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Arntz F, Markov A, Schoenfeld BJ, Behrens M, Behm DG, Prieske O, Negra Y, Chaabene H. Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:106. [PMID: 39340744 PMCID: PMC11438763 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic effect of static stretching (SS) on muscle hypertrophy is still unclear. This study aimed to examine the chronic effects of SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases up to July 2023. Included studies examined chronic effects of SS exercise compared to an active/passive control group or the contralateral leg (i.e., utilizing between- or within-study designs, respectively) and assessed at least one outcome of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals with no age restriction. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, findings indicated an unclear effect of chronic SS exercises on skeletal muscle hypertrophy with a trivial point estimate (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.118 [95% prediction interval [95% PI] = - 0.233 to 0.469; p = 0.017]) and low heterogeneity (I2 = 24%). Subgroup analyses revealed that trained individuals (β = 0.424; 95% PI = 0.095 to 0.753) displayed larger effects compared to recreationally trained (β = 0.115; 95% PI = - 0.195 to 0.425) and sedentary individuals (β = - 0.081; 95% PI = - 0.399 to 0.236). Subanalysis suggested the potential for greater skeletal muscle hypertrophy in samples with higher percentages of females (β = 0.003, [95% confidence interval [95% CI] = - 0.000 to 0.005]). However, the practical significance of this finding is questionable. Furthermore, a greater variety of stretching exercises elicited larger increases in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.069, [95% CI = 0.041 to 0.097]). Longer durations of single stretching exercises (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.002 to 0.010]), time under stretching per session (β = 0.006, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.009]), per week (β = 0.001, [95% CI = 0.000 to 0.001]) and in total (β = 0.008, [95% CI = 0.003 to 0.013]) induced larger muscle hypertrophy. Regarding joint range of motion, there was a clear positive effect with a moderate point estimate (β = 0.698; 95% PI = 0.147 to 1.249; p < 0.001) and moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 43%). Moreover, findings indicated no significant association between the gains in joint range of motion and the increase in muscle hypertrophy (β = 0.036, [95% CI = - 0.123 to 0.196]; p = 0.638). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an overall unclear chronic effect of SS on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, although interpretation across the range of PI suggests a potential modest beneficial effect. Subgroup analysis indicated larger stretching-induced muscle gains in trained individuals, a more varied selection of SS exercises, longer mean duration of single stretching exercise, increased time under SS per session, week, and in total, and possibly in samples with a higher proportion of females. From a practical perspective, it appears that SS exercises may not be highly effective in promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy unless a higher duration of training is utilized. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022331762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Arntz
- Department of Social- and Preventive Medicine, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrian Markov
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Martin Behrens
- Division of Research Methods and Analysis in Sports Science, University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Olympischer Weg 7, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Olympischer Weg 7, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory (LR23JS01) «Sport Performance, Health and Society», Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institut Supérieur de Sport et de l'Education Physique du Kef, Université de Jandouba, 7100, Le Kef, Tunisia.
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Amornsriwatanakul A, Lester L, Bull FC, Rosenberg M. Ecological correlates of sport and exercise participation among Thai adolescents: A hierarchical examination of a cross-sectional population survey. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:592-605. [PMID: 32439502 PMCID: PMC10466193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding factors influencing adolescents' sport/exercise participation (S/EP) is vital to developing effective interventions, but currently, evidence from less developed countries is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of S/EP across individual, interpersonal, and environmental levels in a nationally representative sample of Thai adolescents. METHODS Data from 4617 Thai adolescents aged 14-17 years old were obtained from recruited schools across Thailand. Data on S/EP (outcome variable), and psychosocial, home, and community environment covariates were collected from individual adolescents using the Thailand Physical Activity Children Survey, Student Questionnaire. School environmental data were collected at the school level using a School Built Environment Audit. Hierarchical regressions taking into account school clustering effects were applied for data analysis. RESULTS At the individual level, age and body mass index were independently and strongly correlated with S/EP. Adolescents with high preference for physical activity (PA) (odd ratio (OR) = 1.71, p < 0.001) and at least a moderate level of self-efficacy (OR = 1.33, p = 0.001) were more likely to have high S/EP. At the interpersonal level, adolescents whose parents joined their sports/exercise at least 1-2 times/week (OR = 1.36, p = 0.003) received ≥3 types of parental support (OR = 1.43, p = 0.005) and who received siblings' (OR = 1.26, p = 0.004) and friends' (OR = 1.99, p < 0.001) support had a greater chance of high S/EP. At the environmental level, adolescents' S/EP was greater when there were at least 3-4 pieces of home sport/exercise equipment (OR = 2.77, p = 0.003), grass areas at school (OR = 1.56, p < 0.001), and at least 1-2 PA facilities in the community (OR = 1.30, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Multiple factors at different levels within an ecological framework influencing Thai adolescents' S/EP were generally similar to those found in developed countries, despite some differences. For those interested in promoting and supporting Thai adolescents' engagement in sports/exercise, further exploration of the influence of self-efficacy and attitude toward PA is required at the individual level; parental and peer support at the interpersonal level; and home sport equipment, school grass areas, and neighborhood PA facilities at the environment level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areekul Amornsriwatanakul
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Salaya, Phutthamonthon District, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Leanne Lester
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Fiona C Bull
- Centre for Built Environment and Health, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Rosenberg
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Song Y, Shi C. Association between sports participation and overall health in children and adolescents. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022; 51:101718. [PMID: 36801646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence revealed that participating in sports may have benefits for health, but the association between sports participation and self-rated overall health has not been clearly established in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationships between sports participation and self-rated overall health. A national sample of 42,777 (mean age = 9.4 ± 5.2, 48.3% girls) United States children and adolescents completed self-administered questionnaires and were included in the final analysis. The crude and adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% CI were used to analyze the association between sports participation and self-rated overall health. Results indicated that children and adolescents participated in sports were more likely to report better overall health (OR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.83, 2.02) compared to those not participating in sports. This study found that sport participation was positively associated with self-rated overall health in children and adolescents. This study offers evidence concerning adolescents' health literacy promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagang Song
- Department of Physical Education Teaching, Shanghai Sanda University, 201209, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongyan Shi
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, 210014, Nan Jing, China.
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Spruijtenburg GE, van Abswoude F, Platvoet S, de Niet M, Bekhuis H, Steenbergen B. Factors Related to Adolescents' Participation in Organized Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15872. [PMID: 36497944 PMCID: PMC9735911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Participation in organized sports has important health benefits in adolescence, yet participation rates are concerning. A better understanding of factors influencing adolescents' participation in organized sports offers opportunities to improve participation rates. The aim of this study was to examine to what extent motives, perceived competence, encouragement and motor skills were associated with participation in organized sports in a sample of first-year secondary school students. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 386 Dutch adolescents (11-14 years) in October and November 2020. A series of multilevel logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of adolescents' participating in organized sports. First, we examined whether motives, perceived competence, encouragement and motor skills were independently associated with the likelihood of participation. Second, we examined whether these factors were concurrently associated with the likelihood of participation. When considered individually, motives, perceived competence, encouragement and motor skills were significantly associated with participation. When considered together, only motives were significantly associated with participation and the associations of all other factors with sport disappeared. These findings show the importance of motivation for participation in sports over other factors. These findings inform the development of interventions aimed at improving adolescents' participation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Femke van Abswoude
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Platvoet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark de Niet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde Bekhuis
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hopkins CS, Hopkins C, Kanny S, Watson A. A Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Sport Participation among Adolescent Females. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063353. [PMID: 35329041 PMCID: PMC8950299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sport participation provides a direct means to attain health-enhancing physical activity; however, sport participation declines during adolescence, and over 85% of adolescent females fail to meet the recommended 60 min of moderate-vigorous physical activity daily. Given the importance of overcoming barriers to sport and increasing equity in women’s sports, the purpose of this systematic review was to identify factors associated with sport participation among adolescent girls and operationalize those factors into theoretical constructs to guide future research. Six databases were systematically searched, and 36 records were included for review. Factors impacting girls’ sport participation were categorized as personal, peer, family, socioeconomic, environmental, or other factors. Of these categories, personal factors, including self perceptions and desirable personal outcomes related to sport, were most frequently associated with sport participation. Most research on girls’ sport participation lacks theoretical framework, so to aid future studies, this review categorized important participatory factors into the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. Future research would benefit from theory-driven prospective approaches to make clear and consistent predictions about factors impacting sport participation, as well as mixed-method approaches aimed to provide more robust understanding of girls’ experiences with and perceptions of factors impacting their participation in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey S. Hopkins
- School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Chris Hopkins
- Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA;
| | - Samantha Kanny
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Amanda Watson
- School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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Magalhães A, Castiglione D, Ramos E, Pina MF. Urban green spaces in the proximity of residences can reduce the effect of socioeconomic inequalities in sports practice among teenage girls. Porto Biomed J 2022; 7:e144. [PMID: 38304155 PMCID: PMC10830076 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We studied if proximity of urban green spaces to residences reduces the socioeconomic inequalities in sports practice, evaluating 17-year-old girls (n = 722) from EPITeen cohort, Porto, Portugal. Methods The shortest routes from residences to urban green spaces were calculated using the street network from Geographic Information System. Distances were classified as: ≤400, >400 to ≤800, and >800 m. Parental education was used as a proxy of socioeconomic status (SES). We used chi-square test to compare proportions of teenagers practicing sports per SES, stratified by classes of distances to urban green spaces and logistic regression to estimate the association between sports practice and SES through odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results Strong inequalities were found. Girls from low SES have ≥75% less odds of sports practice (reference: high SES), regardless of the distance to urban green spaces. As distances are lowering the socioeconomic inequalities in the sports practice between girls from high and medium SES diminishes, being the OR 0.42 (0.22-0.80) at ≥800 m, 0.51 (0.24-1.09) at ≥400 to ≤800 m, and 0.63 (0.29-1.37) at ≤400 m. Conclusion At closer distances inequalities in the proportion of sports practice between high and medium SES vanishes, but remain to low SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Magalhães
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Unit of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine
- Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Debora Castiglione
- ENSP/FIOCRUZ-Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Ramos
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Unit of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Fátima Pina
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto
- Instituto de Comunicação e Investigação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-ICICT/FIOCRUZ
- CARTO- FEN/UERJ-Departamento de Engenharia Cartográfica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Roberts SD, Schatz P, Register-Mihalik J, Wojtowicz M. Parent knowledge of and attitudes towards youth sport-related concussion and associations with child and parent factors. Concussion 2021; 6:CNC93. [PMID: 35433025 PMCID: PMC9008503 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to better understand parental knowledge and attitudes regarding pediatric sport-related concussions, and association with parent/child biopsychosocial factors. Methods: A community sample of ninety families (n = 140 children) were included. Parental concussion knowledge and attitudes, concussion history, sport participation and social risk status score (SRS) were collected. Results: Parents scored an average of 76% accuracy on factual concussion knowledge, with 74% confidence in responses. Parents endorsed a favorable attitude toward concussion reporting and management. Low SRS had higher perceived accuracy of knowledge than medium or high SRS (p = 0.003). SRS influenced over-and-underestimations of factual knowledge (p = .04). Age at first sport and sport contact level influenced factual and perceived concussion knowledge. Conclusion: These findings identify common gaps in concussion knowledge in parents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip Schatz
- Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Johna Register-Mihalik
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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Enthoven CA, Mölenberg FJM, Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Labrecque JA, Raat H, van Lenthe FJ, Klaver CCW. Physical Activity Spaces Not Effective against Socioeconomic Inequalities in Myopia Incidence: The Generation R Study. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 98:1371-1378. [PMID: 34759237 PMCID: PMC8677612 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Our findings show that non-Dutch background, lower maternal education, and lower net household income level may be new risk factors for myopia development in the Netherlands. Newly introduced physical activity spaces may not be effective enough in increasing outdoor exposure in children to reduce eye growth. PURPOSE The aims of this study were to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities in myopia incidence, eye growth, outdoor exposure, and computer use and to investigate if newly introduced physical activity spaces can reduce eye growth in school-aged children. METHODS Participants (N = 2643) from the Dutch population-based birth cohort Generation R were examined at ages 6 and 9 years. Socioeconomic inequalities in myopia incidence, eye growth, and lifestyle were determined using regression analyses. Information on physical activity spaces located in Rotterdam was obtained. Differences in eye growth between those who became exposed to new physical activity spaces (n = 230) and those nonexposed (n = 1866) were evaluated with individual-level fixed-effects models. RESULTS Myopia prevalence was 2.2% at age 6 years and 12.2% at age 9 years. Outdoor exposure was 11.4 h/wk at age 6 years and 7.4 h/wk at age 9 years. Computer use was 2.1 h/wk at age 6 years and 5.2 h/wk at age 9 years. Myopia incidence was higher in children with non-Dutch background, and families with lower household income and lower maternal education (odds ratio [OR], 1.081 [95% confidence interval, 1.052 to 1.112]; OR, 1.035 [95% confidence interval, 1.008 to 1.063]; OR, 1.028 [95% confidence interval, 1.001 to 1.055], respectively). Children living <600 m of a physical activity space did not have increased outdoor exposure, except those from families with lower maternal education (β = 1.33 h/wk; 95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 2.51 h/wk). Newly introduced physical activity spaces were not associated with reduction of eye growth. CONCLUSIONS Children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families became more often myopic than those from socioeconomically advantaged families. We did not find evidence that physical activity spaces protect against myopia for the population at large, but subgroups may benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair A. Enthoven
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Famke J. M. Mölenberg
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. Willem L. Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Orthoptics and Optometry, University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy A. Labrecque
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. van Lenthe
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geoscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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Brown T, Khawaja I, Powell A, Greetham P, Gough LA, Kelly AL. The sociodemographic profile of the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) talent pathways and first-class counties: considering the British South Asian player. MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2021.1949382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Brown
- Athlete Development and Youth Sport Research Group, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
- Warwickshire County Cricket Club, Birmingham, UK
| | - Irfan Khawaja
- Athlete Development and Youth Sport Research Group, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alun Powell
- England and Wales Cricket Board, Lord's Cricket Ground, London, UK
| | | | - Lewis A. Gough
- Athlete Development and Youth Sport Research Group, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Athlete Development and Youth Sport Research Group, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Difference in Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Obesity in Children With and Without Siblings. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:348-355. [PMID: 30646816 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background/Context: Children without siblings (singletons) have higher rates of obesity than do children with siblings (nonsingletons). Higher moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB) are associated with lower childhood obesity. PURPOSE To examine the difference in PA and SB between singleton and nonsingleton children. METHODS Mothers of children ages 5.0-7.9 years old who were singletons or nonsingletons with a sibling between the ages of 2.0 and 4.9 years old were recruited. Height, weight, and waist circumference of the 5.0- to 7.9-year-old children were measured, and age and sex percentiles were calculated. Accelerometry measured SB and PA, including light PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and counts per minute. RESULTS Fifty-six mother-child dyads (23 singletons and 33 nonsingletons) with an average child age of 5.7 (0.7) years participated. More singletons were classified as overweight or obese than were nonsingletons (49% vs 17%, P = .04). In adjusted linear models, singletons had less light PA per day (β = -38.1, SE = 19.2, P = .001) and more SB (β = 38.0, SE = 16.5, P = .02) than did nonsingletons, with no difference in moderate to vigorous PA or counts per minute. CONCLUSION In this sample, singletons had higher obesity and lower light PA than did nonsingleton children. Investigation into differences in singleton/nonsingleton families, including family health behaviors, may help assess sibling influence in early behavior development.
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The Effects of Locus of Control, Agents of Socialization and Sport Socialization Situations on the Sports Participation of Women in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101841. [PMID: 31126151 PMCID: PMC6572345 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared to men, the sports participation of women is lower, especially in the East. Not many studies have compared the impacts of locus of control, agents of socialization, and sport socialization situations on the sports participation of women. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the contributing factors which may promote the sports participation of women in Taiwan. To do this, 450 structured questionnaires were distributed to women in Chiayi, Taiwan, with an 89.3% return rate. The study found that internal locus of control, agents of socialization, and sport socialization situation had positive impacts on the sports participation of women. In line with these results, the study suggests the strengthening of the internal locus of control of women, making the best use of socialization agents, and improvement of sport socialization situations, in order to promote sports participation in women.
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Hendricks S, Uys M, Broyles ST, Naidoo N, Katzmarzyk PT, Lambert EV. Factors associated with team sport participation in South African children. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000495. [PMID: 31414066 PMCID: PMC6668752 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The study purpose was to determine if sex, anthropometry, age or birth period are associated with team sport participation in children aged 9-11 years. Data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment were used (n=550, 59% girls). Anthropometric measurements included height, body mass, waist circumference, mid-upper arm circumference and body fat percentage. Birth period and team sport participation were measured using a questionnaire. Girls had a 69% lower odds (OR=0.31, 0.19-0.49, p<0.001, n=528) of participating in team sport. For every centimetre of waist circumference, the OR for participating in team sport was 0.94 (0.88-1.00, p<0.05, n=528).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monika Uys
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Niri Naidoo
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Estelle V Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ganse B, Ganse U, Dahl J, Degens H. Linear Decrease in Athletic Performance During the Human Life Span. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1100. [PMID: 30246782 PMCID: PMC6110907 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Master athletes maintain high physical activity levels and have better health than age-matched non-athletes. World records show accelerated declines after age 70 in swimming, long-distance running and sprint performance. However, less is known about age-related performance declines in the general master athlete population and whether decline rates differ between disciplines and genders. We interrogated a dataset including all track and field athletes of North Rhine from 2001 to 2014 to assess age-related changes in performance. 27,088 results of athletes between 11 and 89 years of age in 12 disciplines were analyzed by regression statistics. The analyses showed an accelerated decline beyond the age of 70 in sprint, middle- and long-distance running, while in throwing and jumping disciplines the performance continued a linear decline. Patterns of decline differed between men and women. The steepest declines were observed in javelin throw and 400 m (women), and in pole vault and 800 m (men). In conclusion, performance declines in aging depend more on the specific profile of requirements than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergita Ganse
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Urs Ganse
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julian Dahl
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kracht CL, Sisson SB. Sibling influence on children's objectively measured physical activity: a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000405. [PMID: 30364499 PMCID: PMC6196974 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Children without siblings (only children) have higher rates of obesity than children with siblings. Childhood obesity may be prevented by minimising sedentary behaviour and accumulating sufficient physical activity in young children. A growing number of articles have examined the influence of siblings on physical activity and sedentary behaviour, yet these articles have not been synthesised. Objective To synthesise literature and describe the influence of siblings on objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour of children (ages 2–18 years). Design Outcomes were analysed in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Medline OVID were searched for articles related to siblings, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and obesity outcomes from 1947 to March 2018. Eligibility criteria Articles that evaluated sibling status on physical activity objectively measured by accelerometer or pedometer were included. Results Nineteen articles, representing 17 independent datasets, were included in the review. Nine were included in the quantitative analysis. Pooled data from nine articles indicated children with siblings had higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) relative to only children, with a potential dose response for higher number of children in household and higher MVPA (Mean Difference=3.13, 95% CI 1.90 to 4.35, p=0.001). Findings were mixed for the influence of siblings on sedentary behaviour and light physical activity. Summary/Conclusion Children with siblings had healthier physical activity patterns, as measured by accelerometer or pedometer, than did only children. Suggested mechanisms include peer modelling, encouraging active transport and sports participation, opportunity for playmate and serving as additional caregivers. Trial registration number CRD42017055463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Kracht
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Susan B Sisson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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15
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Rodrigues D, Padez C, Machado-Rodrigues AM. Active parents, active children: The importance of parental organized physical activity in children's extracurricular sport participation. J Child Health Care 2018; 22:159-170. [PMID: 29166768 DOI: 10.1177/1367493517741686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether parental participation in organized and unorganized physical activity (PA) was associated with children's participation in extracurricular sport. The sample comprised 834 parents and their children (aged 6-10 years), living in central Portugal. Questionnaires assessed parental PA (organized and unorganized) and extracurricular sport participation in children (number of sports and frequency of participation). Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess associations between parental and child physical behaviors. Having both parents active was significantly associated with frequent participation in more sports both in girls and boys but a strong relation according to gender was found. The odds of boys practicing more than one sport and more times per week were higher if they had an active father. Girls with physically active mothers, particularly with mothers practicing organized PA in a regular way, were engaged in more sports and practiced sport more times per week. The type of PA practiced by the parents was not related to boys' participation in sport. Future interventions should be family-based and focus on the promotion of higher levels of parental PA, including organized, in order to improve their children's active behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues
- 1 CIAS-Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,2 Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Padez
- 1 CIAS-Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,2 Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
- 1 CIAS-Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,3 High School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
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Jenkin CR, Eime RM, Westerbeek H, O’Sullivan G, van Uffelen JGZ. Sport and ageing: a systematic review of the determinants and trends of participation in sport for older adults. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:976. [PMID: 29273036 PMCID: PMC5741887 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global population is ageing. As ageing is often associated with a decline in health, there is a need to further develop preventative health measures. Physical activity can positively influence older adults' (aged 50 years and older) health. Previous research on the relationship between physical activity and health for older adults has mainly focused on physical activity in general, and not specific types of exercise. Due to the social nature of sport, it may assist in improving physical, mental and social health for older adults. Sport, as a form of physical activity, has not been widely explored as a physical activity opportunity for older adults. This review concurrently explored two research questions: the determinants and the trends of sport participation for community dwelling older adults. METHODS Two parallel systematic searches of nine electronic databases were conducted in December 2015 for the two research questions. English language quantitative and qualitative studies that provided specific results for community dwelling older adults' sport participation were included and a quality ratings assessment was undertaken. RESULTS There were 10,171 studies initially identified for the first research question and 1992 studies for the second research question. This culminated in 18 and 8 studies respectively that met the inclusion criteria. The most frequently mentioned determinants of participation were health and using sport to negotiate the ageing process. The most frequently mentioned trends of sport participation were the effect of historical sport participation on current participation, and sport participation across the lifespan. The main themes for both research questions had contrasting results, for example, participation in sport could improve health, but poor health was also a limitation of sport participation. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates that older adults are a heterogeneous age group, and therefore require different strategies than other age groups to successfully participate in sport. It is recommended that the main findings from this review are incorporated into specific strategies to develop age appropriate sporting opportunities for older adults, so that sport can be presented as a viable physical activity option for this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R. Jenkin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL),Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia
| | - Rochelle M. Eime
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL),Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia
- Facility of Health, Federation University, PO Box 663, Ballarat, VIC 3353 Australia
| | - Hans Westerbeek
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL),Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia
| | - Grant O’Sullivan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL),Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia
| | - Jannique G. Z. van Uffelen
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL),Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Macniven R, Hearn S, Grunseit A, Richards J, Nutbeam D, Bauman A. Correlates of physical activity among Australian Indigenous and non‐Indigenous adolescents. Aust N Z J Public Health 2016; 41:187-192. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rona Macniven
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of Sydney New South Wales
| | - Shane Hearn
- Division of the Deputy Vice‐Chancellor & Vice‐PresidentThe University of Adelaide South Australia
| | - Anne Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of Sydney New South Wales
| | - Justin Richards
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of Sydney New South Wales
| | - Don Nutbeam
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of Sydney New South Wales
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of Sydney New South Wales
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Downward P, Rasciute S. 'No man is an island entire of itself.' The hidden effect of peers on physical activity: John Donne, Meditation XVII. Soc Sci Med 2016; 169:149-156. [PMID: 27721139 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
International public policy emphasises the need to increase current low levels of physical activity (WHO, 2010). A large literature examines the reasons for the low levels of physical activity but tends to focus on the correlates of behaviour. This has prompted a call for more causal research to better support policy recommendations to change behaviour (Bauman et al., 2012). Using a large sample of individuals from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) between 1996/7 and 2006/7, a dynamic panel data analysis is employed to reveal a causal contemporaneous effect of a household peer's participation in physical activity on an individual's behaviour. The effect of a peer's physical activity on an individual's physical activity is found to be of a magnitude commensurate with the habits of the individual. An individual's participation in physical activity is also positively associated with their other leisure activity. The research suggests that an individual's physical activity takes place as part of a portfolio of household leisure, which health promotion needs to take account of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Downward
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Simona Rasciute
- School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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19
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Silva DAS, dos Santos Silva RJ. Association between sports participation and sedentary behavior during school recess among brazilian adolescents. J Hum Kinet 2015; 45:225-32. [PMID: 25964825 PMCID: PMC4415836 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association between sports participation and sedentary behavior during school recess among Brazilian adolescents. This study included 2,243 adolescents aged 13–18 years (16.2 ± 1.1), 62.2% females and 37.8% males, enrolled in public high schools in Aracaju, Northeastern Brazil. Sedentary behavior during school recess and sport participation was self-reported. Several factors were examined, including sex, age, skin color, socioeconomic status, maternal education and physical activity level. Sixty percent of adolescents had sedentary behavior during school recess and 57.7% of adolescents reported that they did not participate in any team sport. Additionally, adolescents who did not practice any team sport were 40% more likely (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8) to be sedentary during school recess compared to those who participated in two or more team sports. It is recommended that schools encourage students to engage in sports activities and promote more physical activity during school recess to reduce the sedentary behavior and increase physical activity levels in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Federal University of Santa Catarina. Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education. Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Corresponding author: Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – Centros de Desportos - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano - Campus Universitário Trindade – Caixa Postal 476 - CEP 88040-900 – Florianópolis, SC, Brazil., Phone number: +55 48 37218562, E-mail:
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20
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Social engagement from childhood to middle age and the effect of childhood socio-economic status on middle age social engagement: results from the National Child Development study. AGEING & SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x1400124x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSocial engagement has powerful effects on wellbeing, but variation in individual engagement throughout the lifecourse is wide. The trajectories may differ by gender and be affected by socio-economic status (SES). However, long-term development of social engagement is little studied and the effect of childhood SES on later-life social engagement remains obscure. We aimed to describe the social engagement development from childhood to middle age by gender and test the effect of childhood SES on middle age social engagement. Data (N=16,440, 51.3% male) are drawn from the on-going National Child Development Study, following British babies born in 1958. Social engagement was measured by social activities, voluntary work and social contacts, with follow-ups at age 11, 16, 23 and 50. SES was measured by father's occupational social class and tenure status. Structural equation modelling suggested inter-individual stability in social engagement, showing that development of social engagement started in childhood and increased social engagement in middle age through adolescence and early adulthood. Longitudinal effects were detected within and across the social engagement domains. Lower childhood SES was significantly related to a lower level of voluntary work and social activity in middle age, but to higher levels of social contacts. Although stability in social engagement is moderate over the lifecourse, variation within and across the different social engagement domains is shaped by differences in childhood SES.
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21
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Wijtzes AI, Jansen W, Bouthoorn SH, Pot N, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Raat H. Social inequalities in young children's sports participation and outdoor play. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014; 11:155. [PMID: 25510552 PMCID: PMC4272790 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-014-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on social inequalities in sports participation and unstructured physical activity among young children is scarce. This study aimed to assess the associations of family socioeconomic position (SEP) and ethnic background with children’s sports participation and outdoor play. Methods We analyzed data from 4726 ethnically diverse 6-year-old children participating in the Generation R Study. Variables were assessed by parent-reported questionnaires when the child was 6 years old. Low level of outdoor play was defined as outdoor play <1 hour per day. Series of multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations of family SEP and ethnic background with children’s sports participation and outdoor play. Results Socioeconomic inequalities in children’s sports participation were found when using maternal educational level (p < 0.05), paternal educational level (p < 0.05), maternal employment status (p < 0.05), and household income (p < 0.05) as family SEP indicator (less sports participation among low SEP children). Socioeconomic inequalities in children’s outdoor play were found when using household income only (p < 0.05) (more often outdoor play <1 hour per day among children from low income household). All ethnic minority children were significantly more likely to not to participate in sports and play outdoor <1 hour per day compared with native Dutch children. Adjustment for family SEP attenuated associations considerably, especially with respect to sports participation. Conclusion Low SEP children and ethnic minority children are more likely not to participate in sports and more likely to display low levels of outdoor play compared with high SEP children and native Dutch children, respectively. In order to design effective interventions, further research, including qualitative studies, is needed to explore more in detail the pathways relating family SEP and ethnic background to children’s sports participation and outdoor play. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0155-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne I Wijtzes
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, P.O.Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilma Jansen
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, P.O.Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands. .,Department of Social Development, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Selma H Bouthoorn
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, P.O.Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands.
| | - Niek Pot
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,School of Human Movement & Sports, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, the Netherlands.
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hein Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, P.O.Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands.
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Coledam DHC, Ferraiol PF, Pires Junior R, dos-Santos JW, Oliveira ARD. Prática esportiva e participação nas aulas de educação física: fatores associados em estudantes de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2014; 30:533-45. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00087413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores associados à prática esportiva e participação nas aulas de educação física. A amostra foi composta por 827 jovens, selecionados em dois estágios e estratificados por região da cidade de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. Foram analisadas a prática esportiva, participação nas aulas de educação física e variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais e ambientais. Os fatores associados à participação nas aulas de educação física foram: sexo masculino, idade (10-13 anos), percepção de atividade física igual ou elevada, prática esportiva, movimentação durante as aulas e realizar aulas na quadra. Para a prática esportiva, os fatores associados foram o sexo masculino, idade (10-13 anos), percepção de atividade física igual/elevada, atividade física (≥ 7horas/semana), participação nas aulas de educação física, possuir ≥ 10 amigos, prática de esportes com amigos e frequência de utilização de lugares para a prática. Esses fatores devem ser considerados nos programas de incentivo à prática esportiva e à participação nas aulas de educação física.
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Seabra AF, Mendonça DM, Göring HHH, Thomis MA, Maia JA. Genetic influences of sports participation in Portuguese families. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 14:510-7. [PMID: 24006864 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.832801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To estimate familial aggregation and quantify the genetic and environmental contribution to the phenotypic variation on sports participation (SP) among Portuguese families. The sample consisted of 2375 nuclear families (parents and two offspring each) from different regions of Portugal with a total of 9500 subjects. SP assessment was based on a psychometrically established questionnaire. Phenotypes used were based on the participation in sports (yes/no), intensity of sport, weekly amount of time in SP and the proportion of the year in which a sport was regularly played. Familial correlations were calculated using family correlations (FCOR) in the SAGE software. Heritability was estimated using variance-components methods implemented in Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR) software. Subjects of the same generation tend to be more similar in their SP habits than the subjects of different generations. In all SP phenotypes studied, adjusted for the effects of multiple covariates, the proportion of phenotypic variance due to additive genetic factors ranged between 40% and 50%. The proportion of variance attributable to environmental factors ranged from 50% for the participation in sports to 60% for intensity of sport. In this large population-based family study, there was significant familial aggregation on SP. These results highlight that the variation on SP phenotypes have a significant genetic contribution although environmental factors are also important in the familial resemblance of SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Seabra
- a Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Socioeconomic status, body mass index and prevalence of underweight and overweight among Polish girls aged 7-18: a longitudinal study. J Biosoc Sci 2013; 46:449-61. [PMID: 23768733 DOI: 10.1017/s002193201300031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to establish whether the influence of socioeconomic factors on BMI and the prevalence of underweight and overweight changes with age. The data were obtained from 1008 schoolgirls aged 16-18 years for whom earlier data on weight and height were available. Their height and body mass were measured and their BMIs calculated. Height and weight in early life were assessed by medical records review. The girls were measured by trained school nurses at 7, 9, 14 years of age. Socioeconomic differences in BMI were found to increase with age. Parents' higher education and urban environment were associated with smaller BMI gain between the ages of 7 and 18 years. Among subjects whose mother and/or father had higher education the prevalence of underweight increased with age, and in other groups it remained at a similar level. In the younger age categories (7- and 9-year-olds) underweight was less frequent in subjects from towns than those from rural areas, while in the older categories (14, 16-18 years of age) the opposite tendency was found. As subjects grew up, there was a decline in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in all groups. Parental education and place of residence seem to influence weight status in a different way in childhood than during adolescence.
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Maturo CC, Cunningham SA. Influence of friends on children's physical activity: a review. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e23-38. [PMID: 23678914 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined evidence for friendship influences on children's physical activity (PA) through systematic searches of online databases in May 2012. We identified 106 studies (25 qualitative) published in English since 2000 that analyzed indicators of friendship influences (e.g., communication about PA, friends' PA, and PA with friends) among persons younger than 19 years. Children's PA was positively associated with encouragement from friends (43 of 55 studies indicating a positive relationship), friends' own PA (30/35), and engagement with friends in PA (9/10). These findings are consistent with friends influencing PA, but most studies did not isolate influence from other factors that could explain similarity. Understanding friendship influences in childhood can facilitate the promotion of lifelong healthy habits. PA with friends should be considered in health promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Maturo
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Silva G, Andersen LB, Aires L, Mota J, Oliveira J, Ribeiro JC. Associations between sports participation, levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in childrenand adolescents. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1359-67. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.781666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Silva
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- b Institute of Sports Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Luisa Aires
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - Jose Oliveira
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
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Timperio AF, van Stralen MM, Brug J, Bere E, Chinapaw MJM, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Jan N, Maes L, Manios Y, Moreno LA, Salmon J, Te Velde SJ. Direct and indirect associations between the family physical activity environment and sports participation among 10-12 year-old European children: testing the EnRG framework in the ENERGY project. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:15. [PMID: 23374374 PMCID: PMC3621808 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sport participation makes an important contribution to children’s overall physical activity. Understanding influences on sports participation is important and the family environment is considered key, however few studies have explored the mechanisms by which the family environment influences children’s sport participation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether attitude, perceived behavioural control, health belief and enjoyment mediate associations between the family environment and 10–12 year-old children’s sports participation. Methods Children aged 10–12 years ( = 7234) and one of their parents (n = 6002) were recruited from 175 schools in seven European countries in 2010. Children self-reported their weekly duration of sports participation, physical activity equipment items at home and the four potential mediator variables. Parents responded to items on financial, logistic and emotional support, reinforcement, modelling and co-participation in physical activity. Cross-sectional single and multiple mediation analyses were performed for 4952 children with complete data using multi-level regression analyses. Results Availability of equipment (OR = 1.16), financial (OR = 1.53), logistic (OR = 1.47) and emotional (OR = 1.51) support, and parental modelling (OR = 1.07) were positively associated with participation in ≥ 30mins/wk of sport. Attitude, beliefs, perceived behavioural control and enjoyment mediated and explained between 21-34% of these associations. Perceived behavioural control contributed the most to the mediated effect for each aspect of the family environment. Conclusions Both direct (unmediated) and indirect (mediated) associations were found between most family environment variables and children’s sports participation. Thus, family-based physical activity interventions that focus on enhancing the family environment to support children’s sport participation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Timperio
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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Prins RG, Kamphuis CBM, van Empelen P, Beenackers MA, Brug J, Mackenbach JP, Oenema A. Explaining socio-demographic differences in disengagement from sports in adolescence. Eur J Public Health 2013; 23:811-6. [PMID: 23302764 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cks188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this longitudinal study is to identify risk groups for disengagement from sports during adolescence. In addition, it will be explored whether cognitive and environmental factors can explain socio-demographic differences in disengagement from sports. METHODS Data were obtained from the Environmental Determinants of Obesity in Rotterdam Schoolchildren study, and 357 adolescents were eligible for analysis. Socio-demographics (gender, ethnicity, education), individual cognitions and neighbourhood perceptions were assessed at baseline (2005/2006), and sports participation at baseline and at follow-up (2007/2008). Two dichotomous outcome variables were constructed: (i) disengagement from sports (yes/no) and (ii) ceased compliance with the fitnorm (i.e. cease engaging in sports ≥3 times/wk) (yes/no). In logistic regression and mediation analyses, we identified socio-demographic differences in the two outcomes. Subsequently, we applied mediation analyses to identify the contribution of cognitive and environmental explanatory factors of the socio-demographic differences. RESULTS Girls [odds ratio (OR): 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-4.5] were more likely than boys to disengage from sports. Girls (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.4-4.2), adolescents of non-Western background (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0-3.0) and those in lower educational levels (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.9) were more likely to cease compliance with the fitnorm. Perceived neighbourhood safety partly explained gender differences in disengagement from sports (8%). Intention partly explained ethnical (32%) and educational differences (37%) in ceasing compliance with the fitnorm. CONCLUSIONS Girls, lower-educated adolescents and those with a non-Western background showed more pronounced reductions in sports participation and compliance with the fitnorm. Intention and perceived neighbourhood safety could partially explain these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Prins
- 1 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Fay K, Lerner RM. Weighing in on the issue: a longitudinal analysis of the influence of selected individual factors and the sports context on the developmental trajectories of eating pathology among adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2012; 42:33-51. [PMID: 23111843 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders, and related issues (e.g., body dissatisfaction, weight control behaviors), represent pressing and prevalent health problems that affect American adolescents with alarming frequency and potentially chronic consequences. However, more longitudinal research is needed to elucidate the developmental processes that increase or maintain risk for, and that protect against, eating- and weight-related problems among adolescents. Accordingly, the current study used longitudinal data from 1,050 male and female (68.0 %) adolescents (Grades 9-11)-the majority of whom were European Americans (72.2 %)-who participated in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development to (a) describe trajectories of adolescents' eating pathology and body dissatisfaction, (b) identify individual and contextual correlates of these pathways, (c) examine whether trajectories of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction related to adolescents' depressive symptoms, and (d) elucidate whether sports participation moderated associations between specific trajectories of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Results suggest that the diverse pathways of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction that exist across middle adolescence, in combination with adolescents' sports participation, have important implications for the positive and problematic development of our youth. In addition, the findings underscore the need to evaluate the interindividual differences that exist in regard to how sports participation may relate positively and negatively to developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Fay
- National Institute on Out-of-School Time, Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA.
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Measuring physical activity using accelerometry in 13-15-year-old adolescents: the importance of including non-wear activities. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14:2124-33. [PMID: 21835080 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980011001868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to examine the impact of non-wear activities registered in diaries when using accelerometers to assess physical activity (PA) in young adolescents. DESIGN Data arise from a large-scale cross-sectional study on PA. PA was objectively assessed using Actigraph™ accelerometers (Actigraph MTI, Manufacturing Technology Inc., Pensacola, FL, USA) during seven consecutive days. Non-wear time activity diaries were provided to register the activities for which the accelerometer was removed. After correction to deal with over-reporting, the registered minutes of PA were used to replace periods of non-wear time measured by the accelerometer. SETTING Between October 2008 and May 2009 adolescents were recruited by home visits in Ghent (Belgium). SUBJECTS Young adolescents (n 513; 48·6% boys) aged 13 to 15 years. RESULTS Of the total sample, 49·9% registered at least one activity of moderate to vigorous intensity in the non-wear time activity diary. More adolescents registered an activity performed on a weekday than on a weekend day and the registered mean number of minutes of moderate to vigorous PA were higher on weekend days. Repeated-measures (M)ANOVA tests revealed a significant difference between the mean minutes with and without non-wear activities for all PA intensities, regardless of adolescents' socio-economic status or gender. More adolescents achieved the PA recommendations after inclusion of the non-wear activities irrespective of accelerometer thresholds used. CONCLUSIONS The collection of information regarding non-wear time by non-wear time activity diaries when using accelerometers in 13-15-year-old adolescents can lead to different PA outcomes at the individual level and therefore can improve the ability to accurately measure PA.
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Ruseski JE, Humphreys BR, Hallmann K, Breuer C. Family structure, time constraints, and sport participation. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11556-011-0084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the importance of economic factors on sport participation. We extend this by examining the role played by time constraints and family structure in survey data from Rheinberg, Germany. Based on empirical models that account for the two-part decision—the decision to participate and the decision about how long to participate—involved, we find that time constraints in the form of time spent caring for children and relatives and family structure in the form of the presence of children reduce both the likelihood that individuals participate and the time spent taking part in sports.
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Prins RG, van Empelen P, Beenackers MA, Brug J, Oenema A. Systematic Development of the YouRAction program, a computer-tailored physical activity promotion intervention for Dutch adolescents, targeting personal motivations and environmental opportunities. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:474. [PMID: 20701782 PMCID: PMC2927541 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing physical activity (PA) among adolescents is an important health promotion goal. PA has numerous positive health effects, but the majority of Dutch adolescents do not meet PA requirements. The present paper describes the systematic development of a theory-based computer-tailored intervention, YouRAction, which targets individual and environmental factors determining PA among adolescents. DESIGN The intervention development was guided by the Intervention Mapping protocol, in order to define clear program objectives, theoretical methods and practical strategies, ensure systematic program planning and pilot-testing, and anticipate on implementation and evaluation. Two versions of YouRAction were developed: one that targets individual determinants and an extended version that also provides feedback on opportunities to be active in the neighbourhood. Key determinants that were targeted included: knowledge and awareness, attitudes, self-efficacy and subjective norms. The extended version also addressed perceived availability of neighbourhood PA facilities. Both versions aimed to increase levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA among adolescents. The intervention structure was based on self-regulation theory, comprising of five steps in the process of successful goal pursuit. Monitoring of PA behaviour and behavioural and normative feedback were used to increase awareness of PA behaviour; motivation was enhanced by targeting self-efficacy and attitudes, by means of various interactive strategies, such as web movies; the perceived environment was targeted by visualizing opportunities to be active in an interactive geographical map of the home environment; in the goal setting phase, the adolescents were guided in setting a goal and developing an action plan to achieve this goal; in the phase of active goal pursuit adolescents try to achieve their goal and in the evaluation phase the achievements are evaluated. Based on the results of the evaluation adolescents could revise their goal or choose another behaviour to focus on. The intervention is delivered in a classroom setting in three lessons. YouRAction will be evaluated in a cluster-randomized trial, with classes as unit of randomization. Evaluation will focus on PA outcomes, cognitive mediators/moderators and process measures. DISCUSSION The planned development of YouRAction resulted in two computer-tailored interventions aimed at the promotion of PA in a Dutch secondary school setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION NTR1923.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Prins
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Schmidt CO, Fahland RA, Franze M, Splieth C, Thyrian JR, Plachta-Danielzik S, Hoffmann W, Kohlmann T. Health-related behaviour, knowledge, attitudes, communication and social status in school children in Eastern Germany. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2010; 25:542-551. [PMID: 20228152 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyq011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing health literacy is a keystone in health promotion. Yet, most studies on health literacy are limited to functional literacy levels. Furthermore, little evidence is available from children. Based on Nutbeam's outcome model for health promotion, this study aims (i) to elaborate a set of short scales to measure important health literacy domains in children and (ii) to analyse their associations among each other, with health behaviour as an intermediate health outcome, subjective health, social status and gender. The sample comprised 852 school children in fifth grade, aged 9-13 years, in Western Pomerania, Germany. Items were taken from the child's questionnaire to form short scales for health-related knowledge, attitudes, communication and behaviour. The internal consistencies of the communication and attitude scales were 0.73 and 0.57, respectively. Unidimensional scalability of the knowledge and behaviour scales was supported by item response models. Associations between health scales were modest. In regression analyses, social status and gender predicted only health knowledge and communication but not health behaviours, attitudes and self-efficacy. Health knowledge was not associated with any other scale. Our results suggest that targeting one specific component of health literacy in children is likely to exert only small effects on health status and health behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Oliver Schmidt
- Methods of Community Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walther Rathenau Strasse 48, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Stalsberg R, Pedersen AV. Effects of socioeconomic status on the physical activity in adolescents: a systematic review of the evidence. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20:368-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Federico B, Falese L, Capelli G. Socio-economic inequalities in physical activity practice among Italian children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 17:377-384. [PMID: 21088692 PMCID: PMC2967259 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-009-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate whether socio-economic inequalities in the practice of physical activity existed among children and adolescents, using different indicators of socio-economic status (SES). Subjects and methods Data were derived from the Italian National Health Interview Survey carried out in 2004–2005, which examined a large random sample of the Italian population using both an interviewer-administered and a self-compiled questionnaire. This study was based on a sample of 15,216 individuals aged 6–17 years. The practice of physical activity was measured on the basis of questions regarding frequency and intensity of activity during leisure time over the past 12 months. Parents’ educational and occupational level, as well as family’s availability of material resource, were used as indicators of SES. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the contribution of each SES indicator to the practice of physical activity, adjusting for potential confounding factors. The results of the regression models are expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results About 64% of children and adolescents in the sample declared that they participated in moderate or vigorous physical activity at least once a week. After adjustment for gender, age, parental attitudes towards physical activity and geographical area, the practice of physical activity increased with higher parental educational and occupational level and greater availability of material resources. Children and adolescents whose parents held a middle or high educational title were 80% more likely to practice moderate or vigorous physical activity than subjects whose parents had a lower level of education (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.40–2.33), while subjects with unemployed parents had an odds of practicing moderate or vigorous physical activity 0.43 times that of those children whose parents belonged to the top job occupation category (administrative/professionals). Socio-economic differences were about the same when the practice of vigorous physical activity only was considered instead of that of moderate or vigorous physical activity. Conclusion Interventions that promote the practice of physical activity, and especially those aimed at the wider physical and social environment, are strongly needed to contrast socio-economic differences in physical activity among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Federico
- Chair of Hygiene, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Cassino, viale Bonomi, 03043 Cassino, FR Italy
| | - Lavinia Falese
- Chair of Hygiene, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Cassino, viale Bonomi, 03043 Cassino, FR Italy
| | - Giovanni Capelli
- Chair of Hygiene, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Cassino, viale Bonomi, 03043 Cassino, FR Italy
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