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Jaiswal N, Kumar A. Modulators of Candida albicans Membrane Drug Transporters: A Lucrative Portfolio for the Development of Effective Antifungals. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:960-974. [PMID: 38206530 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of membrane drug transporters and drug efflux pumps in pathogenic yeast like Candida albicans necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their roles in MDR. The overexpression of drug transporter families, ABC and MFS, implicated in MDR through drug efflux and poses a significant challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infection. Various mechanisms have been proposed for MDR; however, the upregulation of ABC and MFS superfamily transporters is most noticeable in MDR. The direct inhibition of these transporters seems an efficient strategy to overcome this problem. The goal of the article is to present an overview of the prospect of utilizing these modulators of C. albicans drug transports as effective antifungal molecules against MDR addressing a critical gap in the field. The review tries to address to prevent drug extrusion by modulating the expression of drug transporters of C. albicans. The review discussed the progress in identifying potent, selective, and non-toxic modulators of these transporters to develop some effective antifungals and overcome MDR. We reviewed major studies in this area and found that recent work has shifted toward the exploration of natural compounds as potential modulators to restore drug sensitivity in MDR fungal cells. The focus of this review is to survey and interpret current research information on modulators of C. albicans drug transporters from natural sources emphasizing those compounds that are potent antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jaiswal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.
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Chin WC, Zhou YZ, Wang HY, Feng YT, Yang RY, Huang ZF, Yang YL. Bacterial polyynes uncovered: a journey through their bioactive properties, biosynthetic mechanisms, and sustainable production strategies. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38284321 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Conjugated polyynes are natural compounds characterized by alternating single and triple carbon-carbon bonds, endowing them with distinct physicochemical traits and a range of biological activities. While traditionally sourced mainly from plants, recent investigations have revealed many compounds originating from bacterial strains. This review synthesizes current research on bacterial-derived conjugated polyynes, delving into their biosynthetic routes, underscoring the variety in their molecular structures, and examining their potential applications in biotechnology. Additionally, we outline future directions for metabolic and protein engineering to establish more robust and stable platforms for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Zhi Zhou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yung Wang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Feng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yin Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Fang Huang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wani SS, Qadri H, Shah AH, Dar TA. Dual Antifungal and Antiproliferative Activities of a Novel Protein Fraction from a Medicinally Important Herb Trillium govanianum Wall. ex. D. Don. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04786-2. [PMID: 38038807 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms and the unwanted side effects of chemoradiation therapy in cancer are major issues in healthcare. In recent times, protein-based drugs have emerged as promising candidates due to their high specificity, less side effects, etc. In this context, the rhizome of Trillium govanianum was first explored for biologically active proteins/peptides. For this, three protein fractions namely Aqueous protein fraction (APF), Hexane-Methanol-treated aqueous protein fraction (HMAPF), and Methanol-treated aqueous protein fraction (MAPF) were prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. In antifungal activity, HMAPF showed the lowest MIC90 values of 1.56 µg/ml against Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata and 3.12 µg/ml against Candida albicans and Candida auris. The antifungal activity was further confirmed by a chitinase assay, a growth kinetics and a proteinase inhibitory assay. Surprisingly, none of the three protein fractions exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, APF exhibited potent antiproliferative and antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 18 µg/ml and 227 µg /ml, respectively. For HMAPF, an IC50 value of 70 µg/ml against the MDA-MB-231 cell line was observed. The present results demonstrate that the protein fractions, particularly HMAPF and APF, might serve as potential sources of a dual antifungal and antiproliferative protein-based drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snober S Wani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006
| | - Abdul H Shah
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006.
| | - Tanveer A Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, 190006.
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Du M, Li F, Hu Y. A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue's Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2557. [PMID: 37894215 PMCID: PMC10609332 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal combinatorial parameters of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by methylene blue (MB) with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) against Candida species have never been defined. This study aimed to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT, including the concentrations of MB (X1, 0.1-1.0 mM) and KI (X2, 100-400 mM), light dose (X3, 10-70 J/cm2), and MB's incubation time (X4, 5-35 min) for three Candida species. The best MB + KI-aPDT fungicidal effects (Y) against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 (YCa), Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (YCp), and Candida glabrata ATCC 2950 (YCg) were investigated using a uniform design method. The regression models deduced using this method were YCa = 7.126 + 1.199X1X3 - 1.742X12 + 0.206X22 - 0.361X32; YCp = 10.724 - 0.867X1 - 1.497X2 + 0.560X3 + 1.298X22; and YCg = 0.892 - 0.956X1 + 2.296X3 + 1.299X42 - 3.316X3X4. The optimal combinatorial parameters inferred from the regression equations were MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 20 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida albicans; MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 70 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida parapsilosis; MB 0.1 mM, KI 100 mM, a light dose of 10 J/cm2, and a 35-minute incubation time of MB for Candida glabrata. The uniform design method can optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT mediated by MB plus KI to obtain the best aPDT fungicidal effects on Candida species, providing a new method to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT for different pathogens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Du
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China;
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Yanwei Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China;
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Durand R, Jalbert-Ross J, Fijarczyk A, Dubé AK, Landry CR. Cross-feeding affects the target of resistance evolution to an antifungal drug. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011002. [PMID: 37856537 PMCID: PMC10617708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are a cause of growing concern. Developing an efficient and safe antifungal is challenging because of the similar biological properties of fungal and host cells. Consequently, there is an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms underlying antifungal resistance to prolong the efficacy of current molecules. A major step in this direction would be to be able to predict or even prevent the acquisition of resistance. We leverage the power of experimental evolution to quantify the diversity of paths to resistance to the antifungal 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), commercially known as flucytosine. We generated hundreds of independent 5-FC resistant mutants derived from two genetic backgrounds from wild isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Through automated pin-spotting, whole-genome and amplicon sequencing, we identified the most likely causes of resistance for most strains. Approximately a third of all resistant mutants evolved resistance through a pleiotropic drug response, a potentially novel mechanism in response to 5-FC, marked by cross-resistance to fluconazole. These cross-resistant mutants are characterized by a loss of respiration and a strong tradeoff in drug-free media. For the majority of the remaining two thirds, resistance was acquired through loss-of-function mutations in FUR1, which encodes an important enzyme in the metabolism of 5-FC. We describe conditions in which mutations affecting this particular step of the metabolic pathway are favored over known resistance mutations affecting a step upstream, such as the well-known target cytosine deaminase encoded by FCY1. This observation suggests that ecological interactions may dictate the identity of resistance hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Durand
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Canada
- PROTEO, Le regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Données Massives (CRDM), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jordan Jalbert-Ross
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Canada
- PROTEO, Le regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Données Massives (CRDM), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Fijarczyk
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Canada
- PROTEO, Le regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Données Massives (CRDM), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre K. Dubé
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Canada
- PROTEO, Le regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Données Massives (CRDM), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian R. Landry
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Canada
- PROTEO, Le regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l’ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur les Données Massives (CRDM), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Delaney C, Short B, Rajendran R, Kean R, Burgess K, Williams C, Munro CA, Ramage G. An integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approach to investigate the heterogeneous Candida albicans biofilm phenotype. Biofilm 2023; 5:100112. [PMID: 36969800 PMCID: PMC10034394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most prevalent and notorious of the Candida species involved in bloodstream infections, which is characterised by its capacity to form robust biofilms. Biofilm formation is an important clinical entity shown to be highly variable among clinical isolates. There are various environmental and physiological factors, including nutrient availability which influence the phenotype of Candida species. However, mechanisms underpinning adaptive biofilm heterogeneity have not yet been fully explored. Within this study we have profiled previously characterised and phenotypically distinct C. albicans bloodstream isolates. We assessed the dynamic susceptibility of these differing populations to antifungal treatments using population analysis profiling in addition to assessing biofilm formation and morphological changes. High throughput methodologies of RNA-Seq and LC-MS were employed to map and integrate the transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming undertaken by heterogenous C. albicans isolates in response to biofilm and hyphal inducing serum. We found a significant relationship between biofilm heterogeneity and azole resistance (P < 0.05). In addition, we observed that in response to serum our low biofilm forming (LBF) C. albicans exhibited a significant increase in biofilm formation and hyphal elongation. The transcriptional reprogramming of LBF strains compared to high biofilm forming (HBF) was distinct, indicating a high level of plasticity and variation in stress responses by heterogenous strains. The metabolic responses, although variable between LBF and HBF, shared many of the same responses to serum. Notably, a high upregulation of the arachidonic acid cascade, part of the COX pathway, was observed and this pathway was found to induce biofilm formation in LBF 3-fold. C. albicans is a highly heterogenous bloodstream pathogen with clinical isolates varying in antifungal tolerance and biofilm formation. In addition to this, C. albicans is capable of highly complex and variable regulation of transcription and metabolic pathways and heterogeneity across isolates further increases the complexity of these pathways. Here we have shown with a dual and integrated approach, the importance of studying a diverse panel of C. albicans isolates, which has the potential to reveal distinct pathways that can harnessed for drug discovery.
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Qadri H, Shah AH, Alkhanani M, Almilaibary A, Mir MA. Immunotherapies against human bacterial and fungal infectious diseases: A review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1135541. [PMID: 37122338 PMCID: PMC10140573 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1135541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nations' ongoing struggles with a number of novel and reemerging infectious diseases, including the ongoing global health issue, the SARS-Co-V2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) outbreak, serve as proof that infectious diseases constitute a serious threat to the global public health. Moreover, the fatality rate in humans is rising as a result of the development of severe infectious diseases brought about by multiple drug-tolerant pathogenic microorganisms. The widespread use of traditional antimicrobial drugs, immunosuppressive medications, and other related factors led to the establishment of such drug resistant pathogenic microbial species. To overcome the difficulties commonly encountered by current infectious disease management and control processes, like inadequate effectiveness, toxicities, and the evolution of drug tolerance, new treatment solutions are required. Fortunately, immunotherapies already hold great potential for reducing these restrictions while simultaneously expanding the boundaries of healthcare and medicine, as shown by the latest discoveries and the success of drugs including monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), vaccinations, etc. Immunotherapies comprise methods for treating diseases that specifically target or affect the body's immune system and such immunological procedures/therapies strengthen the host's defenses to fight those infections. The immunotherapy-based treatments control the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, which are effective in treating different pathogenic microbial infections. As a result, diverse immunotherapeutic strategies are being researched more and more as alternative treatments for infectious diseases, leading to substantial improvements in our comprehension of the associations between pathogens and host immune system. In this review we will explore different immunotherapies and their usage for the assistance of a broad spectrum of infectious ailments caused by various human bacterial and fungal pathogenic microbes. We will discuss about the recent developments in the therapeutics against the growing human pathogenic microbial diseases and focus on the present and future of using immunotherapies to overcome these diseases. Graphical AbstractThe graphical abstract shows the therapeutic potential of different types of immunotherapies like vaccines, monoclonal antibodies-based therapies, etc., against different kinds of human Bacterial and Fungal microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- *Correspondence: Abdul Haseeb Shah,
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Manzoor Ahmad Mir,
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Voropaev AD, Yekaterinchev DA, Urban YN, Zverev VV, Nesvizhsky YV, Voropaeva EA, Likhanskaya EI, Afanasiev MS, Afanasiev SS. <i>CDR1, CDR2, MDR1</i> and <i>ERG11</i> expression in azole resistant <i>Сandida albicans</i> isolated from HIV-infected patients in city of Moscow. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-ccm-1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Candida fungi are common opportunistic microorganisms capable of causing infections of various localization, as well as life-threatening conditions in immunocompromised patients, such as HIV-infected individuals, oncology patients, subjects undergoing HSCT, which number has been steadily increasing in recent years. In addition, resistance to anti-fungal drugs has been spreading as well. Naturally sensitive to azoles, C. albicans possess a variety of mechanisms of acquired resistance, including efflux transporters and target protein-encoding gene amplification. This study was conducted to assess a prevalence of such mechanisms in the isolates sample obtained from HIV-infected patients in the Moscow region of the Russian Federation, characterize a relationship between these mechanisms and patterns of developing drug resistance. 18 strains of C. albicans resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole were isolated from HIV-infected patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis in the Moscow region. The expression levels of the ERG11, MDR1, CDR1, CDR2 genes involved in the formation of acquired azole resistance were measured using quantitative PCR, the 2CT method with ACT and PMA genes as control genes and reference values of sensitive isolates. Expression levels exceeding the average values of sensitive isolates by more than 3 standard deviations were considered significantly elevated. In most of the isolates, elevated levels of CDR1 and CDR2 gene expression were found: 89% and 78%, respectively. The expression level of the MDR1 gene was increased only in 28% of cases. ERG11 expression levels were significantly elevated in 78% of the isolates. Expression levels of all resistance genes studied were significantly increased in 4 strains. In this sample of C. albicans isolates, acquired resistance is mainly associated with efflux vectors encoded by the CDR1 and CDR2 genes. Also, in most isolates, an increased expression level for the azole target protein gene ERG11 was detected. The expression level of the efflux transporter gene MDR1 was increased in the smallest number of samples. It is also impossible to exclude a potential role of other mechanisms in developing acquired resistance, such as mutations in the ERG11 gene. It can be assumed that the identified mechanisms of resistance result from long-term, widespread, and sometimes uncontrolled use of azoles, including those in treatment and prevention of candidiasis in HIV-infected patients.
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Gil F, Laiolo J, Bayona-Pacheco B, Cannon RD, Ferreira-Pereira A, Carpinella MC. Extracts from Argentinian native plants reverse fluconazole resistance in Candida species by inhibiting the efflux transporters Mdr1 and Cdr1. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:264. [PMID: 36224581 PMCID: PMC9555179 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) associated with the overexpression of the efflux transporters Mdr1 and Cdr1 in Candida species impedes antifungal therapies. The urgent need for novel agents able to inhibit the function of both pumps, led us to evaluate this property in 137 extracts obtained from Argentinian plants. METHODS The ability of the extracts to reverse efflux pump-mediated MDR was determined with an agar chemosensitization assay using fluconazole (FCZ) resistant Mdr1- and Cdr1-overexpressing clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains selectively expressing Mdr1 (AD/CaMDR1) or Cdr1 (AD/CaCDR1). The resistance-reversing activity of the most potent extracts was further confirmed using a Nile Red accumulation assay. RESULTS Fifteen plant extracts overcame the FCZ resistance of Candida albicans 1114, which overexpresses CaMdr1 and CaCdr1, and AD/CaMDR1, with those from Acalypha communis and Solanum atriplicifolium being the most effective showing 4- to 16-fold reversal of resistance at concentrations ≥ 25 µg/mL. Both extracts, and to a lesser extent that from Pterocaulon alopecuroides, also restored FCZ sensitivity in CgCdr1-overexpressing C. glabrata 109 and in AD/CaCDR1 with fold reversal values ranging from 4 to 32 and therefore demonstrating a dual effect against Mdr1 and Cdr1. Both, A. communis and S. atriplicifolium extracts at concentrations ≥ 12.5 and ≥ 25 µg/mL, respectively, increased the intracellular Nile Red accumulation in all yeast strains overexpressing efflux pumps. CONCLUSIONS The non-toxic and highly active extracts from A. communis and S. atripicifolium, provide promising sources of compounds for potentiating the antifungal effect of FCZ by blocking the efflux function of Mdr1 and Cdr1 transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florimar Gil
- grid.411954.c0000 0000 9878 4966Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Laiolo
- grid.411954.c0000 0000 9878 4966Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brayan Bayona-Pacheco
- grid.412188.60000 0004 0486 8632Department of Medicine, Division of Health Science, Universidad del Norte, Km 5, Vía Puerto Colombia, Área Metropolitana de Barranquilla, 081007 Barranquilla, Colombia ,grid.8536.80000 0001 2294 473XLaboratory of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Do Fundão, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco I, Sala 44, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-902 Brazil
| | - Richard D. Cannon
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, PO Box 647, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Antonio Ferreira-Pereira
- grid.8536.80000 0001 2294 473XLaboratory of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha Do Fundão, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco I, Sala 44, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-902 Brazil
| | - María Cecilia Carpinella
- grid.411954.c0000 0000 9878 4966Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Avda. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
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Qadri H, Haseeb Shah A, Mudasir Ahmad S, Alshehri B, Almilaibary A, Ahmad Mir M. Natural products and their semi-synthetic derivatives against antimicrobial-resistant human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103376. [PMID: 35874656 PMCID: PMC9290337 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has traumatized the entire world. During this outbreak, an upsurge in MDR-associated pathogenic microbial organisms has been recorded. The increasing human microbial diseases pose a severe danger to global human safety. The infectious microbes have developed multiple tolerance strategies to overcome the negative drug impacts. Several naturally occurring chemicals produced from bacteria, plants, animals, marine species, and other sources with antimicrobial characteristics have been reviewed. These compounds show promise in minimizing the globally increasing microbial diseases.
Human infectious diseases caused by various microbial pathogens, in general, impact a large population of individuals every year. These microbial diseases that spread quickly remain to be a big issue in various health-related domains and to withstand the negative drug impacts, the antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic microbial organisms (pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi) have developed a variety of resistance processes against many antimicrobial drug classes. During the COVID-19 outbreak, there seems to be an upsurge in drug and multidrug resistant-associated pathogenic microbial species. The preponderance of existing antimicrobials isn’t completely effective, which limits their application in clinical settings. Several naturally occurring chemicals produced from bacteria, plants, animals, marine species, and other sources are now being studied for antimicrobial characteristics. These natural antimicrobial compounds extracted from different sources have been demonstrated to be effective against a variety of diseases, although plants remain the most abundant source. These compounds have shown promise in reducing the microbial diseases linked to the development of drug tolerance and resistance. This paper offers a detailed review of some of the most vital and promising natural compounds and their derivatives against various human infectious microbial organisms. The inhibitory action of different natural antimicrobial compounds, and their possible mechanism of antimicrobial action against a range of pathogenic fungal and bacterial organisms, is provided. The review will be useful in refining current antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial) medicines as well as establishing new treatment strategies to tackle the rising number of human bacterial and fungal-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | | | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Alaqiq 307501, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
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11
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Digoxin Derivatives Sensitize a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mutant Strain to Fluconazole by Inhibiting Pdr5p. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080769. [PMID: 35893137 PMCID: PMC9330353 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor outcome of treatments for fungal infections is a consequence of the increasing incidence of resistance to antifungal agents, mainly due to the overexpression of efflux pumps. To surpass this mechanism of resistance, a substance able to inhibit these pumps could be administered in association with antifungals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses an efflux pump (Pdr5p) homologue to those found in pathogenic yeast. Digoxin is a natural product that inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether digoxin and its derivatives (i.e., DGB, digoxin benzylidene) can inhibit Pdr5p, reversing the resistance to fluconazole in yeasts. An S. cerevisiae mutant strain that overexpresses Pdr5p was used in the assays. The effects of the compounds on yeast growth, efflux activity, and Pdr5p ATPase activity were measured. All derivatives enhanced the antifungal activity of fluconazole against S. cerevisiae, in comparison to fluconazole alone, with FICI values ranging from 0.031 to 0.500. DGB 1 and DGB 3 presented combined effects with fluconazole against a Candida albicans strain, with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values of 0.625 and 0.281, respectively The compounds also inhibited the efflux of rhodamine 6G and Pdr5p ATPase activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.41 μM to 3.72 μM. The results suggest that digoxin derivatives impair Pdr5p activity. Considering the homology between Pdr5p and efflux pumps from pathogenic fungi, these compounds are potential candidates to be used in association with fluconazole to treat resistant fungal infections.
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12
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Qadri H, Haseeb Shah A, Ahmad Mir M, Fazal Qureshi M, Prasad R. Quinidine Drug Resistance transporter Knockout Candida cells modulate glucose transporter expression and accumulate metabolites leading to enhanced azole drug resistance. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 161:103713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Lin CC, Hoo SY, Ma LT, Lin C, Huang KF, Ho YN, Sun CH, Lee HJ, Chen PY, Shu LJ, Wang BW, Hsu WC, Ko TP, Yang YL. Integrated omics approach to unveil antifungal bacterial polyynes as acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase inhibitors. Commun Biol 2022; 5:454. [PMID: 35551233 PMCID: PMC9098870 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial polyynes are highly active natural products with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. However, their detailed mechanism of action remains unclear. By integrating comparative genomics, transcriptomics, functional genetics, and metabolomics analysis, we identified a unique polyyne resistance gene, masL (encoding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase), in the biosynthesis gene cluster of antifungal polyynes (massilin A 1, massilin B 2, collimonin C 3, and collimonin D 4) of Massilia sp. YMA4. Crystallographic analysis indicated that bacterial polyynes serve as covalent inhibitors of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. Moreover, we confirmed that the bacterial polyynes disrupted cell membrane integrity and inhibited the cell viability of Candida albicans by targeting ERG10, the homolog of MasL. Thus, this study demonstrated that acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase is a potential target for developing antifungal agents. In a multi-omics analysis, bacterial polyynes are found to act as antifungal agents by inhibiting the Candida albicans polyyne resistance gene ERG10, the homolog of MasL encoding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chih Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Guiren Dist., Tainan, 711, Taiwan
| | - Sin Yong Hoo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Guiren Dist., Tainan, 711, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Ma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Guiren Dist., Tainan, 711, Taiwan
| | - Chih Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ning Ho
- Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jhongjheng Dist., Keelung, 202, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hui Sun
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jung Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yu Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Wang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Guiren Dist., Tainan, 711, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Guiren Dist., Tainan, 711, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Guiren Dist., Tainan, 711, Taiwan.
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14
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Yu JSL, Correia-Melo C, Zorrilla F, Herrera-Dominguez L, Wu MY, Hartl J, Campbell K, Blasche S, Kreidl M, Egger AS, Messner CB, Demichev V, Freiwald A, Mülleder M, Howell M, Berman J, Patil KR, Alam MT, Ralser M. Microbial communities form rich extracellular metabolomes that foster metabolic interactions and promote drug tolerance. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:542-555. [PMID: 35314781 PMCID: PMC8975748 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities are composed of cells of varying metabolic capacity, and regularly include auxotrophs that lack essential metabolic pathways. Through analysis of auxotrophs for amino acid biosynthesis pathways in microbiome data derived from >12,000 natural microbial communities obtained as part of the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP), and study of auxotrophic–prototrophic interactions in self-establishing metabolically cooperating yeast communities (SeMeCos), we reveal a metabolically imprinted mechanism that links the presence of auxotrophs to an increase in metabolic interactions and gains in antimicrobial drug tolerance. As a consequence of the metabolic adaptations necessary to uptake specific metabolites, auxotrophs obtain altered metabolic flux distributions, export more metabolites and, in this way, enrich community environments in metabolites. Moreover, increased efflux activities reduce intracellular drug concentrations, allowing cells to grow in the presence of drug levels above minimal inhibitory concentrations. For example, we show that the antifungal action of azoles is greatly diminished in yeast cells that uptake metabolites from a metabolically enriched environment. Our results hence provide a mechanism that explains why cells are more robust to drug exposure when they interact metabolically. Using microbiome data analysis and a self-establishing metabolically cooperating yeast community model, the authors show that the presence of auxotrophs in a microbial community increases metabolic interactions between cells and fosters antimicrobial drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S L Yu
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Clara Correia-Melo
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francisco Zorrilla
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Herrera-Dominguez
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mary Y Wu
- High-Throughput Screening, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Johannes Hartl
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kate Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sonja Blasche
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Kreidl
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Anna-Sophia Egger
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christoph B Messner
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vadim Demichev
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mülleder
- Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Howell
- High-Throughput Screening, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Judith Berman
- Shmunis School of Biomedical and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Kiran R Patil
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Markus Ralser
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. .,Department of Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany. .,Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Daniela SV, Gabriela OM, Andrea PM. A state-of-the-art review and prospective therapeutic applications of prenyl flavonoids as chemosensitizers against antifungal multidrug resistance in Candida albicans. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4251-4281. [PMID: 35139777 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220209103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in two or more drug classes. This phenomenon has been increasingly reported since the rise in the incidence of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients at the end of the last century. After the discovery of efflux pump overexpression as a principal mechanism causing MDR in Candida strains, drug discovery targeting fungal efflux transporters has had a growing impact. Chemosensitization aims to enhance azole intracellular concentrations through combination therapy with transporter inhibitors. Consequently, the use of drug efflux inhibitors combined with the antifungal agent will sensitize the pathogen. As a result, the use of lower drug concentrations will reduce possible adverse effects on the host. Through an extensive revision of the literature, this review aims to provide an exhaustive and critical analysis of the studies carried out in the past two decades, regarding the chemosensitization strategy to cope with multidrug resistance in C. albicans. This work provides a deep analysis of the research about the inhibition of drug-efflux membrane transporters by prenylated flavonoids and the interactions of these phytocompounds with azole antifungals as an approach to chemosensitize multidrug-resistant C. albicans strains. We highlight the importance of prenylflavonoids and their particular chemical and pharmacological characteristics that make them excellent candidates with therapeutic potential as chemosensitizers. Finally, we propose the need for further research of prenyl flavonoids as inhibitors of drug-efflux mediated fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi V Daniela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ortega María Gabriela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Peralta Mariana Andrea
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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16
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Jofre GI, Singh A, Mavengere H, Sundar G, D'Agostino E, Chowdhary A, Matute DR. An Indian lineage of Histoplasma with strong signatures of differentiation and selection. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 158:103654. [PMID: 34942368 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasma, a genus of dimorphic fungi, is the etiological agent of histoplasmosis, a pulmonary disease widespread across the globe. Whole genome sequencing has revealed that the genus harbors a previously unrecognized diversity of cryptic species. To date, studies have focused on Histoplasma isolates collected in the Americas with little knowledge of the genomic variation from other localities. In this report, we report the existence of a well-differentiated lineage of Histoplasma occurring in the Indian subcontinent. The group is differentiated enough to satisfy the requirements of a phylogenetic species, as it shows extensive genetic differentiation along the whole genome and has little evidence of gene exchange with other Histoplasma species. Next, we leverage this genetic differentiation to identify genetic changes that are unique to this group and that have putatively evolved through rapid positive selection. We found that none of the previously known virulence factors have evolved rapidly in the Indian lineage but find evidence of strong signatures of selection on other alleles potentially involved in clinically-important phenotypes. Our work serves as an example of the importance of correctly identifying species boundaries to understand the extent of selection in the evolution of pathogenic lineages. IMPORTANCE: Whole genome sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of microbial diversity, including human pathogens. In the case of fungal pathogens, a limiting factor in understanding the extent of their genetic diversity has been the lack of systematic sampling. In this piece, we show the results of a collection in the Indian subcontinent of the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma, the causal agent of a systemic mycosis. We find that Indian samples of Histoplasma form a distinct clade which is highly differentiated from other Histoplasma species. We also show that the genome of this lineage shows unique signals of natural selection. This work exemplifies how the combination of a robust sampling along with population genetics, and phylogenetics can reveal the precise genetic changes that differentiate lineages of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston I Jofre
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Heidi Mavengere
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gandhi Sundar
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Emmanuel D'Agostino
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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17
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Huang B, Li X. The Role of Mfsd2a in Nervous System Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:730534. [PMID: 34566571 PMCID: PMC8461068 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.730534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the maximum and most diversified membrane transporter, acting as uniporters, symporters and antiporters. MFS is considered to have a good development potential in the transport of drugs for the treatment of brain diseases. The major facilitator superfamily domain containing protein 2a (Mfsd2a) is a member of MFS. Mfsd2a-knockout mice have shown a marked decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level in brain, exhibiting neuron loss, microcephaly and cognitive deficits, as DHA acts essentially in brain growth and integrity. Mfsd2a has attracted more and more attention in the study of nervous system diseases because of its critical role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transporting DHA, including inhibiting cell transport in central nervous system endothelial cells, alleviating BBB injury, avoiding BBB injury in cerebral hemorrhage model, acting as a carrier etc. Up to now, the clinical research of Mfsd2a in nervous system diseases is rare. This article reviewed the current research progress of Mfsd2a in nervous system diseases. It summarized the physiological functions of Mfsd2a in the occurrence and development of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), Alzheimer's disease (AD), sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) and intracranial tumor, aiming to provide ideas for the basic research and clinical application of Mfsd2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Operational Management Office, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Emergency Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Fungal Biofilms as a Valuable Target for the Discovery of Natural Products That Cope with the Resistance of Medically Important Fungi-Latest Findings. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091053. [PMID: 34572635 PMCID: PMC8471798 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new antifungal agents that target biofilms is an urgent need. Natural products, mainly from the plant kingdom, represent an invaluable source of these entities. The present review provides an update (2017-May 2021) on the available information on essential oils, propolis, extracts from plants, algae, lichens and microorganisms, compounds from different natural sources and nanosystems containing natural products with the capacity to in vitro or in vivo modulate fungal biofilms. The search yielded 42 articles; seven involved essential oils, two Brazilian propolis, six plant extracts and one of each, extracts from lichens and algae/cyanobacteria. Twenty articles deal with the antibiofilm effect of pure natural compounds, with 10 of them including studies of the mechanism of action and five dealing with natural compounds included in nanosystems. Thirty-seven manuscripts evaluated Candida spp. biofilms and two tested Fusarium and Cryptococcus spp. Only one manuscript involved Aspergillus fumigatus. From the data presented here, it is clear that the search of natural products with activity against fungal biofilms has been a highly active area of research in recent years. However, it also reveals the necessity of deepening the studies by (i) evaluating the effect of natural products on biofilms formed by the newly emerged and worrisome health-care associated fungi, C. auris, as well as on other non-albicans Candida spp., Cryptococcus sp. and filamentous fungi; (ii) elucidating the mechanisms of action of the most active natural products; (iii) increasing the in vivo testing.
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19
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Uddin W, Dhabalia D, Prakash SMU, Kabir MA. Systematic truncations of chromosome 4 and their responses to antifungals in Candida albicans. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:92. [PMID: 34152516 PMCID: PMC8217416 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen responsible for superficial and systemic life-threatening infections. Treating these infections is challenging as many clinical isolates show increased drug resistance to antifungals. Chromosome (Chr) 4 monosomy was implicated in a fluconazole-resistant mutant. However, exposure to fluconazole adversely affects Candida cells and can generate numerous mutations. Hence, the present study aimed to truncate Chr4 and challenge the generated Candida strains to antifungals and evaluate their role in drug response. RESULTS Herein, Chr4 was truncated in C. albicans using the telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation method. The resulting eight Candida strains carrying one truncated homolog of Chr4 were tested for response to multiple antifungals. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for these strains was determined against three classes of antifungals. The MIC values against fluconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin were closer to that of the wild type strain. Microdilution assay against fluconazole showed that the mutants and wild type strains had similar sensitivity to fluconazole. The disc diffusion assay against five azoles and two polyenes revealed that the zones of inhibition for all the eight strains were similar to those of the wild type. Thus, none of the generated strains showed any significant resistance to the tested antifungals. However, spot assay exhibited a reasonably high tolerance of a few generated strains with increasing concentrations of fluconazole. CONCLUSION This analysis suggested that Chr4 aneuploidy might not underlie drug resistance but rather drug tolerance in Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Uddin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India
| | - Darshan Dhabalia
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India
| | - S M Udaya Prakash
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India
| | - M Anaul Kabir
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India.
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20
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Drew D, North RA, Nagarathinam K, Tanabe M. Structures and General Transport Mechanisms by the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). Chem Rev 2021; 121:5289-5335. [PMID: 33886296 PMCID: PMC8154325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the largest known superfamily of secondary active transporters. MFS transporters are responsible for transporting a broad spectrum of substrates, either down their concentration gradient or uphill using the energy stored in the electrochemical gradients. Over the last 10 years, more than a hundred different MFS transporter structures covering close to 40 members have provided an atomic framework for piecing together the molecular basis of their transport cycles. Here, we summarize the remarkable promiscuity of MFS members in terms of substrate recognition and proton coupling as well as the intricate gating mechanisms undergone in achieving substrate translocation. We outline studies that show how residues far from the substrate binding site can be just as important for fine-tuning substrate recognition and specificity as those residues directly coordinating the substrate, and how a number of MFS transporters have evolved to form unique complexes with chaperone and signaling functions. Through a deeper mechanistic description of glucose (GLUT) transporters and multidrug resistance (MDR) antiporters, we outline novel refinements to the rocker-switch alternating-access model, such as a latch mechanism for proton-coupled monosaccharide transport. We emphasize that a full understanding of transport requires an elucidation of MFS transporter dynamics, energy landscapes, and the determination of how rate transitions are modulated by lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Drew
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel A. North
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Nagarathinam
- Center
of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, D-23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikio Tanabe
- Structural
Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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21
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Suchodolski J, Krasowska A. Fructose Induces Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans through Activation of Mdr1 and Cdr1 Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042127. [PMID: 33669913 PMCID: PMC7924610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus that is increasingly developing multidrug resistance (MDR), including resistance to azole drugs such as fluconazole (FLC). This is partially a result of the increased synthesis of membrane efflux transporters Cdr1p, Cdr2p, and Mdr1p. Although all these proteins can export FLC, only Cdr1p is expressed constitutively. In this study, the effect of elevated fructose, as a carbon source, on the MDR was evaluated. It was shown that fructose, elevated in the serum of diabetics, promotes FLC resistance. Using C. albicans strains with green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged MDR transporters, it was determined that the FLC-resistance phenotype occurs as a result of Mdr1p activation and via the increased induction of higher Cdr1p levels. It was observed that fructose-grown C. albicans cells displayed a high efflux activity of both transporters as opposed to glucose-grown cells, which synthesize Cdr1p but not Mdr1p. Additionally, it was concluded that elevated fructose serum levels induce the de novo production of Mdr1p after 60 min. In combination with glucose, however, fructose induces Mdr1p production as soon as after 30 min. It is proposed that fructose may be one of the biochemical factors responsible for Mdr1p production in C. albicans cells.
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22
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Banerjee A, Pata J, Sharma S, Monk BC, Falson P, Prasad R. Directed Mutational Strategies Reveal Drug Binding and Transport by the MDR Transporters of Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020068. [PMID: 33498218 PMCID: PMC7908972 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters belonging to either the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) or Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) groups are major determinants of clinical drug resistance in fungi. The overproduction of these proteins enables the extrusion of incoming drugs at rates that prevent lethal effects. The promiscuity of these proteins is intriguing because they export a wide range of structurally unrelated molecules. Research in the last two decades has used multiple approaches to dissect the molecular basis of the polyspecificity of multidrug transporters. With large numbers of drug transporters potentially involved in clinical drug resistance in pathogenic yeasts, this review focuses on the drug transporters of the important pathogen Candida albicans. This organism harbors many such proteins, several of which have been shown to actively export antifungal drugs. Of these, the ABC protein CaCdr1 and the MFS protein CaMdr1 are the two most prominent and have thus been subjected to intense site-directed mutagenesis and suppressor genetics-based analysis. Numerous results point to a common theme underlying the strategy of promiscuity adopted by both CaCdr1 and CaMdr1. This review summarizes the body of research that has provided insight into how multidrug transporters function and deliver their remarkable polyspecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Jorgaq Pata
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, 69367 Lyon, France;
| | - Suman Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India; (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Brian C. Monk
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS-Lyon 1 University UMR5086, 69367 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: (P.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India; (A.B.); (S.S.)
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India
- Correspondence: (P.F.); (R.P.)
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Synergistic interactions between β-lapachone and fluconazole in the inhibition of CaCdr2p and CaMdr1p in Candida albicans. Rev Iberoam Micol 2020; 37:104-106. [PMID: 33229297 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality rate of invasive Candida infections is raising mainly amongst immunocompromised patients. These infections are hard-to-treat mainly due to the increasing incidence of resistance. The overexpression of ATP-binding cassette and major facilitator superfamily transporters is the main responsible for the failure of antifungal therapies. In a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model, β-lapachone inhibited Pdr5p, a transporter homologous to those found in Candida albicans. AIMS To determine whether β-lapachone reverses the resistance phenotype mediated by efflux transporters in C. albicans clinical isolates. METHODS The antifungal activity of β-lapachone combined with fluconazole was measured by agarose chemosensitization and microdilution assays. CaCdr2p and CaMdr1p activities were evaluated through fluorescent dyes accumulation. ATPase activity was assessed using transporter-enriched plasma membranes. RESULTS β-lapachone reverted antifungal resistance of S. cerevisiae and C. albicans strains overexpressing CaCdr2p and CaMdr1p transporters by inhibiting these proteins activities. CaCdr2p ATPase activity was not impaired by the compound. CONCLUSIONS β-lapachone is a promising drug candidate to be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of candidiasis caused by fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains.
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Li XN, Zhang LM, Wang YY, Zhang Y, Jin ZH, Li J, Wang RR, Xiao WL. SWL-1 Reverses Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans by Regulating the Glycolytic Pathway. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:572608. [PMID: 33178156 PMCID: PMC7596347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a ubiquitous clinical fungal pathogen. Prolonged use of the first-line antifungal agent fluconazole (FLC) has intensified fungal resistance and limited its effectiveness for the treatment of fungal infections. The combined administration of drugs has been extensively studied and applied. SWL-1 is a lignin compound derived from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Schisandra chinensis. In this study, we show that SWL-1 reverses resistance to fluconazole in C. albicans when delivered in combination, with a sharp decrease in the IC50 of fluconazole from >200 to 3.74 ± 0.25 μg/ml, and also reverses the fluconazole resistance of C. albicans in vitro, with IC50 from >200 to 5.3 ± 0.3 μg/ml. Moreover, killing kinetics curves confirmed the synergistic effects of fluconazole and SWL-1. Intriguingly, when SWL-1 was administered in combination with fluconazole in a mouse model of systemic infection, the mortality of mice was markedly decreased and fungal colonization of the kidney and lung was reduced. Further mechanistic studies showed that SWL-1 significantly decreased intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels and inhibited the function of the efflux pump responsible for fluconazole resistance of C. albicans. Proteomic analysis of the effects of SWL-1 on C. albicans showed that several enzymes were downregulated in the glycolytic pathway. We speculate that SWL-1 significantly decreased intracellular ATP levels by hindering the glycolysis, and the function of the efflux pump responsible for fluconazole resistance of C. albicans was inhibited, resulting in restoration of fluconazole sensitivity in FLC-resistant C. albicans. This study clarified the effects and mechanism of SWL-1 on C. albicans in vitro and in vivo, providing a novel approach to overcoming fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lu-Mei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ze-Hua Jin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wei-Lie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Pereira D, McDonald BA, Croll D. The Genetic Architecture of Emerging Fungicide Resistance in Populations of a Global Wheat Pathogen. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:2231-2244. [PMID: 32986802 PMCID: PMC7846115 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Containing fungal diseases often depends on the application of fungicidal compounds. Fungicides can rapidly lose effectiveness due to the rise of resistant individuals in populations. However, the lack of knowledge about resistance mutations beyond known target genes challenges investigations into pathways to resistance. We used whole-genome sequencing data and association mapping to reveal the multilocus genetic architecture of fungicide resistance in a global panel of 159 isolates of Parastagonospora nodorum, an important fungal pathogen of wheat. We found significant differences in azole resistance among global field populations. The populations evolved distinctive combinations of resistance alleles which can interact when co-occurring in the same genetic background. We identified 34 significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms located in close proximity to genes associated with fungicide resistance in other fungi, including a major facilitator superfamily transporter. Using fungal colony growth rates and melanin production at different temperatures as fitness proxies, we found no evidence that resistance was constrained by genetic trade-offs. Our study demonstrates how genome-wide association studies of a global collection of pathogen strains can recapitulate the emergence of fungicide resistance. The distinct complement of resistance mutations found among populations illustrates how the evolutionary trajectory of fungicide adaptation can be complex and challenging to predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pereira
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Guillon J, Nim S, Moreau S, Ronga L, Savrimoutou S, Thivet E, Marchivie M, Di Pietro A, Prasad R, Le Borgne M. Synthesis of new piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2- a]quinoxaline derivatives as inhibitors of Candida albicans multidrug transporters by a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2915-2931. [PMID: 35496110 PMCID: PMC9048445 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09348f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives were prepared via a Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reaction and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit the drug efflux activity of CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p transporters of Candida albicans overexpressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. In the initial screening of twenty-nine piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives, twenty-three compounds behaved as dual inhibitors of CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p. Only four compounds showed exclusive inhibition of CaCdr1p or CaMdr1p. Further biological investigations were developed and for example, their antifungal potential was evaluated by measuring the growth of control yeast cells (AD1-8u−) and efflux pump-overexpressing cells (AD-CDR1 and AD-MDR1) after exposition to variable concentrations of the tested compounds. The MIC80 values of nineteen compounds ranging from 100 to 901 μM for AD-CDR1 demonstrated that relative resistance index (RI) values were between 8 and 274. In comparison, only seven compounds had RI values superior to 4 in cells overexpressing Mdr1p. These results indicated substrate behavior for nineteen compounds for CaCdr1p and seven compounds for CaMdr1p, as these compounds were transported via MDR transporter overexpressing cells and not by the AD1-8u− cells. Finally, in a combination assay with fluconazole, two compounds (1d and 1f) have shown a synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ≤ 0.5) at micromolar concentrations in the AD-MDR1 yeast strain overexpressing CaMdr1p-protein, indicating an excellent potency toward chemosensitization. Two series of piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives were prepared via a Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reaction and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit the drug efflux activity of two Candida albicans transporters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guillon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Shweta Nim
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University 110067 New Delhi India
| | - Stéphane Moreau
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Luisa Ronga
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Solène Savrimoutou
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Elisabeth Thivet
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Mathieu Marchivie
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026 F-33608 Pessac Cedex France
| | - Attilio Di Pietro
- DRMP Group, IBCP, UMR 5086 (MMSB), CNRS/Lyon I University 69367 Lyon France
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Education Valley Gurgaon 122413 India
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 - INSERM US7 Lyon France
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27
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Soto-Robles LV, Torres-Banda V, Rivera-Orduña FN, Curiel-Quesada E, Hidalgo-Lara ME, Zúñiga G. An Overview of Genes From Cyberlindnera americana, a Symbiont Yeast Isolated From the Gut of the Bark Beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Involved in the Detoxification Process Using Genome and Transcriptome Data. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2180. [PMID: 31611850 PMCID: PMC6777644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles from Dendroctonus genus promote ecological succession and nutrient cycling in coniferous forests. However, they can trigger outbreaks leading to important economic losses in the forest industry. Conifers have evolved resistance mechanisms that can be toxic to insects but at the same time, bark beetles are capable of overcoming tree barriers and colonize these habitats. In this sense, symbiont yeasts present in the gut of bark beetles have been suggested to play a role in the detoxification process of tree defensive chemicals. In the present study, genes related to this process were identified and their response to a terpene highly toxic to bark beetles and their symbionts was analyzed in the Cyberlindnera americana yeast. The genome and transcriptome of C. americana (ChDrAdgY46) isolated from the gut of Dendroctonus rhizophagus were presented. Genome analysis identified 5752 protein-coding genes and diverse gene families associated with the detoxification process. The most abundant belonged to the Aldo-Keto Reductase Superfamily, ATP-binding cassette Superfamily, and the Major Facilitator Superfamily transporters. The transcriptome analysis of non-α-pinene stimulated and α-pinene stimulated yeasts showed a significant expression of genes belonging to these families. The activities demonstrated by the genes identified as Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase and ABC transporter under (+)-α-pinene suggest that they are responsible, that C. americana is a dominant symbiont that resists high amounts of monoterpenes inside the gut of bark beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Viridiana Soto-Robles
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Torres-Banda
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Flor N Rivera-Orduña
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Everardo Curiel-Quesada
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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28
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Gene Expression Analysis of Key Players Associated with Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.88521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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29
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Prasad R, Nair R, Banerjee A. Multidrug transporters of Candida species in clinical azole resistance. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 132:103252. [PMID: 31302289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of the human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in tumor cells is a classic example of an ABC protein serving as a hindrance to effective chemotherapy. The existence of proteins homologous to P-gp in organisms encompassing the entire living kingdom highlights extrusion of drugs as a general mechanism of multidrug resistance. Infections caused by opportunistic human fungal pathogens such as Candida species are very common and has intensified in recent years. The typical hosts, who possess suppressed immune systems due to conditions such as HIV and transplantation surgery etc., are prone to fungal infections. Prolonged chemotherapy induces fungal cells to eventually develop tolerance to most of the antifungals currently in clinical use. Amongst other prominent mechanisms of antifungal resistance such as manipulation of the drug target, rapid efflux achieved through overexpression of multidrug transporters has emerged as a major resistance mechanism for azoles. Herein, the azole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida species utilize a few select efflux pump proteins belonging to the ABC and MFS superfamilies, to deter the toxic accumulation of therapeutic azoles and thus, facilitating cell survival. In this article, we summarize and discuss the clinically relevant mechanisms of azole resistance in Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, specifically highlighting the role of multidrug efflux proteins in the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Remya Nair
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
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30
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Vishwakarma P, Banerjee A, Pasrija R, Prasad R, Lynn AM. Phylogenetic and conservation analyses of MFS transporters. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:462. [PMID: 30370203 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily is one of the largest superfamily of secondary transporters present across the kingdom of life. Considering the physiological and clinical importance of MFS proteins, we attempted to explore the phylogenetic and structural aspects of the superfamily. To achieve the objectives, we performed global sequence-based analyses of MFS proteins encompassing multiple taxa. Notably, phylogenetic analysis of MFS proteins resulted in the clustering of MFS proteins based on their function, rather than lineage of the respective organisms. Additionally, we employed information theoretic measures, Relative entropy (RE) and Cumulative relative entropy (CRE) to decipher fold-specific and function-specific residues, respectively, in the MFS proteins. The residues with high RE score when mapped on to the 3D-structure of MFS transporter LacY, were found to be distributed throughout the tertiary structure of the protein. On the other hand, CRE calculation was employed to contrast two subfamilies Drug H+ antiporter 1 and 3 (DHA1 and DHA3). The particular analysis unveiled certain differentially conserved residues in DHA1 as compared to DHA3 highlighting family-specific importance of them. Remarkably, a number of high scoring CRE residues have already established functional roles, for instance, the arginine residue present in TMH4. Altogether, the current study apart from providing an insight into the functional clustering of MFS proteins also identifies residues with established or plausible roles in the transport mechanism. Thus, the study lays a platform for future structure-function studies of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Vishwakarma
- 1School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- 1School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Pasrija
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- 3Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Andrew M Lynn
- 1School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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31
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Prasad R, Balzi E, Banerjee A, Khandelwal NK. All about CDR transporters: Past, present, and future. Yeast 2018; 36:223-233. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and HealthAmity University Haryana Gurgaon India
| | - Elisabetta Balzi
- Unité de Biochimie PhysiologiqueUniversité Catholique de Louvain Ottignies‐Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
- School of Computational and Integrative SciencesJawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
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32
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Lin HC, Yu PL, Chen LH, Tsai HC, Chung KR. A Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter Regulated by the Stress-Responsive Transcription Factor Yap1 Is Required for Resistance to Fungicides, Xenobiotics, and Oxidants and Full Virulence in Alternaria alternata. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2229. [PMID: 30279684 PMCID: PMC6153361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata relies on the ability to produce a host-selective toxin and to detoxify reactive oxygen species to successfully colonize the host. An A. alternata major facilitator superfamily transporter designated AaMFS54 was functionally characterized by analysis of loss- and gain-of-function mutations to better understand the factors required for fungal pathogenesis. AaMFS54 was originally identified from a wild-type expression library after being subtracted with that of a mutant impaired for the oxidative stress-responsive transcription regulator Yap1. AaMFS54 contains 14 transmembrane helixes. Fungal mutant lacking AaMFS54 produced fewer conidia and increased sensitivity to many potent oxidants (potassium superoxide and singlet-oxygen generating compounds), xenobiotics (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and 2-chloro-5-hydroxypyridine), and fungicides (clotrimazole, fludioxonil, vinclozolin, and iprodione). AaMFS54 mutant induced necrotic lesion sizes similar to those induced by wild-type on leaves of susceptible citrus cultivars after point inoculation with spore suspensions. However, the mutant produced smaller colonies and less fluffy hyphae on the affected leaves. Virulence assays on citrus leaves inoculated by spraying with spores revealed that AaMFS54 mutant induced less severe lesions than wild-type, indicating the requirement of AaMFS54 in pathogenesis. All defective phenotypes were restored in a strain re-acquiring a functional copy of AaMFS54. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the expression of AaMFS54 was suppressed by xenobiotics. The current studies indicate that the Yap1-mediated transporter plays a role in resistance to toxic oxidants and fungicides in A. alternata. The relationships of MFS transporters with other regulatory components conferring stress resistance and A. alternata pathogenesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Che Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-Chin Tsai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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33
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Host-Pathogen Interactions Mediated by MDR Transporters in Fungi: As Pleiotropic as it Gets! Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070332. [PMID: 30004464 PMCID: PMC6071111 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species are an increasing problem worldwide, associated with very high mortality rates. The successful prevalence of these human pathogens is due to their ability to thrive in stressful host niche colonization sites, to tolerate host immune system-induced stress, and to resist antifungal drugs. This review focuses on the key role played by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), and the major facilitator superfamilies (MFS), in mediating fungal resistance to pathogenesis-related stresses. These clearly include the extrusion of antifungal drugs, with C. albicans CDR1 and MDR1 genes, and corresponding homologs in other fungal pathogens, playing a key role in this phenomenon. More recently, however, clues on the transcriptional regulation and physiological roles of MDR transporters, including the transport of lipids, ions, and small metabolites, have emerged, linking these transporters to important pathogenesis features, such as resistance to host niche environments, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and virulence. The wider view of the activity of MDR transporters provided in this review highlights their relevance beyond drug resistance and the need to develop therapeutic strategies that successfully face the challenges posed by the pleiotropic nature of these transporters.
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