors is less well understood.Objectives: To identify whether prosocial factors modified the effect of experiencing violence on the frequency of same-day use, and examine gender-specific risk/protective factors for same-day use.Methods: We analyzed longitudinal data from a cohort of youth who use drugs aged 14-24 (n = 599; 58% male) presenting to an urban emergency department between 2009-2011 and assessed biannually for two years. Using Poisson-generalized linear models with person-level fixed effects, we estimated within-person associations between self-reported experiencing violence and same-day use and analyzed gender and peer/parent support as effect modifiers. We adjusted for negative peer influence, parental drug and alcohol use, family conflict, anxiety and depression, and age.Results: Overall, positive parental support corresponded to lower rates of same-day use (rate ratio [RR]:0.93, 95% CI:0.87-0.99) and experiencing violence was associated with higher rates of same-day use (RR:1.25, 95% CI:1.10-1.41). Violence exposure was a risk factor among males (RR:1.42, 95% CI:1.21-1.66), while negative peer influences and parental substance use were risk factors among females (RR:1.63, 95% CI:1.36-1.97 and RR:1.58, 95% CI:1.35-1.83, respectively). Positive peer support reduced the association between violence exposure and same-day use among males (RR:0.69, 95% CI:0.57-0.84, p < .05).Conclusions: Tailored interventions may address gender differences in coping with experiencing violence - including interventions that promote parental support among males and reduce influence from parental substance use among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H Lyons
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew G Myers
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Prevention Research Center of Michigan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason Goldstick
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Jafarzadeh M, Pourfarzi F, Afrashteh S, Azimi A, Yusuf MA, Adham D, Moradi-Asl E. Characteristics of suicide attempts in Northwestern Iran: a five-year population-based survey. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:15. [PMID: 38166930 PMCID: PMC10763457 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a serious public health problem in the world. This study aims to describe the characteristics of suicide attempters in North-Western Iran and identify latent classes of suicide attempts. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Ardabil Province (Northwest Iran) during 2017-2021 based on a registration system for suicide attempts. We performed latent class analysis (LCA) using a procedure for LCA (PROC LCA) in SAS to investigate the subgroups of suicide attempters based on their characteristics and method, history, and outcome of suicide. RESULTS Three latent classes were identified for males and females; the first class (non-lethal attempters with lower educational levels) comprised 41.3% of males and 55.4% of females. The second class (non-lethal attempters with higher educational levels) described 52.4% of males and 42.7% of females. Finally, the third class (lethal attempters) included 6.4% of males and 1.9% of females. The main method of suicide attempts was poisoning with medications (87.3%). The results show that only 2.8% of people have a history of suicide attempts. Also, the suicide rate reached 8.26 per 100,000 population in 2021. CONCLUSION The present study showed an increasing trend of suicide attempt incidence rate in Ardabil Province from 2017 (99.49 per 100,000 population) to 2021 (247.41 per 100,000 population). This means that the rate of change was 147.92 per 100,000 population during the study period. The findings of LCA, stress the necessity of identification and prioritization of unmet needs of people who had an incomplete suicide in Ardabil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafarzadeh
- CDC of Ardabil Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farhad Pourfarzi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sima Afrashteh
- Clinical Research Development Center, The Persian Gulf Martyrs Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ahad Azimi
- CDC of Ardabil Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mustpha Ahmed Yusuf
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Davoud Adham
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Eslam Moradi-Asl
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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11
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Dobischok S, Guh D, Marchand K, MacDonald S, Lock K, Harrison S, Lajeunesse J, Schechter MT, Oviedo-Joekes E. The Impact of Injectable Opioid Agonist Treatment (iOAT) on Involvement in Criminalized Activities: A Secondary Analysis from a Clinical Trial in Vancouver, BC. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2023; 14:147-156. [PMID: 38026787 PMCID: PMC10657756 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s438451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A significant portion of the economic consequences of untreated Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) relate to individuals' involvement in the criminal justice system. The present study uncovers if treatment with iOAT is related to the number of criminal charges amongst participants, what type of crime participants were involved in, and the frequency with which participants were victims of crime. This study contributes to the body of research on the effectiveness of iOAT reducing criminal involvement. Patients and Methods This is a secondary analysis of police record data obtained from the Vancouver Police Department over a three-year period during the Study to Assess Longer-term Opioid Medication Effectiveness clinical trial. The data was obtained from participants (N = 192) enrolled in the trial through a release of information form. Results During the three-year period, most charges (45.6%) were property offences, and 25.5% of participants were victims of crime. Participants with no treatment prior to randomization into the SALOME trial were 2.61 (95% CI = 1.64-4.14) more likely to have been charged with a crime than during the iOAT state. Conclusion IOAT can reduce individuals' involvement with the criminal justice system and is thus a crucial part of the continuum of care. Addiction should be conceptualized as a healthcare rather than criminal issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Dobischok
- Department of Education and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daphne Guh
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirsten Marchand
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott MacDonald
- Providence Health Care, Providence Crosstown Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kurt Lock
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott Harrison
- Providence Health Care, Providence Crosstown Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie Lajeunesse
- Providence Health Care, Providence Crosstown Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin T Schechter
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Krendl AC, Perry BL. Stigma Toward Substance Dependence: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Interventions. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2023; 24:90-126. [PMID: 37883667 DOI: 10.1177/15291006231198193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Substance dependence is a prevalent and urgent public health problem. In 2021, 60 million Americans reported abusing alcohol within the month prior to being surveyed, and nearly 20 million Americans reported using illegal drugs (e.g., heroin) or prescription drugs (e.g., opioids) for nonmedical reasons in the year before. Drug-involved overdose rates have been steadily increasing over the past 20 years. This increase has been primarily driven by opioid and stimulant use. Despite its prevalence, drug dependence is one of the most stigmatized health conditions. Stigma has myriad negative consequences for its targets, including limiting their access to employment and housing, disrupting interpersonal relationships, harming physical and mental health, and reducing help-seeking. However, because research on stigma toward people with substance use disorders (SUDs) is relatively sparse compared with research on stigma toward other mental illnesses, the field lacks a comprehensive understanding of the causes and consequences of SUD stigma. Moreover, it remains unclear how, if at all, these factors differ from other types of mental illness stigma. The goal of this review is to take stock of the literature on SUD stigma, providing a clear set of foundational principles and a blueprint for future research and translational activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Krendl
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Brea L Perry
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University Bloomington
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13
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Harruff RC, Yarid NA, Barbour WL, Martin YH. Medical examiner response to the drug overdose epidemic in King County Washington: "Real-time" surveillance, data science, and applied forensic epidemiology. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1632-1642. [PMID: 37417312 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
As the overdose epidemic overwhelmed medicolegal death investigation offices and toxicology laboratories, the King County Medical Examiner's Office responded with "real-time" fatal overdose surveillance to expedite death certification and information dissemination through assembling a team including a dedicated medicolegal death investigator, an information coordinator, and student interns. In-house testing of blood, urine, and drug evidence from scenes was performed using equipment and supplies purchased for surveillance. Collaboration with state laboratories allowed validation. Applied forensic epidemiology accelerated data dissemination. From 2010 to 2022, the epidemic claimed 5815 lives in King County; the last 4 years accounted for 47% of those deaths. After initiating the surveillance project, in-house testing was performed on blood from 2836 decedents, urine from 2807, and 4238 drug evidence items from 1775 death scenes. Time to complete death certificates decreased from weeks to months to hours to days. Overdose-specific information was distributed weekly to a network of law enforcement and public health agencies. As the surveillance project tracked the epidemic, fentanyl and methamphetamine became dominant and were associated with other indicators of social deterioration. In 2022, fentanyl was involved in 68% of 1021 overdose deaths. Homeless deaths increased sixfold; in 2022, 67% of 311 homeless deaths were due to overdose; fentanyl was involved in 49% and methamphetamine in 44%. Homicides increased 250%; in 2021, methamphetamine was positive in 35% of 149 homicides. The results are relevant to the value of rapid surveillance, its impact on standard operations, selection of cases requiring autopsy, and collaboration with other agencies in overdose prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole A Yarid
- King County Medical Examiner's Office, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Yang H Martin
- King County Medical Examiner's Office, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Chainé SM, Bacigalupe G, García RR, Montoya AL, Romero VF, Gispert MAI. Interpersonal and Intimate Violence in Mexican Youth: Drug Use, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6484. [PMID: 37569022 PMCID: PMC10418786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic may have increased interpersonal and intimate violence, harmful use of alcohol and other drugs (AODs), and mental health problems. This study uses a valid path model to describe relationships between these conditions of young Mexicans during the second year of the pandemic. A sample of 7420 Mexicans ages 18 to 24-two-thirds of whom are women-completed the Life Events Checklist, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, the Major Depressive Episode Checklist, the Generalized Anxiety Scale, and the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist. Young Mexicans reported higher rates of victimization and perpetration of interpersonal and intimate violence and mental health symptomatology than those noted pre- and in the first year of the pandemic. The harmful use of AOD rates were similar to those reported by adolescents before. The findings suggest asymmetric victimization and perpetration of intimate violence by gender (with women at a higher risk). More men than women have engaged in the harmful use of AODs (except for sedatives, which more women abuse). More women than men were at risk of all mental health conditions. The path model indicates that being a victim of intimate violence predicts the harmful use of tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, and sedatives, depression, anxiety, and specific PTSD symptoms (such as re-experimentation and avoidance symptoms). Being a victim of interpersonal violence resulted in severe PTSD symptoms (including avoidance, negative alterations in cognition-mood, and hyperarousal signs). The harmful use of sedatives predicted depressive symptoms. Men's victimizing intimate violence model contrasted with that of women, which included being the victim of interpersonal violence and severe PTSD symptoms. The high school youth model had three paths: victimizing intimate violence, victimizing interpersonal abuse, and sedative use, which predicted depression. Our findings could serve as the basis for future studies exploring the mechanisms that predict violence to develop cost-effective preventive programs and public policies and to address mental health conditions during community emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morales Chainé
- Psychology Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.M.); (V.F.R.)
| | - Gonzalo Bacigalupe
- Department of Counseling and School Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - Rebeca Robles García
- National Institute of Psychiatry “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Ministry of Health, Mexico City 14370, Mexico;
| | - Alejandra López Montoya
- Psychology Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.M.); (V.F.R.)
| | - Violeta Félix Romero
- Psychology Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.L.M.); (V.F.R.)
| | - Mireya Atzala Imaz Gispert
- General Directorate of Community Attention, National Autonomous University of México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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15
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Viña SM, Stephens AL. Psychedelics and workplace harm. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1186541. [PMID: 37398579 PMCID: PMC10311554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1186541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to understand the relationship between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use (LCPU), employment status, and weekly work hours on levels of psychological distress. The data used for this analysis is pooled from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) from 2008-2019 and includes a sample size of 484,732 individuals. The findings suggest that LCPU and being employed are independently associated with better health. Additionally, the results indicate that psychedelic use is associated with lower distress for those who are employed, volunteer, retired, or permanently disabled. However, those who are unemployed, full-time students, or homemakers may experience higher levels of distress with psychedelic use. Interestingly, the analysis also suggests that those who use psychedelics are working longer hours per week before experiencing an increase in stress. Overall, the study suggests that psychedelics are not likely to have a negative impact on employment outcomes.
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16
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Khakpai F, Rezaei N, Issazadeh Y, Zarrindast MR. Modulation of social and depression behaviors in cholestatic and drug-dependent mice: possible role of opioid receptors. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:275-285. [PMID: 37255824 PMCID: PMC10225439 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Social behavior, a set of motivating activities critical for survival, is disturbed in cholestasis conditions and many substance abusers as well as psychiatric disorders. The documented loss of social interest in cholestatic patients may be associated with depressive symptoms. Interestingly, the endogenous opioid system is involved in the modulation of depression. Methods in this research , we assessed the effect of cholestasis and drug dependence on social and depression behaviors using the Three-Chamber Paradigm Test, Forced Swim Test (FST), and Tail Suspension Test (TST) as well as Open Field Test (OFT) in male NMRI mice. Results The results indicated that alone administration of morphine and tramadol, as well as co-administration of them, increased social motivation and novelty but decreased depression in bile duct ligated mice. Whereas, alone administration of naloxone (a µ-opioid receptor antagonist) and co-administration of it along with morphine and tramadol decreased social motivation and novelty while enhanced depression in the sham-operated and bile duct ligated mice. These administrations of drugs did not change locomotor activity compared to the control group. Conclusion In conclusion, it appears that (i) both cholestasis and drug dependence impaired social motivation behavior, as well as induced depression-like behavior in the bile duct, ligated mice, (ii) alone administration of morphine and tramadol as well as co-treatment of them may protect against cholestasis and drug dependence induced abnormal behaviors, (iii) µ-opioid receptors play an important role in modulation of social motivation and depression behaviors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khakpai
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Rezaei
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Issazadeh
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Kreim S, Marchand K, Mallia E, Dubras R, McMaster WR, Tee K, Mathias S, Barbic S. Identifying early intervention opportunities for illicit stimulant use: A cross-sectional study of factors associated with illicit stimulant use among young people accessing integrated youth services in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023:209076. [PMID: 37182544 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Illicit stimulant (cocaine and/or amphetamine) use among young people aged 12-24 is a public health priority given that substance use initiation tends to peak in this developmental period and significant associated immediate and long-term harms are associated with its use. Young people using stimulants must be engaged in services as early as possible to reduce these harms. To inform early intervention opportunities, this study aimed to identify the risk/protective factors associated with illicit stimulant use among young people. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on routinely collected self-reported data among young people accessing integrated youth services in British Columbia (Canada) between April 2018 and January 2022. Data were collected on young peoples' socio-demographic characteristics, and social, behavioral, and health profiles. Variable selection was guided by established risk/protective factors for substance use among young people. The study used multivariable logistic regression to identify risk/protective factors that were independently associated with past 30-day illicit stimulant use. RESULTS The analytic sample included n = 5620 young people aged 12-24 and a total of 163 (2.9 %) reported past 30-day illicit cocaine and/or amphetamine use. Demographic characteristics that were independently associated with illicit stimulant use included older age (aOR = 1.27, 95 % CI = 1.17-1.38) and gender identity as man vs woman (aOR = 1.71, 95 % CI = 1.10-2.70). Social and environmental risk factors included recently witnessing or experiencing violence (aOR = 2.32, 95 % CI = 1.47-3.68) and higher past-year crime/violent behaviors score (aOR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 1.13-1.69). Finally, regular alcohol (aOR = 6.90, 95 % CI = 2.36-25.42), regular (aOR = 3.74, 95 % CI = 1.95-7.54) or social (aOR = 3.06, 95 % CI = 1.44-6.60) tobacco use, and lifetime hallucinogen (aOR = 3.24, 95 % CI = 1.8-5.91) and ecstasy/MDMA (aOR = 2.53, 95 % CI = 1.48-4.39) use were also statistically significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS These risk/protective factors support identification of young people who may benefit from further screening, assessment, and treatment for illicit stimulant use. This study also underscores the need to expand early intervention and harm reduction programs that can comprehensively respond to young peoples' stimulant use, health, and social needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kreim
- Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kirsten Marchand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Foundry, 915-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, 588-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Emilie Mallia
- Foundry, 915-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Richard Dubras
- Foundry, 915-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - W Robert McMaster
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, C201-4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada
| | - Karen Tee
- Foundry, 915-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Steve Mathias
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Foundry, 915-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, 588-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Providence Research, 1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Skye Barbic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Foundry, 915-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada; Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, 588-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Providence Research, 1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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18
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StepjanoviĆ D, Hall W, Leung J. Illicit drug use and violence. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:121-145. [PMID: 37633705 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence on the relationship between illicit drug use and violence, specifically cannabis, stimulant drugs, and opioids. It summarizes findings of systematic reviews of evidence on cannabis, stimulant drugs, and opioids. It also examines evidence from epidemiological studies of drug use among violent offenders and of violence among persons who use drugs, intervention studies, animal studies, human laboratory studies, and human neuroimaging studies. More studies have examined cannabis because of its higher prevalence of use. There is an association between cannabis use and violence, suggestive evidence of a dose-response relationship between the frequency of cannabis use and violence, and a stronger association in persons with psychoses. There is similar emerging evidence on stimulant use and violence, but evidence on opioids is very limited. There is limited and mixed evidence from intervention studies that reducing drug use reduces violence. Animal and human studies provide potential biological explanations for these associations. The association between cannabis use and violence is most consistent but limited by study heterogeneity and lack of control for potential confounders. It is unclear whether these associations are causal or reflect reverse causation or the effects of confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel StepjanoviĆ
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Janni Leung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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19
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Pallin R, Wright MA, Tomsich EA, Wintemute GJ, Stewart S, Kagawa RMC. Prior Drug-Related Criminal Charges and Risk for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Authorized Purchasers of Handguns in California. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP23352-NP23373. [PMID: 35333106 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221078811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a considerable public health problem in the US, and evidence suggests that both drugs and firearms contribute to the risk of IPV and its severity. This study uses a retrospective, longitudinal cohort design to explore the association between past arrests, charges incurred in the legal process, and convictions for drug-related crimes, and risk of future arrest for IPV among legal handgun purchasers. The cohort included all legal purchasers of handguns in California in 2001 between the ages of 21 and 49 (n = 79,678), 156 of whom had pre-purchase drug charges and post-purchase IPV charges. We used Cox proportional hazards regression with age at time of handgun purchase, sex, and race/ethnicity, and an array of community characteristics as covariates. Over the study period (2001-2013), in comparison to handgun purchasers who had no charges or convictions prior to their index purchase, risk for future IPV arrest was increased for purchasers whose only prior charges were drug-related (aHR = 3.4 [95% CI: 2.4-4.9]) and purchasers who had both prior drug- and non-drug related charges (aHR = 4.9 [95% CI: 4.1-6.0]). The magnitude of the risk ratio was greater when multiple drug types were involved and when the person had been charged with both the use and sale of drugs. Our findings suggest that, among legal handgun purchasers, prior drug charges are associated with future risk of IPV arrests or convictions. Given the established link between firearm access and IPV severity and fatality, these findings may inform the development and enforcement of policies that reduce firearm access for those at elevated risk of perpetrating intimate partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Pallin
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, 8789University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mona A Wright
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, 8789University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Tomsich
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, 8789University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Garen J Wintemute
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, 8789University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Susan Stewart
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, 8789University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rose M C Kagawa
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, 8789University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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20
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Drug court utilization of medications for opioid use disorder in high opioid mortality communities. J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 141:108850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Addressing a critical gap: Integrating sexual aggression and coercion measures into substance administration research. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 217:173391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Charles M, Akram H, Rogalewski M, Mokrysz C, Wood N, Curran HV. An Exploration of the Nature and Prevalence of Substance Use in a Forensic Population and an Evaluation of Its Role in Recall to Hospital. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Klein M. Substanzkonsum – Sucht – Gewalt:
Zusammenhänge, Risiken, Prävention. SUCHTTHERAPIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1726-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungZwischen Substanzkonsum und Gewaltverhalten besteht ein enger Zusammenhang, der
durch Schlüsselsituationen, veränderte Risikowahrnehmung und
-beurteilung sowie verminderte Aggressionshemmungen gekennzeichnet ist. Zu den
aktuellen Konzepten zur Einschätzung des Zusammenhangs zwischen
Substanzkonsum und Gewalt zählt das I3-Modell, das die Faktoren
Anstiftung, Schlagkraft und Hemmung in einen Zusammenhang zwischen der
konsumierenden Person und der Risikosituation bringt. Inzwischen liegen
Programme zur Prävention und Intervention bei suchtmittelassoziierter
Gewalt vor, wie z. B. TAVIM, die im Behandlungssystem stärkere
Verankerung erfahren sollten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klein
- Deutsches Institut für Sucht- und Präventionsforschung
(DISuP) der Katholischen Hochschule NRW, Köln
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24
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Zangiabadian M, Golmohammadi S, Nejadghaderi SA, Zahmatkesh MM, Nasiri MJ, Sadeghian M. The effects of naltrexone on retention in treatment and being opioid-free in opioid-dependent people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1003257. [PMID: 36226100 PMCID: PMC9548642 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid dependency is a chronic relapsing disorder for which different therapeutically interventions have been developed. Naltrexone is a non-selective opioid antagonist that can be utilized for maintenance therapy in opioid dependency. In this systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the effects of naltrexone on retention in treatment and being opioid-free. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE databases up to February 5, 2022, using the following keywords: "Naltrexone," "Substance abuse," "Drug abuse," "Opiate-related disorder," and "Opioid dependence." Studies that included opiate-dependent individuals who were treated with naltrexone and assessed retention in treatment or being opioid-free were included. Two authors independently used the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for quality assessment. A random effect model in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was used for the conduction of the meta-analysis. We performed subgroup analysis to evaluate the effects of naltrexone types on outcomes. RESULTS Eighteen studies, including 2,280 participants met our inclusion criteria. The duration of treatment ranged from 21 days to 24 months. The retention in treatment with naltrexone was 63% higher than controls (odds ratio (OR): 1.64 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78-3.44]. The OR for being opioid-free was 1.63 (95% CI, 0.57-4.72). Injectable naltrexone was significantly effective on retention in treatment (OR 1.86; 95% CI, 1.17-2.98). CONCLUSIONS We found that naltrexone could be useful for retention in treatment and being opioid-free, however, the findings were not significant. Further high-quality and large-scale observational studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Zangiabadian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Golmohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Zahmatkesh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghian
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Beaudry G, Canal-Rivero M, Ou J, Matharu J, Fazel S, Yu R. Evaluating the Risk of Suicide and Violence in Severe Mental Illness: A Feasibility Study of Two Risk Assessment Tools (OxMIS and OxMIV) in General Psychiatric Settings. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871213. [PMID: 35845463 PMCID: PMC9280292 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two OxRisk risk assessment tools, the Oxford Mental Illness and Suicide (OxMIS) and the Oxford Mental Illness and Violence (OxMIV), were developed and validated using national linked registries in Sweden, to assess suicide and violence risk in individuals with severe mental illness (schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and bipolar disorders). In this study, we aim to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the tools in three different clinical services. METHOD We employed a two-step mixed-methods approach, by combining quantitative analyses of risk scores of 147 individual patients, and thematic analyses of qualitative data. First, 38 clinicians were asked to use OxMIS and OxMIV when conducting their routine risk assessments in patients with severe mental illness. The risk scores for each patient (which provide a probability of the outcome over 12 months) were then compared to the unstructured clinical risk assessment made by the treating clinician. Second, we carried out semi-structured interviews with the clinicians on the acceptability and utility of the tools. Thematic analysis was conducted on the qualitative data to identify common themes, in terms of the utility, accuracy, and acceptability of the tools. The investigations were undertaken in three general adult psychiatric clinics located in the cities of Barcelona and Sevilla (Spain), and Changsha (China). RESULTS Median risk probabilities over 12 months for OxMIS were 1.0% in the Spanish patient sample and 1.9% in the Chinese sample. For OxMIV, they were 0.7% (Spanish) and 0.8% (Chinese). In the thematic analysis, clinicians described the tools as easy to use, and thought that the risk score improved risk management. Potential additions to predictors were suggested, including family history and the patient's support network. Concordance rates of risk estimates between the tools and clinicians was high for violence (94.4%; 68/72) and moderate for suicide (50.0%; 36/72). CONCLUSION Both OxMIS and OxMIV are feasible and practical in different general adult psychiatric settings. Clinicians interviewed found that both tools provide a useful structured approach to estimate the risk of suicide and violence. Risk scores from OxMIS and OxMIV can also be used to assist clinical decision-making for future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Beaudry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Canal-Rivero
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jaskiran Matharu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rongqin Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lifetime Cannabis Use Disorder Is Not Associated With Lifetime Impulsive Behavior and Severe Violence in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders From a High-Security Hospital. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 41:623-628. [PMID: 34735097 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND The link between substances of abuse, impulsivity, and violence in psychotic patients remains unclear. This study aims at unraveling whether cannabis use disorder is associated with violent and/or psychotic behavior in patients who are hospitalized in a high-security hospital. METHODS/PROCEDURES We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study in 124 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders admitted to a high-security hospital. Lifetime violent behavior was assessed using the History of Aggressive Behavior Form-Subject of the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study and impulsivity using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (considering items: "proneness to boredom," "lack of self-control," and "impulsive thoughtless gestures"). Substance use disorder was diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was also administered. FINDINGS/RESULTS Violent and nonviolent psychotic patients showed similar prevalence of cannabis use disorder. Alcohol and cocaine use disorders were more prevalent among violent psychotic patients. Cannabis use disorder was not associated with any dimension of impulsivity, whereas alcohol use disorder was positively correlated to impulsive thoughtless gestures (standardized β = 0.213, P = 0.027) and cocaine use disorder with proneness to boredom (standardized β = 0.290, P = 0.002). Finally, logistic regression analysis revealed that, unlike cannabis and cocaine use disorders, alcohol use disorder (odds ratio, 3.964; 95% confidence interval, 1.729-9.087; P = 0.001) was a factor associated with violence. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS These findings show that cannabis and alcohol are largely abused and coabused by psychotic patients with a propsensity for violence, but only alcohol is associated with impulsive and violent behavior. Therefore, especially alcohol abuse should be seriously considered by practitioners when evaluating the dangerousness of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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