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Zhang Y, Zeng L, Ouyang K, Wang W. Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus In Vitro and in Hypercholesterolemia Mice. Foods 2024; 13:2343. [PMID: 39123535 PMCID: PMC11312258 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new component of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides (CPP20) was precipitated by the gradient ethanol method, and the protective effect of CPP20 on hypercholesterolemia mice was investigated. In vitro, CPP20 had the ability to bind bile salts and inhibit cholesterol micelle solubility, and it could effectively clear free radicals (DPPH•, •OH, and ABTS+). In vivo, CPP20 effectively alleviated hypercholesterolemia and liver damage in mice. After CPP20 intervention, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and the level of HDL-C in liver and serum were increased, and the activity of aminotransferase (ALT and AST) and the level of MDA, TC, TG, LDL-C, and TBA were decreased. Molecular experiments showed that CPP20 reduced cholesterol by regulating the mRNA expression of antioxidation-related genes (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) and genes related to the cholesterol metabolism (CYP7A1, CYP27A1, SREBP-2, HMGCR, and FXR) in liver. In addition, CPP20 alleviated intestinal microbiota disturbances in mice with hypercholesterolemia and increased levels of SCFAs. Therefore, CPP20 alleviates hypercholesterolemia by alleviating oxidative damage, maintaining cholesterol homeostasis, and regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Lei Zeng
- Key Lab for Agro-Product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-Product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
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Raba G, Luis AS, Schneider H, Morell I, Jin C, Adamberg S, Hansson GC, Adamberg K, Arike L. Metaproteomics reveals parallel utilization of colonic mucin glycans and dietary fibers by the human gut microbiota. iScience 2024; 27:110093. [PMID: 38947523 PMCID: PMC11214529 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A diet lacking dietary fibers promotes the expansion of gut microbiota members that can degrade host glycans, such as those on mucins. The microbial foraging on mucin has been associated with disruptions of the gut-protective mucus layer and colonic inflammation. Yet, it remains unclear how the co-utilization of mucin and dietary fibers affects the microbiota composition and metabolic activity. Here, we used 14 dietary fibers and porcine colonic and gastric mucins to study the dynamics of mucin and dietary fiber utilization by the human fecal microbiota in vitro. Combining metaproteome and metabolites analyses revealed the central role of the Bacteroides genus in the utilization of complex fibers together with mucin while Akkermansia muciniphila was the main utilizer of sole porcine colonic mucin but not gastric mucin. This study gives a broad overview of the colonic environment in response to dietary and host glycan availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Raba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ana S. Luis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Indrek Morell
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Signe Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Gunnar C. Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Liisa Arike
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tagliamonte S, Puhlmann ML, De Filippis F, Guerville M, Ercolini D, Vitaglione P. Relationships between diet and gut microbiome in an Italian and Dutch cohort: does the dietary protein to fiber ratio play a role? Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:741-750. [PMID: 38151533 PMCID: PMC10948488 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationships between the habitual diet, the protein to fiber ratio (P/F), and the gut microbiome in one Italian and one Dutch cohort of healthy subjects consuming an omnivore diet. METHODS The Italian cohort included 19 males (M_IT, BMI 25.2 ± 0.72 kg/m2, age 25.4 ± 0.96 years) and 20 females (F_IT, BMI 23.9 ± 0.81 kg/m2, age 23.8 ± 0.54 years); the Dutch cohort included 30 females (F_NL, BMI: 23.9 ± 0.81 kg/m2, age: 23.8 ± 0.54 years). Individual diets were recorded through Food Frequency Questionnaires and analyzed to assess the nutrient composition. Gut microbiome was assessed in fecal samples. RESULTS M_IT consumed higher levels of proteins than F_NL and F_IT, whereas dietary fiber intake did not differ among groups. Data showed that consumption of plant protein to animal protein (PP/AP) and PP to total proteins ratio can determine a differentiation of F_NL more than the absolute amount of dietary fiber. Conversely, the protein to fiber (P/F) and AP to total proteins better characterized M_IT. M_IT harbored the highest abundance of proteolytic microorganisms and the lowest microbial gene richness. Conversely, F_NL had more fiber-degrading microorganisms like Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Roseburia sp., Coprococcus eutactus and Parabacteroides along with the highest number of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes and gene richness. It was predicted that by each unit decrease in the P/F a 3% increase in gene richness occurred. CONCLUSION Study findings suggested that dietary P/F, rather than the absolute amount of dietary fiber, could contribute to the shaping of the microbiome towards a more proteolytic or fiber-degrading gut ecosystem. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier NCT04205045-01-10-2018, retrospectively registered. Dutch Trial Register NTR7531-05-10-2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tagliamonte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Parco Gussone Ed. 84, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Marie-Luise Puhlmann
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Parco Gussone Ed. 84, 80055, Portici, Italy
- Task Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Mathilde Guerville
- Nutrition Department, Lactalis Research and Development, 35240, Retiers, France
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Parco Gussone Ed. 84, 80055, Portici, Italy
- Task Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Parco Gussone Ed. 84, 80055, Portici, Italy.
- Task Force On Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80134, Naples, Italy.
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Colin-Ramirez E, Alemayehu W, McAlister FA, Howlett JG, Willing BP, Forgie A, Madsen K, Dyck JR, Ezekowitz JA. The Need for Fib er Addition in Symp tomatic Heart Failure (FEAST-HF): A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. CJC Open 2023; 5:760-769. [PMID: 37876886 PMCID: PMC10591131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical and observational studies suggest that the gut microbiome plays a role in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF); the gut microbiome may be modified by fermentable dietary fibre (FDF). The Need for Fiber Addition in Symptomatic Heart Failure (FEAST-HF) trial evaluated feasibility of recruitment and supplementation with FDF in HF and whether FDF (acacia), compared to control, reduced the level of N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (ST2), and produced changes in the gut microbiome. Methods Participants were randomly allocated 1:1:1 to either of the intervention arms (5 g/d or 10 g/d acacia) or to the control arm (10 g/d microcrystalline cellulose (MCC; nonfermentable active control). Adherence and tolerance were assessed, and clinical events were monitored for safety. All outcomes (NT-proBNP, ST2, New York Heart Association class, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores, 6-minute walk test score, gut microbiome) were measured at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks. Results Between September 13, 2018 and December 16, 2021, 51 patients were randomly allocated to either MCC (n = 18), acacia 5 g daily (n = 13), or acacia 10 g daily (n = 18). No differences occurred between either dose of acacia and MCC in NT-proBNP level, ST2, New York Heart Association class, or questionnaire scores over 12 weeks. Dietary treatment arms had a negligible impact on microbial communities. No safety, tolerability, or adherence issues were observed. Conclusions Dietary supplementation with acacia gum was both safe and well tolerated in ambulatory patients with HF; however, it did not change NT-proBNP level, ST2, or the composition of the gut microbiome.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03409926.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendimagegn Alemayehu
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Finlay A. McAlister
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan G. Howlett
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Forgie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Madsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R.B. Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin A. Ezekowitz
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Gu F, Larsen N, Pascale N, Petersen SA, Khakimov B, Respondek F, Jespersen L. Age-related effects on the modulation of gut microbiota by pectins and their derivatives: an in vitro study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207837. [PMID: 37476669 PMCID: PMC10354267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study investigates whether supplementation with pectin-type polysaccharides has potential to improve aging-associated dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. The influence of different types of pectins on the gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles of elderly was compared to younger adults. Methods Pectins studied included a pectin polysaccharide (PEC), a partially hydrolyzed pectin (PPH), and a pectin oligosaccharide (POS). Additionally, inulin was used as a reference prebiotic substrate. Individual fecal samples were collected from healthy elderly volunteers (70-75 years) and younger adults (30-35 years). In vitro fermentations were performed using the CoMiniGut model with controlled temperature and pH. Samples were withdrawn at baseline and after 24 h fermentation for measurement of SCFAs production and microbiota composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results and Discussion The results showed that fermentations with PEC and PPH resulted in a specific stimulation of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii regardless of the age groups. Collinsella aerofaciens became a dominating species in the young adult group with fermentations of all three pectins, which was not observed in the elderly group. No significant differences in SCFAs production were found among the pectins, indicating a high level of functional redundancy. Pectins boosted various bacterial groups differently from the reference prebiotic substrate (inulin). We also found inulin had reduced butyrogenic and bifidogenic effects in the elderly group compared to the younger adult group. In conclusion, the in vitro modulating effects of pectins on elderly gut microbiota showed potential of using pectins to improve age-related dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Gu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- CP Kelco ApS, Lille Skensved, Denmark
| | - Nadja Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Strain R, Tran TT, Mills S, Stanton C, Ross RP. A pilot study of dietary fibres on pathogen growth in an ex vivo colonic model reveals their potential ability to limit vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus expansion. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:22. [PMID: 38046819 PMCID: PMC10688796 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Dietary fibre is important for shaping gut microbiota. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the impact of dietary fibres on pathogen performance in the presence of gut microbiota. Methods: In an ex vivo gut model, pooled faecal samples were spiked with a cocktail of representative gastrointestinal pathogens and fermented with yeast β-glucan for 24 hours, after which 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and short-chain and branched-chain fatty acid (SCFA and BCFA) analyses were performed. In addition, oat β-glucan, arabinoxylan, yeast β-glucan, and galactooligosaccharides were each tested against individual representative pathogens and pathogen growth was assessed via qPCR. Glucose served as a control carbon source. Results: Based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, yeast β-glucan selected for higher proportions of Bacteroides (P = 0.0005, ~6 fold) and Clostridia (P = 0.005, ~3.6 fold) while species of Escherichia/Shigella (P = 0.021, ~2.8 fold) and Lactobacillus (P = 0.007, ~ 15.7-fold) were higher in glucose. Pathogen relative abundance did not differ between glucose and yeast β-glucan. In the absence of pathogens, higher production of BCFAs (P = 0.002) and SCFAs (P = 0.002) fatty acids was observed for fibre group(s). For individual pathogens, yeast β-glucan increased growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes (P < 0.05), arabinoxylan increased S. typhimurium (P < 0.05). Tested fibres decreased vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (P < 0.05), with yeast β-glucan causing a 1-log reduction (P < 0.01), while galactooligosaccharides decreased L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Tested fibres differentially influenced the growth of pathogens, but yeast β-glucan could represent a dietary strategy to help limit vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) expansion in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Strain
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Tam T.T. Tran
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Susan Mills
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork T12YT20, Ireland
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Co. Cork T12TP07, Ireland
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Yu L, Gao Y, Ye Z, Duan H, Zhao J, Zhang H, Narbad A, Tian F, Zhai Q, Chen W. Interaction of beta-glucans with gut microbiota: Dietary origins, structures, degradation, metabolism, and beneficial function. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37272431 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2217727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Beta-glucan (BG), a polysaccharide comprised of interfacing glucose monomers joined via beta-glycosidic linkages, can be defined as a type of dietary fiber with high specificity based on its interaction with the gut microbiota. It can induce similar interindividual microbiota responses, thereby having beneficial effects on the human body. In this paper, we review the four main sources of BG (cereals, fungi, algae, and bacteria) and their differences in structure and content. The interaction of BG with gut microbiota and the resulting health effects have been highlighted, including immune enhancement, regulation of serum cholesterol and insulin levels, alleviation of obesity and improvement of cognitive disorders. Finally, the application of BG in food products and its beneficial effects on the gut microbiota of consumers were discussed. Although some of the mechanisms of action remain unclear, revealing the beneficial functions of BG from the perspective of gut microbiota can help provide theoretical support for the development of diets that target the regulation of microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Arjan Narbad
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Gut Health and Microbiome Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Characterization and Spatial Mapping of the Human Gut Metasecretome. mSystems 2022; 7:e0071722. [PMID: 36468852 PMCID: PMC9765747 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00717-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterially secreted proteins play an important role in microbial physiology and ecology in many environments, including the mammalian gut. While gut microbes have been extensively studied over the past decades, little is known about the proteins that they secrete into the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we developed and applied a computational pipeline to a comprehensive catalog of human-associated metagenome-assembled genomes in order to predict and analyze the bacterial metasecretome of the human gut, i.e., the collection of proteins secreted out of the cytoplasm by human gut bacteria. We identified the presence of large and diverse families of secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes and assessed their phylogenetic distributions across different taxonomic groups, which revealed an enrichment in Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. By mapping secreted proteins to available metagenomic data from endoscopic sampling of the human gastrointestinal tract, we specifically pinpointed regions in the upper and lower intestinal tract along the lumen and mucosa where specific glycosidases are secreted by resident microbes. The metasecretome analyzed in this study constitutes the most comprehensive list of secreted proteins produced by human gut bacteria reported to date and serves as a useful resource for the microbiome research community. IMPORTANCE Bacterially secreted proteins are necessary for the proper functioning of bacterial cells and communities. Secreted proteins provide bacterial cells with the ability to harvest resources from the exterior, import these resources into the cell, and signal to other bacteria. In the human gut microbiome, these actions impact host health and allow the maintenance of a healthy gut bacterial community. We utilized computational tools to identify the major components of human gut bacterially secreted proteins and determined their spatial distribution in the gastrointestinal tract. Our analysis of human gut bacterial secreted proteins will allow a better understanding of the impact of gut bacteria on human health and represents a step toward identifying new protein functions with interesting applications in biomedicine and industry.
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9
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Du G, Sun Z, Bao S, Zhong Q, Yang S. Diversity of bacterial community in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) during storage is associated with the genotype and carbohydrates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:986659. [PMID: 36187957 PMCID: PMC9520535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.986659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jerusalem artichoke (JA) is a fructan-accumulating crop that has gained popularity in recent years. The objective of the present study was to determine the dynamics of the JA-microbiome during storage. The microbial population on the surface of the JA tuber was determined by next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. Subsequently, the changes in carbohydrate and degree of polymerization of fructan in tubers during storage were measured. Among different genotypes of JA varieties, intergeneric differences were observed in the diversity and abundance of bacterial communities distributed on the surface of tubers. Additionally, bacterial diversity was significantly higher in storage-tolerant varieties relative to the storage-intolerant varieties. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and the correlation matrix indicated a relationship between changes in the carbohydrates and microbial community succession during tuber storage. The tuber decay rate correlated positively with the degree of polymerization of fructan. Moreover, Dysgonomonas and Acinetobacter in perishable varieties correlated significantly with the decay rate. Therefore, the bacteria associated with the decay rate may be involved in the degradation of the degree of polymerization of fructan. Furthermore, Serratia showed a significant positive correlation with inulin during storage but a negative correlation with the decay rate, suggesting its antagonistic role against pathogenic bacteria on the surface of JA tubers. However, the above correlation was not observed in the storage-tolerant varieties. Functional annotation analysis revealed that storage-tolerant JA varieties maintain tuber quality through enrichment of biocontrol bacteria, including Flavobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Staphylococcus to resist pathogens. These results suggested that crop genotype and the structural composition of carbohydrates may result in differential selective enrichment effects of microbial communities on the surface of JA varieties. In this study, the relationship between microbial community succession and changes in tuber carbohydrates during JA storage was revealed for the first time through the combination of high-throughput sequencing, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography (HPIC). Overall, the findings of this study are expected to provide new insights into the dynamics of microbial-crop interactions during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolian Du
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhu Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shanhua Bao
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiwen Zhong
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Qiwen Zhong,
| | - Shipeng Yang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Shipeng Yang,
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10
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Pascale N, Gu F, Larsen N, Jespersen L, Respondek F. The Potential of Pectins to Modulate the Human Gut Microbiota Evaluated by In Vitro Fermentation: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173629. [PMID: 36079886 PMCID: PMC9460662 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a dietary fiber, and its health effects have been described extensively. Although there are limited clinical studies, there is a growing body of evidence from in vitro studies investigating the effect of pectin on human gut microbiota. This comprehensive review summarizes the findings of gut microbiota modulation in vitro as assessed by 16S rRNA gene-based technologies and elucidates the potential structure-activity relationships. Generally, pectic substrates are slowly but completely fermented, with a greater production of acetate compared with other fibers. Their fermentation, either directly or by cross-feeding interactions, results in the increased abundances of gut bacterial communities such as the family of Ruminococcaceae, the Bacteroides and Lachnospira genera, and species such as Lachnospira eligens and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, where the specific stimulation of Lachnospira and L. eligens is unique to pectic substrates. Furthermore, the degree of methyl esterification, the homogalacturonan-to-rhamnogalacturonan ratio, and the molecular weight are the most influential structural factors on the gut microbiota. The latter particularly influences the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. The prebiotic potential of pectin targeting specific gut bacteria beneficial for human health and well-being still needs to be confirmed in humans, including the relationship between its structural features and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélida Pascale
- CP Kelco, Cumberland Center II, 3100 Cumberland Boulevard, Suite 600, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA
| | - Fangjie Gu
- CP Kelco, Cumberland Center II, 3100 Cumberland Boulevard, Suite 600, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nadja Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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11
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Dynamic metabolic interactions and trophic roles of human gut microbes identified using a minimal microbiome exhibiting ecological properties. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2144-2159. [PMID: 35717467 PMCID: PMC9381525 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrobe–microbe interactions in the human gut are influenced by host-derived glycans and diet. The high complexity of the gut microbiome poses a major challenge for unraveling the metabolic interactions and trophic roles of key microbes. Synthetic minimal microbiomes provide a pragmatic approach to investigate their ecology including metabolic interactions. Here, we rationally designed a synthetic microbiome termed Mucin and Diet based Minimal Microbiome (MDb-MM) by taking into account known physiological features of 16 key bacteria. We combined 16S rRNA gene-based composition analysis, metabolite measurements and metatranscriptomics to investigate community dynamics, stability, inter-species metabolic interactions and their trophic roles. The 16 species co-existed in the in vitro gut ecosystems containing a mixture of complex substrates representing dietary fibers and mucin. The triplicate MDb-MM’s followed the Taylor’s power law and exhibited strikingly similar ecological and metabolic patterns. The MDb-MM exhibited resistance and resilience to temporal perturbations as evidenced by the abundance and metabolic end products. Microbe-specific temporal dynamics in transcriptional niche overlap and trophic interaction network explained the observed co-existence in a competitive minimal microbiome. Overall, the present study provides crucial insights into the co-existence, metabolic niches and trophic roles of key intestinal microbes in a highly dynamic and competitive in vitro ecosystem.
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12
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Puhlmann ML, de Vos WM. Intrinsic dietary fibers and the gut microbiome: Rediscovering the benefits of the plant cell matrix for human health. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954845. [PMID: 36059540 PMCID: PMC9434118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers contribute to structure and storage reserves of plant foods and fundamentally impact human health, partly by involving the intestinal microbiota, notably in the colon. Considerable attention has been given to unraveling the interaction between fiber type and gut microbiota utilization, focusing mainly on single, purified fibers. Studying these fibers in isolation might give us insights into specific fiber effects, but neglects how dietary fibers are consumed daily and impact our digestive tract: as intrinsic structures that include the cell matrix and content of plant tissues. Like our ancestors we consume fibers that are entangled in a complex network of plants cell walls that further encapsulate and shield intra-cellular fibers, such as fructans and other components from immediate breakdown. Hence, the physiological behavior and consequent microbial breakdown of these intrinsic fibers differs from that of single, purified fibers, potentially entailing unexplored health effects. In this mini-review we explain the difference between intrinsic and isolated fibers and discuss their differential impact on digestion. Subsequently, we elaborate on how food processing influences intrinsic fiber structure and summarize available human intervention studies that used intrinsic fibers to assess gut microbiota modulation and related health outcomes. Finally, we explore current research gaps and consequences of the intrinsic plant tissue structure for future research. We postulate that instead of further processing our already (extensively) processed foods to create new products, we should minimize this processing and exploit the intrinsic health benefits that are associated with the original cell matrix of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Puhlmann
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Marie-Luise Puhlmann,
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Shetty SA, Kuipers B, Atashgahi S, Aalvink S, Smidt H, de Vos WM. Inter-species Metabolic Interactions in an In-vitro Minimal Human Gut Microbiome of Core Bacteria. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:21. [PMID: 35395818 PMCID: PMC8993927 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the functional roles and interspecies interactions are crucial for improving our understanding of the human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. However, the complexity of the human intestinal microbiome and technical challenges in investigating it pose major challenges. In this proof-of-concept study, we rationally designed, assembled and experimentally tested a synthetic Diet-based Minimal Microbiome (Db-MM) consisting of ten core intestinal bacterial species that together are capable of efficiently converting dietary fibres into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Despite their genomic potential for metabolic competition, all ten bacteria coexisted during growth on a mixture of dietary fibres, including pectin, inulin, xylan, cellobiose and starch. By integrated analyses of metabolite production, community composition and metatranscriptomics-based gene expression data, we identified interspecies metabolic interactions leading to production of key SCFAs such as butyrate and propionate. While public goods, such as sugars liberated from colonic fibres, are harvested by non-degraders, some species thrive by cross-feeding on energetically challenging substrates, including the butyrogenic conversion of acetate and lactate. Using a reductionist approach in an in-vitro system combined with functional measurements, our study provides key insights into the complex interspecies metabolic interactions between core intestinal bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan A Shetty
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Kuipers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siavash Atashgahi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Aalvink
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Ghimire S, Wongkuna S, Sankaranarayanan R, Ryan EP, Bhat GJ, Scaria J. Positive Synergistic Effects of Quercetin and Rice Bran on Human Gut Microbiota Reduces Enterobacteriaceae Family Abundance and Elevates Propionate in a Bioreactor Model. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:751225. [PMID: 34659185 PMCID: PMC8516403 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber and flavonoids have substantial influence on the human gut microbiota composition that significantly impact health. Recent studies with dietary supplements such as quercetin and rice bran have shown beneficial impacts on the host alongside a positive influence of the gut microbiota. The specific bacterial species impacted by quercetin or rice bran in the diet is not well understood. In this study, we used a minibioreactor array system as a model to determine the effect of quercetin and rice bran individually, as well as in combination, on gut microbiota without the confounding host factors. We found that rice bran exerts higher shift in gut microbiome composition when compared to quercetin. At the species level, Acidaminococcus intestini was the only significantly enriched taxa when quercetin was supplemented, while 15 species were enriched in rice bran supplementation and 13 were enriched when quercetin and rice bran were supplemented in combination. When comparing the short chain fatty acid production, quercetin supplementation increased isobutyrate production while propionate dominated the quercetin and rice bran combined group. Higher levels of propionate were highly correlated to the lower abundance of the potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae family. These findings suggest that the combination of quercetin and rice bran serve to enrich beneficial bacteria and reduce potential opportunistic pathogens. In vivo studies are necessary to determine how this synergy of quercetin and rice bran on microbiota impact host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Ranjini Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - G Jayarama Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD, United States
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15
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Polysaccharide Structures and Their Hypocholesterolemic Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154559. [PMID: 34361718 PMCID: PMC8348680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several classes of polysaccharides have been described to have hypocholesterolemic potential, namely cholesterol bioaccessibility and bioavailability. This review will highlight the main mechanisms by which polysaccharides are known to affect cholesterol homeostasis at the intestine, namely the effect (i) of polysaccharide viscosity and its influence on cholesterol bioaccessibility; (ii) on bile salt sequestration and its dependence on the structural diversity of polysaccharides; (iii) of bio-transformations of polysaccharides and bile salts by the gut microbiota. Different quantitative structure–hypocholesterolemic activity relationships have been explored depending on the mechanism involved, and these were based on polysaccharide physicochemical properties, such as sugar composition and ramification degree, linkage type, size/molecular weight, and charge. The information gathered will support the rationalization of polysaccharides’ effect on cholesterol homeostasis and highlight predictive rules towards the development of customized hypocholesterolemic functional food.
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16
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Ma W, Nguyen LH, Song M, Wang DD, Franzosa EA, Cao Y, Joshi A, Drew DA, Mehta R, Ivey KL, Strate LL, Giovannucci EL, Izard J, Garrett W, Rimm EB, Huttenhower C, Chan AT. Dietary fiber intake, the gut microbiome, and chronic systemic inflammation in a cohort of adult men. Genome Med 2021; 13:102. [PMID: 34140026 PMCID: PMC8212460 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher intake of dietary fiber is associated with a decreased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease. This may function in part due to abrogation of chronic systemic inflammation induced by factors such as dysbiotic gut communities. Data regarding the detailed influences of long-term and recent intake of differing dietary fiber sources on the human gut microbiome are lacking. METHODS In a cohort of 307 generally healthy men, we examined gut microbiomes, profiled by shotgun metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing, and long-term and recent dietary fiber intake in relation to plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an established biomarker for chronic inflammation. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear mixed models. RESULTS We found that inflammation-associated gut microbial configurations corresponded with higher CRP levels. A greater intake of dietary fiber was associated with shifts in gut microbiome composition, particularly Clostridiales, and their potential for carbohydrate utilization via polysaccharide degradation. This was particularly true for fruit fiber sources (i.e., pectin). Most striking, fiber intake was associated with significantly greater CRP reduction in individuals without substantial Prevotella copri carriage in the gut, whereas those with P. copri carriage maintained stable CRP levels regardless of fiber intake. CONCLUSIONS Our findings offer human evidence supporting a fiber-gut microbiota interaction, as well as a potential specific mechanism by which gut-mediated systemic inflammation may be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong D Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amit Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raaj Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry L Ivey
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Microbiome and Host Health Programme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa L Strate
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacques Izard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wendy Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Deehan EC, Colin-Ramirez E, Triador L, Madsen KL, Prado CM, Field CJ, Ball GDC, Tan Q, Orsso C, Dinu I, Pakseresht M, Rubin D, Sharma AM, Tun H, Walter J, Newgard CB, Freemark M, Wine E, Haqq AM. Efficacy of metformin and fermentable fiber combination therapy in adolescents with severe obesity and insulin resistance: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:148. [PMID: 33596993 PMCID: PMC7890810 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that the metabolic effects of metformin and fermentable fibers are mediated, in part, through diverging or overlapping effects on the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiome. Pre-clinical animal models have established that the addition of fiber to metformin monotherapy improves glucose tolerance. However, possible synergistic effects of combination therapy (metformin plus fiber) have not been investigated in humans. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of synergy have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to compare in adolescents with obesity the metabolic effects of metformin and fermentable fibers in combination with those of metformin or fiber alone. We will also determine if therapeutic responses correlate with compositional and functional features of the gut microbiome. Methods This is a parallel three-armed, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Adolescents (aged 12–18 years) with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will receive either metformin (850 mg p.o. twice/day), fermentable fibers (35 g/day), or a combination of metformin plus fiber for 12 months. Participants will be seen at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, with a phone follow-up at 1 and 9 months. Primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome is change in IR estimated by homeostatic model assessment of IR; key secondary outcomes include changes in the Matsuda index, oral disposition index, body mass index z-score, and fat mass to fat-free mass ratio. To gain mechanistic insight, endpoints that reflect host-microbiota interactions will also be assessed: obesity-related immune, metabolic, and satiety markers; humoral metabolites; and fecal microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids. Discussion This study will compare the potential metabolic benefits of fiber with those of metformin in adolescents with obesity, determine if metformin and fiber act synergistically to improve IR, and elucidate whether the metabolic benefits of metformin and fiber associate with changes in fecal microbiota composition and the output of health-related metabolites. This study will provide insight into the potential role of the gut microbiome as a target for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of emerging treatments for T2DM prevention. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04578652. Registered on 8 October 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05060-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lucila Triador
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2C2, AB, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Geoff D C Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Qiming Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Camila Orsso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Irina Dinu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Pakseresht
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Daniela Rubin
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, USA
| | - Arya M Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2C2, AB, Canada
| | - Hein Tun
- University of Hong Kong School of Public Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jens Walter
- DNational University of Ireland University College Cork, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Michael Freemark
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1C9, BA, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada.
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18
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Christensen L, Sørensen CV, Wøhlk FU, Kjølbæk L, Astrup A, Sanz Y, Hjorth MF, Benítez-Páez A. Microbial enterotypes beyond genus level: Bacteroides species as a predictive biomarker for weight change upon controlled intervention with arabinoxylan oligosaccharides in overweight subjects. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1847627. [PMID: 33319645 PMCID: PMC7781564 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1847627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that microbial enterotypes may influence the beneficial effects of wholegrain enriched diets including bodyweight regulation. In a 4-week intervention trial, overweight subjects were randomized to consume either arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) (10.4 g/d) from wheat bran or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (3.6 g/d). In the present study, we have stratified the subjects participating in the intervention (n = 29) according to the baseline Prevotella-to-Bacteroides (P/B) ratios through a post-hoc analysis and applied a linear mixed model analysis to identify the influence of this P/B ratio on the differences in weight changes in the intervention arms. Following AXOS consumption (n = 15), the high P/B group showed no bodyweight changes [-0.14 kg (95% CI: -0.67; 0.38, p = .59)], while the low P/B group gained 0.65 kg (95% CI: 0.16; 1.14, p = .009). Consequently, a difference of -0.79 kg was found between P/B groups (95% CI: -1.51; -0.08, p = .030). No differences were found between P/B groups following PUFA consumption (0.61 kg, 95% CI: -0.13; 1.35, p = .10). Among the Bacteroides species, B. cellulosilyticus relative abundance exhibited the highest positive rank correlation (Kendall's tau = 0.51, FDR p = .070) with 4-week weight change on AXOS, and such association was further supported by using supervised classification methods (Random Forest). We outlined several carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) genes involved in xylan-binding and degradation to be enriched in B. cellulosilyticus genomes, as well as multiple accessory genes, suggesting a supreme AXOS-derived glycan scavenging role of such species. This post-hoc analysis, ensuring species and strain demarcation at the human gut microbiota, permitted to uncover the predictive role of Bacteroides species over P/B enterotype in weight gain during a fiber-based intervention. The results of this pilot trial pave the way for future assessments on fiber fermentation outputs from Bacteroides species affecting lipid metabolism in the host and with direct impact on adiposity, thus helping to design personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,CONTACT Lars Christensen Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia V. Sørensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederikke U. Wøhlk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mads F. Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain,Host-Microbe Interactions in Metabolic Health Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Valencia, Spain,Alfonso Benítez-Páez Host-Microbe Interactions in Metabolic Health Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF). Valencia, Spain
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19
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Lebas M, Garault P, Carrillo D, Codoñer FM, Derrien M. Metabolic Response of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii to Cell-Free Supernatants from Lactic Acid Bacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101528. [PMID: 33027936 PMCID: PMC7650636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in preventive or therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota is increasing. Such strategies may involve the direct replenishment of the gut microbiota with single strains or strain mixtures, or the manipulation of strain abundance through dietary intervention, including lactic acid bacteria. A few candidate species associated with health benefits have been identified, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Given its growth requirements, modulation of this bacterium has not been extensively studied. In this investigation, we explored the capacity of cell-free supernatants of different Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Bifidobacterium strains to stimulate the growth of F. prausnitzii A2-165. Modulation by four strains with the greatest capacity to stimulate growth or delay lysis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CNCM I-1631, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris CNCM I-3558, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-3689, and Streptococcus thermophilus CNCM I-3862, was further characterized by transcriptomics. The response of F. prausnitzii to cell-free supernatants from these four strains revealed several shared characteristics, in particular, upregulation of carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall-related genes and downregulation of replication and mobilome genes. Overall, this study suggests differential responses of F. prausnitzii to metabolites produced by different strains, providing protection against cell death, with an increase in peptidoglycan levels for cell wall formation, and reduced cell mobilome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lebas
- Danone Nutricia Research, RD 128 Avenue de la Vauve, 91767 Palaiseau Cédex, France; (M.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Peggy Garault
- Danone Nutricia Research, RD 128 Avenue de la Vauve, 91767 Palaiseau Cédex, France; (M.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- Archer Daniels Midland Co-Biopolis ADM Nutrition, C/Catedratico Agustin Escardino num 9 Edif 2, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francisco M. Codoñer
- Archer Daniels Midland Co-Biopolis ADM Nutrition, C/Catedratico Agustin Escardino num 9 Edif 2, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
- Present Address: Danone Nutricia Research, 30th Biopolis Street Matrix Building, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- Correspondence: (F.M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Muriel Derrien
- Danone Nutricia Research, RD 128 Avenue de la Vauve, 91767 Palaiseau Cédex, France; (M.L.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.C.); (M.D.)
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20
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Pivotal Roles for pH, Lactate, and Lactate-Utilizing Bacteria in the Stability of a Human Colonic Microbial Ecosystem. mSystems 2020; 5:5/5/e00645-20. [PMID: 32900872 PMCID: PMC7483512 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00645-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate can be produced by many gut bacteria, but in adults its accumulation in the colon is often an indicator of microbiota perturbation. Using continuous culture anaerobic fermentor systems, we found that lactate concentrations remained low in communities of human colonic bacteria maintained at pH 6.5, even when dl-lactate was infused at 10 or 20 mM. In contrast, lower pH (5.5) led to periodic lactate accumulation following lactate infusion in three fecal microbial communities examined. Lactate accumulation was concomitant with greatly reduced butyrate and propionate production and major shifts in microbiota composition, with Bacteroidetes and anaerobic Firmicutes being replaced by Actinobacteria, lactobacilli, and Proteobacteria Pure-culture experiments confirmed that Bacteroides and Firmicutes isolates were susceptible to growth inhibition by relevant concentrations of lactate and acetate, whereas the lactate-producer Bifidobacterium adolescentis was resistant. To investigate system behavior further, we used a mathematical model (microPop) based on 10 microbial functional groups. By incorporating differential growth inhibition, our model reproduced the chaotic behavior of the system, including the potential for lactate infusion both to promote and to rescue the perturbed system. The modeling revealed that system behavior is critically dependent on the proportion of the community able to convert lactate into butyrate or propionate. Communities with low numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria are inherently less stable and more prone to lactate-induced perturbations. These findings can help us to understand the consequences of interindividual microbiota variation for dietary responses and microbiota changes associated with disease states.IMPORTANCE Lactate is formed by many species of colonic bacteria, and can accumulate to high levels in the colons of inflammatory bowel disease subjects. Conversely, in healthy colons lactate is metabolized by lactate-utilizing species to the short-chain fatty acids butyrate and propionate, which are beneficial for the host. Here, we investigated the impact of continuous lactate infusions (up to 20 mM) at two pH values (6.5 and 5.5) on human colonic microbiota responsiveness and metabolic outputs. At pH 5.5 in particular, lactate tended to accumulate in tandem with decreases in butyrate and propionate and with corresponding changes in microbial composition. Moreover, microbial communities with low numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria were inherently less stable and therefore more prone to lactate-induced perturbations. These investigations provide clear evidence of the important role these lactate utilizers may play in health maintenance. These should therefore be considered as potential new therapeutic probiotics to combat microbiota perturbations.
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21
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Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, Ephraim E, Badri DV, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE, Suchodolski JS. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1266. [PMID: 32670224 PMCID: PMC7329990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome of cats and dogs is increasingly recognized as a metabolically active organ inextricably linked to pet health. Food serves as a substrate for the GI microbiome of cats and dogs and plays a significant role in defining the composition and metabolism of the GI microbiome. The microbiome, in turn, facilitates the host's nutrient digestion and the production of postbiotics, which are bacterially derived compounds that can influence pet health. Consequently, pet owners have a role in shaping the microbiome of cats and dogs through the food they choose to provide. Yet, a clear understanding of the impact these food choices have on the microbiome, and thus on the overall health of the pet, is lacking. Pet foods are formulated to contain the typical nutritional building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, but increasingly include microbiome-targeted ingredients, such as prebiotics and probiotics. Each of these categories, as well as their relative proportions in food, can affect the composition and/or function of the microbiome. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary components may impact not only GI disease, but also allergies, oral health, weight management, diabetes, and kidney disease through changes in the GI microbiome. Until recently, the focus of microbiome research was to characterize alterations in microbiome composition in disease states, while less research effort has been devoted to understanding how changes in nutrition can influence pet health by modifying the microbiome function. This review summarizes the impact of pet food nutritional components on the composition and function of the microbiome and examines evidence for the role of nutrition in impacting host health through the microbiome in a variety of disease states. Understanding how nutrition can modulate GI microbiome composition and function may reveal new avenues for enhancing the health and resilience of cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eden Ephraim
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | | | | | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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22
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Holland C, Ryden P, Edwards CH, Grundy MML. Plant Cell Walls: Impact on Nutrient Bioaccessibility and Digestibility. Foods 2020; 9:E201. [PMID: 32079083 PMCID: PMC7074226 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell walls are important structural components of plants, affecting both the bioaccessibility and subsequent digestibility of the nutrients that plant-based foods contain. These supramolecular structures are composed of complex heterogeneous networks primarily consisting of cellulose, and hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides. The composition and organization of these different polysaccharides vary depending on the type of plant tissue, imparting them with specific physicochemical properties. These properties dictate how the cell walls behave in the human gastrointestinal tract, and how amenable they are to digestion, thereby modulating nutrient release from the plant tissue. This short narrative review presents an overview of our current knowledge on cell walls and how they impact nutrient bioaccessibility and digestibility. Some of the most relevant methods currently used to characterize the food matrix and the cell walls are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Holland
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK;
| | - Peter Ryden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; (P.R.); (C.H.E.)
| | - Cathrina H. Edwards
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; (P.R.); (C.H.E.)
| | - Myriam M.-L. Grundy
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK;
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23
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Adamberg K, Raba G, Adamberg S. Use of Changestat for Growth Rate Studies of Gut Microbiota. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:24. [PMID: 32117913 PMCID: PMC7019180 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human colon microbiota, composed of hundreds of different species, is closely associated with several health conditions. Controlled in vitro cultivation and up-to-date analytical methods make possible the systematic evaluation of the underlying mechanisms of complex interactions between the members of microbial consortia. Information on reproducing fecal microbial consortia can be used for various clinical and biotechnological applications. In this study, chemostat and changestat cultures were used to elucidate the effects of the physiologically relevant range of dilution rates on the growth and metabolism of adult fecal microbiota. The dilution rate was kept either at D = 0.05 or D = 0.2 1/h in chemostat cultures, while gradually changing from 0.05 to 0.2 1/h in the A-stat and from 0.2 to 0.05 1/h in the De-stat. Apple pectin as a substrate was used in the chemostat experiments and apple pectin or birch xylan in the changestat experiments, in the presence of porcine mucin in all cases. The analyses were comprised of HPLC for organic acids, UPLC for amino acids, GC for gas composition, 16S-rDNA sequencing for microbial composition, and growth parameter calculations. It was shown that the abundance of most bacterial taxa was determined by the dilution rate on both substrates. Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Faecalibacterium were prevalent within the whole range of dilution rates. Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcaceae UCG-013 were significantly enriched at D = 0.05 1/h, while Bacteroides caccae, Lachnospiraceae unclassified and Escherichia coli clearly preferred D = 0.2 1/h. In the chemostat cultures, the production of organic acids and gases from pectin was related to the dilution rate. The ratio of acetate, propionate and butyrate was 5:2:1 (D = 0.05 1/h) and 14:2:1 (D = 0.2 1/h). It was shown that the growth rate-related characteristics of the fecal microbiota were concise in both directions between D = 0.05 and 0.2 1/h. Reproducible adaptation of the fecal microbiota was shown in the continuous culture with a changing dilution rate: changestat. Consortia cultivation is a promising approach for research purposes and several biotechnological applications, including the production of multi-strain probiotics and fecal transplantation mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarel Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Grete Raba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Signe Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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24
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Effects of Olive and Pomegranate By-Products on Human Microbiota: A Study Using the SHIME ® in Vitro Simulator. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203791. [PMID: 31640295 PMCID: PMC6832639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two by-products containing phenols and polysaccharides, a “pâté” (OP) from the extra virgin olive oil milling process and a decoction of pomegranate mesocarp (PM), were investigated for their effects on human microbiota using the SHIME® system. The ability of these products to modulate the microbial community was studied simulating a daily intake for nine days. Microbial functionality, investigated in terms of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and NH4+, was stable during the treatment. A significant increase in Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae at nine days was induced by OP mainly in the proximal tract. Polyphenol metabolism indicated the formation of tyrosol from OP mainly in the distal tract, while urolithins C and A were produced from PM, identifying the human donor as a metabotype A. The results confirm the SHIME® system as a suitable in vitro tool to preliminarily investigate interactions between complex botanicals and human microbiota before undertaking more challenging human studies.
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25
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Chambers ES, Byrne CS, Morrison DJ, Murphy KG, Preston T, Tedford C, Garcia-Perez I, Fountana S, Serrano-Contreras JI, Holmes E, Reynolds CJ, Roberts JF, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, McDonald JAK, Marchesi JR, Akbar AN, Riddell NE, Wallis GA, Frost GS. Dietary supplementation with inulin-propionate ester or inulin improves insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight and obesity with distinct effects on the gut microbiota, plasma metabolome and systemic inflammatory responses: a randomised cross-over trial. Gut 2019; 68:1430-1438. [PMID: 30971437 PMCID: PMC6691855 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the underlying mechanisms behind changes in glucose homeostasis with delivery of propionate to the human colon by comprehensive and coordinated analysis of gut bacterial composition, plasma metabolome and immune responses. DESIGN Twelve non-diabetic adults with overweight and obesity received 20 g/day of inulin-propionate ester (IPE), designed to selectively deliver propionate to the colon, a high-fermentable fibre control (inulin) and a low-fermentable fibre control (cellulose) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Outcome measurements of metabolic responses, inflammatory markers and gut bacterial composition were analysed at the end of each 42-day supplementation period. RESULTS Both IPE and inulin supplementation improved insulin resistance compared with cellulose supplementation, measured by homeostatic model assessment 2 (mean±SEM 1.23±0.17 IPE vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.001; 1.17±0.15 inulin vs 1.59±0.17 cellulose, p=0.009), with no differences between IPE and inulin (p=0.272). Fasting insulin was only associated positively with plasma tyrosine and negatively with plasma glycine following inulin supplementation. IPE supplementation decreased proinflammatory interleukin-8 levels compared with cellulose, while inulin had no impact on the systemic inflammatory markers studied. Inulin promoted changes in gut bacterial populations at the class level (increased Actinobacteria and decreased Clostridia) and order level (decreased Clostridiales) compared with cellulose, with small differences at the species level observed between IPE and cellulose. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate a distinctive physiological impact of raising colonic propionate delivery in humans, as improvements in insulin sensitivity promoted by IPE and inulin were accompanied with different effects on the plasma metabolome, gut bacterial populations and markers of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire S Byrne
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catriona Tedford
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | | | - Sofia Fountana
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Elaine Holmes
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Julie A K McDonald
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK,School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infectionand Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie E Riddell
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gary S Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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26
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McKeen S, Young W, Fraser K, Roy NC, McNabb WC. Glycan Utilisation and Function in the Microbiome of Weaning Infants. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070190. [PMID: 31277402 PMCID: PMC6681113 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are present exogenously in the diet, expressed and secreted endogenously by host cells, and produced by microbes. All of these processes result in them being available to the gut microbiome, firmly placing glycans at the interface of diet–microbe–host interactions. The most dramatic shift in dietary sources of glycans occurs during the transition from the milk-based neonatal diet to the diverse omnivorous adult diet, and this has profound effects on the composition of the gut microbiome, gene expression by microbes and host cells, mucin composition, and immune development from innate towards adaptive responses. Understanding the glycan-mediated interactions occurring during this transitional window may inform dietary recommendations to support gut and immune development during a vulnerable age. This review aims to summarise the current state of knowledge on dietary glycan mediated changes that may occur in the infant gut microbiome and immune system during weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starin McKeen
- Food Nutrition & Health, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north 4442, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Nutrition & Health, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north 4442, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Food Nutrition & Health, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north 4442, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north 4442, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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27
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Mills S, Stanton C, Lane JA, Smith GJ, Ross RP. Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040923. [PMID: 31022973 PMCID: PMC6520976 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a highly complex community which evolves and adapts to its host over a lifetime. It has been described as a virtual organ owing to the myriad of functions it performs, including the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of immunity, energy homeostasis and protection against pathogens. These activities are dependent on the quantity and quality of the microbiota alongside its metabolic potential, which are dictated by a number of factors, including diet and host genetics. In this regard, the gut microbiome is malleable and varies significantly from host to host. These two features render the gut microbiome a candidate ‘organ’ for the possibility of precision microbiomics—the use of the gut microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to specific dietary constituents to generate precision diets and interventions for optimal health. With this in mind, this two-part review investigates the current state of the science in terms of the influence of diet and specific dietary components on the gut microbiota and subsequent consequences for health status, along with opportunities to modulate the microbiota for improved health and the potential of the microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to dietary components. In particular, in Part I, we examine the development of the microbiota from birth and its role in health. We investigate the consequences of poor-quality diet in relation to infection and inflammation and discuss diet-derived microbial metabolites which negatively impact health. We look at the role of diet in shaping the microbiome and the influence of specific dietary components, namely protein, fat and carbohydrates, on gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mills
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy P61 C996, Co Cork, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan A Lane
- H&H Group, Technical Centre, Global Research and Technology Centre, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Graeme J Smith
- H&H Group, Technical Centre, Global Research and Technology Centre, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
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