Life-Course Circumstances and Frailty in Old Age Within Different European Welfare Regimes: A Longitudinal Study With SHARE

The Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Frailty: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE

Based on life-course theory, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have emerged as risk factors for health in later life. This study aimed to explore the association between ACEs and frailty.

DESIGN

Systematic review.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Frail older adults who have experienced ACEs.

METHODS

We searched 7 databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The last searched date was October 27, 2023. Included studies should have investigated the association between exposure to at least 1 ACE and frailty. Two researchers independently assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and an adapted version of the NOS scale and also extracted relevant characteristics and outcomes of the included studies.

RESULTS

A total of 14 studies were finally included. Consistent associations with increased risk of frailty were only shown in studies that assessed family members with mental illness, low neighborhood quality, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and combinations of ACEs. In addition, women exposed to ACEs were more likely to be at risk for frailty than men, and greater numbers or types of exposure to ACEs were associated with higher odds of frailty. The results of the quality assessment showed a moderate risk of bias in half of the studies.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This study summarizes for the first time the evidence for an association between ACEs and frailty. Considered collectively, increased attention to ACEs may be one way to prevent frailty, and unhealthy lifestyles resulting from ACEs may serve as a breakthrough in developing interventions.

Early Origins of Frailty: Do Later-Life Social Relationships Alter Trajectories of Decline?

Objectives: Social relationships are widely regarded as salubrious, but do they mediate the influence of childhood experiences on frailty in later life? Drawing from cumulative inequality theory, we assess the influence of childhood experiences and adult relationships on frailty trajectories. Methods: We analyzed data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine the influence of six domains of childhood experiences and social relationships on frailty trajectories over 8 years. Mediation analyses were completed with structural equation models. Results: Risky adolescent behavior, chronic disease, and impairments during childhood are associated directly with higher risk of initial frailty, but not over time. More social roles and higher social support mediate the relationship between childhood experiences and frailty, and the effect of more social roles continues over time. Discussion: This study provides compelling evidence that supportive social relationships mediate the risk and severity of frailty in later life associated with noxious childhood experiences.

Can countries shape the association between cumulative adversity and old-age health?

Introduction

The present study examined the relationships of Lifetime Cumulative Adversity (LCA) and country inequalities, as well as the interactions between them, with the self-rated health (SRH) in old age.

Methods

Using data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the study regressed self-rated health on Lifetime Cumulative Adversity and country-level inequality indices across European countries in two points in time. The analysis also considered adversity-inequality interactions, controlling for confounders. The sample was comprised of 28,789 adults, aged 50 to 80, from 25 European countries and Israel.

Results

The findings pointed out that LCA is negatively associated with SRH, but democracy and welfare regimes modify the ill effects of LCA on health. These effects are reduced as the LCA level increases. The effects remained significant over two measurement time-points over three years, showing that life-course trajectories may be shaped by individual accumulated risk exposure to stress, along with inequalities at the society level.

Discussion

The study provides constructive and important guidance for decreasing the harmful effect of lifetime adversity in old age, by the modification of the country's welfare policies.

Income-Related Inequalities in Physical and Cognitive Health Domains Over the Later Life Course: Longitudinal Evidence From the U.S. (1992-2016)

This study aims to investigate changes in the income-health gradient over the later life course. We test the age-as-leveler, the cumulative advantage/disadvantage, and the persistent inequality pattern for physical and cognitive health domains, and analyze whether these patterns are gendered. We used HRS data (1992-2016) and Poisson growth curve models to predict multimorbidity (33,860 participants) as an indicator of physical health and memory (25,291 participants) as an indicator of cognitive health. We disentangled the within-participant from the between-participant effects. For multimorbidity, the income-health gradient weakened as individuals aged; whereas for memory, the income-health gradient strengthened as individuals aged. The cumulative advantage/disadvantage of higher/lower income on memory may be more pronounced among women than men. Findings were confirmed by sensitivity analyses. Findings suggest that the support for the age-as-leveler or cumulative advantage/disadvantage pattern may depend on health domains and the effect strength may depend on gender.

Association of Childhood Adversity With Frailty and the Mediating Role of Unhealthy Lifestyle: A Lifespan Analysis

OBJECTIVES

Childhood adversity and lifestyle have been associated with frailty in later life, but not much is known about factors that may explain these associations. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association of childhood adversity with frailty, and the mediating role of unhealthy lifestyle in the association.

METHODS

This lifespan analysis included 152,914 adults aged 40-69 years old from the UK Biobank. We measured childhood adversity with five items: physical neglect, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse through online mental health survey. Frailty was measured by the frailty index; an unhealthy lifestyle score (range: 0-5) was calculated based on unhealthy body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet at the baseline survey. Multiple logistic regression and mediation analysis were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 10,078 participants (6.6%) were defined as having frailty. Participants with any childhood adversity had higher odds of frailty. For example, in the fully adjusted model, with a one-point increase in cumulative score of childhood adversity, the odds of frailty increased by 38% (odds ratio: 1.38; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.36, 1.40). Unhealthy lifestyle partially mediated the associations of childhood adversity with frailty (mediation proportion: 4.4%-7.0%). The mediation proportions were largest for physical (8.2%) and sexual (8.1%) abuse.

CONCLUSIONS

Childhood adversity was positively associated with frailty, and unhealthy lifestyle partially mediated the association. This newly identified pathway highlights the potential of lifestyle intervention strategies among those who experienced childhood adversity (in particular, physical, and sexual abuse) to promote healthy aging.

Frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: an eight-year multi-trajectory analysis

BACKGROUND

Frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms are closely interrelated conditions in the aging population. However, limited research has longitudinally analyzed the concurrent trajectories of these three prominent conditions in older adults in China. This study aimed to explore the eight-year trajectories of frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms, and to identify individual-level and structural-level factors associated with the trajectories.

METHODS

Four waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2018) were used to identify 6,106 eligible older adults. The main measures included frailty by the frailty index constructed using 30 indicators, cognitive impairment by the summary score of immediate and delayed word recall, figure drawing, serial subtraction, and orientation, and depressive symptoms by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multi-trajectory models identified the trajectories of frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms over time. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to estimate the associations between individual-level capital factors and one structural factor (hukou and geographic residency) with the identified trajectories, adjusting for demographic characteristics.

RESULTS

Four trajectories emerged: (1) worsening frailty, worsening cognitive impairment, depression (14.0%); (2) declining pre-frailty, declining cognition, borderline depression (20.0%); (3) pre-frailty, worsening cognitive impairment, no depression (29.3%); and (4) physically robust, declining cognition, no depression (36.7%). Using the "physically robust, declining cognition, no depression" as the reference, not working, no social activity participant, worse childhood family financial situation, and poorer adult health were most strongly associated with the "worsening frailty, worsening cognitive impairment, depression" trajectory; worse health during childhood had the highest association with the "declining pre-frailty, declining cognition, borderline depression" trajectory; less education, lower household consumption, and rural hukou had the greatest association with the increased likelihood of the "pre-frailty, worsening cognitive impairment, no depression" trajectory.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings could inform the understanding of the interrelationship of frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms in older adults in China and may help practitioners detect adults at risk for adverse trajectories to implement strategies for proper care.

Education and age trajectories of chronic conditions: Are tests of the cumulative advantage and disadvantage hypothesis biased by underreporting?

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the impact of underreporting on tests of the cumulative advantage and disadvantage hypothesis (CAD), which predicts age-related increases in health disparities between individuals with higher and lower education.

METHODS

Using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), we identified underreporting by comparing self-reported hypertension and diabetes with biomedically measured hypertension (systolic blood pressure≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure≥90 mm Hg) and diabetes (fasting glucose level≥7 mmol/l and/or HbA1c≥6.5%). In a sample of 11,859 respondents aged 50 to 85 (54% women, 97% White), we assessed the associations between underreporting and the main analytic constructs in tests of the CAD (education, age, sex, and cohort).

RESULTS

The results showed that self-reported measures underestimated the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes. Underreporting showed weak to moderate associations with the main constructs in tests of the CAD, being more pronounced in individuals with lower education, in older age, in more recent cohorts, and among men. When correcting for underreporting using biomedical measures, the overall prevalence of hypertension and diabetes increased substantially, but education differences in age trajectories of both conditions remained similar.

CONCLUSIONS

Underreporting affected conclusions about the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, but it did not affect conclusions about the CAD hypothesis for either condition.

Social contexts and cross-national differences in association between adverse childhood experiences and frailty index

Cross-national differences in the health implication of adverse childhood experiences have been documented. The differences may be shaped by macro- and micro-social context. However, previous studies failed to consider the role of micro-level social contexts, where adverse childhood experiences happen, in affecting the cross-national differences. The study aims to estimate the association between adverse childhood experiences and Frailty Index across countries and micro-social contexts, and then reveal how cross-national difference in the association between adverse childhood experiences and Frailty Index were shaped by social contexts. Adulthood information were collected from three waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe in 2010, 2013, and 2015, and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study data from in 2013, 2015 and 2018, respectively. Frailty index was measured based on 35 health measurements. Eleven adversities, including intrafamilial aggression and neglect, family dynamics, and socioeconomic status etc, were extracted from the life history survey of the two datasets, conducted in 2017 and 2014, respectively. Weighted Linear regression models and the smoothing-differencing method were applied. Experiencing three or more adversities was associated with increase in frailty index level in Europe and China. The effect size ranged from 0.015 (95%CI: 0.011-0.019) in China to 0.030 (95%CI: 0.025-0.034) in Germanic countries. Poor parent-child relationship, parental absence/death were ACEs in terms of frail in European countries but not in China. In a context where adversities were moderately likely to happen, the association between experiencing adverse childhood experiences and Frailty Index were greatest. Cross-national differences of adverse childhood experiences effects were most derived from this social context. These findings highlight the importance of micro-social contexts while mitigating early life stress to promote life-course health. Individuals who were moderately likely to experience adversity should be paid special attention in terms of health implication of adverse childhood experiences.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and frailty in later life: a prospective population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

The deficit accumulation method considers the ageing process underlying frailty as a random accumulation of health deficits.

OBJECTIVE

Although Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) have consistently been associated with the onset of mental disorders and somatic diseases during adolescence and midlife, it remains unknown whether ACE still exert detrimental health effects in late life. Therefore, we examined cross-sectionally and prospectively the association between ACE and frailty among community-dwelling older people.

DESIGN

Based on the health-deficit accumulation method, a Frailty Index was calculated with values ≥0.25 considered as frail. ACE were measured by a validated questionnaire. The cross-sectional association was examined by logistic regression among 2,176 community dwelling participants aged 58-89 years. The prospective association was examined by Cox-regression among 1,427 non-frail participants during a 17-year follow-up. Interactions with age and sex were tested and analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.

SETTING

The present study was embedded in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.

RESULTS

ACE and frailty were positively associated at baseline (OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.46-2.42; P = 0.05). Among non-frail participants at baseline (n = 1,427), ACE interacted with age on the prediction of frailty. Stratified analyses showed that a history of ACE only resulted in a higher hazard rate for the incidence of frailty among those aged ≥70 years (HR = 1.28; P = 0.044).

CONCLUSION

Even in the oldest-old, ACE still lead to an accelerated rate of the accumulation of health deficits and therefore contribute to the onset of frailty.

Association of childhood adversity with frailty and the mediating role of unhealthy lifestyle: Findings from the UK biobank

Background

Childhood adversity and lifestyle have been associated with frailty in later life, but not much is known about factors that may explain these associations. An unhealthy lifestyle may play an important role in the pathway from childhood adversity to frailty. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association of childhood adversity with frailty, and the mediating role of unhealthy lifestyle in the association.

Methods

This lifespan analysis included 152914 adults aged 40-69 years old from the UK Biobank. We measured childhood adversity with five items: physical neglect, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse through online mental health survey. Frailty was measured by the frailty index; an unhealthy lifestyle score (range: 0-5) was calculated based on unhealthy body mass index, smoking, drinking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet at the baseline survey. Multiple logistic regression and mediation analysis were performed.

Results

A total of 10078 participants (6.6%) were defined as having frailty. Participants with any childhood adversity had higher odds of frailty. For example, in the fully adjusted model, with a one-point increase in cumulative score of childhood adversity, the odds of frailty increased by 41% (Odds Ratio: 1.41; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.39, 1.44). Unhealthy lifestyle partially mediated the associations of childhood adversity with frailty (mediation proportion: 4.4%-7.0%). The mediation proportions were largest for physical (8.2%) and sexual (8.1%) abuse.

Conclusions

Among this large sample, childhood adversity was positively associated with frailty, and unhealthy lifestyle partially mediated the association. This newly identified pathway highlights the potential of lifestyle intervention strategies among those who experienced childhood adversity (in particular, physical and sexual abuse) to promote healthy aging.

Childhood experiences and frailty trajectory among middle-aged and older adults in China

This study examined the associations between childhood experiences and frailty trajectory among middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Data were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We used data from all four waves (i.e., 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018) and the life history survey in 2014. Data for 10,963 respondents were included. Latent growth curve models were conducted to examine the proposed model. The results show that adverse childhood experiences, self-rated childhood socioeconomic status, and the objective indicators of childhood health and health care were associated with both the baseline level and change rate of frailty. The educational attainment of fathers and perceived childhood health and healthcare conditions were associated with baseline frailty only. Our findings highlight the crucial role of childhood antecedents in the progression of frailty in later life. We further found strong evidence that childhood is an essential life stage for human development. Future social policies and interventions should use childhood experiences as a screening tool and promote child protection, health education, and life course interventions.

Latent trajectories of frailty and risk prediction models among geriatric community dwellers: an interpretable machine learning perspective

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to identify long-term frailty trajectories among older adults (≥65) and construct interpretable prediction models to assess the risk of developing abnormal frailty trajectory among older adults and examine significant factors related to the progression of frailty.

METHODS

This study retrospectively collected data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity and Happy Family Study between 2002 and 2018 (N = 4083). Frailty was defined by the frailty index. The whole study consisted of two phases of tasks. First, group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify frailty trajectories. Second, easy-to-access epidemiological data was utilized to construct machine learning algorithms including naïve bayes, logistic regression, decision tree, support vector machine, random forest, artificial neural network, and extreme gradient boosting to predict the risk of long-term frailty trajectories. Further, Shapley additive explanations was employed to identify feature importance and open-up the black box model of machine learning to further strengthen decision makers' trust in the model.

RESULTS

Two distinct frailty trajectories (stable-growth: 82.54%, rapid-growth: 17.46%) were identified. Compared with other algorithms, random forest performed relatively better in distinguishing the stable-growth and rapid-growth groups. Physical function including activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, marital status, weight, and cognitive function were top five predictors.

CONCLUSIONS

Interpretable machine learning can achieve the primary goal of risk stratification and make it more transparent in individual prediction beneficial to primary screening and tailored prevention.

Cognitive frailty among community-dwelling rural elderly population of West Bengal in India

OBJECTIVES

There has been growing interest in the links between physical frailty and cognitive impairment: both can increase the risk of emerging life-threatening health problems and are currently prominent within the global geriatric health agenda. A recent consensus proposes the idea of 'cognitive frailty' defined by the presence of both physical frailty and cognitive impairment in the absence of dementia. Present study is intended to determine the prevalence of cognitive frailty and its associated factors.

METHODS

Cross-sectional survey was conducted among the rural community-dwelling elderly population of West Bengal, India (n = 510), without diagnosed dementia at baseline. An Interview-based questionnaire was administered to obtain information on sociodemographic, physical and psychosocial characteristics. Study participants were categorized as non-cognitive impairment (NCI) and cognitive impairment (CI) by Bangla Adaptation of Mini-Mental State Exam (BMSE ≤ 25) scale, as non-physical frailty (NPF) and physical frailty (PF) using Modified Fried Frailty Phenotype (FP ≥ 3) scale, as robust (NPF + NCI), pre-cognitive frailty (NPF + CI or PF + NCI) and cognitive frailty (PF + CI).

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of cognitive frailty was 21.8%. In multinomial regression analysis, final model indicated that increasing age, being woman, out-of-wedlock, poor education and non-working sociodemographic status had significant association with cognitive frailty. Poor nutritional status, low health-related quality of life and depression are also prone among the cognitively frail participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Present study allows us to understand complementary relationships between sociodemographic, physical, psychosocial characteristics and cognitive frailty. There is a dire need for multidimensional approach for providing appropriate and comprehensive geriatric health care for developing countries like India.

Early-Life Socioeconomic Circumstances and Physical Activity in Older Age: Women Pay the Price

Health in older age is shaped by early-life socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) and sex. However, whether and why these factors interact is unclear. We examined a cultural explanation of this interaction by distinguishing cultural and material aspects of SECs in the context of physical activity-a major determinant of health. We used data from 56,331 adults between 50 and 96 years old from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), a 13-year, large-scale, population-based cohort. Confounder-adjusted logistic linear mixed-effects models showed an association between the cultural aspects of early-life SEC disadvantage and physical activity among women, but it was not consistently observed in men. Furthermore, these associations were compensated for only partially by adult-life socioeconomic trajectories. The material aspects of early-life SECs were not associated with adult-life physical activity. These findings highlight the need to distinguish different aspects of SECs because they may relate to health behaviors in diverse ways.

Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Frailty in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

INTRODUCTION

Frailty in older adults, characterized by a decline in multiple physiological systems and increasing vulnerability to loss of independence, disability, and death, is a public health priority in developed countries. Etiology of frailty extends across the lifespan and may begin in early life, but empirical evidence for this association is scarce. In this study, we examined whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with frailty in later life.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data for a population-based sample of 27,748 adults aged 45-85 years from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. The frailty index (FI) was computed with 76 health-related characteristics of physical and cognitive performance, self-rated health, chronic conditions, visual and hearing ability, activities of daily living, and well-being. Self-reported exposure to ACEs included physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect, and witnessing intimate partner violence prior age of 16 and parental death, divorce, and living with a family member with mental illness prior age of 18. Generalized linear regression models with gamma error distribution and identity link function, adjusted for age and sex, were used to examine associations of each ACE type and the number of ACE types (0, 1, 2, or 3+) reported by an individual with FI. All models were adjusted for income, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption in sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS

Individuals exposed to ACEs had elevated levels of FI (mean = 0.13, SD = 0.09) than those unexposed, with the largest difference observed for neglect (B [95% CI]: 0.05 [0.04, 0.06]) and the smallest for parental death and divorce (0.015 [0.01,0.02]). The ACE count was associated with frailty in a graded manner, with the FI difference reaching 0.04 [0.037, 0.044] for participants exposed to 3+ ACE types. The association between ACEs and frailty tended to be stronger for women than men and for men aged 45-64 years than older men.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study supports previous studies showing that exposure to ACEs is associated with frailty in adults. Our findings suggest that screening for ACEs involving childhood maltreatment may be useful for identifying individuals at risk of frailty and prevention of ACEs may have long-term benefits for healthy aging.

Associations between Early-Life Food Deprivation and Risk of Frailty of Middle-Age and Elderly People: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND

The association between childhood food deprivation (FD) and health in later life has been extensively studied; however, studies on the association between childhood food deprivation and frailty are scarce. This study assessed the associations between childhood FD and the risk of frailty at middle-age and old age.

METHODS

Three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), including 11,615 individuals aged over 45 years, were used for this research. Frailty was operationalized according to the FRAIL scale as a sum of fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and the loss of weight. Childhood FD experiences and levels were measured by self-reported FD and historical content. Logistic mixed-effects models and proportional odds ordered logistic regression models were used to analyse the association between childhood FD and frailty.

FINDINGS

Childhood FD increased the odds of frailty at old age (1.30, 95% CI: 1.26-1.36). Compared with subjects with mild FD, those with extreme FD experiences had increased risks of frailty (1.34, 95% CI: 1.26-1.43). Subjects exposed to hunger at different ages all had an increased risk of frailty, and subjects who had FD during ages 6-12 (1.15, 95% CI: 1.09-1.22) were more likely to have an increased risk of frailty than those who had experienced FD in younger ages. The interaction of experience of FD at ages 0-6 and the experience of FD at ages 6-12 is not statistically significant after adjusting all covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that childhood FD exerts long-lasting effects on frailty among older adults in China. The prevention of childhood FD may delay or even avert the emergence of frailty in people of middle-age and old age.

The association between medication or alcohol use and the incidence of frailty: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Understanding potentially modifiable factors that influence the risk of frailty is a key concern for the management of this urgent contemporary public health challenge. This study evaluates the association between the use of various medications or alcohol and the incidence of frailty among older adults.

METHODS

This study was a retrospective cohort study on older adults (≥ 65 years) using data from the longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE survey, 28 countries). Medication use was measured as taking several different groups of medications. Alcohol use was assessed with SHARE questions corresponding to AUDIT-C. The outcome measure was the incidence of frailty after two years, defined by frailty index (FI) and frailty phenotype (FP). A multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association with adjustment for several potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

Of the 14,665 FI-population participants, 1800 (12.3%) developed frailty within two years. Of the 8133 FP-population participants, 2798 (34.4%) developed pre-frailty and 247 (3.0%) developed frailty within two years of baseline. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, non-hazardous alcohol use (adjusted OR; 95% CI for the FI-population: 0.68; 0.60-0.77) and hazardous alcohol use (0.80; 0.68-0.93) are associated with lower incidence of frailty compared to no alcohol use. The odds of frailty are increased when taking medications; the largest effect size was observed in older adults taking medication for chronic bronchitis (adjusted OR; 95% CI for the FI-population: 2.45; 1.87-3.22), joint pain and other pain medication (2.26; 2.00-2.54), medication for coronary and other heart disease (1.72; 1.52-1.96), medication for diabetes (1.69; 1.46-1.96), and medication for anxiety, depression and sleep problems (1.56; 1.33-1.84). Additionally, the risk of frailty was increased with stroke, Parkinson's disease and dementia.

CONCLUSIONS

Taking certain groups of medication was associated with increased incidence of frailty and pre-frailty, which might be due to either medication use or the underlying disease. Alcohol use was associated with a lower risk of pre-frailty and frailty compared to no alcohol use, which might be due to reverse causality or residual confounding. There was no significant interaction effect between medication groups and alcohol use on frailty incidence.

Frailty Phenotype: Evidence of Both Physical and Mental Health Components in Community-Dwelling Early-Old Adults

Background

Demographic aging results in increased incidence of old-age disability. Frailty is a major factor contributing to old-age disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the frailty phenotype as defined by Fried et al and to estimate the need for associated preventative interventions in early-old community-dwelling inhabitants of the southern industrial region of Poland, as well as to investigate the defining components of the frailty phenotype.

Methods

The study group consisted of 160 individuals with an average age of 66.8 ± 4.2 years (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage[substack]{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \DeclareFontFamily{T1}{linotext}{} \DeclareFontShape{T1}{linotext}{m}{n} {linotext }{} \DeclareSymbolFont{linotext}{T1}{linotext}{m}{n} \DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathLINOTEXT}{linotext} \begin{document} $$\bar x$$ \end{document} ± SD), 71 (44.4%) of study participants were women. The cohort was randomized out of over 843 thousand community-dwelling Upper Silesian inhabitants aged 60–74 years, who agreed to participate in this project. A comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), frailty phenotype test (as described by Fried et al) blood tests and bioimpedance body structure analysis was completed for study participants. Functional assessment included Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living (Barthel Index), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and Geriatric Depression Scale – Short Form (GDS-SF).

Results

Prefrailty was diagnosed in 24.4% of the subjects (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 17.7–31.0%; 31% in women and 19.1% in men, P=0.082) and frailty in 2.5% subjects (95% CI 0.1–4.9%; more frequently in women: 4.2% versus 1.1% in men, P=0.046). Having one or more positive frailty criteria was positively associated with depression (odds ratio (OR)=2.85, 95% CI=1.08–7.54, P=0.035) and negatively associated with MMSE score (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.56–0.93, P=0.012) and fat-free mass (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.92–0.99, P=0.016) in multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, disease prevalence, number of medications, functional tests (Barthel Index, IADL, MMSE, GDS-SF), BMI, bioimpedance body composition score, and blood tests.

Conclusion

At least 25% of the early-old community-dwelling population would benefit from a frailty prevention program. The frailty phenotype reflects both physical and mental health in this population.