Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Long-term outcome after ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with postprocedurally unmasked sinus node disease

BACKGROUND

About three percent of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) additionally suffer from a concealed sinus node disease (SND). We sought to determine the success of ablation one year after ablation of persistent AF in patients with postprocedurally unmasked SND.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In total, 2539 patients with an ablation of persistent AF at our centre were screened for a postprocedurally unmasked SND, which made acute cardiac pacing necessary within one week after ablation. In a propensity score-matched case-control study (1:2 matching), the long-term ablation success of 51 patients (mean age 73 ± 8 years, 59% male) with unmasked SND after ablation of persistent AF was compared to that of 102 patients without SND after ablation of persistent AF. Controls were matched to cases based on the propensity score considering age, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, gender, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, atrial low voltage, previous number of ablations, and method of ablation. One year after ablation of persistent AF, 20 (39%) patients with postprocedurally unmasked SND and 61 (60%) patients without postprocedurally unmasked SND were in sinus rhythm (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.90, p = 0.017). The number of repeat ablation procedures within the follow-up year did not differ significantly between cases and controls (mean 0.60 ± 0.68 vs 0.53 ± 0.80, rate ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.78, p = 0.566).

CONCLUSION

In patients with a postprocedurally unmasked SND after ablation of persistent AF, long-term ablation success seems to be worse compared to patients without postprocedurally unmasked SND.

Coffee consumption and adverse cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND

There is some evidence of reduced major cardiovascular event (MACE) rates associated with moderate coffee consumption in the general population. However, there is concern about the potential risks of coffee consumption in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between coffee consumption and MACE in AF patients.

METHODS

Data of patients with documented AF enrolled in two large prospective observational multicenter cohort studies (Swiss-AF and Beat-AF) were analyzed. Follow-up information was obtained on a yearly basis. Coffee consumption was categorized into two main groups: "daily" and "not-daily" coffee consumers as well as additional subcategories. The primary endpoint was MACE, defined as a composite of stroke or systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for acute heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality. Secondary endpoints were the individual components of MACE and all-cause mortality. We performed time-updated multivariable adjusted Cox regression analyses to investigate the association between coffee consumption and MACE.

RESULTS

The incidence rate for MACE was 5.09 per 100 person-years (py) in daily and 7.49 per 100 py in not-daily consumers (median follow-up duration: 4.7 years). After adjustment for pre-selected confounding variables, daily coffee consumption was associated with a 23% lower hazard for MACE compared to not-daily consumption (hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) 0.77 (0.66; 0.89)). Patients with moderate coffee consumption (2-3 cups/day) had the lowest hazard for MACE compared to patients with not-daily coffee consumption (HR (95% CI) 0.74 (0.63; 0.87)).

CONCLUSIONS

In a population of AF patients, daily coffee consumption was associated with a reduced risk for MACE, hospitalization for acute heart failure, and all-cause mortality. The results were inconclusive for stroke or systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death. In this analysis, we found no evidence of an unfavourable association of daily coffee consumption in AF Patients with adverse outcome events.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02105844.

Predictive value of cardiac electrophysiological balance index for recurrent atrial fibrillation after ablation

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the cardiac electrophysiological balance index in predicting the recurrence of atrial fibrillation following radiofrequency ablation.

METHODS

Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing radiofrequency ablation were enrolled from July 2021 to March 2023 and categorized into recurrence and non-recurrence groups based on postoperative atrial fibrillation recurrence during a 6- to 12-month follow-up. Clinical and electrocardiogram data at admission were collected, and cardiac electrophysiological balance index was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified independent factors contributing to atrial fibrillation recurrence. Receiver operating characteristic curves assessed predictive values.

RESULTS

Among 127 subjects, 36 experienced postoperative recurrence (22 paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 10 atrial flutter, and 4 atrial tachycardia). Significant differences in hypersensitive C-reactive protein levels, QT, QRS, and cardiac electrophysiological balance index were observed between recurrent and non-recurrent groups. Multivariate analysis revealed cardiac electrophysiological balance index as an independent risk factor for recurrence (OR 1.766, 95%CI 1.415-2.204, p<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed cardiac electrophysiological balance index's predictive value with an area under the curve of 0.865 (95%CI 0.807-0.923, p<0.001), and a cutoff value of 4.3 demonstrated a sensitivity of 87.67% and a specificity of 71.23%.

CONCLUSIONS

The cardiac electrophysiological balance index emerges as a non-invasive tool with substantial predictive value for estimating the likelihood of paroxysmal AF recurrence post-ablation.

The Role of Atrial Premature Complexes in Exercise Test in Predicting Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is usually triggered by frequent atrial premature complexes (APC) and atrial tachycardias originated in the pulmonary veins. The aim of the current study is to clarify the relationship between AF and APCs observed during treadmill exercise testing through long-term patient follow-up.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Our study only examined the data of patients who did not have any obstructive coronary artery disease and had an exercise test. In total, 1559 patients were included in this research. The study data were divided into two groups according to the development of AF during follow-up. The patients who developed any type of AF during the follow-up period were classified as AF (+). Mean follow-up time for AF (+) and (-) groups were 48 and 47 months, respectively.

RESULTS

In the univariable analysis, age, LAAP, and the presence of APCs (HR: 3.906, 95% CI: 2.848-5.365, p < 0.001) during the treadmill exercise test were significantly associated with the development of AF. In the multivariable analysis, age (adjusted HR: 1.063, 95% CI: 1.043-1.083, p < 0.001) and the presence of APCs during the treadmill exercise test (adjusted HR: 2.504, 95% CI: 1.759-3.565, p < 0.001) emerged as independent risk factors for the development of AF. The AF-free survival was significantly lower in the APCs (+) patients compared with the APCs (-) patients (log rank p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed that individuals without obstructive CAD who exhibited frequent APCs during treadmill exercise tests were more likely to develop AF.

Effect of acupuncture on quality of life in atrial fibrillation: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the prevalent cardiac arrhythmia and can significantly impair the quality of life (QoL). Although catheter ablation (CA) is an established treatment for AF,post-procedural complications or perceived inadequate control of AF may diminish the QoL for some patients, potentially even to levels lower than pre-procedure. Preliminary findings from our previous pilot trial indicate that acupuncture may positively influence QoL in AF patients post-CA. This study aims to increase the sample size to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment to conventional medical therapy in improving QoL of patients with AF after CA.

METHODS AND DESIGN

This multicentre randomised clinical trial will be conducted in China. A total of 146 eligible patients will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the acupuncture group or the sham acupuncture group. All patients will receive standard postablation care and undergo 18 sessions of acupuncture/sham acupuncture within 12 weeks following CA, followed by a 9-month follow-up period. The primary outcome is the change in the Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality-of-Life (AFEQT) summary score from baseline to months 6 after CA. Secondary outcomes include the changes in the AFEQT subscale scores at months 6, the AFEQT summary and subscale score at months 3 and 12, AF burden, AF recurrence, heart rate variability, number of cardioversions, repeat CA procedures, European Heart Rhythm Association score, number of arrhythmia-related hospitalisations, average heart rate, use of Six-Dimensional Health State Short Form to assess health status, costs incurred by disease treatment, Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire and blinded assessments. Adverse events will also be meticulously recorded throughout the trial.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethics approval has been granted by the Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval no: 2020BZYLL0802) and seven other subcentres. The findings of the study results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific conferences or publications in peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ChiCTR2100049323.

Insomnia symptoms and risk for atrial fibrillation - The HUNT study

Studies on the effect of insomnia on atrial fibrillation risk in the general population are limited, therefore we investigated the association between insomnia and the risk of atrial fibrillation in a large-scale population-based study with valid atrial fibrillation measure. A total of 33,983 participants (55% women) reported their insomnia symptoms in the third wave of the HUNT study (between 2006 and 2008) in Norway, and they were followed for their first atrial fibrillation diagnosis until 2020 using hospital registers. Atrial fibrillation diagnoses were validated by physicians based on medical records and electrocardiograms. Insomnia symptoms were assessed by four questions, and analysed both individually and as cumulative symptoms. Cox regression, adjusted for age, sex, social and marital status, working in shiftwork, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and symptoms of anxiety and depression, was conducted. Overall, 1592 atrial fibrillation cases were identified during the follow-up and 31.6% of individuals reported at least one insomnia symptom. In our analysis, we did not detect meaningful associations between insomnia symptoms and the risk of atrial fibrillation. In conclusion, in this population there was no evidence for an association between insomnia symptoms and the risk of subsequent atrial fibrillation.

Differentiating Left Atrial Pressure Responses in Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Diagnosing Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Managing Atrial Fibrillation

BACKGROUND

Increased left atrial pressure (LAP) contributes to dyspnea and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in baseline LAP and LAP response to rapid pacing between paroxysmal and persistent AF.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This observational study prospectively enrolled 1369 participants who underwent AF catheter ablation, excluding those with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. H2FPEF score was calculated by echocardiography and baseline characteristics. Patients underwent LAP measurements during AF, sinus rhythm, and heart rates of 90, 100, 110, and 120 beats per minute (bpm), induced by right atrial pacing and isoproterenol. The baseline LAP-peak in the persistent AF group consistently exceeded that in the paroxysmal AF (PAF) group across each H2FPEF score subgroup (all P<0.05). LAP-peak increased with pacing (19.5 to 22.5 mm Hg) but decreased with isoproterenol (20.4 to 18.4 mm Hg). Under pacing, patients with PAF exhibited a significantly lower LAP-peak (90 bpm) than those with persistent AF (17.7±8.2 versus 21.1±9.3 mm Hg, P<0.001). However, there was no difference in LAP-peak (120 bpm) between the 2 groups (22.1±8.1 versus 22.9±8.4 mm Hg, P=0.056) because the LAP-peak significantly increased with heart rate in the group with PAF.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with PAF exhibited lower baseline LAP with greater increases during rapid pacing compared with individuals with persistent AF, indicating a need to revise the H2FPEF score for distinguishing PAF from persistent AF and emphasizing the importance of rate and rhythm control in PAF for symptom control.

REGISTRATION

URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT02138695.

Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations and Echocardiography Findings in Patients with Micro-atrial Fibrillation

AIM

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a rhythm disorder characterized by very rapid and disorganized atrial-derived electrical activations with uncoordinated atrial contractions. Very short periods of AF-like activity (micro-AF) may be precursors of undetected, silent episodes of atrial fibrillation. Here, we examined the relationship between natriuretic peptide concentrations and echocardiography findings in patients with micro-AF.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The electrocardiograms (ECGs) of patients complaining of palpitations were recorded with a 24‑hour Holter monitor, and the patients were consecutively included in the study. Micro-AF was defined as sudden, irregular atrial tachycardia lasting less than 30 sec with episodes of ≥5 consecutive supraventricular depolarizations with the absolute absence of p-waves. After a G-power test, patients were consecutively included in the study: 45 patients in the micro-AF group and 45 patients in the control group. Laboratory parameters, ECG and echocardiographic findings of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS

N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP) and serum troponin T concentrations were higher in the micro-AF group, (375.5±63.6 pg / ml vs. 63.1±56.8 pg / ml, p<0.001; 13±11.4 ng / dl vs. 4.4±2.4 ng / dl, p<0.001 respectively.) Each 1 pg / ml increase in serum Pro-BNP increased the risk of micro-AF by 1.8 %. In the ROC analysis, the cut-off value of Pro-BNP for the diagnosis of micro-AF was 63.4 pg / ml, with a sensitivity of 91.1 % and a specificity of 73.3 %. Atrial electro-mechanical delay durations were significantly higher in the micro-AF group. To predict micro-AF, the inter-annulus plane electromechanical delay time (inter-annulus plane AEMD) had a cut-off value of 18.5 sec, with a sensitivity of 93.3 % and a specificity of 91.1 %. Left intra-annulus plane electro-mechanical delay time (intra-annulus AEMD LEFT) had a cut-off value of 11.5 sec with a 95.6 % sensitivity and 75.6 % specificity. In the ECG evaluation, maximum P wave duration (Pmax) (113±10.2 ms vs. 98±10.4 ms; p<0.001), minimum P wave duration (Pmin) (73.8±5.5 ms vs.70±6.3 ms; p<0.001) and P wave dispersion (PWD) (39.1±7.9 ms vs.28±7.6 ms; p<0.001) were longer in the micro-AF group.

CONCLUSIONS

Micro-AF in patients may be predicted by evaluating ECG, echocardiographic, and serum natriuretic peptide data.

Safety and efficacy of concomitant treatment with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and antiseizure medications: A propensity score matching cohort study

Research on cerebrovascular events in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients taking non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) with antiseizure medications (ASMs) is limited, highlighting a significant gap in literature. We assessed thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks in patients on NOACs and ASMs versus those on NOACs or ASMs alone. We analyzed a retrospective cohort from five centers, including AF and epilepsy patients on both medications (n = 188), AF patients on NOACs (n = 298), and epilepsy patients on ASMs (n = 50), with a 3-year follow-up. Propensity score matching adjusted for cardiovascular risk differences. The primary outcomes were ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and major bleeding. Results showed the ASM+NOAC group had a higher risk of primary outcomes compared to the NOAC-only group (5.68% vs. 1.18%, hazard ratio = 5.72, 95% confidence interval = 2.22-14.73), with no events in the ASM-only group. This suggests an increased risk for patients on combined NOAC and ASM therapy, underlining the need for careful drug interaction consideration.

Being precise with anticoagulation to reduce adverse drug reactions: are we there yet?

Anticoagulants are potent therapeutics widely used in medical and surgical settings, and the amount spent on anticoagulation is rising. Although warfarin remains a widely prescribed oral anticoagulant, prescriptions of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have increased rapidly. Heparin-based parenteral anticoagulants include both unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs). In clinical practice, anticoagulants are generally well tolerated, although interindividual variability in response is apparent. This variability in anticoagulant response can lead to serious incident thrombosis, haemorrhage and off-target adverse reactions such as heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT). This review seeks to highlight the genetic, environmental and clinical factors associated with variability in anticoagulant response, and review the current evidence base for tailoring the drug, dose, and/or monitoring decisions to identified patient subgroups to improve anticoagulant safety. Areas that would benefit from further research are also identified. Validated variants in VKORC1, CYP2C9 and CYP4F2 constitute biomarkers for differential warfarin response and genotype-informed warfarin dosing has been shown to reduce adverse clinical events. Polymorphisms in CES1 appear relevant to dabigatran exposure but the genetic studies focusing on clinical outcomes such as bleeding are sparse. The influence of body weight on LMWH response merits further attention, as does the relationship between anti-Xa levels and clinical outcomes. Ultimately, safe and effective anticoagulation requires both a deeper parsing of factors contributing to variable response, and further prospective studies to determine optimal therapeutic strategies in identified higher risk subgroups.

Frequency and risk factors of atrial fibrillation after acute abdominal surgery: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Scarce data exist on the true incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after acute abdominal surgery and associated outcomes. The current study aimed to identify the frequencies of clinically recognized POAF and associated complications, along with their risk factors.

METHODS

This study was a prospective, single-center cohort study of unselected adult patients referred for acute abdominal surgery during a 3-month period. Through careful review, demographics, comorbidity, and surgical characteristics were prospectively drawn from medical charts. The primary outcome was clinically recognized POAF occurring in-hospital. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors of POAF and associated complications. A subgroup was enrolled in a feasibility study of peri- and postoperative continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring.

RESULTS

In total, 450 patients were enrolled. Clinically recognized in-hospital POAF was observed in 22 patients (4.9%). All cases were observed in patients aged ≥60 years, corresponding to 22 of 164 patients (13.4%). Multiple risk factors were observed, such as age, prior atrial fibrillation, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, and major (vs. minor) surgery. POAF was associated with severe in-hospital complications (POAF group 45.5% vs. non-POAF group 8.6%, p < .001) and in-hospital mortality (POAF group 13.6% vs. non-POAF group 3.0%, p = .043). In total, 295 patients were monitored by continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring for 12,148 h, yielding five patients with asymptomatic AF.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this prospective study of POAF in patients undergoing acute abdominal surgery showed that one in 20 patients developed clinically recognized in-hospital POAF. Multiple risk factors of POAF were identified. POAF was associated with severe complications up to 30 days after surgery.

Effect of 10-year cumulative blood pressure exposure on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease of different age groups: kailuan cohort study

Background

The level at which cumulative blood pressure (BP) can increase the risk of ASCVD in different age groups remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of 10-year cumulative BP levels with the long-term risk of ASCVD of different age groups.

Methods

Cumulative BP exposure was assessed using the time-weighted average (TWA) BP divided into four BP groups. The participants were also divided into four groups according to their baseline age (<50, 50-59, 60-69, or ≥70 years). The association between TWA BP and the risk of ASCVD was assessed by age group using multivariate Cox models. The China-PAR prediction model was used to assess the ability of TWA BP to predict ASCVD.

Results

In the group aged <50 years, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of ASCVD were 2.66 (1.04-6.80), 3.38 (1.54-7.43), and 3.13 (1.36-7.24) for the elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension groups, respectively, when compared with the normal BP group. There was a significant difference in the risk of ASCVD between the age groups, with participants aged <50 years having the highest risk, followed by those aged 50-59, 60-69, and ≥70 years.

Conclusions

The risk of ASCVD with high cumulative BP exposure was age-dependent, with a gradual decrease in risk with increasing age.

The autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation-pathophysiology and non-invasive assessment

The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology. Parasympathetic hyperactivity result in a shortening of the action potential duration, a reduction of the conduction wavelength, and as such facilitates reentry in the presence of triggers. Further, autonomic remodeling of atrial myocytes in AF includes progressive sympathetic hyperinnervation by increased atrial sympathetic nerve density and sympathetic atrial nerve sprouting. Knowledge on the pathophysiological process in AF, including the contribution of the autonomic nervous system, may in the near future guide personalized AF management. This review focuses on the role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and non-invasive assessment of the autonomic nervous system.

Impact of renal function on adverse bleeding events associated with dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome

It is believed, but not well established, that renal dysfunction increases the risk of adverse bleeding events associated with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), especially in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of renal function on adverse bleeding events associated with DAPT in patients with ACS. A total of 1,264 ACS patients who received DAPT, clopidogrel (n = 530) or prasugrel (n = 734) in addition to aspirin, were assessed in a multicenter observational study. The relationship between renal function and bleeding event, defined as BARC 3 or 5, was determined using a marginal effect from the logit model and Royston-Parmar model. During an average 313.1 days of the observation period, defined as the duration of DAPT after admission until the implementation of a change in the regimen, bleeding events were observed in 7.4% of patients (n = 94). The estimated curves demonstrated that the probability of bleeding was positive correlated with renal dysfunction (6.0 to 8.6), regardless of the DAPT regimen used. This probability was consistently higher in clopidogrel (7.4 to 10.5) than in prasugrel (4.8 to 0.7). This trend was also shown in maintenance hemodialysis patients (6.7 vs. 10.3). Estimated cumulative incidences among individual stages of renal function were drawn. In conclusion, bleeding events increased with worsening renal function, and prasugrel is safer than clopidogrel as a component of DAPT throughout all levels of renal function, including hemodialysis patients after ACS.

Relationship of atrial fibrillation and N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure patients

N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plays an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF). The plasma level of NT-proBNP in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients was higher than of sinus rhythm patients. In HF, NT-proBNP levels are affected by the concomitant presence of AF, making it difficult to distinguish between HF and AF in patients with elevated NT-proBNP. Several other diseases, such as renal failure and pulmonary embolism, are known to further increase NT-proBNP levels in patients with concomitant HF. Therefore, NT-proBNP is a sensitive but non-specific marker for the detection of HF. AF is very important in this regard because among patients with HF regardless of ejection fraction, symptoms such as shortness of breath and atrial enlargement develop and can mimic HF. In the present study, we investigated whether the prognostic value of natriuretic peptides in HF holds true for patients with concomitant AF.

The left atrial appendage closure by surgery-2 (LAACS-2) trial protocol rationale and design of a randomized multicenter trial investigating if left atrial appendage closure prevents stroke in patients undergoing open-heart surgery irrespective of preoperative atrial fibrillation status and stroke risk

BACKGROUND

Current recommendations regarding the use of surgical left atrial appendage (LAA) closure to prevent thromboembolisms lack high-level evidence. Patients undergoing open-heart surgery often have several cardiovascular risk factors and a high occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF)-with a high recurrence rate-and are thus at a high risk of stroke. Therefore, we hypothesized that concomitant LAA closure during open-heart surgery will reduce mid-term risk of stroke independently of preoperative AF status and CHA2DS2-VASc score.

METHODS

This protocol describes a randomized multicenter trial. Consecutive participants ≥18 years scheduled for first-time planned open-heart surgery from cardiac surgery centers in Denmark, Spain, and Sweden are included. Both patients with a previous diagnosis of paroxysmal or chronic AF, as well as those without AF, are eligible to participate, irrespective of their CHA2DS2-VASc score. Patients already planned for ablation or LAA closure during surgery, with current endocarditis, or where follow-up is not possible are considered noneligible. Patients are stratified by site, surgery type, and preoperative or planned oral anticoagulation treatment. Subsequently, patients are randomized 1:1 to either concomitant LAA closure or standard care (ie, open LAA). The primary outcome is stroke, including transient ischemic attack, as assigned by 2 independent neurologists blinded to the treatment allocation. To recognize a 60% relative risk reduction of the primary outcome with LAA closure, 1,500 patients are randomized and followed for 2 years (significance level of 0.05 and power of 90%).

CONCLUSIONS

The LAACS-2 trial is likely to impact the LAA closure approach in most patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT03724318.

Prognostic Implications and Efficacy of Catheter Ablation by Atrial Fibrillation Type

Background Catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) is preferred for paroxysmal AF (PAF) but selectively performed in patients with persistent AF (PersAF). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic differences and consequences of CA based on the AF type. Methods and Results Data from a multicenter AF cohort study were analyzed, categorizing patients as PAF or PersAF according to AF duration (≤7 or >7 days, respectively). A composite of all-cause death, heart failure hospitalization, stroke, and bleeding events during 2-year follow-up and changes in the Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality-of-life score were compared. Additionally, propensity score matching was performed to compare clinical outcomes of patients with and without CA in both AF types. Among 2788 patients, 51.6% and 48.4% had PAF and PersAF, respectively. Patients with PersAF had a higher incidence of the composite outcome (12.8% versus 7.2%; P<0.001) and smaller improvements in Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality-of-life scores than those with PAF. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, PersAF was an independent predictor of adverse outcomes (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.30-1.78], P=0.031) and was associated with poor improvements in Atrial Fibrillation Effect on Quality-of-life scores. Propensity score matching analysis showed that the CA group had significantly fewer adverse events than the medication group among patients with PAF (odds ratio, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.18-0.68]; P=0.002). Patients with PersAF showed a similar but nonsignificant trend. Conclusions PersAF is a risk factor for worse clinical outcomes, including patients' health status. CA is associated with fewer adverse events, although careful consideration is required based on the AF type.

Impact of Obesity on Atrial Electrophysiological Substrate

(1) Background. Obesity is a well-established worldwide recognised risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). Prior review papers reported on the associations between obesity and AF development, but not on the relation between obesity and atrial electrophysiology. We therefore conducted a systematic review to describe the current knowledge of the characteristics of the atrial electrophysiological substrate in obese individuals and how they relate to the development of AF. (2) Methods. A search was conducted in Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for publications evaluating the impact of obesity on atrial electrophysiology, electrical substrates, and their relation to the development of AF. (3) Results. A systematic literature search retrieved 477 potential publications based on the inclusion criteria; 76 full-text articles were selected for the present systematic review. The literature demonstrated that obesity predisposes to not only a higher AF incidence but also to more extensive atrial electrophysiological abnormalities increasing susceptibility to AF development. (4) Conclusion. Obesity may predispose to an overall increase in atrial electropathology, consisting of an increase in the slowing of the conduction, conduction block, low-voltage areas, and complex fractionated electrograms. To determine the impact of obesity-induced atrial electrical abnormalities on the long-term clinical outcome, further prospective studies are mandatory.

High prevalence of incidental endoscopic findings at routine endoscopy after atrial fibrillation ablation: Do we need a screening endoscopy for the upper gastrointestinal tract in the general population?

INTRODUCTION

High-power short-duration ablation (HPSD) is an effective therapy for atrial fibrillation with thermal esophageal injury as a rare but relevant side effect.

AIM AND METHODS

In this retrospective single-center analysis we evaluated the incidence and relevance of ablation-induced findings and the prevalence of ablation-independent incidental gastrointestinal findings. For 15 months all patients undergoing ablation were screened by postablation esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Pathological findings were followed up and treated if necessary.

RESULTS

286 consecutive patients (66±10 years; 54.9% male) were included. 19.6% of patients showed ablation-associated alterations (10.8% esophageal lesions, 10.8% gastroparesis, 1.7% both findings). Logistic multivariable regression analysis confirmed an influence of lower BMI on the occurrence of RFA-associated endoscopic findings (OR 0.936, 95% CI 0.878-0.997, p<0.05). 48.3% of patients demonstrated incidental gastrointestinal findings. In 1.0% neoplastic lesions were present, 9.4% showed precancerous lesions and in 4.2% neoplastic lesions of unknown dignity were found requiring further diagnostics or therapy. 18.1% of patients demonstrated findings associated with a potentially increased risk of bleeding under anticoagulation. Patients with clinically relevant incidental findings were significantly more often male, 68.8% vs. 49.5% (p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

HPSD ablation is safe, no devasting complication occurred in any patient. It resulted in 19.6% ablation-induced thermal injury whereas incidental findings of the upper GI tract were found in 48.3% of patients. Due to the high prevalence of 14.7% of findings requiring further diagnostics, therapy, or surveillance in a cohort that is mimicking the general population, screening endoscopy of the upper GI tract seems to be reasonable in the general population.

Cardioselective versus Non-Cardioselective Beta-Blockers and Outcomes in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been independently associated with increased mortality; however, there is no evidence regarding beta-blocker cardioselectivity and long-term outcomes in patients with AF and concurrent COPD. Methods: This post hoc analysis of the MISOAC-AF randomized trial (NCT02941978) included patients hospitalized with comorbid AF. At discharge, all patients were classified according to the presence of COPD; patients with COPD on beta-blockers were classified according to beta-blocker cardioselectivity. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were calculated by using multivariable Cox regression models. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations. Results: Of 1103 patients with AF, 145 (13%) had comorbid COPD. Comorbid COPD was associated with an increased risk of all-cause (aHR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 to 1.73) and cardiovascular mortality (aHR 1.47; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.99), but not with increased risk of hospitalizations (aHR 1.10; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.48). The use of cardioselective versus non-cardioselective beta-blockers was associated with similar all-cause mortality (aHR 1.10; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.94), cardiovascular mortality (aHR 1.33; 95% CI, 0.71 to 2.51), and hospitalizations (aHR 1.65; 95% CI 0.80 to 3.38). Conclusions: In recently hospitalized patients with AF, the presence of COPD was independently associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. No difference between cardioselective and non-cardioselective beta-blockers, regarding clinical outcomes, was identified.

The Impact of Atrial Fibrillation Treatment Strategies on Cognitive Function

There is increasing evidence to suggest that atrial fibrillation is associated with a heightened risk of dementia. The mechanism of interaction is unclear. Atrial fibrillation-induced cerebral infarcts, hypoperfusion, systemic inflammation, and anticoagulant therapy-induced cerebral microbleeds, have been proposed to explain the link between these conditions. An understanding of the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline may enable the development of treatment strategies targeted towards the prevention of dementia in atrial fibrillation patients. The aim of this review is to explore the impact that existing atrial fibrillation treatment strategies may have on cognition and the putative mechanisms linking the two conditions. This review examines how components of the 'Atrial Fibrillation Better Care pathway' (stroke risk reduction, rhythm control, rate control, and risk factor management) may influence the trajectory of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline. The requirements for further prospective studies to understand the mechanistic link between atrial fibrillation and dementia and to develop treatment strategies targeted towards the prevention of atrial fibrillation-associated cognitive decline, are highlighted.

Time Trends in Patient Characteristics, Anticoagulation Treatment, and Prognosis of Incident Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in the Netherlands

Importance

The temporal trend in adverse events regarding stroke prevention for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in the direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) era was rarely investigated comprehensively, especially taking into account potential changes in patient characteristics and anticoagulation treatment.

Objective

To investigate time trends in patient characteristics, anticoagulation treatment, and prognosis of patients with incident NVAF in the Netherlands.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study assessed patients with incident NVAF initially recognized within a hospitalization between 2014 and 2018, using data from Statistics Netherlands. Participants were followed-up for 1 year from the hospital admission at which the incident NVAF diagnosis was made or until death, whichever occurred first. Data were analyzed from January 15, 2021, to March 8, 2023.

Exposure

Calendar year of the incident NVAF diagnosis, according to which the participants were categorized into 5 cohorts.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes of interest were baseline patient characteristics, anticoagulation treatment, and occurrence of ischemic stroke or major bleeding within the 1-year follow-up after incident NVAF.

Results

Between 2014 and 2018, 301 301 patients (mean [SD] age, 74.2 [11.9] years; 169 748 [56.3%] male patients) experienced incident NVAF in the Netherlands, each of whom was categorized into 1 of 5 cohorts by calendar year. Baseline patient characteristics were broadly the same between cohorts with a mean (SD) CHA2DS2-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years [doubled], diabetes, stroke [doubled], vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, and sex category [female]) score of 2.9 (1.7). The median (IQR) proportion of days covered by OACs (ie, vitamin K antagonists or DOACs) within the 1-year follow-up increased from 56.99% (0%-86.30%) to 75.62% (0%-94.52%), and DOACs increased from 5102 patients (13.5%) to 32 314 patients (72.0%) among those who received OACs, gradually replacing VKAs as the first choice of OACs. Over the course of the study, there were statistically significant decreases in the 1-year cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke (from 1.63% [95% CI, 1.52%-1.73%] to 1.39% [95% CI, 1.30%-1.48%) and major bleeding (from 2.50% [95% CI, 2.37%-2.63%] to 2.07% [95% CI, 1.96%-2.19%]), and the association was consistent after adjusting for baseline patient characteristics and excluding those with preexisting chronic anticoagulation.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study of patients with incident NVAF diagnosed between 2014 and 2018 in the Netherlands found similar baseline characteristics, increased OAC use with DOACs being favored over time, and improved 1-year prognosis. Comorbidity burden, potential underuse of anticoagulation medications, and specific subgroups of patients with NVAF remain directions for future investigations and further improvement.

Impact of anti-arrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation on the survival of patients with atrial fibrillation: a population study based on 199 433 new-onset atrial fibrillation patients in the UK

AIMS

Utilizing real-world UK data, we aimed to understand: (i) whether anti-arrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation are effective in improving the survival of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients and (ii) which rhythm control option produces better results for the whole AF population and for specific groups of patients, stratified by age, sex, and history of heart failure.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We identified 199 433 individuals (mean age at diagnosis 75.7 ± 12.7 years; 50.2% women) with new-onset AF diagnosis in nationwide electronic health records linking primary care consultation with hospital data and death registry data from 1998 to 2016. We investigated the survival and causes of death of new-onset AF patients receiving vs. not-receiving rhythm control therapies. During a median follow-up of 2.7 (0.7-6.0) years, we observed a significantly lower mortality in patients receiving rhythm control [multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-0.88]. Pulmonary vein isolation was associated with a two-third significant mortality reduction compared with no rhythm control (HR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.28-0.48), flecainide with 50% reduction (HR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.48-0.57), and propafenone and sotalol with reduction by a third (HR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.50-0.81, 0.71, 95% CI 0.68-0.74, respectively). Amiodarone showed no survival benefit in individuals <70 years (HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.97-1.02). Otherwise, the effect of rhythm control on survival did not differ by age, sex, nor history of heart failure.

CONCLUSION

Among individuals with new-onset AF, favourable survival was observed for patients receiving rhythm control treatment. Among different rhythm control strategies, pulmonary vein isolation showed the most pronounced survival benefit.

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cardioembolic Stroke: From Background to Complications

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases participating in physiological processes of the brain, maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity and playing a critical role in cerebral ischemia. In the acute phase of stroke activity, the expression of MMPs increase and is associated with adverse effects, but in the post-stroke phase, MMPs contribute to the process of healing by remodeling tissue lesions. The imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors results in excessive fibrosis associated with the enhanced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the main cause of cardioembolic strokes. MMPs activity disturbances were observed in the development of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and vascular disease enclosed in CHA₂DS₂VASc score, the scale commonly used to evaluate the risk of thromboembolic complications risk in AF patients. MMPs involved in hemorrhagic complications of stroke and activated by reperfusion therapy may also worsen the stroke outcome. In the present review, we briefly summarize the role of MMPs in the ischemic stroke with particular consideration of the cardioembolic stroke and its complications. Moreover, we discuss the genetic background, regulation pathways, clinical risk factors and impact of MMPs on the clinical outcome.

AFA-Recur: an ESC EORP AFA-LT registry machine-learning web calculator predicting atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation

AIMS

Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence during the first year after catheter ablation remains common. Patient-specific prediction of arrhythmic recurrence would improve patient selection, and, potentially, avoid futile interventions. Available prediction algorithms, however, achieve unsatisfactory performance. Aim of the present study was to derive from ESC-EHRA Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Long-Term Registry (AFA-LT) a machine-learning scoring system based on pre-procedural, easily accessible clinical variables to predict the probability of 1-year arrhythmic recurrence after catheter ablation.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Patients were randomly split into a training (80%) and a testing cohort (20%). Four different supervised machine-learning models (decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, and k-nearest neighbour) were developed on the training cohort and hyperparameters were tuned using 10-fold cross validation. The model with the best discriminative performance on the testing cohort (area under the curve-AUC) was selected and underwent further optimization, including re-calibration. A total of 3128 patients were included. The random forest model showed the best performance on the testing cohort; a 19-variable version achieved good discriminative performance [AUC 0.721, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.680-0.764], outperforming existing scores (e.g. APPLE score: AUC 0.557, 95% CI 0.506-0.607). Platt scaling was used to calibrate the model. The final calibrated model was implemented in a web calculator, freely available at http://afarec.hpc4ai.unito.it/.

CONCLUSION

AFA-Recur, a machine-learning-based probability score predicting 1-year risk of recurrent atrial arrhythmia after AF ablation, achieved good predictive performance, significantly better than currently available tools. The calculator, freely available online, allows patient-specific predictions, favouring tailored therapeutic approaches for the individual patient.

External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter in patients with cardiac implantable electrical devices

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation and flutter are often treated with external electrical cardioversion (ECV) in patients with potentially electrically sensitive cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED). Long-term follow-up data on contemporary CIED undergoing ECV is sparse. The aim is to investigate shock-related complications and impact on CIEDs.

METHODS

All ECV procedures from 2010 to 2020 in patients with CIED performed at a tertiary university hospital were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry. Changes in device measurements after ECV were retrospectively studied and procedure-related complications were identified by review of medical records.

RESULTS

We analyzed 763 ECV procedures in 372 patients, median device implant time 1.9 years. The mean age of patients was 69.9 ± 9.9 years of which 73.4% were men. We identified two cases of device programming changes and four cases of premature battery depletion (≤3 years after device implant). Minor changes in device measurements were found for impedances, sensing, and pacing thresholds. No patients died due to ECV-related device dysfunctions within the first 12 months after cardioversions.

CONCLUSION

External cardioversion in patients with contemporary pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators seems safe in the majority of patients. Clinically important changes in device function following cardioversion were rarely observed but may be critical for device function. In an observational study, causality between cardioversion and device dysfunction cannot be established. For patient safety, we suggest that routine device interrogation after cardioversion still should be part of standard care.

Early rhythm-control therapy for atrial fibrillation in patients with a history of stroke: a subgroup analysis of the EAST-AFNET 4 trial

BACKGROUND

Patients with atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke are at high risk of recurrent stroke and cardiovascular complications. In the EAST-AFNET 4 trial we showed that a systematic strategy of early rhythm control was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular outcomes than usual care in patients with atrial fibrillation diagnosed in the past 12 months. In this pre-specified subgroup analysis we aimed to assess whether a strategy of early rhythm control is safe and can prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes compared with usual care in such patients.

METHODS

EAST-AFNET 4 was a randomised, open-label trial with blinded-outcome assessment done at 135 hospitals and secondary care practices in 11 European countries. Adults with early atrial fibrillation (ie, diagnosed ≤12 months before enrolment) were randomly assigned (1:1) to either early rhythm control or usual care, with stratification according to site and variable block lengths used for concealment. The first primary outcome was time to first occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death, ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, or hospital admission with worsening of heart failure or acute coronary syndrome. The second primary outcome was the number of nights spent in hospital in 1 year. The primary safety outcome was the composite of any death, stroke, or serious adverse events related to rhythm-control therapy. Here we present the results of these outcomes in patients with a history of stroke. Analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. EAST-AFNET 4 is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01288352), EudraCT (2010-021258-20), and ISRCTN (ISRCTN04708680).

FINDINGS

Between July 28, 2011, and Dec 30, 2016, 2789 patients were randomly assigned in the EAST-AFNET 4 trial to either early rhythm control (n=1395) or usual care (n=1394). Of these patients, five had no information on history of stroke and were excluded from this subgroup analysis. 217 (8%) patients had a history of stroke, of whom 110 were assigned to early rhythm control and 107 to usual care. The median age of participants with a history of stroke was 72·0 years (IQR 66·0-76·0). 95 (44%) participants were female and 122 (56%) were male. During a median follow-up of 4·7 years (3·5-6·4) for patients with a history of stroke, a first primary outcome event occurred in 18 (16%) of 110 patients in the early rhythm-control group (3·7 per 100 person-years) and 33 (31%) of 107 in the usual care group (7·4 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio [HR] 0·52, 95% CI 0·29-0·93). The mean number of nights spent in hospital per year was 5·1 (SD 13·2) for patients with a history of stroke assigned to early rhythm control and 6·6 (10·1) for those assigned to usual care (incidence rate ratio 0·87, 95% CI 0·55-1·38). Among patients with a history of stroke, primary safety events occurred in 17 (15%) patients in the early rhythm-control group versus 30 (28%) in the usual care group.

INTERPRETATION

In this prespecified subgroup analysis in patients with recently diagnosed atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke, the effects of early rhythm control were consistent with the findings of the primary analysis. As the evidence from this subgroup analysis is considered supportive and exploratory, further research is needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of this approach in patients with a history of stroke.

FUNDING

German Ministry of Education and Research, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Atrial Fibrillation Network (AFNET), European Heart Rhythm Association, St Jude Medical-Abbott, Sanofi, and the German Heart Foundation.

Visit-to-visit SBP variability and risk of atrial fibrillation in middle-aged and older populations

OBJECTIVE

We sought to examine the relationship between visit-to-visit variability of SBP and incident atrial fibrillation in middle-aged and older population.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study included 26 999 participants aged 50 years or older at study entry. Visit-to-visit variability of SBP was defined as the average real variability (ARV) of three values of SBP from the examinations of 2006, 2008, and 2010. We categorized participants into four groups according to the quartiles of ARV. Incident atrial fibrillation cases were identified via ECG during biennial resurveys, and reviewing medical insurance record and discharge registers. We used Cox regression models to evaluate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident atrial fibrillation.

RESULTS

After an average follow-up of 9.24 years, a total of 420 atrial fibrillation cases were identified. The incidence of atrial fibrillation from the lowest to the highest quartiles of SBP variability were 1.23, 1.53, 1.81 and 2.19 per 1000 person-years, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, including mean blood pressure, we found a graded association between SBP variability and risk of atrial fibrillation. Participants in the third quartile and the highest quartile were associated with 35 and 53% higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation, respectively, compared with participants in the lowest quartile [hazard ratio (95% CI), 1.35 (1.01-1.82) and 1.53 (1.15-2.04)]. The results persisted across sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSION

Increased visit-to-visit variability of SBP is a strong predictor of incident atrial fibrillation in middle-aged and older population. Evaluation of long-term SBP variability could help to identify individuals at higher risk of atrial fibrillation.

Bilateral Renal Artery Thromboembolism During Thrombolytic Therapy for Embolism-Induced Acute Limb Ischemia

We report a case of bilateral renal infarction following thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy for left ventricular embolism-induced lower leg artery ischemia. Imaging demonstrated thrombi from the left ventricle leading to bilateral renal arterial occlusion. Catheter embolectomy and long-term oral anticoagulant therapy were initiated, and the patient recovered with no residual complications. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Hospital outcomes of patients receiving catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, left atrial appendage closure, or both

BACKGROUND

Catheter ablation (CA) and left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) require transseptal access; combining both in a single procedure may have advantages. However, the safety of this approach has not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to compare in hospital outcomes among patients receiving CA, LAAC, and combination of both treatments on the same day.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of the National Inpatient Sample database. The primary outcome was the presence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) during index hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included stroke, pericardial effusion, pericardiocentesis, and bleeding.

RESULTS

A total of 69,285 hospitalizations with AF were included in the analysis, of which 71.7% received LAAC, 27.8% received CA, and 0.5% received combination of both treatments on the same day. MACEE (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.39-6.70), stroke (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 0.55-16.01), pericardial effusion (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.07-1.41), pericardiocentesis (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.25-3.86), and bleeding (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 0.87-12.07) did not differ significantly between CA and combination treatment. Similarly, MACCE (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.28-4.41), stroke (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.24-4.35), pericardial effusion (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.11-1.90), pericardiocentesis (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.14-2.83), and bleeding (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 0.65-6.39) did not differ significantly between LAAC and combination treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined approach is infrequently used in clinical practice (< 1%). However, major life-threatening adverse events did not differ between CA and LAAC when performed in isolation or combined in a single procedural stage on the same day.

Ventilatory efficiency is superior to peak oxygen uptake for prediction of lung resection cardiovascular complications

Introduction

Ventilatory efficiency (V_E/VCO₂ slope) has been shown superior to peak oxygen consumption (VO₂) for prediction of post-operative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing thoracotomy. V_E/VCO₂ slope is determined by ventilatory drive and ventilation/perfusion mismatch whereas VO₂ is related to cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen difference. We hypothesized pre-operative VO₂ predicts post-operative cardiovascular complications in patients undergoing lung resection.

Methods

Lung resection candidates from a published study were evaluated by post-hoc analysis. All of the patients underwent preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Post-operative cardiovascular complications were assessed during the first 30 post-operative days or hospital stay. One-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal–Wallis test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis and data summarized as median (IQR).

Results

Of 353 subjects, 30 (9%) developed pulmonary complications only (excluded from further analysis), while 78 subjects (22%) developed cardiovascular complications and were divided into two groups for analysis: cardiovascular only (n = 49) and cardiovascular with pulmonary complications (n = 29). Compared to patients without complications (n = 245), peak VO₂ was significantly lower in the cardiovascular with pulmonary complications group [19.9 ml/kg/min (16.5–25) vs. 16.3 ml/kg/min (15–20.3); P<0.01] but not in the cardiovascular only complications group [19.9 ml/kg/min (16.5–25) vs 19.0 ml/kg/min (16–23.1); P = 0.18]. In contrast, V_E/VCO₂ slope was significantly higher in both cardiovascular only [29 (25–33) vs. 31 (27–37); P = 0.05] and cardiovascular with pulmonary complication groups [29 (25–33) vs. 37 (34–42); P<0.01)]. Logistic regression analysis showed V_E/VCO₂ slope [OR = 1.06; 95%CI (1.01–1.11); P = 0.01; AUC = 0.74], but not peak VO₂ to be independently associated with post-operative cardiovascular complications.

Conclusion

V_E/VCO₂ slope is superior to peak VO₂ for prediction of post-operative cardiovascular complications in lung resection candidates.

Length of stay and cost of care associated with admissions for atrial fibrillation among patients with cancer

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to assess the burden of AF-related hospitalizations inclusive of inflation-adjusted cost-of-care and length-of-stay (LOS) among cancer patients and the impact of direct current cardioversion (DCCV) on these outcomes.

METHODS

Using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), patients hospitalized with either a primary or secondary diagnosis of AF and comorbid cancer were identified and both cost of hospitalization and LOS were evaluated for each group. Subgroup analyses were performed for specific cancer types (breast, lung, colon, prostate and lymphoma), and those receiving DCCV.

RESULTS

The prevalence of co-morbid AF was 8.2 million (16%) and 35.5 million (10%) among those with vs. those without cancer, respectively (odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.5-1.7; P < 0.001). Over time, both primary and prevalent AF admissions among those with comorbid cancer increased from 1.1% and 12.3% in 2003 to 1.5% and 21% in 2015, respectively. The total cost of hospitalization increased 94.4% among those with AF and comorbid cancer compared to 23.9% among those without cancer. Among the subgroup of patients with comorbid cancer and primary admission for AF undergoing DCCV, length of stay (2.7 vs. 2.2 days; P < 0.001, model 1) and cost of care ($7,093 vs. 6,152; P < 0.001) were both significantly higher.

CONCLUSIONS

AF related admissions are increasing for all populations especially amongst those patients with a comorbid diagnosis of cancer, including all cancer subtypes evaluated. Among those patients who underwent DCCV, cancer patients had longer length of stay and increased health care costs.

Temporal Trends in Oral Anticoagulant Prescription in Atrial Fibrillation Patients between 2004 and 2019

BACKGROUND

In the recent years, antithrombotic prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has changed significantly. The main aim of this study is to assess the temporal trends of antithrombotic therapy and identify factors predisposing oral anticoagulant (OAC) use in stroke prevention in AF patients.

METHODS

The present study is a retrospective, observational, single-center study, which includes consecutively hospitalized patients in the reference cardiology center from January 2004 to December 2019.

RESULTS

A total of 9656 patients (43.7% female, mean age 71.2 years) with AF between 2004-2019 are included. Among the total study population, in most of the patients (81.1%), OAC therapy was used, antiplatelet (APT) therapy was prescribed for 13.5% patients, heparins for 2.1% patients and 3.3% of patients did not receive any stroke prevention. OAC prescription significantly increased from 61.6% in 2004 to 97.4% in 2019. The independent predictors of OAC prescription were: the period of hospitalization, non-paroxysmal AF, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous thromboembolism, hospitalization due to electrical cardioversion, ablation or AF without any procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

In hospitalized patients with AF, during sixteen years of the study period, a significant increase in OAC use and a decrease in APT use were noted. Factors other than these included in the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score were independent predictors of OAC use.

Cardiac troponins and adverse outcomes in European patients with atrial fibrillation: A report from the ESC-EHRA EORP atrial fibrillation general long-term registry

BACKGROUND

Cardiac troponins (cTn) have been reported to be predictors for adverse outcomes in atrial fibrillation (AF), patients, but their actual use is still unclear.

AIM

To assess the factors associated with cTn testing in routine practice and evaluate the association with outcomes.

METHODS

Patients enrolled in the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry were stratified into 3 groups according to cTn levels as (i) cTn not tested, (ii) cTn in range (≤99th percentile), (iii) cTn elevated (>99th percentile). The composite outcome of any thromboembolism /any acute coronary syndrome/cardiovascular (CV) death, defined as Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) and all-cause death were the main endpoints.

RESULTS

Among 10 445 AF patients (median age 71 years, 40.3% females) cTn were tested in 2834 (27.1%). cTn was elevated in 904/2834 (31.9%) and in-range in 1930/2834 (68.1%) patients. Female sex, in-hospital enrollment, first-detected AF, CV risk factors, history of coronary artery disease, and atypical AF symptoms were independently associated with cTn testing. Elevated cTn were independently associated with a higher risk for MACE (Model 1, hazard ratio [HR] 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-2.16, Model 2, HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.28-2.05; Model 3 HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.37-2.26) and all-cause death (Model 1, HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.21-1.74; Model 2, HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12-1.66; Model 3, HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12-1.71).

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated cTn levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and adverse CV events. Clinical factors that might enhance the need to rule out CAD were associated with cTn testing.

Association of pulmonary vein isolation and major cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) face an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence suggests that early rhythm control including AF ablation may reduce this risk.

Methods

To compare the risks for cardiovascular events in AF patients with and without pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), we analysed data from two prospective cohort studies in Switzerland (n = 3968). A total of 325 patients who had undergone PVI during a 1-year observational period were assigned to the PVI group. Using coarsened exact matching, 2193 patients were assigned to the non-PVI group. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, hospital admission for acute heart failure, a composite of stroke, transient ischemic attack and systemic embolism (Stroke/TIA/SE), myocardial infarction (MI), and bleedings. We calculated multivariable adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models.

Results

Overall, 2518 patients were included, median age was 66 years [IQR 61.0, 71.0], 25.8% were female. After a median follow-up time of 3.9 years, fewer patients in the PVI group died from any cause (incidence per 100 patient-years 0.64 versus 1.87, HR 0.39, 95%CI 0.19–0.79, p = 0.009) or were admitted to hospital for acute heart failure (incidence per 100 patient-years 0.52 versus 1.72, HR 0.44, 95%CI 0.21–0.95, p = 0.035). There was no significant association between PVI and Stroke/TIA/SE (HR 0.94, 95%CI 0.52–1.69, p = 0.80), MI (HR 0.43, 95%CI 0.11–1.63, p = 0.20) or bleeding (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.50–1.12, p = 0.20).

Conclusions

In our matched comparison, patients in the PVI group had a lower incidence rate of all-cause mortality and hospital admission for acute heart failure compared to the non-PVI group.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier

NCT02105844, April 7th 2014.

Graphical abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00392-022-02015-0.

Review of Processing Pathological Vectorcardiographic Records for the Detection of Heart Disease

Vectorcardiography (VCG) is another useful method that provides us with useful spatial information about the electrical activity of the heart. The use of vectorcardiography in clinical practice is not common nowadays, mainly due to the well-established 12-lead ECG system. However, VCG leads can be derived from standard 12-lead ECG systems using mathematical transformations. These derived or directly measured VCG records have proven to be a useful tool for diagnosing various heart diseases such as myocardial infarction, ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial scars, long QT syndrome, etc., where standard ECG does not achieve reliable accuracy within automated detection. With the development of computer technology in recent years, vectorcardiography is beginning to come to the forefront again. In this review we highlight the analysis of VCG records within the extraction of functional parameters for the detection of heart disease. We focus on methods of processing VCG functionalities and their use in given pathologies. Improving or combining current or developing new advanced signal processing methods can contribute to better and earlier detection of heart disease. We also focus on the most commonly used methods to derive a VCG from 12-lead ECG.

Association Between Inappropriately Dosed Anticoagulation Therapy With Stroke Severity and Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is effective for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, some patients experience stroke despite OAC therapy, and knowledge about the impact of prior treatment quality is lacking.

Methods and Results

Patients with atrial fibrillation on OAC therapy who had a first‐time ischemic stroke were identified in the Danish Stroke Registry (2005–2018). Patients treated with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy were compared according to the international normalized ratio just before stroke (international normalized ratio <2 [subtherapeutic], international normalized ratio 2–3 [therapeutic], international normalized ratio >3 [supratherapeutic]), and patients on underdosed, appropriately dosed, and overdosed direct OAC (DOAC) therapy were compared. Stroke severity was determined using the Scandinavia Stroke Scale (0–58 points), and the risk of very severe stroke (0–14 points) was analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. One‐year mortality was determined using multivariable Cox regression. A total of 2319 patients with atrial fibrillation and stroke were included; 1196 were taking a VKA (subtherapeutic [46%], therapeutic [43%], supratherapeutic [11%]), and 1123 were taking DOAC (underdosed [23%], appropriately dosed [60%], and overdosed [17%]). Subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic VKA therapy (compared with therapeutic) and underdosed DOAC therapy (compared with appropriate and underdosed DOAC) patients were older, more often women, and more comorbid. Subtherapeutic VKA therapy was associated with very severe stroke (odds ratio [OR], 2.06 [95% CI, 1.28–3.31]), whereas supratherapeutic VKA therapy was not (OR, 1.24 [95% CI, 0.60–2.57]) compared with therapeutic VKA therapy. Patients on subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic VKA therapy had a higher 1‐year mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.66 [95% CI, 1.29–2.13]); HR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.08–2.22], respectively) than those on therapeutic VKA therapy. Treatment with underdosed or overdosed DOAC therapy was not associated with very severe stroke (OR, 1.27 [95% CI, 0.76–2.15]; OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.37–1.43], respectively) and was not associated with 1‐year mortality (HR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.83–1.44]; HR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.57–1.18], respectively) than appropriate DOAC.

Conclusions

Half of the patients with atrial fibrillation with stroke were on inappropriate OAC therapy. Subtherapeutic VKA was associated with worse stroke severity and higher mortality rate than therapeutic VKA therapy. Neither underdosed nor overdosed DOAC was associated with worse outcomes in adjusted models compared with appropriately dosed DOAC. This study supports DOAC as a first‐line therapy over VKA.

Socioeconomic and geographic differences in ablation of atrial fibrillation in Norway - a national cohort study

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to analyse whether there are patient related or geographic differences in the use of catheter ablation among atrial fibrillation patients in Norway.

METHODS

National population-based data on individual level of all Norwegians aged 25 to 75 diagnosed with atrial fibrillation from 2008 to 2017 were used to study the proportion treated with catheter ablation. Survival analysis, by Cox regression with attained age as time scale, separately by gender, was applied to examine the associations between ablation probability and educational level, income level, place of residence, and follow-up time.

RESULTS

Substantial socioeconomic and geographic variation was documented. Atrial fibrillation patients with high level of education and high income were more frequently treated with ablation, and the education effect increased with increasing age. Patients living in the referral area of St. Olavs Hospital Trust had around three times as high ablation rates as patients living in the referral area of Finnmark Hospital Trust.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in health literacy, patient preference and demands are probably important causes of socioeconomic variation, and studies on how socioeconomic status influences the choice of treatment are warranted. Some of the geographic variation may reflect differences in ablation capacity. However, geographic variation related to differences in clinical practice and provider preferences implies a need for clearer guidelines, both at the specialist level and at the referring level.

Association between red blood cell distribution width and non-valvular atrial fibrillation in hemodialysis patients: a single-center Chinese population study

Background

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has emerged as a prognostic marker of atrial fibrillation (AF) in various clinical settings. However, the relationship by which RDW was linked to AF in hemodialysis (HD) patients was not clear. We sought to reveal the relationship between RDW and AF occurrence in HD patients.

Methods

We enrolled 170 consecutive maintenance HD patients, including 86 AF patients and 84 non-AF patients. All participants’ medical history and detailed clinical workup were recorded before the first dialysis session of the week. Electrocardiography, laboratory and transthoracic echocardiography examination indices were compared between the AF group and non-AF group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent predictors of AF occurrence in HD patients.

Results

There were all paroxysmal AF patients in AF group. Compared to the non-AF group, patients with AF group had a significantly older age (61.0 ± 1.48 vs. 49.71 ± 1.79, p < 0.001), lower BMI (24.3 ± 4.11 vs. 25.8 ± 3.87, p < 0.05), higher RDW (15.10 ± 0.96 vs. 14.26 ± 0.82, p < 0.001) and larger LAD (39.87 ± 3.66 vs. 37.68 ± 5.08, p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated that values of age (OR: 1.030, 95%CI: 1.004-1.057, per one- year increase), BMI (OR: 0.863, 95%CI: 0.782–0.952, per 1 kg/m² increase), RDW (OR: 2.917, 95%CI: 1.805–4.715, per 1% increase) and LAD (OR: 1.097, 95%CI: 1.004–1.199, per 1 mm increase) were independently associated with AF occurrence (p < 0.05, respectively). The best cutoff value of RDW to predict AF occurrence was 14.65% with a sensitivity of 68.6% and a specificity of 72.6%.

Conclusions

The increased RDW was significantly associated with the paroxysmal AF occurrence in HD patients.

Ischemic Stroke Severity and Mortality in Patients With and Without Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Our objective was to investigate stroke severity and subsequent rate of mortality among patients with and without atrial fibrillation (AF). Contemporary data on stroke severity and prognosis in patients with AF are lacking.

Methods and Results

First‐time ischemic stroke patients from the Danish Stroke Registry (January 2005–December 2016) were included in an observational study. Patients with AF were matched 1:1 by sex, age, calendar year, and CHA₂DS₂‐VASc score with patients without AF. Stroke severity was determined by the Scandinavian Stroke Scale (0–58 points). The rate of death was estimated by Kaplan‐Meier plots and multivariable Cox regression. Among 86 458 identified patients with stroke, 17 205 had AF. After matching, 14 662 patients with AF and 14 662 patients without AF were included (51.8% women; median age, 79.6 years [25th–75th percentile, 71.8–86.0]). More patients with AF had very severe stroke (0–14 points) than patients without AF (13.7% versus 7.9%, P<0.01). The absolute rates of 30‐day and 1‐year mortality were significantly higher for patients with AF (12.1% and 28.4%, respectively) versus patients without AF (8.7% and 21.8%, respectively). This held true in adjusted models for 30‐day mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.40 [95% CI, 1.30–1.51]). However, this association became nonsignificant when additionally adjusting for stroke severity (HR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.00–1.23]). AF was associated with a higher rate of 1‐year mortality (HR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.32–1.46]), although it was mediated by stroke severity (HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09–1.23], model including stroke severity).

Conclusions

In a contemporary nationwide cohort of patients with ischemic stroke, patients with AF had more severe strokes and higher mortality than patients without AF. The difference in mortality was mainly driven by stroke severity.

Sex-specific differences in adverse outcome events among patients with atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether women with atrial fibrillation (AF) have a higher risk of adverse events than men during long-term follow-up since controversial data have been published.

METHODS

In the context of two very similar observational multicentre cohort studies, we prospectively followed 3894 patients (28% women) with previously documented AF for a median of 4.02 (3.00-5.83) years. The primary outcome was a composite of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the composite outcome, hospitalisation for heart failure, major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding, stroke or systemic embolism and non-cardiovascular death.

RESULTS

Mean age was 73.1 years in women vs 70.8 years in men. The incidence of the primary endpoint in women versus men was 2.46 vs 3.24 per 100 patient-years, respectively (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.74, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.94; p=0.01). Women died less frequently from cardiovascular (aHR 0.57, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.78; p<0.001) and non-cardiovascular causes (aHR 0.68, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.98; p=0.04). There were no significant sex-specific differences in stroke (incidence 1.05 vs 1.00; aHR 1.02, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.49, p=0.93), myocardial infarction (incidence 0.67 vs 0.72; aHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.57, p=0.94), major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (incidence 4.51 vs 4.34; aHR 0.95, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.15, p=0.63) or heart failure hospitalisation (incidence 3.28 vs 3.07; aHR 1.06, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.32, p=0.60).

CONCLUSION

In this large study of patients with established AF, women had a lower risk of death than men, but there were no sex-specific differences in other adverse outcomes.

Leukocyte Telomere Length Predicts Progression From Paroxysmal to Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Long Term After Catheter Ablation

Background

Aging is significantly associated with the incidence and progression of atrial fibrillation (AF) incidence. This study aimed to evaluate the potential predictive value of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) for progression from paroxysmal AF (PAF) to persistent AF (PsAF) after catheter ablation.

Methods and Results

A total of 269 patients with AF (154 patients with PAF and 115 patients with PsAF, respectively) were prospectively enrolled, and all patients with PAF at baseline were regularly followed up to determine whether and when they should progress to PsAF after catheter ablation therapy. Baseline relative LTL was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (rt-PCT). There was a significant negative association between LTL and age (r = −0.23, p < 0.001). Patients with PsAF had significantly shorter LTL than those with PAF. After a mean follow-up of 854.9 ± 18.7 d, progression events occurred in 35 out of the 154 patients with PAF. Those progressed patients with PAF were older (70.9 ± 8.0 vs. 62.3 ± 10.3, p < 0.001) and had shorter LTL (1.2 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3, p < 0.001) than those who did not. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed a significant value of LTL in distinguishing patients with PAF from patients with PsAF, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.63 (95% CI 0.56–0.70, p < 0.001), and the optimal cut-off value of LTL was 1.175, with a sensitivity and specificity of 56.03 and 82.04%, respectively. All patients with PAF were divided into two subgroups according to the optimal cut-off point of LTL calculated by the ROC curve analysis: high LTL group (≥1.175) and low LTL group (<1.175). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that PAF patients with shorter LTL had a significantly higher rate of progression after catheter ablation (40.5% vs. 18.8%, log-rank test p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model indicated that LTL [hazard ratio (HR): 2.71, 95% CI 1.36–5.42, p = 0.005] was an independent predictor for progression from PAF to PsAF after catheter ablation therapy, but HATCH score was not (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.68–1.52, p = 0.923).

Conclusion

Leukocyte telomere length was significantly associated with AF types. LTL was independently associated with progression from PAF to PsAF after catheter ablation therapy.

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, Registration Number: ChiCTR1900021341.

2019 Chinese expert consensus statement on left atrial appendage closure in patients with atrial fibrillation

The left atrial appendage closure (LAAC), the efficacy and safety of which has been proved by a number of randomized controlled trials and registries, is recommended by several guidelines to prevent stroke in high‐risk patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation. However, current guidelines only discuss the indications and contraindications of LAAC, as an emerging technology, there still lacks comprehensive recommendations involved with LAAC, including devices, image assessment modality, identification and treatment of complications, perioperative medication, and postoperative management. Therefore, the Chinese Society of Cardiology (CSC) of Chinese Medical Association (CMA) and the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology jointly issued the expert consensus statement on LAAC in the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation after comprehensive discussion by experts with different backgrounds. This consensus provided three levels of recommendations to guide and standardize the clinical application of LAAC based on existing evidence and clinical practice experience, including appropriate (more potential benefits or fewer harms), uncertain (somehow reasonable but need more evidence), and inappropriate (unlikely to benefit, or have more complications).

Risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with pneumonia

BACKGROUND

Cardiac arrhythmias have a strong association with pneumonia due to the cardiovascular response to infection. Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in patients with pneumonia are associated with greater disease severity. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia.

OBJECTIVE

This population-based cohort study investigated the incidence of AF among Taiwanese adults with pneumonia using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan.

METHODS

A total of 34,883 patients with pneumonia and an equal number of individuals without pneumonia were eligible after excluding those with a previous diagnosis of AF and matching 1:1 by age, sex, and comorbidities. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios for AF in both groups.

RESULTS

Patients were more likely to develop AF throughout the 1-year follow-up period after the diagnosis of pneumonia. The incidence of AF was 1.2 (414/334,746) per 1000 person-months. Patients with pneumonia had a 4.08-fold (95% confidence interval 3.37-4.95) increased risk for AF compared to patients without pneumonia.

CONCLUSION

Patients with pneumonia exhibited an increased risk for AF, especially in the early period after diagnosis of pneumonia.

Arrhythmias in Pregnancy

Increasing maternal mortality and incidence of arrhythmias in pregnancy have been noted over the past 2 decades in the United States. Pregnancy is associated with a greater risk of arrhythmias, and patients with a history of arrhythmias are at significant risk of arrhythmia recurrence during pregnancy. The incidence of atrial fibrillation in pregnancy is rising. This review discusses the management of tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias in pregnancy, including management of cardiac arrest. Management of fetal arrhythmias are also reviewed. For patients without structural heart disease, β-blocker therapy, especially propranolol and metoprolol, and antiarrhythmic drugs, such as flecainide and sotalol, can be safely used to treat tachyarrhythmias. As a last resort, catheter ablation with minimal fluoroscopy can be performed. Device implantation can be safely performed with minimal fluoroscopy and under echocardiographic or ultrasound guidance in patients with clear indications for devices during pregnancy. Because of rising maternal mortality in the United States, which is partly driven by increasing maternal age and comorbidities, a multidisciplinary and/or integrative approach to arrhythmia management from the prepartum to the postpartum period is needed.

NT Pro-BNP can be used as a risk predictor of clinical atrial fibrillation with or without left atrial enlargement

Background

NT Pro‐BNP is a blood marker secreted by cardiomyocytes. Myocardial stretch is the main factor to stimulate NT Pro‐BNP secretion in cardiomyocytes. NT Pro‐BNP is an important risk factor for cardiac dysfunction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. So does atrial myocyte stretching occur when patients have atrial fibrillation (AF)? Whether atrial muscle stretch induced by AF leads to increased NT Pro‐BNP remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between NT Pro‐BNP and AF.

Hypothesis

AF can cause changes in myocardial tension. Changes in myocardial tension may lead to increased secretion of NT Pro‐BNP. We hypothesize that NT Pro‐BNP may increase in AF with or without LAD enlargement.

Methods

This clinical study is an observational study and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Ethical approval documents is attached. The study retrospectively reviewed 1345 patients with and without AF. After excluding 102 patients who were not eligible, the final total sample size was 1243 cases: AF group 679 patients (378, 55.7% males) and non‐AF group 564 patients (287, 50.8% males). NT Pro‐BNP was observed in AF group and non‐AF group with or without LAD. After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, left atrial diameter, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cerebral infarction, NT Pro‐BNP remains statistically significant with AF.

Conclusion

NT Pro‐BNP can be used as a risk predictor of AF with or without left atrial enlargement.