1
|
Wang Y, Tian Y, Du W, Fan L. Does work after retirement affect health-related quality of life: Evidence from a propensity score matching study in China. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024. [PMID: 38766995 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM Extending working life is considered as an important initiative to respond to the population aging and pension payment dilemma. This study aimed to investigate whether work after retirement is related to improved health-related quality of life. METHODS We used two waves of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011 and 2018. Work after retirement was ascertained based on self-reported retirement and work status, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured with the three-level EuroQol five-dimensions. The impact of work after retirement on HRQOL was analyzed using the propensity score matching with difference-in-difference approach. RESULTS A total of 1043 retirees were included. The results showed that work after retirement was associated with significant improvement in HRQOL among retirees (β = 0.072, P < 0.001). Heterogeneity analyses did not show specificity on sex (P for sex interaction >0.05), but older-aged retirees seemed more sensitive to the benefits of work after retirement on HRQOL than their younger-aged counterparts (≥65 years: β = 0.167, P < 0.001 vs <65 years: β = -0.047, P > 0.05; P for age interaction = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Work after retirement shows a positive impact on HRQOL among community-dwelling adults in China. Policy-makers should take the health of retirees into account when implementing policies related to delayed retirement, and reduce health inequity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••-••.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Tian
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Law and Public Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Huang Y, Zhou M, Jiang H, Zong Y, Zhu X, Sun X. Socioeconomic support, quality of life, and prognosis of frailty among the older adults. HEALTH CARE SCIENCE 2024; 3:101-113. [PMID: 38939613 PMCID: PMC11080858 DOI: 10.1002/hcs2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Although socioeconomic support is recommended for frailty management, its association with the prognosis of frailty is unclear. Methods Using data from participants aged ≥65 years in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2008-2018), the associations between socioeconomic support (source of income, medical insurance, community support, living status), onset of prefrailty/frailty, and worsening of prefrailty, were analyzed using multinominal logistic regression models. The associations between self-reported low quality of life (QoL) and reversion of prefrailty/frailty were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. Associations with mortality risk were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results A total of 13,859 participants (mean age: 85.8 ± 11.1 years) containing 2056 centenarians were included. Financial dependence was a risk factor for low QoL among prefrail/frail individuals, but not among robust individuals. Having commercial or other insurance, and receiving social support from the community were protective factors for low QoL among prefrail/frail individuals and for the worsening of prefrailty. Continuing to work was a risk factor for low QoL, but a protective factor for worsening of prefrailty. A negative association between continuing to work and mortality existed in prefrail individuals aged <85 years and ≥85 years. Living alone was a risk factor for low QoL, but was not significantly associated with frailty prognosis. Conclusions Prefrail and frail individuals were vulnerable to changes in socioeconomic support and more sensitive to it compared with robust individuals. Preferential policies regarding financial support, social support, and medical insurance should be developed for individuals with frailty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai‐Yu Wang
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Treatment of DiseasesBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
- College of Chinese MedicineBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Yuming Huang
- Nephrology DepartmentFirst Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for NationalitiesBaiseChina
| | - Meng‐Ru Zhou
- College of Chinese MedicineBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hao‐Yue Jiang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese MedicineChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐Han Zong
- The Second School of Clinical MedicineGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xi‐Huan Zhu
- Qi‐huang Chinese Medicine SchoolBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First HospitalPeking University Institute of NephrologyBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stahlhofen L, Hartung J, Schilling O, Wahl HW, Hülür G. The relevance of perceived work environment and work activities for personality trajectories in midlife. J Pers 2024; 92:278-297. [PMID: 36131683 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Work is an important developmental context in adulthood, yet little is known about how it contributes to personality trajectories in midlife. The present study examines how subjectively perceived work environment (autonomy, innovation, social integration, stress) and objectively measured work activities (activities related to information and people, physical/manual activities) are related to levels of Big Five personality traits at age 44 and to change over 20 years. METHODS We analyzed four-wave longitudinal data from N = 374 participants (born 1950-1952; Mage T1 = 44 years, SD = 1; 44% women) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging (ILSE) within the structural equation modeling framework. RESULTS At baseline, subjective perceptions of work environments showed a higher number of significant associations with personality than objective work activities. Over time, small declines in neuroticism and extraversion and small increases in agreeableness and conscientiousness were observed, which were largely independent of work characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show slight changes in most Big Five traits from age 44 to 64, which were mostly unrelated to work characteristics. More research is needed to uncover the sources and dynamics of personality trait change in midlife and the role of work for personality trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Schilling
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gizem Hülür
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu W, Stefler D, Sanchez-Niubo A, Haro JM, Marmot M, Bobak M. The associations of physical incapacity and wealth with remaining in paid employment after age 60 in five middle-income and high-income countries. AGEING & SOCIETY 2023; 43:2994-3017. [PMID: 38389519 PMCID: PMC10881199 DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x22000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on health and socioeconomic determinants of later-life labour force participation have mainly come from high-income European countries and the United States of America (USA). Findings vary between studies due to different measures of socioeconomic status and labour force outcomes. This study investigated longitudinal associations of physical incapacity and wealth with remaining in paid employment after age 60 in middle- and high-income countries. Using harmonised cohort data in the USA, England, Japan, Mexico and China (N=32,132), multilevel logistic regression was applied for main associations. The age-related probabilities of remaining in paid employment by physical incapacity and wealth were estimated using marginal effects. This study found that physical incapacity predicted lower odds of remaining in paid employment in each country. Wealth was associated with higher odds of remaining in paid employment in the USA, England, and Japan, but not in Mexico. Probabilities of remaining in paid employment were high in Mexico but low in China. The absolute difference in the probability of remaining in paid employment between the richest and the poorest groups was greater in the USA than that in any other country. In the USA, England and Japan, the inverse association between physical incapacity and remaining in paid employment could be partially compensated by wealth only when physical incapacity was not severe. National policies, including considering older adults' changing capacities for job placement and prioritising the provision of supportive services for socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults, developing pathways for informal workers to access social security and pension coverage, and encouraging employers to hire socioeconomically disadvantaged older workers and enhancing their employability, could be facilitated. Future studies, such as exploring health and socioeconomic determinants of remaining in part-time and full-time paid employment separately in more countries, and the moderating effects of relevant policies on these associations, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Lu
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denes Stefler
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Sanchez-Niubo
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Marmot
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Bobak
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wallin S, Fjellman-Wiklund A, Fagerström L. Aging engineers' occupational self-efficacy-a mixed methods study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1152310. [PMID: 37275701 PMCID: PMC10233145 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Engineers' work has become more complex with increased demands in today's changing working life. Self-efficacy is essential to successfully adapt to work-related changes and to cope with adverse job demands. However, less is known about aging engineers' occupational self-efficacy. Therefore, this study explores facilitators and barriers to aging engineers' occupational self-efficacy beliefs to continue working until expected retirement age. An additional purpose is to explore if any of the aspects described by the engineers are more prominent. Methods The study design was exploratory, using mixed methods with a qualitative to quantitative approach. A total of 125 engineers, aged between 45 and 65 years, answered two open-ended survey questions about what positively and negatively affect their occupational self-efficacy beliefs to continue working. First, data was analyzed using an inductive manifest qualitative content analysis. Next, descriptive statistics were performed based on the results of the qualitative study. Results The analyses revealed that health and working conditions that affect health were crucial facilitators and barriers for the aging engineers' occupational self-efficacy to continue working until expected retirement age. Furthermore, the engineers emphasized competence, motivation from meaningful tasks, family and leisure, and private economy. Discussion The aging engineers' own health seems to be prominent in their self-efficacy regarding a full working life; consequently, support still needs to address issues affecting health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stina Wallin
- Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Health Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
| | | | - Lisbeth Fagerström
- Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Health Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Drammen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oshio T, Shimizutani S. Will Working Longer Enhance the Health of Older Adults? A Pooled Analysis of Repeated Cross-sectional Data in Japan. J Epidemiol 2023; 33:15-22. [PMID: 33994399 PMCID: PMC9727210 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20210030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encouraging older adults to continue working longer would be a realistic solution to the shrinking labor force, which is a result of the aging population. This study examined whether working longer improves the health of older adults. METHODS We used repeated cross-sectional data from 1,483,591 individuals aged 55-69 years collected from 11 waves of a nationwide population-based survey conducted in Japan from 1986 to 2016. We estimated pooled regression models to explain health outcomes by work status, controlling for potential endogeneity biases. Based on the estimation results, we conducted simulations to predict the health impact of policy measures that encourage older adults to participate in the labor force. RESULTS The regression analysis showed that work status had a mixed health impact. For example, work reduced the probability of poor self-rated health by 6.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2-7.2) percentage points and increased that of psychological distress by 12.2 (95% CI, 11.3-13.1) percentage points. The simulation results showed that raising both the mandatory retirement age and eligibility age for claiming public pension benefits to 70 years would increase the employment rate by 27.8 (standard deviation [SD], 4.2) percentage points among those aged 65-69 years, which would reduce their probability of poor self-rated health by 1.8 (SD, 0.4) percentage points and raise that of psychological distress by 4.1 (SD, 0.8) percentage points for that age group. CONCLUSION The results suggest the need to pay attention to the health outcomes of policy measures that encourage older adults to work longer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oshio
- Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimizutani
- JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute for Peace and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Madero-Cabib I, Azar A, Guerra J. Simultaneous employment and depressive symptom trajectories around retirement age in Chile. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1143-1152. [PMID: 34151648 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1929065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Over the last decade, an increasing number of empirical studies have examined long-term patterns of depression among adults around retirement age and identified employment status as a crucial determinant. However, most research has examined associations between cross-sectional measures of employment and prospective depression patterns, overlooking the changing nature of employment statuses, particularly close to retirement age. Furthermore, most knowledge in this field comes from studies conducted in developed countries in Western Europe and North America. To address these gaps, this study examined simultaneous trajectories in the employment and depressive symptom domains among two age groups of Chileans before and after the standard retirement age. Method: Using population-representative data and longitudinal statistical methods, we identified different trajectory types among two age groups (one aged 56-65 and another aged 66-75, at baseline) and characterized them according to social and health characteristics.Results: We found that trajectories defined by permanent employment were accompanied by lower depressive symptoms than trajectories indicating either retirement or inactivity. However, trajectories combining employment and the absence of depressive symptoms were primarily followed by individuals with advantaged health and social statuses at the baseline. Conclusion: Public policies aimed at promoting the mental health of older adults through their labor market integration risk forcing individuals who have accumulated social and health disadvantages across the life course to work longer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Madero-Cabib
- Instituto de Sociología & Departamento de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Azar
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Santiago, Chile.,Department of Sociology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josefa Guerra
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roberts M, Thygerson SM, Beard JD, Clark C, Montague E. Occupational safety and health guidelines in relation to COVID‐19 risk, death risk, and case‐fatality proportion: An international, ecological study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e539. [PMID: 35308414 PMCID: PMC8919368 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) began in 2019 with several unknown factors. The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently developed COVID‐19 occupational safety and health (OSH) guidelines to reduce occupational COVID‐19 transmission. Many countries also developed their own COVID‐19 OSH guidelines, but whether these guidelines included WHO's guidelines and whether including WHO's guidelines in countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines reduced COVID‐19 transmission is unknown. Objectives The objectives of our study were to (1) compare the COVID‐19 OSH guidelines of several countries to WHO's OSH guidelines, (2) estimate associations between characteristics of countries and their OSH guidelines and the number of WHO's OSH guidelines included in countries' OSH guidelines, and (3) estimate associations between WHO's OSH guidelines included in countries' OSH guidelines and COVID‐19 risk, death risk, and case‐fatality proportion. Methods This study represents international, ecological research of 36 countries from all six world health regions. Countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines were compared with WHO's OSH guidelines. Linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate associations of interest. Results The median number of WHO's 15 COVID‐19 OSH guidelines included in countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines was eight. Countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines focused on workers included significantly more of WHO's COVID‐19 OSH guidelines than countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines focused on general populations. Including “provide personal protective equipment for workers” and “create workplace policy for wearing personal protective equipment” in countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines were significantly related to decreased COVID‐19 risk, death risk, and/or case‐fatality proportion. Conclusions Countries' COVID‐19 OSH guidelines should include WHO's guidelines, focus on workers, and include “provide personal protective equipment for workers” and “create workplace policy for wearing personal protective equipment.”
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Roberts
- Department of Public Health Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | | | - John D. Beard
- Department of Public Health Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Camille Clark
- Department of Public Health Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Emma Montague
- Department of Public Health Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mizuochi M, Raymo JM. Retirement type and cognitive functioning in Japan. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:759-768. [PMID: 34626107 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A growing literature examines the effect of retirement on cognitive function, but pays little attention to how this relationship may depend upon the nature of retirement. Of particular importance is the growing prevalence of gradual retirement characterized by continued employment - either with a new employer or with the same employer - after retiring from a career job. METHODS We use data from men and women aged 50 or older in the Japanese Study of Aging and Retirement to examine the effects of full retirement, partial retirement with the same employer, and partial retirement with a new employer on cognitive function. Our analyses consider the moderating role of career job complexity and exploit distinctive features of the Japanese public pension and mandatory retirement systems to estimate the causal effect of retirement type on cognition. RESULTS Results indicate that partial retirement with the same employer has a significant and adverse effect on cognitive function (relative to those not yet retired). In contrast, those who experienced either full retirement or partial retirement with a new employer were, on average, no different from those still in their career job. Partial retirement with a new employer has a beneficial effect on cognition among those who had a high complexity career job. DISCUSSION Results are consistent with the idea that novel work exposures and experiences have a beneficial effect on cognition. They also suggest that ongoing policy efforts to promote partial retirement with the same employer may have unexpected adverse implications for cognitive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Raymo
- Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, Princeton University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Augner C. "Working old-old": Psychological well-being, cognitive abilities and physical health of employed and self-employed Europeans aged 75. Work 2021; 69:859-864. [PMID: 34180456 DOI: 10.3233/wor-213518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research deals with the effects of employment/self-employment of elderly on mental and physical health. However, the rising group of "old-old", aged 75 and above, is almost missing in this research. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyze psychological well-being, cognitive abilities and physical health of employed/self-employed and retired Europeans aged 75 and above ("old-old"). METHODS We used data recently collected by Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Our final sample consisted of N = 9,884, 57.69%were female. Employed or self-employed (vs. retired) rate was 30.20%for male and 28.88%for female. Mean age of the sample was 81.07 (SD = 4.90). RESULTS Employed/self-employed "old-old" showed significant better psychological well-being, cognitive abilities and physical health than their retired counterparts. Age of the groups did not differ. Further analysis indicated the close connection between physical health (i.e. chronic diseases, negative self-perceived health, physical inactivity and ADL number of limitations) and employment/self-employment status. CONCLUSIONS Against the background of continuity theory of ageing future research has to focus on the growing group of "old-old" still working.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Augner
- Institute for Human Resources Research in Health Care, University Clinics of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Calvo E, Azar A, Shura R, Staudinger UM. A New Path to Address Multimorbidity? Longitudinal Analyses of Retirement Sequences and Chronic Diseases in Old Age. J Appl Gerontol 2021; 41:952-961. [PMID: 34271835 DOI: 10.1177/07334648211031038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic disease and multimorbidity are growing health challenges for aging populations, often coinciding with retirement. We examine late-life predictors of multimorbidity, focusing on the association between retirement sequences and number of chronic diseases. We modeled the number of chronic diseases as a function of six types of previously identified 10-year retirement sequences using Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data for 7,880 Americans observed between ages 60 to 61 and 70 to 71. Our results show that at baseline, the adjusted prevalence of multimorbidity was lowest in sequences characterized by late retirement from full-time work and highest in sequences characterized by early labor-force disengagement. Age increases in multimorbidity varied across retirement sequences, though overall differences in prevalence persisted at age 70 to 71. Earlier life disadvantages did not moderate these associations. Findings suggest further investigation of policies that target health limitations affecting work, promote continued beneficial employment opportunities, and ultimately leverage retirement sequences as a novel path to influence multimorbidity in old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Calvo
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Azar
- Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robin Shura
- Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Ursula M Staudinger
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Technical University of Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baxter S, Blank L, Cantrell A, Goyder E. Is working in later life good for your health? A systematic review of health outcomes resulting from extended working lives. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1356. [PMID: 34238265 PMCID: PMC8268509 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Work, rather than unemployment, is recognised as being good for health, but there may be an age when the benefits are outweighed by adverse impacts. As countries around the world increase their typical retirement age, the potential effect on population health and health inequalities requires scrutiny. Methods We carried out a systematic review of literature published since 2011 from developed countries on the health effects of employment in those over 64 years of age. We completed a narrative synthesis and used harvest plots to map the direction and volume of evidence for the outcomes reported. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) checklist in our methods and reporting. Results We identified seventeen relevant studies, which were of cohort or cross-sectional design. The results indicate evidence of beneficial or neutral effects from extended working on overall health status and physical health for many employees, and mixed effects on mental health. The benefits reported however, are most likely to be for males, those working part-time or reducing to part-time, and employees in jobs which are not low quality or low reward. Conclusions Extending working life (particularly part time) may have benefits or a neutral effect for some, but adverse effects for others in high demand or low reward jobs. There is the potential for widening health inequalities between those who can choose to reduce their working hours, and those who need to continue working full time for financial reasons. There is a lack of evidence for effects on quality of life, and a dearth of interventions enabling older workers to extend their healthy working life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11423-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Baxter
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK.
| | - Lindsay Blank
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK
| | - Anna Cantrell
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Goyder
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield, S14DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hale JM, Bijlsma MJ, Lorenti A. Does postponing retirement affect cognitive function? A counterfactual experiment to disentangle life course risk factors. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100855. [PMID: 34258375 PMCID: PMC8255239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that contemporaneous labor force participation affects cognitive function; however, it is unclear whether it is employment itself or endogenous factors related to individuals’ likelihood of employment that protects against cognitive decline. We exploit innovations in counterfactual causal inference to disentangle the effect of postponing retirement on later-life cognitive function from the effects of other life-course factors. With the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (1996–2014, n = 20,469), we use the parametric g-formula to estimate the effect of postponing retirement to age 67. We also study whether the benefit of postponing retirement is affected by gender, education, and/or occupation, and whether retirement affects cognitive function through depressive symptoms or comorbidities. We find that postponing retirement is protective against cognitive decline, accounting for other life-course factors (population: 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20,0.47; individual: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26,0.60). The extent of the protective effect depends on subgroup, with the highest educated experiencing the greatest mitigation of cognitive decline (individual: 50%, 95% CI: 32%,71%). By using innovative models that better reflect the empirical reality of interconnected life-course processes, this work makes progress in understanding how retirement affects cognitive function. Research is inconclusive as to employments' protection against cognitive decline. Causal inference models can better reflect interconnected life-course processes. The parametric g-formula shows a substantial protective effect of ongoing employment. Protective effect holds for all subgroups, but is greatest for the highest educated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Mhairi Hale
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maarten J Bijlsma
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology & Economics (PTEE), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Lorenti
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oliveira-Figueiredo DSTD, Felisbino-Mendes MS, Velasquez-Melendez G. Association between social network and functional disability in brazilian elderly. Rev Bras Enferm 2021; 74:e20200770. [PMID: 34161502 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to verify the association between social network and functional disability in elderly Brazilians. METHODS a cross-sectional study with secondary data of 11,177 elderly people, available on Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics' website. Social network components were having trusted friends/relative, living with their spouse, practicing social activity, performing voluntary or paid work. The outcome was functional disability, measured by the difficulty in performing instrumental and basic activities of daily living. Logistic regression models were used. RESULTS disability prevalence for instrumental activities was 28.0% (95%CI: 26.7-29.4), and for basic activities, 15.5% (95%CI: 14.4-16.6). Not having components social network components was associated with greater chances of functional disability, especially among women. CONCLUSION there was an association between not having social network components with functional disability. There are differences in this association according to sex. Strengthening actions that expand social network can reduce the chance of this outcome in elderly people.
Collapse
|
15
|
A Mediterranean lifestyle is associated with favourable cardiometabolic markers in people with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e42. [PMID: 34164121 PMCID: PMC8190716 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle may be a useful primary and secondary prevention strategy for chronic kidney disease (CKD). This cross-sectional study aimed to explore adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle and its association with cardiometabolic markers and kidney function in 99 people aged 73⋅2 ± 10⋅5 years with non-dialysis dependant CKD (stages 3-5) at a single Australian centre. Adherence was assessed using an a priori index, the Mediterranean Lifestyle (MEDLIFE) index. Cardiometabolic markers (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HbA1c and random blood glucose) and kidney function (estimated GFR) were sourced from medical records and blood pressure measured upon recruitment. Overall, adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle was moderate to low with an average MEDLIFE index score of 11⋅33 ± 3⋅31. Adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle was associated with employment (r 0⋅30, P = 0⋅004). Mediterranean dietary habits were associated with cardiometabolic markers, such as limiting sugar in beverages was associated with lower diastolic blood pressure (r 0⋅32, P = 0⋅002), eating in moderation with favourable random blood glucose (r 0⋅21, P = 0⋅043), having more than two snack foods per week with HbA1c (r 0⋅29, P = 0⋅037) and LDL-cholesterol (r 0⋅41, P = 0⋅002). Interestingly, eating in company was associated with a lower frequency of depression (χ 2 5⋅975, P = 0⋅015). To conclude, Mediterranean dietary habits were favourably associated with cardiometabolic markers and management of some comorbidities in this group of people with non-dialysis dependent CKD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Q, Zhou H, Qiu H, Huang C, Jiang L, Jiang G, Wu W, Huang Z, Xu J. Reliability and validity of Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version1.0 (HFMS V1.0) in Chinese elderly people. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1019. [PMID: 34051778 PMCID: PMC8164796 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We examined the reliability and validity of the Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0 (HFMS V1.0) specifically on elderly people in China. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study in December 2020 and enrolled 800 elderly people through stratified sampling technique, including 777 valid samples (with a mean age of 71.81 ± 8.36 years), of which 382 cases (49.2%) were women. The level of healthy fitness was measured using the HFMS V1.0. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, exploratory factor and confirmatory factor were calculated for assessing the reliability and validity of HFMS V1.0. Results HFMS V1.0 consists of 8 dimensions and 38 items. The scale had acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.920, split-half = 0.946, test-retest = 0.878). Exploratory factor analysis showed KMO value =0.927, and uncovered 10 factors with the cumulative contribution rate of 65.71% and all factor loads over 0.40. The item distribution was consistent with the initial expectation of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit: CMIN/DF = 2.796, RMSEA = 0.048, IFI =0.914, TLI = 0.902, CFI = 0.913. Conclusion HFMS V1.0 was shown to have acceptable reliability and validity indices for this sample. Collectively, HFMS V1.0 is reliable and efficient to measure the healthy fitness of elderly people. It is recommended to use it among the elderly in other Chinese cities in the future to ensure uniformity and objectivity. This scale can be carried out to evaluate of the effectiveness of public health measures in improving the healthy fitness level of the elderly and optimizing public health policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Sanitation Economy Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,School of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Guangzhou Cadre Health Management Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Heng Qiu
- Department of Sanitation Economy Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Sanitation Economy Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guli Jiang
- Guangzhou Cadre Health Management Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weixuan Wu
- Department of Sanitation Economy Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhuomin Huang
- Department of Sanitation Economy Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Sanitation Economy Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee YJ, Gonzales E, Andel R. Multifaceted Demands of Work and Their Associations with Cognitive Functioning: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:351-361. [PMID: 33979436 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study examines the associations among mental, social, and physical demands of work with cognitive functioning among older adults in the United States. METHODS Data from 3,176 respondents in the Health and Retirement Study were analyzed using growth curve modeling (2004-2014). The study investigated differences by gender, race, ethnicity, and education. RESULTS Higher mental and social demands of work were associated with higher levels of initial cognitive functioning, but not significantly associated with slower cognitive decline over time. Physical demands of work were negatively associated with initial cognitive functioning and also marginally associated with a slower rate of decline in cognitive functioning going into older adulthood. In stratified analyses, results varied by sociodemographic characteristics. DISCUSSION The results partially support the environmental complexity hypothesis and the productive aging framework in that higher mental and social demands and lower physical demands relate to better cognitive functioning at baseline, with the differences appearing stable throughout older adulthood. The stratified results shed light on addressing disparities in cognitive aging and work environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjung Jane Lee
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, HI
| | | | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, FL.,Department of Neurology, Motol University Hospital and Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
黄 晨, 刘 倩, 邱 恒, 蒋 丽, 张 金, 吴 伟, 许 军. [Establishment of the norms of Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0 (HFMS V1.0) for Chinese urban elderly]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:223-229. [PMID: 33624595 PMCID: PMC7905256 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.02.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the norms of Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0 (HFMS V1.0) for Chinese urban elderly. OBJECTIVE Using a multistage stratified sampling method, we conducted a large- scale epidemiological investigation among 5782 urban elderly residents sampled from Guangzhou (south China), Hefei (East China), Tianjin (north China), Shenyang (northeast China), Luzhou (southwest China) and Lanzhou (northwest China). The mean, percentile and threshold norms were established based on the characteristics of HFMS V1.0 scores for Chinese urban elderly. OBJECTIVE The mean and percentile norms of total, physical, mental and social healthy fitness of Chinese urban elderly were established according to gender and different age groups (60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, and ≥80 years). The threshold norms of HFMS V1.0 were divided into 5 states, namely very low, low, moderate, high and very high states according to the Mean±SD and Mean±0.5SD of the converted scores. OBJECTIVE The established norms of Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale (HFMS V1.0) for Chinese urban elderly provide evaluation criteria for Chinese elderly healthy fitness level and facilitate exploration of healthy fitness status and its influencing factors in Chinese urban elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 晨 黄
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学南方医院卫生经济管理科,广东 广州 510515Department of Health Economics Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 倩 刘
- 南方医科大学南方医院卫生经济管理科,广东 广州 510515Department of Health Economics Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学卫生管理学院,广东 广州 510515School of Health Services Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 恒 邱
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学南方医院卫生经济管理科,广东 广州 510515Department of Health Economics Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 丽洁 蒋
- 广东省职业病防治院院长办公室,广东 广州 510300Dean's Office, Guangdong Provincial Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - 金华 张
- 南方医科大学校长办公室,广东 广州 510515President's Office, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 伟旋 吴
- 南方医科大学南方医院卫生经济管理科,广东 广州 510515Department of Health Economics Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 军 许
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学南方医院卫生经济管理科,广东 广州 510515Department of Health Economics Administration, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Allel K, León AS, Staudinger UM, Calvo E. Healthy retirement begins at school: educational differences in the health outcomes of early transitions into retirement. AGEING & SOCIETY 2021; 41:137-157. [PMID: 34113053 PMCID: PMC8188825 DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x19000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The literature on socio-economic variations in the association between retirement timing and health is inconclusive and largely limited to the moderating role of occupation. By selecting the sample case of Mexico where a sizeable number of older adults have no or very little formal education, this study allows the moderating role of education to be tested properly. Drawing on panel data for 2,430 individuals age 50 and over from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and combining propensity score matching models with fixed-effects regressions, this article investigates differences in the health effects of retirement timing between older adults with varying years of education. Subjective health is measured using a self-reported assessment of respondents' overall health and physical health as a reverse count of doctor-diagnosed chronic diseases. The results indicate that early transitions into retirement are associated with worse health outcomes, but education fully compensates for the detrimental association with subjective and physical health, while adjusting for baseline health, demographics and socio-economic characteristics. In conclusion, formal education during childhood and adolescence is associated with a long-term protective effect on health. It attenuates negative health consequences of early retirement transitions. Policies and programmes promoting healthy and active ageing would benefit from considering the influence of formal education in shaping older adults' health after the transition into retirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Allel
- Society and Health Research Center and Laboratory on Aging and Social Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Chile
| | - Ana Sofía León
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ursula M. Staudinger
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Esteban Calvo
- Society and Health Research Center and Laboratory on Aging and Social Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Epidemiology and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Older adults’ accounts of the relationships between retirement timing and health: a descriptive qualitative analysis in Chile. AGEING & SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x20001282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Retirement timing can have important health implications. Little is known, however, about older adults’ views on this issue and whether they consider it better to retire later, earlier, on time or anytime. This knowledge gap about older adults’ views is particularly true outside North America and Europe. This qualitative study aims to examine older Chileans’ ideas about the relationship between retirement timing and health and to explore gender and class patterns in qualitative themes identified, knowledge which may strengthen quantitative population-based approaches. Framework analysis was conducted on qualitative accounts from a purposive, non-random sample of 40 older Chileans in six focus groups, stratified by gender and class as marked by lifetime occupation. Transcriptions were coded by two independent reviewers (inter-coder reliability = 81%) according to four deductive categories of retirement timing as well as inductive coding of emergent themes. The content and sequence of codes were visually represented in MAXQDA's document portraits and illustrated with descriptive quotes. Results indicate that participants’ views about when to retire in order to maximise health did not highlight retirement age or timing (later, earlier, on time, anytime). Instead, these older Chileans emphasised that the optimal retirement age depends on other conditions, such as employment quality, retirement income and gender. These views were patterned: lower occupational-class participants emphasised income and job hazards, higher-class males emphasised job satisfaction and higher-class females emphasised gendered patterns. Women and lower-class participants were relatively more favourable to earlier retirements than men and higher-class participants. Overall, qualitative analyses of lay perspectives from understudied country contexts complement and extend population-based models focused on timing or retirement age, suggest specific characteristics of retirement transitions that may moderate health consequences, and highlight class and gender differences in views of retirement timing. More research is needed using mixed-methods approaches and leveraging both purposive and random samples.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee H, Ang S. Productive Activities and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Depression: Does the Association Vary by Gender? SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES : SP : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE PACIFIC SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2020; 63:608-629. [PMID: 33402759 PMCID: PMC7781066 DOI: 10.1177/0731121419892622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We examine how labor together with social participation protects against cognitive impairment and depression, with a focus on gender differences. Data are drawn from four waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2012). Both paid work and unpaid work are considered labor participation. Social participation includes the frequency of participation in formal social institutions, religious groups, grandparenting, and interactions with family and friends. Using growth curve models, we find that social and labor participation are independently associated with outcomes and effects vary by gender. Religious group activity was beneficial only for women, whereas inability to work was detrimental for men only. Informal social gatherings and labor participation, paid or unpaid, were beneficial for both genders. Findings on gender differences highlight how social identities can shape social roles and confine activity space, and productive engagement, affecting outcomes for mental health in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haena Lee
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Ang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Storeng SH, Sund ER, Krokstad S. Prevalence, clustering and combined effects of lifestyle behaviours and their association with health after retirement age in a prospective cohort study, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:900. [PMID: 32522193 PMCID: PMC7288686 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle behaviours are potential risk factors for disease and mortality, but less is known about the association with health in retirement age. The aim of this paper was to study the prevalence, clustering and combined effects of lifestyle behaviours and their association with health outcomes in the first decade after retirement in a Norwegian cohort. Methods Participants were 55–64-year-olds at baseline in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey 2 (HUNT2, 1995–97) who also participated in HUNT3 (2006–08). Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of daily smoking, physical inactivity, risky alcohol consumption, disturbed sleep duration, excessive sitting time and low social participation before retirement with self-rated health (n = 4022), life satisfaction (n = 5134), anxiety (n = 4461) and depression (n = 5083) after retirement, 11 years later. Results Low social participation and physical inactivity were the most prevalent lifestyle behaviours (41.1 and 40.6%). Risky alcohol consumption and disturbed sleep were the lifestyle behaviours most strongly associated with poor self-rated health, poor life satisfaction and anxiety after retirement (OR’s = 1.39–1.92). Physical inactivity was additionally associated with depression (OR = 1.44 (1.12–1.85)). Physical inactivity had the largest population attributable fractions for reducing poor self-rated health and depression (14.9 and 8.8%). An increasing number of lifestyle risk behaviours incrementally increased the risk for the adverse health outcomes. Conclusions Risky alcohol consumption and disturbed sleep duration were most strongly associated with poor health outcomes after retirement age. On a population level, increased physical activity before retirement had the largest potential for reducing adverse health outcomes after retirement age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siri H Storeng
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Post box 8905, Håkon Jarls gate 11, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Erik R Sund
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Levanger, Norway.,Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.,Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Steinar Krokstad
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Levanger, Norway.,Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tomioka K, Kurumatani N, Saeki K. Longitudinal association between lifetime workforce participation and risk of self-reported cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234392. [PMID: 32511273 PMCID: PMC7279604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many governments are promoting workforce participation (WP) by older people, evidence of WP's effects on active aging is inadequate. We examined whether there is a gender-specific beneficial effect of lifetime WP from adulthood though old age against self-reported cognitive decline (CD) among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS We used data from a community-based prospective study of 2,422 men and 2,852 women aged ≥65 with neither poor cognition nor disability in basic activities of daily living at baseline. Self-reported CD was measured using the Cognitive Performance Scale. Lifetime WP evaluated the presence or absence of WP at baseline, the longest-held occupation, and lifetime working years (total working years throughout lifetime). Generalized estimating equations of the multivariable Poisson regression model were applied to evaluate a cumulative incidence ratio (CIR) for self-reported CD and a 95% confidence interval (CI), controlled for age, education, self-perceived economic status, chronic medical conditions, smoking history, physical activity, depression, and instrumental activities of daily living. To examine any gender-specific association, stratified analyses by gender were performed. RESULTS The 33-month cumulative incidence of self-reported CD was 15.7% in men and 14.4% in women. After covariate adjustments and mutual adjustment for three items of lifetime WP, men who had their longest held job in a white-collar occupation reported significantly decreased self-reported CD compared to men engaged in blue-collar jobs (CIR 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57-0.91), and women had a significant dose-response relationship between longer lifetime working years and less decline in subjective cognitive functioning (P for trend <0.029). Among both genders, WP at baseline was not associated with self-reported CD. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that lifetime WP, especially lifetime principal occupation in men and lifetime working years in women, may play a more prominent role in preventing self-reported CD than later-life WP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Tomioka
- Nara Prefectural Health Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Norio Kurumatani
- Nara Prefectural Health Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Keigo Saeki
- Nara Prefectural Health Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carolan K, Gonzales E, Lee K, Harootyan RA. Institutional and Individual Factors Affecting Health and Employment for Low-Income Women With Chronic Health Conditions. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:1062-1071. [PMID: 30566614 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This qualitative study explored risk and protective factors affecting employment and health among low-income older women with chronic health conditions or physical disabilities. METHODS The authors conducted a secondary data analysis of 14 intensive interviews with low-income older women with chronic health conditions who had participated in a federally funded training and employment program for workers aged 55 and older. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The physical nature of the work and discrimination were risk factors, with unaccommodating work environments, ageism, and/or ableism, and internalized ageism identified as subthemes of discrimination. Protective factors, namely institutional supports (e.g., access to retraining, time management flexibility) enhanced health and self-confidence. Occupational demands matched with the capacity of the individual resulted in continued employment and improved health. DISCUSSION Working conditions can degrade health through exposure to mental and physical health risks, or support health through access to financial and interpersonal resources. Institutional supports such as workplace flexibility and retraining are crucial to obtaining a good fit between occupational demands and the capacity of individuals, enabling a positive relationship between employment and health. Legislation designed to prevent discrimination, enhance opportunities for lifelong learning, and encourage flexible work arrangements among low-income women with chronic health conditions may facilitate healthier working lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi Carolan
- School of Social Work, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kathy Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu J, Yang Y, Kahana E. Productive Activity Patterns and Functional Health: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Chinese Older Adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2020; 91:538-562. [DOI: 10.1177/0091415019900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association between productive activity patterns and functional health trajectories of Chinese older adults and whether this association varies by urban/rural residence. Using three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from a sample of 7,503 older adults, we first performed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify productive activity patterns based on four activities (work, caregiving, informal help, and formal volunteering). Next, multilevel regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between the identified productive activity patterns and functional health trajectories among older adults. Four productive activity patterns are identified from LCA: nonengagers, working-caregivers, workers, and helpers. We find that participation in productive activities is associated with slower functional health decline. The moderation effects of urban/rural differences are prominent across identified groups. Our findings highlight the importance of the urban/rural context in understanding productive aging and its health consequences among Chinese older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yu
- Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yulin Yang
- Department of Sociology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eva Kahana
- Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
AbstractWhat governs labour force participation in later life and why is it so different across countries? Health and labour force participation in older ages are not strongly linked, but we observe a large variation across countries in old-age labour force participation. This points to the important role of country-specific regulations governing pension receipt and old-age labour force participation. In addition to the statutory eligibility age for a pension, such country-specific regulations include: earnings tests that limit the amount of earnings when pension benefits are received; the amount of benefit deductions for early retirement; the availability of part-time pensions before normal retirement; special regulations that permit early retirement for certain population groups; and either subsidies or extra costs for employers if they keep older employees in their labour force. This paper asks two questions: Can we link a relatively low labour force participation at ages 60–64 to country-specific regulations that make early retirement attractive? and Can we link a relatively high labour force participation at ages 65–74 to country-specific regulations that make late retirement attractive? To answer these questions, we compared the experiences in a set of developed countries around the world in order to understand better the impact of country-specific rules and laws on work and retirement behaviour at older ages and, by consequence, on the financial sustainability of pension systems.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chanda S, Mishra R. Impact of transition in work status and social participation on cognitive performance among elderly in India. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:251. [PMID: 31510923 PMCID: PMC6737668 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transition to the oldage marks a change in work and social participation. Socio-economic and physical conditions arising from this change pose a risk for cognitive outcomes among the elderly. Gender shows different pathways to deal with the pattern of participation and to maintain cognitive health. In India, work participation in the oldage is an outcome of financial deprivations and lack of support. At the same time, alterations in social interactions can induce stress and precipitate cognitive decline in oldage. A dearth of studies in this domain motivates us to estimate the effect of change in work and social participation on cognitive performance of the elderly in the Indian context. Methods The study has used the cross-sectional data on 5212 elderly from the World Health Organization’s Study on global AGeing and adult health (Wave 1) (2007–08) in India. A composite score for cognition was generated. Interaction between gender, work status and social participation with respect to cognition was performed using multivariate linear regression. A linear prediction of the cognitive scores across all levels of social participation was post-estimated thereafter. Results The study found that the elderly who were ‘presently working’ and showed ‘more’ social participation had a higher mean score for cognitive performance than their counterparts. Results of regression did not indicate any gender interaction with work or social participation. Participation in social activities ‘sometimes’ by those who were ‘retired’ or ‘presently working’ showed a positive and significant co-efficient with cognition among respondents. The post-estimated values for cognition specified that ‘retired’ and ‘presently working’ elderly had higher cognition scores. In the age group of 60–69 years, cognition scores were higher for those who were ‘retired’ and did ‘more’ social participation as compared to the other elderly. Conclusion Cognitive aging is attenuated by higher participation in work and social activities. Adequate financial schemes or the pension system can protect the elderly from developing further stress. Retirement at an appropriate age, along with a reasonable amount of social participation, is a boon for cognitive wellbeing. Hence, building more support can contain the detrimental effect of participation restriction on cognitive outcome among elderly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12877-019-1261-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srei Chanda
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, 400088, India.
| | - Raman Mishra
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, 400088, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Taylor P. Working Longer May Be Good Public Policy, But It Is Not Necessarily Good for Older People. J Aging Soc Policy 2019; 31:99-105. [PMID: 30821658 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2019.1576487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Older people are facing a changed set of expectations regarding work and retirement. Until quite recently early retirement was being encouraged. Today's older workers, however, are contemplating longer working lives amid policy concerns about the costs of social welfare associated with an aging population. While working longer is, almost universally, being promoted as a social and individual good this article argues that this policy shift is unlikely to change the situation of many older workers who would have needed to continue working anyway. It also argues that the emphasis on prolonged employment undervalues engagement in activities beyond employment. As well, it argues that the emphasis on prolonging employment neglects to account for the attendant risks for many of continuing to work or having to seek work and the potential health- and well-being-enhancing effects of retirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Taylor
- a Federation Business School , Federation University Australia , Churchill , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Calvo E, Madero-Cabib I, Staudinger UM. Retirement Sequences of Older Americans: Moderately Destandardized and Highly Stratified Across Gender, Class, and Race. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2019; 58:1166-1176. [PMID: 28586409 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study A destandardization of labor-force patterns revolving around retirement has been observed in recent literature. It is unclear, however, to which degree and of which kind. This study looked at sequences rather than individual statuses or transitions and argued that differentiating older Americans' retirement sequences by type, order, and timing and considering gender, class, and race differences yields a less destandardized picture. Design and Methods Sequence analysis was employed to analyze panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for 7,881 individuals observed 6 consecutive times between ages 60-61 and 70-71. Results As expected, types of retirement sequences were identified that cannot be subsumed under the conventional model of complete retirement from full-time employment around age 65. However, these retirement sequences were not entirely destandardized, as some irreversibility and age-grading persisted. Further, the degree of destandardization varied along gender, class, and race. Unconventional sequences were archetypal for middle-level educated individuals and Blacks. Also, sequences for women and individuals with lower education showed more unemployment and part-time jobs, and less age-grading. Implications A sequence-analytic approach that models group differences uncovers misjudgments about the degree of destandardization of retirement sequences. When a continuous process is represented as individual transitions, the overall pattern of retirement sequences gets lost and appears destandardized. These patterns get further complicated by differences in social structures by gender, class, and race in ways that seem to reproduce advantages that men, more highly educated individuals, and Whites enjoy in numerous areas over the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Calvo
- Public Policy Institute, School of Business and Economics, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Epidemiology and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ignacio Madero-Cabib
- Public Policy Institute, School of Business and Economics, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ursula M Staudinger
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giorgi G, Ariza Montes A, Rapisarda V, Campagna M, Garzaro G, Arcangeli G, Mucci N. Work-related stress in the banking sector: a study on an Italian aged population of over 2,000 workers. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2019; 110:11-21. [PMID: 30794244 PMCID: PMC7810003 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v110i1.7125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the European Union, the employment rate for the population in the age group 55-64 years has greatly increased in the last two decades. Companies, especially in sectors such as banking, are looking for new strategies to improve the productivity of workers in this age group. OBJECTIVES This study was conceived with the purpose of exploring the associations between job characteristics that could influence stress and certain organizational aspects in a large population of banking workers. METHODS More than 2,000 workers over 50 years of age of an Italian banking group participated in the study. Work-related stress was measured with the Stress Questionnaire (SQ). Organizational aspects of work were measured with a dedicated scale included in the SQ. Demographic aspects were detected by specific questions. Structural equation modelling was used and correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS The results from the structural equation modeling supported the theoretical model. Organizational policies are associated with both stress correlated factors (β=0.468) and perceptions of supervisor support and social support (β=0.710). The perception of both parameters is associated with stress outcomes (β=0.365). The proposed model offered better results than a competitive model, on which a total mediation was tested, rather than a partial one (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of an integrated assessment of the effects of organizational aspects of work and stress factors to implement the protection of physical and mental health. Further research will help to understand more thoroughly if the issues emerged are effectively related to age. This can be assessed through a case-control study that also includes younger workers.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ćwirlej-Sozańska A, Wilmowska-Pietruszyńska A, Sozański B, Wiśniowska-Szurlej A. Assessment of disability and incidence of chronic diseases in employed and unemployed people aged 60–70 years living in Poland: a cross-sectional study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2018; 26:210-218. [DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1521609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Sozański
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dong L, Eaton WW, Spira AP, Agnew J, Surkan PJ, Mojtabai R. Job strain and cognitive change: the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up study. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:856-862. [PMID: 30323011 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between job strain and subsequent cognitive change over approximately 11 years, using data from the population-based Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up study. METHODS The sample ranged from 555 to 563 participants, depending on the outcome, who reported psychosocial characteristics corresponding to the full-time job they held at baseline (1993-1996). Overall cognitive performance was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and verbal memory was measured by the ImmediateWord Recall Task and Delayed Word Recall Task at baseline and follow-up (2004-2005). Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between job strain and cognitive change, and inverse probability weighting was used to account for differential attrition. RESULTS Participants with high job demands (psychological or physical demands) and/or low job control had greater decrease in the MMSE and memory scores than those with low job demands and high job control. After adjustment for baseline outcome scores, age and sex, the greatest decrease was observed in participants with high job demands and low job control (MMSE: -0.24, 95% CI -0.36 to -0.11; verbal memory scores: -0.26, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.07). The differences were partially explained by sociodemographic characteristics, occupational prestige and health factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this prospective study suggest that job strain is associated with and may be a potential modifiable risk factor for adverse cognitive outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline Agnew
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela J Surkan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Augner C. Health, education and employment status of Europeans aged 60 to 69 years: results from SHARE Survey. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:436-440. [PMID: 29887541 PMCID: PMC6172182 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify health and education related predictors of employment/self-employment in the age between 60 and 69 yr in Europe. Data were obtained from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) study-Wave 6. Our final sample (n=13,447) was retrieved from 16 European Union member states, Switzerland and Israel. We used logistic regression model including education level, physical and mental health parameters to predict employment/self-employment vs. retired. Employment/self-employment was associated with higher education status, increased risk for depression, and obesity, but with decreased risk for chronic diseases, loneliness and limitations in daily life activities. Age-appropriate working conditions, part-time options, and enhanced job characteristics may contribute to maintain a good health status and prevent negative aspects of work that can induce the risk for stress and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Augner
- Institute for Human Resources Research in Health Care, University Clinics of the Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tang F, Chen H, Zhang Y, Mui AC. Employment and Life Satisfaction Among Middle- and Old-Aged Adults in China. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2018; 4:2333721418778202. [PMID: 30038952 PMCID: PMC6050814 DOI: 10.1177/2333721418778202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The population in China has been aging rapidly over the past two decades, raising
concerns about how to meet the health and long-term care needs of the growing
older adult population. The productive aging framework has been applied to
promote the active roles that older adults can play in society and to improve
physical and psychological well-being. Employment, as an essential form of
productive aging, is central to personal control, self-identify, economic
resources, and social connectedness. However, there is no clear role or
accommodation for older workers in China due to the mandatory retirement policy
and traditional culture of gender roles. Using the World Health Organization
(WHO) Study on Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE) Wave 1 data, we examined the
relationship between employment and life satisfaction in middle- and old-aged
Chinese. Multiple regression analyses indicated that employment and certain work
characteristics were positively related to life satisfaction in both the total
and male samples. Overall, rural residents had higher levels of satisfaction
than urban residents after equalizing socioeconomic resources and health. Policy
and practice implications are discussed on how to improve life satisfaction
through employment and how to address gender and residency gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ada C Mui
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhou Y, Slachevasky A, Calvo E. Health conditions and unmet needs for assistance to perform activities of daily living among older adults with dementia in Chile. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:964-971. [PMID: 29570856 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to address gaps in health conditions and unmet needs in daily activities between people with dementia (PWD) and without dementia in a developing country and to identify the variables associated with unmet needs among PWD to guide practitioners and policymakers in dealing with an increased burden of dementia. METHODS Nationally representative data on 4655 Chileans age 60 and over were used to compare health conditions and unmet needs in daily life activities between individuals with (N = 455, 9.6%) and without dementia. Regression analysis was conducted to identify the variables associated with unmet needs among PWD. RESULTS Overall, PWD had worse health and needed greater assistance in performing daily activities than people without dementia. Among PWD, being male was associated with more unmet needs, in both activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL. Lower educational level and fewer caregivers were associated with more unmet needs for ADL, while inferior functional ability was associated with more unmet needs for instrumental ADL. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study call for action by practitioners and policymakers to foster caregiver training, increase supportive services, and advance care planning for PWD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Environment and Health Group, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Slachevasky
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience (LANNEC), Physiopathology Program-ICBM, East Neurologic and Neurosciences Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Neuropsychiatry and Memory Disorders clinic (CMYN), Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centre for Advanced Research in Education, Santiago, Chile.,Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Calvo
- Department of Epidemiology and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Public Policy Research and Laboratory on Aging and Social Epidemiology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Azar A, Staudinger UM, Slachevsky A, Madero-Cabib I, Calvo E. From Snapshots to Movies: The Association Between Retirement Sequences and Aging Trajectories in Limitations to Perform Activities of Daily Living. J Aging Health 2018; 31:293-321. [PMID: 29952242 DOI: 10.1177/0898264318782096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzes the dynamic association between retirement sequences and activities of daily living (ADLs) trajectories between ages 60 and 70. METHOD Retirement sequences previously established for 7,880 older Americans from the Health and Retirement Study were used in hierarchical linear and propensity score full matching models, analyzing their association with ADL trajectories. RESULTS Sequences of partial retirement from full- or part-time jobs showed higher baseline and slower decline in ADL than sequences characterized by early labor force disengagement. DISCUSSION The conventional model in which people completely retire from a full-time job at normative ages and the widely promoted new conventional model of late retirement are both associated with better functioning than early labor force disengagement. But unconventional models, where older adults keep partially engaged with the labor force are also significantly associated with better functioning. These findings call attention to more research on potential avenues to simultaneously promote productive engagement and health later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Azar
- 1 University of Chicago, IL, USA.,2 Laboratory on Aging and Social Epidemiology, Santiago, Chile.,3 Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrea Slachevsky
- 3 Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,5 University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,6 Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile.,7 Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Esteban Calvo
- 2 Laboratory on Aging and Social Epidemiology, Santiago, Chile.,4 Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,8 Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Okura M, Ogita M, Yamamoto M, Nakai T, Numata T, Arai H. Community activities predict disability and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18:1114-1124. [PMID: 29603568 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM With aging, it is important to maintain older community dwellers' regular engagement with familiar community activities (CA) engaged in close to home to protect them from frailty. Thus, the present study aimed to examine whether CA items or CA score were associated with mortality or the need for care under the new long-term care insurance service requirements over 3 years among community-dwelling older Japanese adults. METHODS We analyzed cohort data for older adults from a prospective cohort study in Kami town, Japan. The response rate to the self-reported questionnaire was 94.3% (n = 5094), and we followed these participants for 3 years. Our final sample comprised 5076 older adults. Missing data were filled in using multiple imputation. We used seven items to assess CA: (i) volunteer activity; (ii) regional activity related to the neighborhood; (iii) visiting friends; (iv) hobbies or favorite lessons; (v) earning an income; (vi) farm work and growing vegetables; and (vii) shopping daily by oneself. The Kihon Checklist and new long-term care insurance service certifications were used as the frailty screening and disability indices, respectively. RESULTS During the follow-up survey, 705 participants obtained new long-term care insurance service certifications and 262 died. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve, the desirable cut-off of the CA score to predict disability and mortality was at least two items for all elderly age groups in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS CA items and CA score could predict disability and mortality in community-dwelling older adults in Japanese rural areas. Therefore, it is recommended that older adults from all age groups participate in CA. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1114-1124.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Okura
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mihoko Ogita
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miki Yamamoto
- Kami-cho Municipal Office, Welfare Section, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshimi Nakai
- Kami-cho Municipal Office, Welfare Section, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Numata
- Kami-cho Municipal Office, Health Section, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Morrow-Howell N, Halvorsen CJ, Hovmand P, Lee C, Ballard E. Conceptualizing Productive Engagement in a System Dynamics Framework. Innov Aging 2017; 1:igx018. [PMID: 30480112 PMCID: PMC6177040 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gerontologists have argued that the growing human capital of the aging population can be better marshaled as a resource for families, communities, and society at large. Additionally, this active, purposeful engagement can produce positive outcomes for older adults themselves. In this manuscript, we propose that existing conceptual frameworks articulating antecedents and outcomes of productive engagement, including working, volunteering, and caregiving can be improved using a system dynamics (SD) approach. Through a series of five unstructured group model-building sessions, experts from gerontology and systems science developed a qualitative SD model of the productive engagement of older adults. The model illustrates the reciprocal and dynamic nature of the stocks of human capital of older adults, social capital of older adults, and family resources; the engagement of older adults in productive activities; and the social and organizational variables that affect the flow and depletion of these stocks. Given this is the first attempt to develop a SD model for productive engagement in later life, the model is preliminary and heuristic. However, it offers a new approach to advancing theory and research on productive engagement in later life. Further, it can guide the development of mathematical models to estimate the effects of changes in any part of this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Morrow-Howell
- Brown School of Social Work, Center for Aging, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Address correspondence to: Nancy Morrow-Howell, MSW, PhD, Brown School of Social Work, Center for Aging, Campus Box 1196, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130. E-mail:
| | - Cal J Halvorsen
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Hovmand
- Social System Design Lab, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Carmen Lee
- Faculty of Social Sciences, System Dynamics Group, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellis Ballard
- Social System Design Lab, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Taylor P. Reconstructing Retirement. Work and Welfare in the UK and USA. J Aging Soc Policy 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2017.1366174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Taylor
- Professor of Human Resource Management, Federation Business School, Federation University Australia, Gippsland Campus, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dementia in the workplace case study research: understanding the experiences of individuals, colleagues and managers. AGEING & SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x17000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis article reports case study research which addresses the gap in knowledge about dementia in the workplace. Receiving a diagnosis of dementia whilst still in employment may have negative consequences for a person's identity, further compounded by loss of employment. This study is the first to explore the employment-related experiences of people with dementia and their employers to determine the potential for continued employment post-diagnosis. Sixteen case studies centred on a person with dementia who was still in employment or had left in the previous 18 months. Each involved interviews with the person with dementia, a family member and a workplace representative. This triangulation of the data promoted rigour, allowing the experiences to be viewed through a variety of lenses to build a clear picture of each situation. Thematic analysis was carried out and three themes were developed: (a) dementia as experienced in the workplace; (b) work keeps me well; and (c) wider impact of dementia in the workplace. These findings have the potential to initiate changes to policy and practice related to supporting employees with dementia. The implications of this research are multifaceted and need to be considered in terms of the individuals’ wellbeing, organisational support, as well as the wider theoretical, economic and societal consequences of supporting an employee with dementia.
Collapse
|
41
|
Beard JR, Officer AM, Cassels AK. The World Report on Ageing and Health. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2017; 56 Suppl 2:S163-6. [PMID: 26994257 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John R Beard
- Department of Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alana M Officer
- Department of Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew K Cassels
- Global Health Programme, The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zeng Y, Hesketh T. The effects of China's universal two-child policy. Lancet 2016; 388:1930-1938. [PMID: 27751400 PMCID: PMC5944611 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In October, 2015, China's one-child policy was replaced by a universal two-child policy. The effects of the new policy are inevitably speculative, but predictions can be made based on recent trends. The population increase will be relatively small, peaking at 1·45 billion in 2029 (compared with a peak of 1·4 billion in 2023 if the one-child policy continued). The new policy will allow almost all Chinese people to have their preferred number of children. The benefits of the new policy include: a large reduction in abortions of unapproved pregnancies, virtual elimination of the problem of unregistered children, and a more normal sex ratio. All of these effects should improve health outcomes. Effects of the new policy on the shrinking workforce and rapid population ageing will not be evident for two decades. In the meantime, more sound policy actions are needed to meet the social, health, and care needs of the elderly population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- National School of Development and Raissun Institute for Advanced Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Center for Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Therese Hesketh
- Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|