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Çekok FK, Taş S, Aktaş A. Muscle and tendon stiffness of lower extremity in older adults with fall history: Stiffness effect on physical performance and fall risk. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 59:228-233. [PMID: 39053165 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Changes in muscle and tendon stiffness may lead to falls in older adults by affecting joint stability and muscle function. This study aims to investigate the changes in stiffness in lower extremity muscles and tendons in the older adults with a fall history. A cross-sectional research design was followed. 25 older adults with a fall history and 26 older adults without fall history were recruited study. Stiffness of the lower extremity muscles and tendons was measured using a MyotonPRO device. Balance and functional ability of the participants were evaluated. The stiffness of all the selected muscles and tendon was lower in the older adults with a history of fall compared to controls (p<0.05). The obtained results suggest the decrease in the stiffness of the lower extremity muscles and tendon may negatively affect muscle function and joint stability/ control, and it may increase the predisposition to falling in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Kübra Çekok
- Tarsus University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 33400, Tarsus/Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Taş
- Toros University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, 33140, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Arda Aktaş
- Balıkesir University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, 33140, Mersin, Turkey
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2
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Pimentel RE, Sawicki GS, Franz JR. Simulations suggest walking with reduced propulsive force would not mitigate the energetic consequences of lower tendon stiffness. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293331. [PMID: 37883368 PMCID: PMC10602298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging elicits numerous effects that impact both musculoskeletal structure and walking function. Tendon stiffness (kT) and push-off propulsive force (FP) both impact the metabolic cost of walking and are diminished by age, yet their interaction has not been studied. We combined experimental and computational approaches to investigate whether age-related changes in function (adopting smaller FP) may be adopted to mitigate the metabolic consequences arising from changes in structure (reduced kT). We recruited 12 young adults and asked them to walk on a force-sensing treadmill while prompting them to change FP (±20% & ±40% of typical) using targeted biofeedback. In models driven by experimental data from each of those conditions, we altered the kT of personalized musculoskeletal models across a physiological range (2-8% strain) and simulated individual-muscle metabolic costs for each kT and FP combination. We found that kT and FP independently affect walking metabolic cost, increasing with higher kT or as participants deviated from their typical FP. Our results show no evidence for an interaction between kT and FP in younger adults walking at fixed speeds. We also reveal complex individual muscle responses to the kT and FP landscape. For example, although total metabolic cost increased by 5% on average with combined reductions in kT and FP, the triceps surae muscles experienced a 7% local cost reduction on average. Our simulations suggest that reducing FP during walking would not mitigate the metabolic consequences of lower kT. Wearable devices and rehabilitative strategies can focus on either kT or FP to reduce age-related increases in walking metabolic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Pimentel
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Sawicki
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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3
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Chen HY, Chen HY, Chen BH, Lou SZ, Chen LY, Lin CL. Effect of age on postural performance and control strategies during changes in visual input and dual-tasking stances. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18472. [PMID: 37520946 PMCID: PMC10374924 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With age, people begin to experience deterioration in standing balance, especially when sensory input is suddenly removed or added. Here, we sought to explore the effects of age on postural performance and postural control strategies. Methods The convenience sample consisted of 15 young, 10 middle-aged, and 14 elderly healthy adults. They were instructed to stand with their feet together in four randomly administered conditions involving visual input removal/addition and single-/dual-tasking. Dual-tasking involved continuous subtraction by 3s. Results Postural sway displacement in the two older groups seemed larger than that in the younger group; however, neither the main effect of group (F2, 36 = 1.152, p = .327) nor the group × time interaction effect (F4, 27 = 0.229, p = .922) was significant. Greater stiffness of the lower leg muscles was observed in the vision-addition condition than in the vision-removal condition in only the elderly group (t13 = -2.755, p = .016). The dual-tasking condition resulted in smaller sway displacement (F1, 36 = 7.690, p = .009) and greater muscle stiffness (F1, 36 = 5.495, p = .025). In the vision-removal condition, the increase in muscle stiffness due to dual-tasking was significantly larger in the middle-aged (t9 = -3.736, p = .005) and elderly groups (t13 = -2.512, p = .026). Conclusions In healthy older individuals, age-related changes were observed in control strategies used to maintain standing balance upon changes in visual input. The dual-task paradigm induced the use of an ankle-stiffening strategy in middle-aged and elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ya Chen
- Department of Adapted Physical Education, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hong Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Zon Lou
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yuan Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ling Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Finni T, Vanwanseele B. Towards modern understanding of the Achilles tendon properties in human movement research. J Biomech 2023; 152:111583. [PMID: 37086579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest tendon in humans, yet it often suffers from injury. The mechanical properties of the AT afford efficient movement, power amplification and power attenuation during locomotor tasks. The properties and the unique structure of the AT as a common tendon for three muscles have been studied frequently in humans using in vivo methods since 1990's. As a part of the celebration of 50 years history of the International Society of Biomechanics, this paper reviews the history of the AT research focusing on its mechanical properties in humans. The questions addressed are: What are the most important mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon, how are they studied, what is their significance to human movement, and how do they adapt? We foresee that the ongoing developments in experimental methods and modeling can provide ways to advance knowledge of the complex three-dimensional structure and properties of the Achilles tendon in vivo, and to enable monitoring of the loading and recovery for optimizing individual adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Boyer KA, Hayes KL, Umberger BR, Adamczyk PG, Bean JF, Brach JS, Clark BC, Clark DJ, Ferrucci L, Finley J, Franz JR, Golightly YM, Hortobágyi T, Hunter S, Narici M, Nicklas B, Roberts T, Sawicki G, Simonsick E, Kent JA. Age-related changes in gait biomechanics and their impact on the metabolic cost of walking: Report from a National Institute on Aging workshop. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112102. [PMID: 36693530 PMCID: PMC10008437 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Changes in old age that contribute to the complex issue of an increased metabolic cost of walking (mass-specific energy cost per unit distance traveled) in older adults appear to center at least in part on changes in gait biomechanics. However, age-related changes in energy metabolism, neuromuscular function and connective tissue properties also likely contribute to this problem, of which the consequences are poor mobility and increased risk of inactivity-related disease and disability. The U.S. National Institute on Aging convened a workshop in September 2021 with an interdisciplinary group of scientists to address the gaps in research related to the mechanisms and consequences of changes in mobility in old age. The goal of the workshop was to identify promising ways to move the field forward toward improving gait performance, decreasing energy cost, and enhancing mobility for older adults. This report summarizes the workshop and brings multidisciplinary insight into the known and potential causes and consequences of age-related changes in gait biomechanics. We highlight how gait mechanics and energy cost change with aging, the potential neuromuscular mechanisms and role of connective tissue in these changes, and cutting-edge interventions and technologies that may be used to measure and improve gait and mobility in older adults. Key gaps in the literature that warrant targeted research in the future are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Boyer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Kate L Hayes
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan F Bean
- New England GRECC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of PM&R, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Brach
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Finley
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason R Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yvonne M Golightly
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Hungarian University of Sports Science, Department of Kinesiology, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Hungary; Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary; Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hunter
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Marco Narici
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Nicklas
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Thomas Roberts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, USA
| | - Gregory Sawicki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Eleanor Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
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Mansur H, Durigan JLQ, de Noronha M, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP, de Araújo BAS, de Cássia Marqueti R. Differences in the cross-sectional area along the ankle tendons with both age and sex. J Anat 2023; 242:213-223. [PMID: 36250976 PMCID: PMC9877482 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing age appears to influence several morphologic changes in major tendons. However, the effects of aging on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of different ankle tendons are much less understood. Furthermore, potential differences in specific tendon regions along the length of the tendons have not been investigated in detail. Sixty healthy adult participants categorized by age as young (n = 20; mean ± SD age = 22.5 ± 4.5 years), middle-age (n = 20; age = 40.6 ± 8. 0 years), or old (n = 20; age = 69.9 ± 9.1 years), from both sexes, were included. The tendon CSA of tibialis anterior (TA), tibialis posterior (TP), fibularis (FT), and Achilles (AT) was measured from T1-weighted 1.5 T MR images in incremental intervals of 10% along its length (from proximal insertion) and compared between different age groups and sexes. The mean CSA of the AT was greater in the middle-age group than both young and old participants (p < 0.01) and large effect sizes were observed for these differences (Cohen's d > 1). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in CSA in all three groups along the length of the different tendons. Region-specific differences between groups were observed in the distal portion (90% and 100% of the length), in which the FT presented greater CSA comparing middle-age to young and old (p < 0.05). In conclusion, (1) great magnitude of morpho-structural differences was discovered in the AT; (2) there are region-specific differences in the CSA of ankle tendons within the three groups and between them; and (3) there were no differences in tendon CSA between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Mansur
- Department of Physical Education, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos de Noronha
- La Trobe University - Rural Health School, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ritsche P, Schmid R, Franchi MV, Faude O. Agreement and reliability of lower limb muscle architecture measurements using a portable ultrasound device. Front Physiol 2022; 13:981862. [PMID: 36117694 PMCID: PMC9478722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.981862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High end ultrasonography devices lack in portability and are expensive. We investigated the agreement and reliability of a handheld and portable ultrasound system for human lower limb muscle architecture measurements. We captured ultrasound images of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) in 36 active healthy participants (15 female, 21 male) at 50% of muscle length using the handheld Lumify (L12-4, linear-array 37 mm, Philips Healthcare, Amsterdam, Netherlands) and a high-end laboratory device (ACUSON Juniper, linear-array 54 mm, 12L3, SIEMENS Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). We compared measurements of muscle fascicle length, pennation angle and thickness. To assess inter-session reliability of the Lumify system, participants were measured twice within 1 week. Comparing RF architecture measurements of both devices resulted in intra-class correlations (ICCs) ranging from 0.46–0.82 and standardized mean difference (SMDs) ranging from −0.45–0.05. For VL, ICCs ranged from 0.60–0.89 and SMDs ranged from −0.11–0.13. ICCs and SMDs for the GM ranged from 0.82–0.86 and −0.07–0.07. Calculating inter-session reliability for RF resulted in ICCs ranging from 0.44–0.76 and SMDs ranging from −0.38–0.15. For VL, ICCs and SMDs ranged from 0.57–0.75 and −0.13–0.02. ICCs for GM ranged from 0.75–0.92 and SMDs ranged from −0.15–0.16. Measurement of muscle thickness demonstrated the highest agreement (ICC ≥0.82) and reliability (ICC ≥0.75) across all muscles. The Lumify system was comparable to a high-end device and reliable for GM measurements. However, agreement and reliability were lower for the RF and VL. Of all evaluated architectural parameters, muscle thickness exhibited highest agreement and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ritsche
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Paul Ritsche,
| | - Reto Schmid
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- CIR-MYO Myology Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Hirono T, Ikezoe T, Taniguchi M, Yamagata M, Umehara J, Ichihashi N. Acute effects of ankle plantar flexor force-matching exercises on postural strategy during single leg standing in healthy adults. Gait Posture 2022; 92:428-434. [PMID: 34979429 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle plantar flexor force steadiness, assessed by measuring the fluctuation of the force around the submaximal target torque, has been associated with postural stability. RESEARCH QUESTION To investigate whether a force-matching exercise, where submaximal steady torque is maintained at the target torque, can modulate postural strategy immediately. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy young adults performed ankle plantar flexor force-matching exercises at target torques of 5%, 20%, and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), in a randomized crossover trial. Participants with their ankle in a neutral position were instructed to maintain isometric contraction at each target torque, as measured by a dynamometer, for 20 s with 3 sets of 5 contractions. Before and after the force-matching exercises, the anterior-posterior velocities and standard deviation of the center of pressure (COP) on the stable platform and the tilt angle of the unstable platform during 20-seconds single-leg standing were measured. The velocities and standard deviations of the COP and tilt angle before and after the exercises were compared using paired t-tests. RESULTS The tilt angle velocity of an unstable platform significantly decreased after the force-matching exercise at a target torque of 5% MVC (p = 0.029), whereas it was unchanged after the exercises at target torques of 20% and 50% MVC. The standard deviations of the tilt angle of unstable platform test did not change significantly after any exercise. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the COP velocities or standard deviations on the stable platform test after any exercise. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that repeated exertion training at low-intensity contractions can affect postural stability in an unstable condition. Particularly, force-matching exercise at very low-intensity torque, such as 5% of MVC, may be an effective method to improve postural control in the unstable condition, but not in a stable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirono
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393 Japan.
| | - Tome Ikezoe
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masashi Taniguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Momoko Yamagata
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Department of Human Development, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Umehara
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 1-4, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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9
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Schaun GZ, Bamman MM, Alberton CL. High-velocity resistance training as a tool to improve functional performance and muscle power in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2021; 156:111593. [PMID: 34656749 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aging process results in several physiological impairments that, in turn, may predispose older individuals to a series of restrictions on their functional capacity. These impairments are important to understand so that suitable conditions for healthier aging can be pursued. In this review, we first summarize the effects of aging on the neuromuscular system, as well as on the relation between the main age-associated physiological impairments and functional performance with an emphasis on muscle power output. We then proceed to discuss the effects of resistance training, specifically high-velocity resistance training (HVRT), on the aforementioned neuromuscular impairments, and on functional performance in healthy and mobility-limited older adults. Collectively, available evidence suggests that HVRT seems to be a safe and effective intervention for improving muscle power, functional performance, and mobility of older individuals. It also seems that mobility-limited older adults may improve power and functional performance to a greater extent than their healthy counterparts after HVRT, which is in line with the principle of diminishing returns. Considering that only a very limited number of investigations directly compared the effects of HVRT in more than one of the aforementioned groups, studies comparing the adaptations to HVRT of middle-aged adults and older adults with distinct functional capacities would be valuable to determine whether there are differences in neuromuscular adaptations, functional performance, and functional reserve among these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Z Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States of America
| | - Cristine L Alberton
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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10
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Stäudle B, Seynnes O, Laps G, Göll F, Brüggemann GP, Albracht K. Recovery from Achilles Tendon Repair: A Combination of Postsurgery Outcomes and Insufficient Remodeling of Muscle and Tendon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1356-1366. [PMID: 33433154 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) patients have persistent functional deficits in the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit (MTU). The complex remodeling of the MTU accompanying these deficits remains poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to associate in vivo and in silico data to investigate the relations between changes in MTU properties and strength deficits in ATR patients. METHODS Eleven male subjects who had undergone surgical repair of complete unilateral ATR were examined 4.6 ± 2.0 (mean ± SD) yr after rupture. Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) tendon stiffness, morphology, and muscle architecture were determined using ultrasonography. The force-length relation of the plantar flexor muscles was assessed at five ankle joint angles. In addition, simulations (OpenSim) of the GM MTU force-length properties were performed with various iterations of MTU properties found between the unaffected and the affected side. RESULTS The affected side of the patients displayed a longer, larger, and stiffer GM tendon (13% ± 10%, 105% ± 28%, and 54% ± 24%, respectively) compared with the unaffected side. The GM muscle fascicles of the affected side were shorter (32% ± 12%) and with greater pennation angles (31% ± 26%). A mean deficit in plantarflexion moment of 31% ± 10% was measured. Simulations indicate that pairing an intact muscle with a longer tendon shifts the optimal angular range of peak force outside physiological angular ranges, whereas the shorter muscle fascicles and tendon stiffening seen in the affected side decrease this shift, albeit incompletely. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the substantial changes in MTU properties found in ATR patients may partly result from compensatory remodeling, although this process appears insufficient to fully restore muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Guido Laps
- Orthopaedie am Guerzenich, Cologne, GERMANY
| | - Fabian Göll
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY
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11
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Fitzgerald LF, Bartlett MF, Nagarajan R, Francisco EJ, Sup FC, Kent JA. Effects of old age and contraction mode on knee extensor muscle ATP flux and metabolic economy in vivo. J Physiol 2021; 599:3063-3080. [PMID: 33876434 DOI: 10.1113/jp281117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We used 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify in vivo skeletal muscle metabolic economy (ME; mass-normalized torque or power produced per ATP consumed) during three 24 s maximal-effort contraction protocols: (1) sustained isometric (MVIC), (2) intermittent isokinetic (MVDCIsoK ), and (3) intermittent isotonic (MVDCIsoT ) in the knee extensor muscles of young and older adults. ME was not different between groups during the MVIC but was lower in older than young adults during both dynamic contraction protocols. These results are consistent with an increased energy cost of locomotion, but not postural support, with age. The effects of old age on ME were not due to age-related changes in muscle oxidative capacity or ATP flux. Specific power was lower in older than young adults, despite similar total ATP synthesis between groups. Together, this suggests a dissociation between cross-bridge activity and ATP utilization with age. ABSTRACT Muscle metabolic economy (ME; mass-normalized torque or power produced per ATP consumed) is similar in young and older adults during some isometric contractions, but less is known about potential age-related differences in ME during dynamic contractions. We hypothesized that age-related differences in ME would exist only during dynamic contractions, due to the increased energetic demand of dynamic versus isometric contractions. Ten young (Y; 27.5 ± 3.9 years, 6 men) and 10 older (O; 71 ± 5 years, 5 men) healthy adults performed three 24 s bouts of maximal contractions: (1) sustained isometric (MVIC), (2) isokinetic (120°·s-1 , MVDCIsoK ; 0.5 Hz), and (3) isotonic (load = 20% MVIC, MVDCIsoT ; 0.5 Hz). Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis muscle was used to calculate ATP flux (mM ATP·s-1 ) through the creatine kinase reaction, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Quadriceps contractile volume (cm3 ) was measured by MRI. ME was calculated using the torque-time integral (MVIC) or power-time integral (MVDCIsoK and MVDCIsoT ), total ATP synthesis and contractile volume. As hypothesized, ME was not different between Y and O during the MVIC (0.12 ± 0.03 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 Nm. s. cm-3 . mM ATP-1 , mean ± SD, respectively; P = 0.847). However, during both MVDCIsoK and MVDCIsoT , ME was lower in O than Y adults (MVDCIsoK : 0.011 ± 0.003 vs. 0.007 ± 0.002 J. cm-3 . mM ATP-1 ; P < 0.001; MVDCIsoT : 0.011 ± 0.002 vs. 0.008 ± 0.002; P = 0.037, respectively), despite similar muscle oxidative capacity, oxidative and total ATP flux in both groups. The lower specific power in older than young adults, despite similar total ATP synthesis between groups, suggests there is a dissociation between cross-bridge activity and ATP utilization with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam F Fitzgerald
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Miles F Bartlett
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ericber Jimenez Francisco
- Mechatronics and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Frank C Sup
- Mechatronics and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Rubio-Arias JÁ, Ramos-Campo DJ, Alcaraz PE, Jiménez Díaz JF, Blazevich AJ. Effects of whole-body vibration training on calf muscle function during maximal isometric voluntary contractions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1268-1275. [PMID: 33559944 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to determine the impact of 6 weeks of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on maximum voluntary plantar flexor strength, muscle activity via surface electromyography (EMG), and muscle architecture measured at rest and during maximal contraction at different ankle joint angles in young healthy adults. Using a single-blind study design, 28 healthy men and women were randomly assigned to control (CG; N = 14, 7 women) or whole-body vibration training (WBVG; N = 14, 7 women) groups. Vibration training (20-25 minutes; standing with knees flexed) was performed 3 week-1 for 6 weeks (18 sessions). Maximum isometric plantar flexor torque, muscle activity (medial and lateral gastrocnemius EMG) and medial gastrocnemius fascicle angle and length at rest and maximum contraction were tested at four ankle joint angles (ranging 45° to -15°; 0° = anatomical) before and after training. Significant increases (24.7%-37.5%) were observed in peak torque (N∙m∙kg-1 ;%) at -15°, 0°, 15° and 30° joint angles from pre- to post-intervention in WBVG, which were different to CG (no change) and greater at longer muscle lengths. No between-group differences were observed in changes in EMG amplitudes measured during contraction or muscle architecture parameters at rest or during contraction. Six weeks of WBVT in young, healthy adults increased isometric plantarflexion strength at multiple joint angles, without detectible changes in EMG, muscle architecture, or body composition. Therefore, WBVT can significantly improve maximum plantar flexor strength at multiple joint angles (muscle lengths) in young healthy men, although the mechanisms underpinning the changes are currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Education, University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- Faculty of Sports, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, UCAM, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Education, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Faculty of Sports, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, UCAM, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Fernando Jiménez Díaz
- Laboratory of Physical Performance and Readaptation Injuries, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Delabastita T, Hollville E, Catteau A, Cortvriendt P, De Groote F, Vanwanseele B. Distal-to-proximal joint mechanics redistribution is a main contributor to reduced walking economy in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1036-1047. [PMID: 33527504 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related neural and musculoskeletal declines affect mobility and the quality of life of older adults. To date, the mechanisms underlying reduced walking economy in older adults still remain elusive. In this study, we wanted to investigate which biomechanical factors were associated with the higher energy cost of walking in older compared with young adults. Fourteen younger (24 ± 2 years) and fourteen older (74 ± 4 years) adults were tested. Plantarflexor strength and Achilles tendon stiffness were evaluated during a dynamometer test. Medial gastrocnemius fascicle length, ground reaction forces, joint kinematics, and oxygen consumption were measured during walking treadmill at 0.83 and 1.39 m.s-1 . Energy cost of walking, lower-limb joint mechanics, muscle-tendon unit, and tendinous tissues length were calculated. The energy cost of walking was higher at 0.83 m.s-1 (+16%; P = .005) and plantarflexor strength lower (-31%; P = .007) in older adults. Achilles tendon stiffness and medial gastrocnemius fascicle length changes did not differ between older and young adults. The reduction in ankle mechanics was compensated by increases in hip mechanics in older adults during walking. The hip extensor moment was the only significant predictor of the energy cost of walking (adjusted R2 : 0.35-0.38). The higher energy cost in older adults is mainly associated with their distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint mechanics during walking possibly due to plantarflexor weakness. In our study, medial gastrocnemius fascicle and tendinous tissue behavior did not explain the higher energy cost of walking in older compared to young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs Delabastita
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enzo Hollville
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Catteau
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Cortvriendt
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Friedl De Groote
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
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Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of the Triceps Surae Aponeuroses in Older Adults: Relationships With Muscle Strength and Walking Performance. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:642-650. [PMID: 33450727 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated (a) site- and direction-dependent variations of passive triceps surae aponeurosis stiffness and (b) the relationships between aponeurosis stiffness and muscle strength and walking performance in older individuals. Seventy-nine healthy older adults participated in this study. Shear wave velocities of the triceps surae aponeuroses at different sites and in two orthogonal directions were obtained in a prone position at rest using supersonic shear imaging. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque of the plantar flexors and normal (preferred) and fast (fastest possible) walking speeds (5-m distance) were also measured. The shear wave velocities of the adjoining aponeuroses were weakly associated with plantar flexion torque (r = .23-.34), normal (r = .26), and fast walking speed (r = .25). The results show clear spatial variations and anisotropy of the triceps surae aponeuroses stiffness in vivo, and the aponeurosis stiffness was associated with physical ability in older adults.
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15
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Nakamura M, Kiyono R, Sato S, Yahata K, Fukaya T, Nishishita S, Konrad A. The Associations between Rapid Strength Development and Muscle Stiffness in Older Population. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:80. [PMID: 33467735 PMCID: PMC7830458 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that the capacity for rapid force production of ankle plantar flexors is essential for the prevention of falls in the elderly. In healthy young adults, there were significant associations between rate of force development and muscle stiffness measured by shear wave elastography. However, there has been no study investigating the association of rate of force development with shear elastic modulus in older adults. METHODS The muscle strength and shear elastic modulus of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in both legs were measured in 17 elderly men and 10 elderly women (mean ± SD; 70.7 ± 4.1 years; 160.6 ± 8.0 cm; 58.7 ± 9.5 kg). We investigated the rate of force development of plantar flexors and shear elastic modulus of medial gastrocnemius muscle using by shear wave elastography. RESULTS Our results showed that there were no significant associations between normalized rate of force development and shear elastic modulus of medial gastrocnemius muscle. CONCLUSION This suggests that the capacity of rapid force production could be related not to muscle stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, but to neuromuscular function in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (R.K.); (S.S.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (R.K.); (S.S.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (R.K.); (S.S.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (R.K.); (S.S.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (R.K.); (S.S.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, Kyoto 601-8453, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka 560-0054, Japan;
- Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka 560-0054, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz A-8010, Austria
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16
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Influence of Badminton Practice on Age-Related Changes in Patellar and Achilles Tendons. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:382-390. [PMID: 33049699 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regular sport practice could prevent age-related changes in tendinous tissues. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of regular badminton practice on patellar and Achilles tendon mechanical properties in senior competitive badminton players (>35 years old) and to compare the results with physically active people matched by age. One hundred ninety-two badminton players and 193 physically active people were divided by age into four groups, between 35 and 44 (U45), between 45 and 54 (U55), between 55 and 64 (U65), and over 65 (O65) years old. A LogiqS8 transducer in elastography mode and a MyotonPRO myotonometer were used to assess patellar and Achilles mechanical properties. Achilles tendon stiffness was higher in the control group than the badminton players for the U45, U55, and O65 age groups (p < .01). Also, the elastography index was higher in the control group than the badminton players for the U45, U55, U65, and O65 age groups (p < .05). In conclusion, regular badminton practice could prevent the decline in mechanical properties of the patellar and Achilles tendons.
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17
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Orssatto LBR, Bezerra ES, Schoenfeld BJ, Diefenthaeler F. Lean, fast and strong: Determinants of functional performance in the elderly. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 78:105073. [PMID: 32653742 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current literature indicates that functional capacity is associated with physical performance and body composition measurements in older adults. However, it is not clear which tests can best explain the functional capacity in this population. This study aimed to investigate the physical performance and body composition determinants of functional capacity in older adults. METHOD Twenty-four older adults (66.4 ± 4.7y) undertook body composition (body fat and muscle), rate of torque development (0-50 and 0-200 ms); countermovement jump (height, power and impulse); leg-press and seated-leg-curl 5-repetition maximum; and functional-performance tests (Timed-up-and-go, stair ascent and stair descent). FINDINGS Timed-up-and-go correlated with countermovement jump (height, R2 = 0.303; power, R2 = 0.198; and impulse, R2 = 0.224) and 5-repetition maximum (seated-leg-curl, R2 = 0.172). Stair ascent correlated with body fat (R2 = 0.213), rate of torque development (0-50 ms/body fat, R2 = 0.301; 0-200 ms, R2 = 0.197; 0-200 ms/body fat, R2 = 0.340), countermovement jump (height, R2 = 0.325; power/body fat, R2 = 0.413; impulse/body fat, R2 = 0.422) and 5-repetiton maximum (leg-press/body fat, R2 = 0.384; seated-leg-curl/body fat, R2 = 0.341). Stair descent correlated with rate of torque development (0-50 ms/body fat, R2 = 0.164; 0-200 ms, R2 = 0.203; 0-200 ms/body fat, R2 = 0.213), countermovement jump (height, R2 = 0.458; power, R2 = 0.212; power/body fat, R2 = 0.358; impulse, R2 = 0.218; impulse/body fat, R2 = 0.369) and 5-repetition maximum (leg-press/body fat, R2 = -0.227; seated-leg-curl/body fat, R2 = 0.209; seated-leg-curl, R2 = 0.181). INTERPRETATION Higher body fat is associated with weaker stair ascent performance. An increase in the correlation coefficient was observed for the countermovement jump, rate of torque development, and 5-repetition maximum tests when normalized by body fat compared to the absolute values. Countermovement jump height presented the highest correlation to timed-up-and-go and stair descent, while impulse/body fat for stair ascent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B R Orssatto
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 149 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Ewertton S Bezerra
- Laboratório de Estudos do Desempenho Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física e Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, Manaus, Amazonas 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, City University of New York City - Lehman College, Lehman College - Continuing Education Carman Hall 128, New York 10468, United States
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
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18
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Ankle kinetics and plantarflexor morphology in older runners with different lifetime running exposures. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 72:102660. [PMID: 32721378 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Running promotes better cardiovascular health and has positive effects on the musculoskeletal system in older adults. However, older adults have lower ankle plantarflexor torques and positive powers during running, and exhibit changes in plantarflexor morphology than young adults. Since older runners who run as much as younger runners exhibit youthful ankle mechanical outputs, running exposure may preserve the locomotor factors that mediate running speed. The purpose of this study was to compare ankle mechanical output during running and plantarflexor morphological characteristics between older runners who have low or high lifetime running exposure. Ten older runners with low lifetime running exposure and nine older runners with high lifetime running exposure performed over-ground running trials at 3.0 m/s (±5%) while kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected and used to compute joint angular kinetics. Right medial gastrocnemius morphological characteristics were assessed using ultrasonography at rest and during isometric contractions. Ankle torques, powers, and plantarflexor morphology were compared between groups. Older runners with different lifetime running exposures ran with similar ankle mechanical output (i.e. no effect of running exposure) (p > .05) and exhibited similar medial gastrocnemius morphology during isometric testing. The findings from this study demonstrate that lifetime running exposure does not appear to influence ankle mechanical output or plantarflexor morphology in middle-aged runners.
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Hirono T, Ikezoe T, Taniguchi M, Yamagata M, Miyakoshi K, Umehara J, Ichihashi N. Relationship between ankle plantar flexor force steadiness and postural stability on stable and unstable platforms. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1075-1082. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Shorter gastrocnemius fascicle lengths in older adults associate with worse capacity to enhance push-off intensity in walking. Gait Posture 2020; 77:89-94. [PMID: 32004951 PMCID: PMC7479307 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced push-off intensity during walking is thought to play an important role in age-related mobility impairment. We posit that an age-related shift toward shorter plantarflexor operating lengths during walking functionally limits force generation, and thereby the ability of those muscles to respond to increased propulsive demands during walking. RESEARCH QUESTION To determine whether gastrocnemius muscle fascicle lengths during normal walking: (1) are shorter in older than young adults, and (2) correlate with one's capacity to increase the propulsive demands of walking to their maximum. METHODS We used in vivo cine B-mode ultrasound to measure gastrocnemius fascicle lengths in 9 older and 9 young adults walking at their preferred speed, their maximum speed, and with horizontal impeding forces that increased in a ramped design at 1%BW/s to their maximum. A repeated measures ANOVA tested for effects of age and walking condition, and Pearson correlations assessed the relation between fascicle outcomes and condition performance. RESULTS A tendency toward shorter medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle lengths in older versus young adults was not statistically significant. However, older adults walked with reduced peak fascicle shortening during all conditions compared to young adults - an outcome not explained by reduced muscle-tendon unit shortening and exacerbated during tasks with greater than normal propulsive demand. As hypothesized, we found a strong and significant positive correlation in older subjects between gastrocnemius fascicle lengths during normal walking and performance on the ramped impeding force condition (p = 0.005, r² = 0.704), even after controlling for isometric strength (p = 0.011, r² = 0.792) and subject stature (p = 0.010, r² = 0.700). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide muscle-level insight to develop more effective rehabilitation techniques to improve push-off intensity in older adults and assistive technologies designed to steer plantarflexor muscle fascicle operating behavior during functional tasks.
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21
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Zhou JP, Yu JF, Feng YN, Liu CL, Su P, Shen SH, Zhang ZJ. Modulation in the elastic properties of gastrocnemius muscle heads in individuals with plantar fasciitis and its relationship with pain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2770. [PMID: 32066869 PMCID: PMC7026110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the passive stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) in patients with and without plantar fasciitis (PF), (2) to explore the correlation between gastrocnemius stiffness and plantar fascia thickness (PFT) as well as the intensity of pain in patients with PF, (3) to detect optimal cut-off points for stiffness of the MG and LG for identifying patients with PF. Forty patients (mean age = 51.1 years ± 12.9) participated in this study. The elastic properties of the MG and LG were quantified using shear wave elastography ultrasound. The thickness of the plantar fascia was measured by B-mode imaging. The intensity of pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale. The results showed that when the ankle was in the relaxed position, patients with PF had increased passive stiffness in the MG (P < 0.05) but not in the LG. Significant correlations were found between pain and the stiffness of the MG (middle, distal; all P-values < 0.05) and no correlation was observed between pain and PFT (P = 0.416). The initial cut-off point for the stiffness of the MG was 29.08 kPa when the ankle was in the relaxed position. The findings from the present study show that an increase in muscle stiffness is not the same in the individual muscles of the gastrocnemius muscle. Traditional treatment of the whole gastrocnemius muscle might not be targeted at the tight muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ping Zhou
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Feng Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Feng
- Luoyang Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Chun-Long Liu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Su
- Luoyang Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Su-Hong Shen
- Luoyang Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Luoyang Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China.
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Drazan JF, Hullfish TJ, Baxter JR. Muscle structure governs joint function: linking natural variation in medial gastrocnemius structure with isokinetic plantar flexor function. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.048520. [PMID: 31784422 PMCID: PMC6918776 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the robust findings linking plantar flexor muscle structure to gross function within athletes, the elderly and patients following Achilles tendon ruptures, the link between natural variation in plantar flexor structure and function in healthy adults is unclear. In this study, we determined the relationship between medial gastrocnemius structure and peak torque and total work about the ankle during maximal effort contractions. We measured resting fascicle length and pennation angle using ultrasound in healthy adults (N=12). Subjects performed maximal effort isometric and isokinetic contractions on a dynamometer. We found that longer fascicles were positively correlated with higher peak torque and total work (R2>0.41, P<0.013) across all isokinetic velocities, ranging from slow (30°/s) to fast (210°/s) contractions. Higher pennation angles were negatively correlated with peak torque and total work (R2>0.296, P<0.067). These correlations were not significant in isometric conditions. We further explored this relationship using a simple computational model to simulate isokinetic contractions. These simulations confirmed that longer fascicle lengths generate more joint torque and work throughout a greater range of motion. This study provides evidence that ankle function is strongly influenced by muscle structure in healthy adults. Summary: Using ultrasound measurements of muscle structure and dynamometer measurements of ankle function, we found that longer muscle fascicles positively correlated with increased ankle kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Drazan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Todd J Hullfish
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Josh R Baxter
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Regional Elastic Properties of the Achilles Tendon Is Heterogeneously Influenced by Individual Muscle of the Gastrocnemius. Appl Bionics Biomech 2019; 2019:8452717. [PMID: 31781292 PMCID: PMC6874961 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8452717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anatomical studies and the mechanical property studies showed that there is a strong correlation between Achilles tendon (AT) elasticity and individual gastrocnemius muscle (the medial head of gastrocnemius (MG) and the lateral head of gastrocnemius (LG)) elasticity. Limited ankle dorsiflexion range of motion has been correlated with decreased flexibility of the MG/LG/AT complex. However, no studies have been conducted to examine the exact correlation between the Achilles tendon and the individual muscle of the gastrocnemius. Purposes The purposes of the present study were (1) to evaluate intra- and interoperator reliabilities of elastic property measurements in the gastrocnemius muscle-Achilles tendon complex by using the shear wave elastography (SWE) and (2) to examine the correlation between the regional elastic properties of the AT and the individual muscle of the gastrocnemius. Methods Twenty healthy subjects (mean age: 22.50 (3.02) years) were recruited in this study. The elastic properties of the AT and the individual muscle of the gastrocnemius were quantified using the SWE. Findings The SWE has comparatively high reliability in quantifying the elastic properties of the muscle-tendon range from good to excellent. The intraoperator ICC of the gastrocnemius muscle-Achilles tendon complex was 0.77 to 0.95, while the interoperator ICC was 0.76 to 0.94. The minimal detectable change (MDC) of the muscle was 1.72 kPa, while the AT was 32.90 kPa. A significant correlation was found between the elastic modulus of AT and the elastic modulus of the MG (r = 0.668 and p = 0.001 at the relaxing position and r = 0.481 and p = 0.032 at the neutral position). Conclusions The SWE has the potential to assess localized changes in muscle-tendon elastic properties, provide more intuitive relations between elastic properties of the muscle tendon and function, and evaluate the therapeutic effect of the muscle tendon. A significant correlation between the AT and the MG was found, and it may provide a new treatment idea (targeted to the tight muscle heads) for the clinical setting to treat subjects with AT disorders.
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Baxter JR, Hast MW. Plantarflexor metabolics are sensitive to resting ankle angle and optimal fiber length in computational simulations of gait. Gait Posture 2019; 67:194-200. [PMID: 30366212 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantarflexor structure is an important predictor of function in healthy, athletic, and some patient populations. Computational simulations are powerful tools capable of testing the isolated effects of muscle-tendon structure on gait function. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to characterize the sensitivity of plantarflexor muscle function based on muscle-tendon unit (MTU) parameters. We hypothesized that plantarflexor metabolics and shortening dynamics would be sensitive to MTU parameters. METHODS Stance phase of gait was simulated using a musculoskeletal model and computed muscle control algorithm. Optimal muscle fiber length, resting ankle angle, and tendon stiffness parameters were systematically changed to test these effects on plantarflexor metabolics, activation, and power. Dorsiflexor metabolics were also measured to determine the impact of the action of the antagonist muscle group. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE Plantarflexor metabolic demands were 1.5 and 2.7 times more sensitive to optimal fiber length and resting ankle angle, respectively, compared to the effect of tendon stiffness. Increased resting ankle plantarflexion induced a large passive plantarflexion moment during early stance, which required non-physiologic dorsiflexor contractions. Conversely, longer optimal fiber and more neutral resting ankle angles increased the shortening demands of the plantarflexors. These findings highlight the importance of carefully selecting MTU parameters when modeling gait with musculoskeletal models, especially in pathologic or high-performance athlete populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh R Baxter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market Street, Suite 702, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael W Hast
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market Street, Suite 702, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Cruz-Montecinos C, Pérez-Alenda S, Contreras-Sepúlveda F, Querol F, Cerda M, Maas H. Assessment of tensile mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon in adult patients with haemophilic arthropathy. Reproducibility study. Haemophilia 2018; 25:e27-e29. [PMID: 30375147 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Laboratory of Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Biomechanics, Hospital San José, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Felipe Querol
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Delabastita T, Bogaerts S, Vanwanseele B. Age-Related Changes in Achilles Tendon Stiffness and Impact on Functional Activities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2018; 27:1-12. [PMID: 29722592 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2017-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Achilles tendon stiffness determines calf muscle functioning during functional activities. However, contrasting evidence was found in studies comparing Achilles tendon stiffness in older and younger adults. Therefore, this systematic review compares Achilles tendon stiffness and elastic modulus in older and younger adults and reviews functional implications. Studies revealed by systematic bibliographic searches were included if healthy older adults were investigated, and if Achilles tendon stiffness was measured using ultrasound and dynamometry. Meta-analyses were performed to compare Achilles tendon stiffness and elastic modulus in older and younger adults. Achilles tendon stiffness (weighted standardized mean difference = 1.40, 95% confidence intervals [0.42-2.38]) and elastic modulus (weighted standardized mean difference = 1.74, 95% confidence intervals [0.99-2.49]) were decreased in older compared with younger adults. Decreased Achilles tendon stiffness was related to walking performance and balance. Possibly, decreased Achilles tendon stiffness is caused by altered elastic modulus in older adults. Training interventions increasing Achilles tendon stiffness could improve functional capacity.
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Franz JR. The Age-Associated Reduction in Propulsive Power Generation in Walking. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 44:129-36. [PMID: 27433977 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC
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28
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Mani D, Almuklass AM, Hamilton LD, Vieira TM, Botter A, Enoka RM. Motor unit activity, force steadiness, and perceived fatigability are correlated with mobility in older adults. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1988-1997. [PMID: 30044670 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00192.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to examine the associations between the performance of older adults on four tests of mobility and the physical capabilities of the lower leg muscles. The assessments included measures of muscle strength, muscle activation, and perceived fatigability. Muscle activation was quantified as the force fluctuations-a measure of force steadiness-and motor unit discharge characteristics of lower leg muscles during submaximal isometric contractions. Perceived fatigability was measured as the rating of perceived exertion achieved during a test of walking endurance. Twenty participants (73 ± 4 yr) completed one to four evaluation sessions that were separated by at least 3 wk. The protocol included a 400-m walk, a 10-m walk at maximal and preferred speeds, a chair-rise test, and the strength, force steadiness, and discharge characteristics of motor units detected by high-density electromyography of lower leg muscles. Multiple-regression analyses yielded statistically significant models that explained modest amounts of the variance in the four mobility tests. The variance explained by the regression models was 39% for 400-m walk time, 33% for maximal walk time, 42% for preferred walk time, and 27% for chair-rise time. The findings indicate that differences in mobility among healthy older adults were partially associated with the level of perceived fatigability (willingness of individuals to exert themselves) achieved during the test of walking endurance and the discharge characteristics of soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior motor units during steady submaximal contractions with the plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscles. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Differences among healthy older adults in walking endurance, walking speed, and ability to rise from a chair can be partially explained by the performance capabilities of lower leg muscles. Assessments comprised the willingness to exert effort (perceived fatigability) and the discharge times of action potentials by motor units in calf muscles during submaximal isometric contractions. These findings indicate that the nervous system contributes significantly to differences in mobility among healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diba Mani
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Awad M Almuklass
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Landon D Hamilton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Taian M Vieira
- LISiN, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin , Italy
| | - Alberto Botter
- LISiN, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin , Italy
| | - Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
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Massey GJ, Balshaw TG, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Folland JP. Tendinous tissue properties after short- and long-term functional overload: Differences between controls, 12 weeks and 4 years of resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222:e13019. [PMID: 29253326 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM The potential for tendinous tissues to adapt to functional overload, especially after several years of exposure to heavy-resistance training, is largely unexplored. This study compared the morphological and mechanical characteristics of the patellar tendon and knee extensor tendon-aponeurosis complex between young men exposed to long-term (4 years; n = 16), short-term (12 weeks; n = 15) and no (untrained controls; n = 39) functional overload in the form of heavy-resistance training. METHODS Patellar tendon cross-sectional area, vastus lateralis aponeurosis area and quadriceps femoris volume, plus patellar tendon stiffness and Young's modulus, and tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness, were quantified with MRI, dynamometry and ultrasonography. RESULTS As expected, long-term trained had greater muscle strength and volume (+58% and +56% vs untrained, both P < .001), as well as a greater aponeurosis area (+17% vs untrained, P < .01), but tendon cross-sectional area (mean and regional) was not different between groups. Only long-term trained had reduced patellar tendon elongation/strain over the whole force/stress range, whilst both short-term and long-term overload groups had similarly greater stiffness/Young's modulus at high force/stress (short-term +25/22%, and long-term +17/23% vs untrained; all P < .05). Tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness was not different between groups (ANOVA, P = .149). CONCLUSION Despite large differences in muscle strength and size, years of resistance training did not induce tendon hypertrophy. Both short-term and long-term overload demonstrated similar increases in high-force mechanical and material stiffness, but reduced elongation/strain over the whole force/stress range occurred only after years of overload, indicating a force/strain specific time-course to these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Massey
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - T. G. Balshaw
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
| | - T. M. Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing; Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield UK
| | - J. P. Folland
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Leicestershire UK
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McCrum C, Leow P, Epro G, König M, Meijer K, Karamanidis K. Alterations in Leg Extensor Muscle-Tendon Unit Biomechanical Properties With Ageing and Mechanical Loading. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29541035 PMCID: PMC5835978 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons transfer forces produced by muscle to the skeletal system and can therefore have a large influence on movement effectiveness and safety. Tendons are mechanosensitive, meaning that they adapt their material, morphological and hence their mechanical properties in response to mechanical loading. Therefore, unloading due to immobilization or inactivity could lead to changes in tendon mechanical properties. Additionally, ageing may influence tendon biomechanical properties directly, as a result of biological changes in the tendon, and indirectly, due to reduced muscle strength and physical activity. This review aimed to examine age-related differences in human leg extensor (triceps surae and quadriceps femoris) muscle-tendon unit biomechanical properties. Additionally, this review aimed to assess if, and to what extent mechanical loading interventions could counteract these changes in older adults. There appear to be consistent reductions in human triceps surae and quadriceps femoris muscle strength, accompanied by similar reductions in tendon stiffness and elastic modulus with ageing, whereas the effect on tendon cross sectional area is unclear. Therefore, the observed age-related changes in tendon stiffness are predominantly due to changes in tendon material rather than size with age. However, human tendons appear to retain their mechanosensitivity with age, as intervention studies report alterations in tendon biomechanical properties in older adults of similar magnitudes to younger adults over 12–14 weeks of training. Interventions should implement tendon strains corresponding to high mechanical loads (i.e., 80–90% MVC) with repetitive loading for up to 3–4 months to successfully counteract age-related changes in leg extensor muscle-tendon unit biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrum
- Department of Human Movement Science, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pamela Leow
- Department of Human Movement Science, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gaspar Epro
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias König
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Human Movement Science, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Rejc E, Floreani M, Taboga P, Botter A, Toniolo L, Cancellara L, Narici M, Šimunič B, Pišot R, Biolo G, Passaro A, Rittweger J, Reggiani C, Lazzer S. Loss of maximal explosive power of lower limbs after 2 weeks of disuse and incomplete recovery after retraining in older adults. J Physiol 2018; 596:647-665. [PMID: 29266264 DOI: 10.1113/jp274772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Disuse in older adults can critically decrease lower limb muscle power, leading to compromised mobility and overall quality of life. We studied how muscle power and its determinants (muscle mass, single muscle fibre properties and motor control) adapted to 2 weeks of disuse and subsequent 2 weeks of physical training in young and older people. Disuse decreased lower limb muscle power in both groups; however, different adaptations in single muscle fibre properties and co-contraction of leg muscles were observed between young and older individuals. Six physical training sessions performed after disuse promoted the recovery of muscle mass and power. However, they were not sufficient to restore muscle power to pre-disuse values in older individuals, suggesting that further countermeasures are required to counteract the disuse-induced loss of muscle power in older adults. ABSTRACT Disuse-induced loss of muscle power can be detrimental in older individuals, seriously impairing functional capacity. In this study, we examined the changes in maximal explosive power (MEP) of lower limbs induced by a 14-day disuse (bed-rest, BR) and a subsequent 14-day retraining, to assess whether the impact of disuse was greater in older than in young men, and to analyse the causes of such adaptations. Sixteen older adults (Old: 55-65 years) and seven Young (18-30 years) individuals participated in this study. In a subgroup of eight Old subjects, countermeasures based on cognitive training and protein supplementation were applied. MEP was measured with an explosive ergometer, muscle mass was determined by magnetic resonance, motor control was studied by EMG, and single muscle fibres were analysed in vastus lateralis biopsy samples. MEP was ∼33% lower in Old than in Young individuals, and remained significantly lower (-19%) when normalized by muscle volume. BR significantly affected MEP in Old (-15%) but not in Young. Retraining tended to increase MEP; however, this intervention was not sufficient to restore pre-BR values in Old. Ankle co-contraction increased after BR in Old only, and remained elevated after retraining (+30%). Significant atrophy occurred in slow fibres in Old, and in fast fibres in Young. After retraining, the recovery of muscle fibre thickness was partial. The proposed countermeasures were not sufficient to affect muscle mass and power. The greater impact of disuse and smaller retraining-induced recovery observed in Old highlight the importance of designing suitable rehabilitation protocols for older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Rejc
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mirco Floreani
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Paolo Taboga
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Botter
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lina Cancellara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby Royal Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinica Medica AOUTS, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal and Cardiorespiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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BEIJERSBERGEN CHANTALMI, GRANACHER URS, GÄBLER MARTIJN, DEVITA PAUL, HORTOBÁGYI TIBOR. Power Training–induced Increases in Muscle Activation during Gait in Old Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:2198-2025. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Stenroth L, Sipilä S, Finni T, Cronin NJ. Slower Walking Speed in Older Men Improves Triceps Surae Force Generation Ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:158-166. [PMID: 27471788 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Older adults walk slower than young adults, but it is not known why. Previous research suggests that ankle plantarflexors may have a crucial role in the reduction of walking speed. The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in triceps surae muscle-tendon function during walking to further investigate the role of plantarflexors in the age-related reduction of walking speed. METHODS Medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle fascicle lengths were measured using ultrasound imaging during walking from 13 young (25 ± 4 yr) men at preferred walking speed and from 13 older (73 ± 5 yr) men at preferred speed and at the young men's preferred speed. Muscle-tendon unit lengths were calculated from joint kinematics, and tendinous tissue lengths were calculated by subtracting muscle lengths from muscle-tendon unit lengths. In addition, ground reaction forces and electromyographic activity of medial gastrocnemius and soleus were measured. RESULTS In both medial gastrocnemius and soleus, it was observed that at preferred walking speed, older men used a narrower muscle fascicle operating range and lower shortening velocity at the estimated time of triceps surae peak force generation compared with young men. Fascicles also accounted for a lower proportion of muscle-tendon unit length changes during the stance phase in older compared with young men. Significant differences in triceps surae muscle function were not observed between age groups when compared at matched walking speed. CONCLUSIONS In older men, walking at preferred speed allows triceps surae muscles to generate force with more favorable shortening velocity and to enhance use of tendinous tissue elasticity compared with walking at young men's preferred speed. The results suggest that older men may prefer slower walking speeds to compensate for decreased plantarflexor strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Stenroth
- 1Department of Biology of Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, FINLAND; 2Department of Health Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, FINLAND
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Epro G, Mierau A, Doerner J, Luetkens JA, Scheef L, Kukuk GM, Boecker H, Maganaris CN, Brüggemann GP, Karamanidis K. The Achilles tendon is mechanosensitive in older adults: adaptations following 14 weeks versus 1.5 years of cyclic strain exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1008-1018. [PMID: 28298464 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aging musculoskeletal system experiences a general decline in structure and function, characterized by a reduced adaptability to environmental stress. We investigated whether the older human Achilles tendon (AT) demonstrates mechanosensitivity (via biomechanical and morphological adaptations) in response to long-term mechanical loading. Thirty-four female adults (60-75 years) were allocated to either a medium-term (14 weeks; N=21) high AT strain cyclic loading exercise intervention or a control group (N=13), with 12 participants continuing with the intervention for 1.5 years. AT biomechanical properties were assessed using ultrasonography and dynamometry. Tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) was investigated by means of magnetic resonance imaging. A 22% exercise-related increment in ankle plantarflexion joint moment, along with increased AT stiffness (598.2±141.2 versus 488.4±136.9 N mm-1 at baseline), Young's modulus (1.63±0.46 versus 1.37±0.39 GPa at baseline) and about 6% hypertrophy along the entire free AT were identified after 14 weeks of strength training, with no further improvement after 1.5 years of intervention. The aging AT appears to be capable of increasing its stiffness in response to 14 weeks of mechanical loading exercise by changing both its material and dimensional properties. Continuing exercise seems to maintain, but not cause further adaptive changes in tendons, suggesting that the adaptive time-response relationship of aging tendons subjected to mechanical loading is nonlinear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Epro
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany .,Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany.,Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Andreas Mierau
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Doerner
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Scheef
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Guido M Kukuk
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Boecker
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Constantinos N Maganaris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
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Updated reliability and normative values for the standing heel-rise test in healthy adults. Physiotherapy 2017; 103:446-452. [PMID: 28886865 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The heel-rise test is used to assess the strength and endurance of the plantar flexors in everyday clinical practice. However, several factors may affect outcomes, including sex, age, body mass index and activity level. The aims of this study were to revisit the reliability and normative values of this test, and establish normative equations accounting for several factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study with test-retest. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS Volunteers (n=566, age 20 to 81 years). INTERVENTIONS Subjects performed single-legged heel rises to fatigue, standing on a 10° incline, once on each leg. A subset of subjects (n=32) repeated the test 1 week later. Reliability was quantified using intraclass (ICC) correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots {mean difference [95% limits of agreement (LOA)]}, whereas the impact of sex, age, body mass index and activity level on the number of heel rises was determined using non-parametric regression models. RESULTS The test showed excellent reliability (ICC=1.0 right leg, 1.0 left leg), with mean between-day differences in the total number of heel-rise repetitions of 0.2 (95% LOA -6.2 to 6.5) and 0.1 (95% LOA -6.1 to 6.2) for right and left legs, respectively. Overall, males completed more repetitions than females (median 24 vs 21). However, older females (age >60years) outperformed older males. According to the model, younger males with higher activity levels can complete the most heel rises. CONCLUSIONS The heel-rise test is highly reliable. The regression models herein can be employed by clinicians to evaluate the outcomes of heel-rise tests of individuals against a comparable normative population.
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LaRoche DP. Plantarflexor passive-elastic properties related to BMI and walking performance in older women. Gait Posture 2017; 53:55-60. [PMID: 28110164 PMCID: PMC5346040 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of BMI on the passive-elastic properties of the ankle plantarflexors in older women. Twenty-three women, 65-80 yr, were separated into normal weight (NW, BMI <25.0kgm-2, n=11) and overweight-obese (OW, BMI≥25.0kgm-2, n=12) groups. Resistive torque of the ankle plantarflexors was recorded on an isokinetic dynamometer by passively moving the ankle into dorsiflexion. Stiffness, work absorption, and hysteresis were calculated across an ankle dorsiflexion angle of 10-15°. Maximal plantarflexor strength was assessed, then participants walked at maximal speed on an instrumented gait analysis treadmill while muscle activation (EMG) was recorded. Plantarflexor stiffness was 34% lower in OW (26.4±12.7Nmrad-1) than NW (40.0±15.7Nmrad-1, p=0.032). Neither work absorption nor hysteresis were different between OW and NW. Stiffness per kg was positively correlated to strength (r=0.66, p<0.001), peak vertical ground reaction force during walking (r=0.72, p<0.001), weight acceptance rate of force (r=0.51, p=0.007), push-off rate of force (r=0.41, p=0.026), maximal speed (r=0.61, p=0.001), and inversely correlated to BMI (r=-0.61, p=0.001), and peak plantarflexor EMG (r=-0.40, p=0.046). Older women who are OW have low plantarflexor stiffness, which may limit propulsive forces during walking and necessitate greater muscle activation for active force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain P LaRoche
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, 124 Main Street, Durham, NH, 03824, United States.
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Hip mechanics underlie lower extremity power training-induced increase in old adults' fast gait velocity: The Potsdam Gait Study (POGS). Gait Posture 2017; 52:338-344. [PMID: 28043055 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with slowed gait and old compared with young adults generally walk with greater positive hip work (H1) and reduced positive ankle work (A2). The role of exercise interventions on old adults' gait mechanics that underlie training-induced improvements in gait velocity is unclear. We examined the effects of lower extremity power training and detraining on old adults' gait kinetics. METHODS As part of the Potsdam Gait Study (POGS), healthy old adults completed a no-intervention control period (69.1±4.4yrs, n=14) or a power training program followed by detraining (72.9±5.4yrs, n=15). We measured isokinetic knee extensor and plantarflexor power and measured hip, knee and ankle kinetics at habitual, fast and standardized walking speeds. RESULTS Power training significantly increased isokinetic knee extensor power (25%), plantarflexor power (43%), and fast gait velocity (5.9%). Gait mechanics underlying the improved fast gait velocity included increases in hip angular impulse (29%) and H1 work (37%) and no changes in positive knee (K2) and A2 work. Detraining further improved fast gait velocity (4.7%) with reductions in H1 (-35%), and increases in K2 (36%) and A2 (7%). CONCLUSION Power training increased fast gait velocity in healthy old adults by increasing the reliance on hip muscle function and thus further strengthened the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in muscle function.
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Berryman N, Bherer L, Nadeau S, Lauzière S, Lehr L, Bobeuf F, Kergoat MJ, Vu TTM, Bosquet L. Relationships between lower body strength and the energy cost of treadmill walking in a cohort of healthy older adults: a cross-sectional analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 117:53-59. [PMID: 27815704 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gait speed is associated with survival in older adults and it was suggested that an elevated energy cost of walking (Cw) is an important determinant of gait speed reduction. Thus far, little is known about the factors that contribute to a lower Cw but it was shown that lower body strength training could reduce the Cw. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between lower body strength and the Cw in a cohort of healthy older adults. METHODS A total of 48 participants were included in this study (70.7 ± 5.4 years). After a geriatric and a neuropsychological assessment, participants underwent a fitness testing protocol which included a maximal oxygen uptake test, assessment of the Cw at 4 km h-1 on a treadmill, an isokinetic maximal strength test for the ankle, knee and hip joints and a body composition assessment. Relationships between strength variables and the Cw were assessed with partial correlations and linear regression analyses. RESULTS Hip extensors and hip flexors peak torque was significantly correlated with the Cw (r = -0.36 and -0.32, respectively; p < 0.05). A tendency towards significance was identified for the ankle plantar flexors (r = -0.25, p = 0.09). Hip extensors peak torque was the only significant neuromuscular parameter included in the linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results show that hip extensors are an important muscle group with regards to the Cw measured on a treadmill in this cohort of healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berryman
- Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, 2600 College, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada. .,Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.
| | - Louis Bherer
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.,Centre Perform, Université Concordia, 7200 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Nadeau
- École de réadaptation-Faculté de médecine, Université of Montréal, CP 6128, succ. centre ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation (CRIR), Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal du CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (IRGLM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Séléna Lauzière
- École de réadaptation-Faculté de médecine, Université of Montréal, CP 6128, succ. centre ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.,Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation (CRIR), Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal du CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (IRGLM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Lora Lehr
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Marie Jeanne Kergoat
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.,Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Service de gériatrie, 1058 St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, LESCA, 4565 Chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6413) Université de Poitiers, 8 Jean Monnet, 86000, Poitiers, France
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KULMALA JUHAPEKKA, KORHONEN MARKOT, RUGGIERO LUCA, KUITUNEN SAMI, SUOMINEN HARRI, HEINONEN ARI, MIKKOLA AKI, AVELA JANNE. Walking and Running Require Greater Effort from the Ankle than the Knee Extensor Muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:2181-2189. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Waanders J, Beijersbergen C, Murgia A, Hortobágyi T. Functional Relevance of Relative Maintenance of Maximal Eccentric Quadriceps Torque in Healthy Old Adults. Gerontology 2016; 62:588-596. [PMID: 27120354 DOI: 10.1159/000445376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Old referenced to young adults show a relative maintenance of maximal eccentric (RELM) compared to concentric muscle torque: ∼76 and ∼59%, respectively. However, it is unknown if RELM affords functional benefits in old adults. OBJECTIVE We examined if there is specificity between the two types of peak quadriceps torque (i.e., concentric and eccentric) and timed gait performance measured during level, ramp, and stair walking and if gait performance was higher in old adults with high versus low RELM. METHODS We measured peak concentric and eccentric quadriceps torque at 60 and 120°/s and timed gait at habitual and safe-fast speeds in healthy young (age 22.7 years, n = 24) and old (age 70.0 years, n = 21) adults. RESULTS Comparable to previous studies, RELM was 21%, but instead of the anticipated specificity, we found that concentric compared with eccentric torque was more strongly associated with gait performance than eccentric torque, independently of walking direction and age (R2 = 0.16: eccentric vs. descending gaits; R2 = 0.17: eccentric vs. ascending gaits; R2 = 0.45: concentric vs. descending gaits; R2 = 0.56: concentric vs. ascending gaits, n = 45, all p < 0.01). Furthermore, old adults (n = 10) with ∼30% greater than normal levels of RELM (n = 11) ambulated at similar velocities measured on level and inclined surfaces. CONCLUSION Normal and 30% above normal levels of RELM do not seem to increase or predict healthy old adults' gait performance on level and inclined surfaces. Future work should examine if RELM is associated with a heightened performance in other measures of neuromuscular function, such as gait biomechanics, muscle activation, as well as rate and control of voluntary force development in old adults with high or low mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Waanders
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Finni T, Lichtwark GA. Rise of the tendon research. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26:992-4. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Finni
- Neuromusucular Research Center; Department of Biology of Physical Activity; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - G. A. Lichtwark
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology 2016; 17:567-80. [PMID: 26936444 PMCID: PMC4889622 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity helps to improve physical and mental functions as well as reverse some effects of chronic disease to keep older people mobile and independent. Despite the highly publicised benefits of physical activity, the overwhelming majority of older people in the United Kingdom do not meet the minimum physical activity levels needed to maintain health. The sedentary lifestyles that predominate in older age results in premature onset of ill health, disease and frailty. Local authorities have a responsibility to promote physical activity amongst older people, but knowing how to stimulate regular activity at the population-level is challenging. The physiological rationale for physical activity, risks of adverse events, societal and psychological factors are discussed with a view to inform public health initiatives for the relatively healthy older person as well as those with physical frailty. The evidence shows that regular physical activity is safe for healthy and for frail older people and the risks of developing major cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, obesity, falls, cognitive impairments, osteoporosis and muscular weakness are decreased by regularly completing activities ranging from low intensity walking through to more vigorous sports and resistance exercises. Yet, participation in physical activities remains low amongst older adults, particularly those living in less affluent areas. Older people may be encouraged to increase their activities if influenced by clinicians, family or friends, keeping costs low and enjoyment high, facilitating group-based activities and raising self-efficacy for exercise.
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Ageing, Muscle Power and Physical Function: A Systematic Review and Implications for Pragmatic Training Interventions. Sports Med 2016; 46:1311-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Age and muscle strength mediate the age-related biomechanical plasticity of gait. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:805-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stenroth L, Cronin NJ, Peltonen J, Korhonen MT, Sipilä S, Finni T. Triceps surae muscle-tendon properties in older endurance- and sprint-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:63-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that aging is associated with alterations in muscle architecture and tendon properties (Morse CI, Thom JM, Birch KM, Narici MV. Acta Physiol Scand 183: 291–298, 2005; Narici MV, Maganaris CN, Reeves ND, Capodaglio P. J Appl Physiol 95: 2229–2234, 2003; Stenroth L, Peltonen J, Cronin NJ, Sipila S, Finni T. J Appl Physiol 113: 1537–1544, 2012). However, the possible influence of different types of regular exercise loading on muscle architecture and tendon properties in older adults is poorly understood. To address this, triceps surae muscle-tendon properties were examined in older male endurance (OE, n = 10, age = 74.0 ± 2.8 yr) and sprint runners (OS, n = 10, age = 74.4 ± 2.8 yr), with an average of 42 yr of regular training experience, and compared with age-matched [older control (OC), n = 33, age = 74.8 ± 3.6 yr] and young untrained controls (YC, n = 18, age = 23.7 ± 2.0 yr). Compared with YC, Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) was 22% ( P = 0.022), 45% ( P = 0.001), and 71% ( P < 0.001) larger in OC, OE, and OS, respectively. Among older groups, OS had significantly larger tendon CSA compared with OC ( P = 0.033). No significant between-group differences were observed in Achilles tendon stiffness. In older groups, Young's modulus was 31-44%, and maximal tendon stress 44–55% lower, than in YC ( P ≤ 0.001). OE showed shorter soleus fascicle length than both OC ( P < 0.05) and YC ( P < 0.05). These data suggest that long-term running does not counteract the previously reported age-related increase in tendon CSA, but, instead, may have an additive effect. The greatest Achilles tendon CSA was observed in OS followed by OE and OC, suggesting that adaptation to running exercise is loading intensity dependent. Achilles tendon stiffness was maintained in older groups, even though all older groups displayed larger tendon CSA and lower tendon Young's modulus. Shorter soleus muscle fascicles in OE runners may be an adaptation to life-long endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Stenroth
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Neil J. Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
| | - Jussi Peltonen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
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Piasecki M, Ireland A, Jones DA, McPhee JS. Age-dependent motor unit remodelling in human limb muscles. Biogerontology 2015; 17:485-96. [PMID: 26667009 PMCID: PMC4889636 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle enables humans to interact with and manipulate the environment. Lower muscle mass, weakness and poor coordination are common complaints in older age and reduce physical capabilities. Attention has focused on ways of maintaining muscle size and strength by exercise, diet or hormone replacement. Without appropriate neural innervation, however, muscle cannot function. Emerging evidence points to a neural basis of muscle loss. Motor unit number estimates indicate that by age around 71 years, healthy older people have around 40 % fewer motor units. The surviving low- and moderate-threshold motor units recruited for moderate intensity contractions are enlarged by around 50 % and show increased fibre density, presumably due to collateral reinnervation of denervated fibres. Motor unit potentials show increased complexity and the stability of neuromuscular junction transmissions is decreased. The available evidence is limited by a lack of longitudinal studies, relatively small sample sizes, a tendency to examine the small peripheral muscles and relatively few investigations into the consequences of motor unit remodelling for muscle size and control of movements in older age. Loss of motor neurons and remodelling of surviving motor units constitutes the major change in ageing muscles and probably contributes to muscle loss and functional impairments. The deterioration and remodelling of motor units likely imposes constraints on the way in which the central nervous system controls movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Piasecki
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK
| | - Alex Ireland
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK
| | - David A Jones
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15GD, UK.
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