1
|
Eckmair B, Gao C, Mehta AY, Dutkiewicz Z, Vanbeselaere J, Cummings RD, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Recognition of Highly Branched N-Glycans of the Porcine Whipworm by the Immune System. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100711. [PMID: 38182041 PMCID: PMC10850124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycans are key to host-pathogen interactions, whereby recognition by the host and immunomodulation by the pathogen can be mediated by carbohydrate binding proteins, such as lectins of the innate immune system, and their glycoconjugate ligands. Previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory products of the porcine nematode parasite Trichuris suis exert immunomodulatory effects in a glycan-dependent manner. To better understand the mechanisms of these interactions, we prepared N-glycans from T. suis and both analyzed their structures and used them to generate a natural glycan microarray. With this array, we explored the interactions of glycans with C-type lectins, C-reactive protein, and sera from T. suis-infected pigs. Glycans containing LacdiNAc and phosphorylcholine-modified glycans were associated with the highest binding by most of these proteins. In-depth analysis revealed not only fucosylated LacdiNAc motifs with and without phosphorylcholine moieties but phosphorylcholine-modified mannose and N-acetylhexosamine-substituted fucose residues, in the context of maximally tetraantennary N-glycan scaffolds. Furthermore, O-glycans also contained fucosylated motifs. In summary, the glycans of T. suis are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems and also exhibit species-specific features distinguishing its glycome from those of other nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zuzanna Dutkiewicz
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Marco Verissimo C, Cwiklinski K, Nilsson J, Mirgorodskaya E, Jin C, Karlsson NG, Dalton JP. Glycan Complexity and Heterogeneity of Glycoproteins in Somatic Extracts and Secretome of the Infective Stage of the Helminth Fasciola hepatica. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100684. [PMID: 37993102 PMCID: PMC10755494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a global helminth parasite of humans and their livestock. The invasive stage of the parasite, the newly excysted juvenile (NEJs), relies on glycosylated excreted-secreted (ES) products and surface/somatic molecules to interact with host cells and tissues and to evade the host's immune responses, such as disarming complement and shedding bound antibody. While -omics technologies have generated extensive databases of NEJs' proteins and their expression, detailed knowledge of the glycosylation of proteins is still lacking. Here, we employed glycan, glycopeptide, and proteomic analyses to determine the glycan profile of proteins within the NEJs' somatic (Som) and ES extracts. These analyses characterized 123 NEJ glycoproteins, 71 of which are secreted proteins, and allowed us to map 356 glycopeptides and their associated 1690 N-glycan and 37 O-glycan forms to their respective proteins. We discovered abundant micro-heterogeneity in the glycosylation of individual glycosites and between different sites of multi-glycosylated proteins. The global heterogeneity across NEJs' glycoproteome was refined to 53 N-glycan and 16 O-glycan structures, ranging from highly truncated paucimannosidic structures to complex glycans carrying multiple phosphorylcholine (PC) residues, and included various unassigned structures due to unique linkages, particularly in pentosylated O-glycans. Such exclusive glycans decorate some well-known secreted molecules involved in host invasion, including cathepsin B and L peptidases, and a variety of membrane-bound glycoproteins, suggesting that they participate in host interactions. Our findings show that F. hepatica NEJs generate exceptional protein variability via glycosylation, suggesting that their molecular portfolio that communicates with the host is far more complex than previously anticipated by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. This study opens many avenues to understand the glycan biology of F. hepatica throughout its life-stages, as well as other helminth parasites, and allows us to probe the glycosylation of individual NEJs proteins in the search for innovative diagnostics and vaccines against fascioliasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Lab (MPL) - Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Lab (MPL) - Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Mirgorodskaya
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy of Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Life Science and Health, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - John P Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Lab (MPL) - Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eckmair B, Gao C, Mehta AY, Dutkiewicz Z, Vanbeselaere J, Cummings RD, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Recognition of highly branched N-glycans of the porcine whipworm by the immune system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.21.557549. [PMID: 37790353 PMCID: PMC10542551 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.557549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are key to host-pathogen interactions, whereby recognition by the host and immunomodulation by the pathogen can be mediated by carbohydrate binding proteins, such as lectins of the innate immune system, and their glycoconjugate ligands. Previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory products of the porcine nematode parasite Trichuris suis exert immunomodulatory effects in a glycan-dependent manner. To better understand the mechanisms of these interactions, we prepared N-glycans from T. suis and both analyzed their structures and used them to generate a natural glycan microarray. With this array we explored the interactions of glycans with C-type lectins, C-reactive protein and sera from T. suis infected pigs. Glycans containing LacdiNAc and phosphorylcholine-modified glycans were associated with the highest binding by most of these proteins. In-depth analysis revealed not only fucosylated LacdiNAc motifs with and without phosphorylcholine moieties, but phosphorylcholine-modified mannose and N-acetylhexosamine-substituted fucose residues, in the context of maximally tetraantennary N-glycan scaffolds. Furthermore, O-glycans also contained fucosylated motifs. In summary, the glycans of T. suis are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and also exhibit species-specific features distinguishing its glycome from those of other nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zuzanna Dutkiewicz
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
van der Kaaij A, van Noort K, Nibbering P, Wilbers RHP, Schots A. Glyco-Engineering Plants to Produce Helminth Glycoproteins as Prospective Biopharmaceuticals: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882835. [PMID: 35574113 PMCID: PMC9100689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are the dominant category among approved biopharmaceuticals, indicating their importance as therapeutic proteins. Glycoproteins are decorated with carbohydrate structures (or glycans) in a process called glycosylation. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is present in all kingdoms of life, albeit with differences in core modifications, terminal glycan structures, and incorporation of different sugar residues. Glycans play pivotal roles in many biological processes and can impact the efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. The majority of biopharmaceuticals are based on human glycoproteins, but non-human glycoproteins, originating from for instance parasitic worms (helminths), form an untapped pool of potential therapeutics for immune-related diseases and vaccine candidates. The production of sufficient quantities of correctly glycosylated putative therapeutic helminth proteins is often challenging and requires extensive engineering of the glycosylation pathway. Therefore, a flexible glycoprotein production system is required that allows straightforward introduction of heterologous glycosylation machinery composed of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to obtain desired glycan structures. The glycome of plants creates an ideal starting point for N- and O-glyco-engineering of helminth glycans. Plants are also tolerant toward the introduction of heterologous glycosylation enzymes as well as the obtained glycans. Thus, a potent production platform emerges that enables the production of recombinant helminth proteins with unusual glycans. In this review, we discuss recent advances in plant glyco-engineering of potentially therapeutic helminth glycoproteins, challenges and their future prospects.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lattová E, Skřičková J, Zdráhal Z. Applicability of Phenylhydrazine Labeling for Structural Studies of Fucosylated N-Glycans. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7985-7990. [PMID: 31141660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylation is a common modification, and its site in glycans refers to different normal and pathological processes. Despite intensive research, there is still a lack of methods to discriminate unambiguously the fucose position in one-step. In this work, we propose utility of phenylhydrazine (PHN) labeling for structural studies of fucosylated N-glycans by tandem MALDI mass spectrometry (MS) in the positive ion mode. PHN-tag influences the production of specific ion types, and the MS/MS fragmentation pattern provides useful structural information. All types of core fucosylated N-glycans have produced two abundant ions consistent with B- and C-glycosidic cleavages corresponding to the loss of the FucGlcNAcPHN residue with a mass 457 and 441 Da from the parent ions. These types of fragment ions in N-glycans without a core fucose were associated with the loss of the GlcNAcPHN unit (311 and 295 Da), and fucose cleavage followed the loss of the chitobiose residue. Since diagnostic useful cleavages produce peaks with significant intensities, this approach is also beneficial for rapid recognition of antenna from core fucosylation in glycans detected with low abundances. Moreover, in multifucosylated glycans, this type of labeling allows to distinguish how many fucose residues are on the specific antenna and provides additional information on the topology of N-glycans, such as type of antennarity or identification of bisecting moiety. The practical applicability of the approach is demonstrated on the analysis of multifucosylated N-glycans detected with lower abundances in lung cancer samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lattová
- Central European Institute for Technology , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czechia
| | - Jana Skřičková
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and TB , University Hospital and Medical Faculty , 625 00 Brno , Czechia
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute for Technology , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 Brno , Czechia.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno , Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The investigation of the glycan repertoire of several organisms has revealed a wide variation in terms of structures and abundance of glycan moieties. Among the parasites, it is possible to observe different sets of glycoconjugates across taxa and developmental stages within a species. The presence of distinct glycoconjugates throughout the life cycle of a parasite could relate to the ability of that organism to adapt and survive in different hosts and environments. Carbohydrates on the surface, and in excretory-secretory products of parasites, play essential roles in host-parasite interactions. Carbohydrate portions of complex molecules of parasites stimulate and modulate host immune responses, mainly through interactions with specific receptors on the surface of dendritic cells, leading to the generation of a pattern of response that may benefit parasite survival. Available data reviewed here also show the frequent aspect of parasite immunomodulation of mammalian responses through specific glycan interactions, which ultimately makes these molecules promising in the fields of diagnostics and vaccinology.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Many invertebrates are either parasites themselves or vectors involved in parasite transmission; thereby, the interactions of parasites with final or intermediate hosts are often mediated by glycans. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the glycan structures or motifs present across invertebrate species. While a typical vertebrate modification such as sialic acid is rare in lower animals, antennal and core modifications of N-glycans are highly varied and range from core fucose, galactosylated fucose, fucosylated galactose, methyl groups, glucuronic acid and sulphate through to addition of zwitterionic moieties (phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate). Only in some cases are the enzymatic bases and the biological function of these modifications known. We are indeed still in the phase of discovering invertebrate glycomes primarily using mass spectrometry, but molecular biology and microarraying techniques are complementary to the determination of novel glycan structures and their functions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Paschinger K, Yan S, Wilson IBH. N-glycomic Complexity in Anatomical Simplicity: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Non-model Nematode? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 30915340 PMCID: PMC6422873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically well-studied model nematode or "worm"; however, its N-glycomic complexity is actually baffling and still not completely unraveled. Some features of its N-glycans are, to date, unique and include bisecting galactose and up to five fucose residues associated with the asparagine-linked Man2-3GlcNAc2 core; the substitutions include galactosylation of fucose, fucosylation of galactose and methylation of mannose or fucose residues as well as phosphorylcholine on antennal (non-reducing) N-acetylglucosamine. Only some of these modifications are shared with various other nematodes, while others have yet to be detected in any other species. Thus, C. elegans can be used as a model for some aspects of N-glycan function, but its glycome is far from identical to those of other organisms and is actually far from simple. Possibly the challenges of its native environment, which differ from those of parasitic or necromenic species, led to an anatomically simple worm possessing a complex glycome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Yan
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Phani V, Shivakumara TN, Davies KG, Rao U. Knockdown of a mucin-like gene in Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda) decreases attachment of endospores of Pasteuria penetrans to the infective juveniles and reduces nematode fecundity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2370-2383. [PMID: 30011135 PMCID: PMC6638177 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are highly glycosylated polypeptides involved in many host-parasite interactions, but their function in plant-parasitic nematodes is still unknown. In this study, a mucin-like gene was cloned from Meloidogyne incognita (Mi-muc-1, 1125 bp) and characterized. The protein was found to be rich in serine and threonine with numerous O-glycosylation sites in the sequence. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed the highest expression in the adult female and in situ hybridization revealed the localization of Mi-muc-1 mRNA expression in the tail area in the region of the phasmid. Knockdown of Mi-muc-1 revealed a dual role: (1) immunologically, there was a significant decrease in attachment of Pasteuria penetrans endospores and a reduction in binding assays with human red blood cells (RBCs), suggesting that Mi-MUC-1 is a glycoprotein present on the surface coat of infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) and is involved in cellular adhesion to the cuticle of infective J2s; pretreatment of J2s with different carbohydrates indicated that the RBCs bind to J2 cuticle receptors different from those involved in the interaction of Pasteuria endospores with Mi-MUC-1; (2) the long-term effect of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of Mi-muc-1 led to a significant reduction in nematode fecundity, suggesting a possible function for this mucin as a mediator in the interaction between the nematode and the host plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Phani
- Division of NematologyICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi110012India
| | | | - Keith G Davies
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldAL10 9ABUnited Kingdom
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs115, 1431Norway
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of NematologyICAR‐Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi110012India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hokke CH, van Diepen A. Helminth glycomics - glycan repertoires and host-parasite interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 215:47-57. [PMID: 27939587 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycolipids of parasitic helminths play important roles in biology and host-parasite interaction. This review discusses recent helminth glycomics studies that have been expanding our insights into the glycan repertoire of helminths. Structural data are integrated with biological and immunological observations to highlight how glycomics advances our understanding of the critical roles that glycans and glycan motifs play in helminth infection biology. Prospects and challenges in helminth glycomics and glycobiology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis H Hokke
- Parasite Glycobiology Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Parasite Glycobiology Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiménez-Castells C, Vanbeselaere J, Kohlhuber S, Ruttkowski B, Joachim A, Paschinger K. Gender and developmental specific N-glycomes of the porcine parasite Oesophagostomum dentatum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:418-430. [PMID: 27751954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The porcine nodule worm Oesophagostomum dentatum is a strongylid class V nematode rather closely related to the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. However, in contrast to the non-parasitic C. elegans, the parasitic O. dentatum is an obligate sexual organism, which makes both a gender and developmental glycomic comparison possible. METHODS Different enzymatic and chemical methods were used to release N-glycans from male and female O. dentatum as well as from L3 and L4 larvae. Glycans were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS after either 2D-HPLC (normal then reversed phase) or fused core RP-HPLC. RESULTS Whereas the L3 N-glycome was simpler and more dominated by phosphorylcholine-modified structures, the male and female worms express a wide range of core fucosylated N-glycans with up to three fucose residues. Seemingly, simple methylated paucimannosidic structures can be considered 'male', while methylation of fucosylated glycans was more pronounced in females. On the other hand, while many of the fucosylated paucimannosidic glycans are identical with examples from other nematode species, but simpler than the tetrafucosylated glycans of C. elegans, there is a wide range of phosphorylcholine-modified glycans with extended HexNAc2-4PC2-4 motifs not observed in our previous studies on other nematodes. CONCLUSION The interspecies tendency of class V nematodes to share most, but not all, N-glycans applies also to O. dentatum; furthermore, we establish, for the first time in a parasitic nematode, that glycomes vary upon development and sexual differentiation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Unusual methylated, core fucosylated and phosphorylcholine-containing N-glycans vary between stages and genders in a parasitic nematode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonja Kohlhuber
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Institut für Parasitologie, Department für Pathobiologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institut für Parasitologie, Department für Pathobiologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Joekel D, Hinse P, Raulf MK, Schicht S, Bäumer W, Werling D, Kremmer E, Strube C. Vaccination of calves with yeast- and bacterial-expressed paramyosin from the bovine lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus. Parasite Immunol 2016; 37:614-23. [PMID: 26408341 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, vaccination of cattle with Escherichia coli-expressed bovine lungworm paramyosin (EcPMY) adjuvanted with Quil A resulted in considerable reduction in worm burden and larvae shedding (Strube et al., 2015). To further evaluate the protective potential of PMY, cattle vaccination trials were performed using either E. coli- (EcPMY) or Pichia pastoris-expressed PMY (PpPMY) with different adjuvants (Matrix-Q(™) or Quil A). Combinations EcPMY+Matrix-Q(™) (trial 1), PpPMY+Matrix-Q(™) (trial 2) and PpPMY+Quil A (trial 3) were tested against challenge infections with 2000 Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae. Even though GM worm burden and larvae shedding was lower in almost all vaccinated groups, there were high variations between individuals hampering significant differences. However, in all vaccinated groups, lungworms were significantly shorter compared with those in controls. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with recombinant (r)PMY revealed no significant proliferation following vaccinations or challenge infection. All vaccinated cattle showed a significant rise in specific antibodies, particularly IgG and its subclass IgG1, and detected the native lungworm PMY in immunoblots starting 2 weeks after the first vaccination. The use of a different rPMY-adjuvant combination or combined vaccination with additional recombinant antigens might be a promising future approach towards a new vaccine against lungworms in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Joekel
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Hinse
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M K Raulf
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Schicht
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Bäumer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - D Werling
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - E Kremmer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | - C Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yan S, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Comparison of RP-HPLC modes to analyse the N-glycome of the free-living nematode Pristionchus pacificus. Electrophoresis 2016; 36:1314-29. [PMID: 25639343 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pristionchus pacificus is a free-living nematode increasingly used as an organism for comparison to the more familiar model Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, we examined the N-glycans of this organism isolated after serial release with peptide:N-glycosidases F and A; after fluorescent labelling with 2-aminopyridine, chromatographic fractionation by three types of RP-HPLC (with either classical C18, fused core C18 or alkylamide-bonded phases) followed by mass spectrometric analyses revealed key features of its N-glycome. In addition to paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic glycans typical of invertebrates, N-glycans with two core fucose residues were detected. Furthermore, a range of glycans carrying up to three phosphorylcholine residues was observed whereas, unlike C. elegans, no tetrafucosylated N-glycans were detected. Structures with three fucose residues, unusual methylation of core α1,3-fucose or with galactosylated fucose motifs were found in low amounts; these features may correlate with a different ensemble or expression of glycosyltransferase genes as compared to C. elegans. From an analytical perspective, both the alkylamide RP-amide and fused core C18 columns, as compared to a classical C18 material, offer advantages in terms of resolution and of elution properties, as some minor pyridylamino-labelled glycans (e.g. those carrying phosphorylcholine) appear in earlier fractions and so potential losses of such structures due to insufficient gradient length can be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Evaluation of the CCA Immuno-Chromatographic Test to Diagnose Schistosoma mansoni in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004357. [PMID: 26752073 PMCID: PMC4709075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Kato-Katz (KK) stool smear is the standard test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection, but suffers from low sensitivity when infections intensities are moderate to low. Thus, misdiagnosed individuals remain untreated and contribute to the disease transmission, thereby forestalling public health efforts to move from a modality of disease control to one of elimination. As an alternative, the urine-based diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni via the circulating cathodic antigen immuno-chromatographic test (CCA-ICT) has been extensively evaluated in Africa with the conclusion that it may replace the KK test in areas where prevalences are moderate or high. Methods and Findings The objective was to measure the performance of the CCA-ICT in a sample study population composed of residents from non-endemic and endemic areas for schistosomiasis mansoni in two municipalities of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Volunteers (130) were classified into three infection status groups based on duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears from one stool sample (2KK test): 41 negative individuals from non-endemic areas, 41 negative individuals from endemic areas and 48 infected individuals from endemic areas. Infection status was also determined by the CCA-ICT and infection exposure by antibody ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to S. mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and soluble (adult) worm antigen preparation (SWAP). Sensitivity and specificity were influenced by whether the trace score visually adjudicated in the CCA-ICT was characterized as positive or negative for S. mansoni infection. An analysis of a two-graph receiver operating characteristic was performed to change the cutoff point. When the trace score was interpreted as a positive rather than as a negative result, the specificity decreased from 97.6% to 78.0% whereas sensitivity increased from 68.7% to 85.4%. A significantly positive correlation between the CCA-ICT scores and egg counts was identified (r = 0.6252, p = 0.0001). However, the CCA-ICT misdiagnosed as negative 14.6% of 2KK positive individuals, predominantly those with light infections (fewer than 100 eggs/g feces). Considering 2KK as reference test, the discriminating power of the CCA-ICT (the area under the curve [AUC] = 0.817) was greater than the SEA-ELISA (AUC = 0.744) and SWAP-ELISA (AUC = 0.704). Conclusion Our data for the performance of the CCA-ICT in the Brazilian communities endemic for schistosomiasis mansoni support those from Africa, i.e., in areas with greater infection prevalence and intensities, the CCA-ICT may be useful as a tool to indicate community-based preventative chemotherapy without individual diagnosis. However, because of the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s recommendation for individual diagnosis in areas where prevalence is less than 15%, i.e., those areas in which infection intensities are likely to be lowest, the CCA-ICT lacks the sensitivity to be used as standalone diagnostic tool. Detecting parasite eggs in stool by the Kato-Katz (KK) stool smear is the standard diagnostic test for infection with the flatworm parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. However, the test can miss those who have low burdens of infection, i.e., with few eggs in their feces. These misdiagnosed individuals, therefore, do not receive drug treatment and can continue to transmit the parasite into the environment putting the community at risk of infection. As an alternative diagnostic approach, the circulating cathodic antigen immuno-chromatographic test (CCA-ICT) is a simple-to-use handheld device (similar to a pregnancy test) that only needs urine to provide a quick and visual indication of whether one is infected or not. The consensus from studies in Africa is that the CCA-ICT could replace the KK test in those areas where people are more likely to harbor moderate to high worm burdens (i.e., more eggs in stool), but, like the KK test, it can miss those harboring light infection intensities. We evaluated the CCA-ICT performance in urine samples from 130 individuals living in areas non-endemic and endemic for schistosomiasis mansoni within the municipalities of Governador Valadares and Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The CCA-ICT performance characteristics, chiefly, sensitivity and specificity, depended on whether a ‘trace’ visual reading of the test was considered as a positive or negative diagnosis. We noted a positive correlation between the CCA-ICT scores and egg counts. However, the CCA-ICT misdiagnosed as negative about 15% of KK positive individuals, predominantly those with light infections. The CCA-ICT, nonetheless, had better discriminating power than commonly used antibody-based tests. We conclude that the CCA-ICT offers reasonable performance to diagnosis S. mansoni infection. However, in areas where infections intensities are light, the test lacks the sensitivity to be used as standalone diagnostic tool.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kurz S, King JG, Dinglasan RR, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. The fucomic potential of mosquitoes: Fucosylated N-glycan epitopes and their cognate fucosyltransferases. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 68:52-63. [PMID: 26617287 PMCID: PMC4707139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fucoconjugates are key mediators of protein-glycan interactions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. As examples, N-glycans modified with the non-mammalian core α1,3-linked fucose have been detected in various organisms ranging from plants to insects and are immunogenic in mammals. The rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against plant horseradish peroxidase (anti-HRP) is able to recognize the α1,3-linked fucose epitope and is also known to specifically stain neural tissues in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we have detected and localized the anti-HRP cross-reactivity in another insect species, the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae. We were able to identify and structurally elucidate fucosylated N-glycans including core mono- and difucosylated structures (responsible for anti-HRP cross reactivity) as well as a Lewis-type antennal modification on mosquito anionic N-glycans by applying enzymatic and chemical treatments. The three mosquito fucosyltransferase open reading frames (FucT6, FucTA and FucTC) required for the in vivo biosynthesis of the fucosylated N-glycan epitopes were identified in the Anopheles gambiae genome, cloned and recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris. Using a robust MALDI-TOF MS approach, we characterised the activity of the three recombinant fucosyltransferases in vitro and demonstrate that they share similar enzymatic properties as compared to their homologues from D. melanogaster and Apis mellifera. Thus, not only do we confirm the neural reactivity of anti-HRP in a mosquito species, but also demonstrate enzymatic activity for all its α1,3- and α1,6-fucosyltransferase homologues, whose specificity matches the results of glycomic analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kurz
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jonas G King
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health & The Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health & The Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hewitson JP, Nguyen DL, van Diepen A, Smit CH, Koeleman CA, McSorley HJ, Murray J, Maizels RM, Hokke CH. Novel O-linked methylated glycan antigens decorate secreted immunodominant glycoproteins from the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Int J Parasitol 2015; 46:157-170. [PMID: 26688390 PMCID: PMC4776704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory (ES) proteins carry diverse N- and O-glycans, and many are O-methylated. A methylhexose containing O-glycan of abundant ES glycoproteins is immunodominant. This dominant glycan is not the immunomodulatory heat-stable ES component.
Glycan molecules from helminth parasites have been associated with diverse biological functions ranging from interactions with neighbouring host cell populations to down-modulation of specific host immunity. Glycoproteins secreted by the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus are of particular interest as the excretory–secretory products (termed HES) of this parasite contain both heat-labile and heat-stable components with immunomodulatory effects. We used MALDI-TOF-MS and LC–MS/MS to analyse the repertoire of N- and O-linked glycans released from Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products by PNGase A and F, β-elimination and hydrazinolysis revealing a broad range of structures including novel methylhexose- and methylfucose-containing glycans. Monoclonal antibodies to two immunodominant glycans of H. polygyrus, previously designated Glycans A and B, were found to react by glycan array analysis to a methyl-hexose-rich fraction and to a sulphated LacDiNAc (LDN; GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAc) structure, respectively. We also analysed the glycan repertoire of a major glycoprotein in Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products, VAL-2, which contains many glycan structures present in Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products including Glycan A. However, it was found that this set of glycans is not responsible for the heat-stable immunomodulatory properties of Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products, as revealed by the inability of VAL-2 to inhibit allergic lung inflammation. Taken together, these studies reveal that H. polygyrus secretes a diverse range of antigenic glycoconjugates, and provides a framework to explore the biological and immunomodulatory roles they may play within the mammalian host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - D Linh Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Smit
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A Koeleman
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Janice Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Eckmair B, Jin C, Abed-Navandi D, Paschinger K. Multistep Fractionation and Mass Spectrometry Reveal Zwitterionic and Anionic Modifications of the N- and O-glycans of a Marine Snail. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:573-97. [PMID: 26598642 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.051573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies in the past have revealed that molluscs can produce a wide range of rather complex N-glycan structures, which vary from those occurring in other invertebrate animals; particularly methylated glycans have been found in gastropods, and there are some reports of anionic glycans in bivalves. Due to the high variability in terms of previously described structures and methodologies, it is a major challenge to establish glycomic workflows that yield the maximum amount of detailed structural information from relatively low quantities of sample. In this study, we apply differential release with peptide:N-glycosidases F and A followed by solid-phase extraction on graphitized carbon and reversed-phase materials to examine the glycome of Volvarina rubella (C. B. Adams, 1845), a margin snail of the clade Neogastropoda. The resulting four pools of N-glycans were fractionated on a fused core RP-HPLC column and subject to MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS in conjunction with chemical and enzymatic treatments. In addition, selected N-glycan fractions, as well as O-glycans released by β-elimination, were analyzed by porous graphitized carbon-LC-MS and MS(n). This comprehensive approach enabled us to determine a number of novel modifications of protein-linked glycans, including N-methyl-2-aminoethylphosphonate on mannose and N-acetylhexosamine residues, core β1,3-linked mannose, zwitterionic moieties on core Galβ1,4Fuc motifs, additional mannose residues on oligomannosidic glycans, and bisubstituted antennal fucose; furthermore, typical invertebrate N-glycans with sulfate and core fucose residues are present in this gastropod.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- §Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Wien, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hykollari A, Eckmair B, Voglmeir J, Jin C, Yan S, Vanbeselaere J, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. More Than Just Oligomannose: An N-glycomic Comparison of Penicillium Species. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:73-92. [PMID: 26515459 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.055061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is an essential set of post-translational modifications of proteins; in the case of filamentous fungi, N-glycans are present on a range of secreted and cell wall proteins. In this study, we have compared the glycans released by peptide/N-glycosidase F from proteolysed cell pellets of three Penicillium species (P. dierckxii, P. nordicum and P. verrucosum that all belong to the Eurotiomycetes). Although the major structures are all within the range Hex(5-11)HexNAc(2) as shown by mass spectrometry, variations in reversed-phase chromatograms and MS/MS fragmentation patterns are indicative of differences in the actual structure. Hydrofluoric acid and mannosidase treatments revealed that the oligomannosidic glycans were not only in part modified with phosphoethanolamine residues and outer chain och1-dependent mannosylation, but that bisecting galactofuranose was present in a species-dependent manner. These data are the first to specifically show the modification of N-glycans in fungi with zwitterionic moieties. Furthermore, our results indicate that mere mass spectrometric screening is insufficient to reveal the subtly complex nature of N-glycosylation even within a single fungal genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- §Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shi Yan
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nwosu C, Yau HK, Becht S. Assignment of Core versus Antenna Fucosylation Types in Protein N-Glycosylation via Procainamide Labeling and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5905-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nwosu
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Hoi Kei Yau
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Steven Becht
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, 8551 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yan S, Brecker L, Jin C, Titz A, Dragosits M, Karlsson NG, Jantsch V, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Bisecting Galactose as a Feature of N-Glycans of Wild-type and Mutant Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2111-25. [PMID: 26002521 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.049817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-glycosylation of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be highly variable and rather complex; it is an example to contradict the existing impression that "simple" organisms possess also a rather simple glycomic capacity. In previous studies in a number of laboratories, N-glycans with up to four fucose residues have been detected. However, although the linkage of three fucose residues to the N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl core has been proven by structural and enzymatic analyses, the nature of the fourth fucose has remained uncertain. By constructing a triple mutant with deletions in the three genes responsible for core fucosylation (fut-1, fut-6 and fut-8), we have produced a nematode strain lacking products of these enzymes, but still retaining maximally one fucose residue on its N-glycans. Using mass spectrometry and HPLC in conjunction with chemical and enzymatic treatments as well as NMR, we examined a set of α-mannosidase-resistant N-glycans. Within this glycomic subpool, we can reveal that the core β-mannose can be trisubstituted and so carries not only the ubiquitous α1,3- and α1,6-mannose residues, but also a "bisecting" β-galactose, which is substoichiometrically modified with fucose or methylfucose. In addition, the α1,3-mannose can also be α-galactosylated. Our data, showing the presence of novel N-glycan modifications, will enable more targeted studies to understand the biological functions and interactions of nematode glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- §Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- ¶Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Titz
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Dragosits
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- ¶Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Verena Jantsch
- ‖Department für Chromosomenbiologie, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Universität Wien, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria;
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grenfell RFQ, Coelho PMZ, Taboada D, de Mattos ACA, Davis R, Harn DA. Newly established monoclonal antibody diagnostic assays for Schistosoma mansoni direct detection in areas of low endemicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87777. [PMID: 24498191 PMCID: PMC3909226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current available methods for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni lack sufficient sensitivity, which results in underreporting of infectious in areas of low endemicity. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed three novel diagnostic methodologies for the direct detection of schistosome infection in serum samples. These three new methods were evaluated with positive patients from a low endemicity area in southeast Brazil. The basis of the assay was the production of monoclonal antibodies against the protein backbone of heavily glycosylated Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA). The antibodies were also selected for having no specificity to repeating poly-Lewis x units. Assays based on the detection CCA-protein should not encounter a limitation in sensitivity due to a biological background of this particular epitope. Three diagnostic methodologies were developed and validated, (i) Immunomagnetic Separation based on improved incubation steps of non-diluted serum, (ii) Direct Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and (iii) Fluorescent Microscopy Analysis as a qualitative assay. The two quantitative assays presented high sensitivity (94% and 92%, respectively) and specificity (100%), equivalent to the analysis of 3 stool samples and 16 slides by Kato-Katz, showing promising results on the determination of cure. Conclusions/Significance The Immunomagnetic Separation technique showed excellent correlation with parasite burden by Cohen coefficient. The qualitative method detected 47 positive individuals out of 50 with the analysis of 3 slides. This easy-to-do method was capable of discriminating positive from negative cases, even for patients with low parasite burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Fortini Queiroz Grenfell
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Taboada
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Mattos
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ruth Davis
- Monoclonal Antibody Facility, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sahadevan S, Antonopoulos A, Haslam SM, Dell A, Ramaswamy S, Babu P. Unique, polyfucosylated glycan-receptor interactions are essential for regeneration of Hydra magnipapillata. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:147-55. [PMID: 23972202 DOI: 10.1021/cb400486t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communications, cell-matrix interactions, and cell migrations play a major role in regeneration. However, little is known about the molecular players involved in these critical events, especially cell surface molecules. Here, we demonstrate the role of specific glycan-receptor interactions in the regenerative process using Hydra magnipapillata as a model system. Global characterization of the N- and O-glycans expressed by H. magnipapillata using ultrasensitive mass spectrometry revealed mainly polyfucosylated LacdiNAc antennary structures. Affinity purification showed that a putative C-type lectin (accession number Q6SIX6) is a likely endogenous receptor for the novel polyfucosylated glycans. Disruption of glycan-receptor interactions led to complete shutdown of the regeneration machinery in live Hydra. A time-dependent, lack-of-regeneration phenotype observed upon incubation with exogenous fuco-lectins suggests the involvement of a polyfucose receptor-mediated signaling mechanism during regeneration. Thus, for the first time, the results presented here provide direct evidence for the role of polyfucosylated glycan-receptor interactions in the regeneration of H. magnipapillata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Sahadevan
- Institute
for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NCBS-TIFR, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | | | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Anne Dell
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Subramanian Ramaswamy
- Institute
for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NCBS-TIFR, Bangalore, 560065 India
- Glycomics
and Glycoproteomics, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, NCBS-TIFR, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Ponnusamy Babu
- Glycomics
and Glycoproteomics, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, NCBS-TIFR, Bangalore, 560065 India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Prasanphanich NS, Mickum ML, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Glycoconjugates in host-helminth interactions. Front Immunol 2013; 4:240. [PMID: 24009607 PMCID: PMC3755266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms that comprise a major class of human pathogens and cause an immense amount of suffering worldwide. Helminths possess an abundance of complex and unique glycoconjugates that interact with both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity in definitive and intermediate hosts. These glycoconjugates represent a major untapped reservoir of immunomodulatory compounds, which have the potential to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and antigenic glycans, which could be exploited as vaccines and diagnostics. This review will survey current knowledge of the interactions between helminth glycans and host immunity and highlight the gaps in our understanding which are relevant to advancing therapeutics, vaccine development, and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Salinger Prasanphanich
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Megan L. Mickum
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mandalasi M, Dorabawila N, Smith DF, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD, Nyame AK. Development and characterization of a specific IgG monoclonal antibody toward the Lewis x antigen using splenocytes of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Glycobiology 2013; 23:877-92. [PMID: 23542315 PMCID: PMC3671776 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni synthesizes immunogenic glycans containing the human Lewis x antigen (Le(x); Galactose-β1-4(Fucα1-3)N-acetylglucosamine-β-R, also called CD15), but the biological role(s) of this antigen in the parasites and in humans is poorly understood. To develop IgG-based monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for Le(x), we harvested splenocytes from S. mansoni-infected Swiss Webster mice at Week 10 postinfection, when peak IgG responses to glycan antigens occur, and generated a panel of hybridomas secreting anti-glycan IgG that recognize periodate-sensitive epitopes in soluble egg antigens of the parasites, and also recognizes a neoglycoprotein containing a pentasaccharide with the Le(x) sequence. One murine mAb, an IgG3 designated F8A1.1, bound to glycoproteins and glycolipids from schistosome adults and human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells that express Le(x) antigens, as assessed by a wide variety of approaches including immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and western blotting, as well as overlay assays of glycolipids after thin-layer chromatography. In contrast, F8A1.1 bound weakly to cercariae, 3-h schistosomula and human Jurkat cells. We also directly compared the glycan specificity of F8A1.1 with commercially available anti-CD15 IgG1 (clone W6D3) using a defined glycan microarray. The results demonstrated that F8A1.1 recognized glycans expressing Le(x) epitopes in a terminal nonreducing position, whereas anti-CD15 bound to glycans with multiple repeats of Le(x) epitopes, but not to glycans with a single, terminal Le(x) epitope. Our results show that F8A1.1 recognizes terminal Le(x) epitopes and can be used for identification, immunolocalization, immunoprecipitation and purification of Le(x)-containing glycoconjugates from schistosomes and mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Msano Mandalasi
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Nelum Dorabawila
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd #4001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd #4001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd #4001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - A Kwame Nyame
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yan 闫石 S, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Array-assisted characterization of a fucosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of complex core modifications of nematode N-glycans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21015-21028. [PMID: 23754284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucose is a common monosaccharide component of cell surfaces and is involved in many biological recognition events. Therefore, definition and exploitation of the specificity of the enzymes (fucosyltransferases) involved in fucosylation is a recurrent theme in modern glycosciences. Despite various studies, the specificities of many fucosyltransferases are still unknown, so new approaches are required to study these. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses a wide range of fucosylated glycans, including N-linked oligosaccharides with unusual complex core modifications. Up to three fucose residues can be present on the standard N,N'-diacetylchitobiose unit of these N-glycans, but only the fucosyltransferases responsible for transfer of two of these (the core α1,3-fucosyltransferase FUT-1 and the core α1,6-fucosyltransferase FUT-8) were previously characterized. By use of a glycan library in both array and solution formats, we were able to reveal that FUT-6, another C. elegans α1,3-fucosyltransferase, modifies nematode glycan cores, specifically the distal N-acetylglucosamine residue; this result is in accordance with glycomic analysis of fut-6 mutant worms. This core-modifying activity of FUT-6 in vitro and in vivo is in addition to its previously determined ability to synthesize Lewis X epitopes in vitro. A larger scale synthesis of a nematode N-glycan core in vitro using all three fucosyltransferases was performed, and the nature of the glycosidic linkages was determined by NMR. FUT-6 is probably the first eukaryotic glycosyltransferase whose specificity has been redefined with the aid of glycan microarrays and so is a paradigm for the study of other unusual glycosidic linkages in model and parasitic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan 闫石
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and
| | - Sonia Serna
- the Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Grenfell R, Harn DA, Tundup S, Da'dara A, Siqueira L, Coelho PMZ. New approaches with different types of circulating cathodic antigen for the diagnosis of patients with low Schistosoma mansoni load. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2054. [PMID: 23469295 PMCID: PMC3585039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis mansoni is a debilitating and sometimes fatal disease. Accurate diagnosis plays a key role in patient management and infection control. However, currently available parasitological methods are laborious and lack sensitivity. The selection of target antigen candidates has turned out to be a promising tool for the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods. In our previous investigations, the use of crude antigens led to false-positive results. Recently, focus has been given to highly purified Schistosoma mansoni antigens, especially to circulating antigens. METHOD Thus, our main goal was to test different types of circulating cathodic antigen glycoprotein (CCA), as "crude antigen," the protein chain of recombinant CCA and two individual peptides. These schistosome proteins/peptides were tested in a new diagnostic method employing immunomagnetic separation based on the improvement of antigen-antibody binding. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Use of recombinant CCA as a diagnostic antigen allowed us to develop a diagnostic assay with high sensitivity and specificity with no false-negative results. Interestingly, the "crude antigen" worked as a good marker for control of cure after praziquantel treatment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our new diagnostic method was superior to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosing low endemicity patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Grenfell
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Harn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Smanla Tundup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Akram Da'dara
- Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liliane Siqueira
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, Rene Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schiller B, Hykollari A, Yan S, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Complicated N-linked glycans in simple organisms. Biol Chem 2013; 393:661-73. [PMID: 22944671 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although countless genomes have now been sequenced, the glycomes of the vast majority of eukaryotes still present a series of unmapped frontiers. However, strides are being made in a few groups of invertebrate and unicellular organisms as regards their N-glycans and N-glycosylation pathways. Thereby, the traditional classification of glycan structures inevitably approaches its boundaries. Indeed, the glycomes of these organisms are rich in surprises, including a multitude of modifications of the core regions of N-glycans and unusual antennae. From the actually rather limited glycomic information we have, it is nevertheless obvious that the biotechnological, developmental and immunological relevance of these modifications, especially in insect cell lines, model organisms and parasites means that deciphering unusual glycomes is of more than just academic interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schiller
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
White RR, Artavanis-Tsakonas K. How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells. Virulence 2012; 3:668-77. [PMID: 23221477 PMCID: PMC3545949 DOI: 10.4161/viru.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that helminth parasites have immunomodulatory effects on their hosts. They characteristically cause a skew toward TH2 immunity, stimulate Treg cells while simultaneously inhibiting TH1 and TH17 responses. Additionally, they induce eosinophilia and extensive IgE release. The exact mechanism of how the worms achieve this effect have yet to be fully elucidated; however, parasite-derived secretions and their interaction with antigen presenting cells have been centrally implicated. Herein, we will review the effects of helminth excretory-secretory fractions on dendritic cells and discuss how this interaction is crucial in shaping the host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon R White
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tundup S, Srivastava L, Harn Jr. DA. Polarization of host immune responses by helminth-expressed glycans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:E1-E13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
30
|
Ellis SE, Newlands GFJ, Nisbet AJ, Matthews JB. Phage-display library biopanning as a novel approach to identifying nematode vaccine antigens. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:285-95. [PMID: 21770973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Infections with parasitic nematodes are of significant welfare and economic importance worldwide, and because of the emergence of anthelmintic resistance, this has lead to alternative methods of parasite control being required. Vaccination offers a feasible alternative control, and the majority of research has focused on the production of recombinant versions of native antigens previously identified as protective in vaccinated animals. Attempts at the production of protective recombinant subunit vaccines have been hindered, however, as these antigens have invariably failed to replicate the same level of protective immune response as seen with the native versions. It has been proposed that these failures are owing to the fact that the recombinant proteins do not contain the appropriate post-translational modifications to retain the protective capacity of the native molecules. In this review, we discuss a novel approach to vaccine antigen identification through the application of random peptide phage-display libraries and their use to identify peptide sequences that potentially mimic the structure(s) of antigenic epitopes. This area of research is still relatively novel with respect to parasites, and the current state of the art will be discussed here.
Collapse
|
31
|
Yan S, Bleuler-Martinez S, Plaza DF, Künzler M, Aebi M, Joachim A, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Jantsch V, Geyer R, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Galactosylated fucose epitopes in nematodes: increased expression in a Caenorhabditis mutant associated with altered lectin sensitivity and occurrence in parasitic species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28276-90. [PMID: 22733825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.353128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of α1,6-linked fucose residues attached to the proximal (reducing-terminal) core N-acetylglucosamine residue of N-glycans by β1,4-linked galactose ("GalFuc" epitope) is a feature of a number of invertebrate species including the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A pre-requisite for both core α1,6-fucosylation and β1,4-galactosylation is the presence of a nonreducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine; however, this residue is normally absent from the final glycan structure in invertebrates due to the action of specific hexosaminidases. Previously, we have identified two hexosaminidases (HEX-2 and HEX-3) in C. elegans, which process N-glycans. In the present study, we have prepared a hex-2;hex-3 double mutant, which possesses a radically altered N-glycomic profile. Whereas in the double mutant core α1,3-fucosylation of the proximal N-acetylglucosamine was abolished, the degree of galactosylation of core α1,6-fucose increased, and a novel Galα1,2Fucα1,3 moiety attached to the distal core N-acetylglucosamine residue was detected. Both galactosylated fucose moieties were also found in two parasitic nematodes, Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum. As core modifications of N-glycans are known targets for fungal nematotoxic lectins, the sensitivity of the C. elegans double hexosaminidase mutant was assessed. Although this mutant displayed hypersensitivity to the GalFuc-binding lectin CGL2 and the N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin XCL, the mutant was resistant to CCL2, which binds core α1,3-fucose. Thus, the use of C. elegans mutants aids the identification of novel N-glycan modifications and the definition of in vivo specificities of nematotoxic lectins with potential as anthelmintic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Geyer H, Schmidt M, Müller M, Schnabel R, Geyer R. Mass spectrometric comparison of N-glycan profiles from Caenorhabditis elegans mutant embryos. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:135-45. [PMID: 22407488 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-characterized eukaryotic model organism. Recent glycomic analyses of the glycosylation potential of this worm revealed an extremely high structural variability of its N-glycans. Moreover, the glycan patterns of each developmental stage appeared to be unique. In this study we have determined the N-glycan profiles of wild-type embryos in comparison to mutant embryos arresting embryogenesis early before differentiation and causing extensive transformations of cell identities, which allows to follow the diversification of N-glycans during development using mass spectrometry. As a striking feature, wild-type embryos obtained from liquid culture expressed a less heterogeneous oligosaccharide pattern than embryos recovered from agar plates. N-glycan profiles of mutant embryos displayed, in part, distinct differences in comparison to wild-type embryos suggesting alterations in oligosaccharide trimming and processing, which may be linked to specific cell fate alterations in the embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Blank D, Geyer H, Maass K, Yamashita K, Geyer R. Elucidation of a novel lacto-N-decaose core structure in human milk using nonlinear analytical technique combinations. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:680-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Meevissen MHJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hokke CH. Schistosoma mansoni egg glycoproteins and C-type lectins of host immune cells: molecular partners that shape immune responses. Exp Parasitol 2011; 132:14-21. [PMID: 21616068 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schistosome eggs and egg-derived molecules are potent immunomodulatory agents. There is increasing evidence that the interplay between egg glycoproteins and host C-type lectins plays an important role in shaping immune responses during schistosomiasis. As most experiments in this field so far have been performed using complex protein/glycoprotein mixtures or synthetic model glycoconjugates, it is still largely unclear which individual moieties of schistosome eggs are immunologically active. In this review we will discuss molecular aspects of Schistosoma mansoni egg glycoproteins, their interactions with C-type lectins, and the relevance to schistosome egg immunobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moniek H J Meevissen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
N-Glycosylation patterns of hemolymph glycoproteins from Biomphalaria glabrata strains expressing different susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:592-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
36
|
Hulsmeier AJ, Deplazes P, Naem S, Nonaka N, Hennet T, Kohler P. An Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigen is a surface glycoprotein with unique O-gycosylation. Glycobiology 2009; 20:127-35. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
van Die I, Cummings RD. Glycan gimmickry by parasitic helminths: a strategy for modulating the host immune response? Glycobiology 2009; 20:2-12. [PMID: 19748975 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths (worms) co-evolved with vertebrate immune systems to enable long-term survival of worms in infected hosts. Among their survival strategies, worms use their glycans within glycoproteins and glycolipids, which are abundant on helminth surfaces and in their excretory/ secretory products, to regulate and suppress host immune responses. Many helminths express unusual and antigenic (nonhost-like) glycans, including those containing polyfucose, tyvelose, terminal GalNAc, phosphorylcholine, methyl groups, and sugars in unusual linkages. In addition, some glycan antigens are expressed that share structural features with those in their intermediate and vertebrate hosts (host-like glycans), including Le(X) (Galbeta1-4[Fucalpha1-3]GlcNAc-), LDNF (GalNAcbeta1-4[Fucalpha1-3]GlcNAc-), LDN (GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc-), and Tn (GalNAcalpha1-O-Thr/Ser) antigens. The expression of host-like glycan determinants is remarkable and suggests that helminths may gain advantages by synthesizing such glycans. The expression of host-like glycans by parasites previously led to the concept of "molecular mimicry," in which molecules are either derived from the pathogen or acquired from the host to evade recognition by the host immune system. However, recent discoveries into the potential of host glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), such as C-type lectin receptors and galectins, to functionally interact with various host-like helminth glycans provide new insights. Host GBPs through their interactions with worm-derived glycans participate in shaping innate and adaptive immune responses upon infection. We thus propose an alternative concept termed "glycan gimmickry," which is defined as an active strategy of parasites to use their glycans to target GBPs within the host to promote their survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Morelle W, Stechly L, André S, Van Seuningen I, Porchet N, Gabius HJ, Michalski JC, Huet G. Glycosylation pattern of brush border-associated glycoproteins in enterocyte-like cells: involvement of complex-type N-glycans in apical trafficking. Biol Chem 2009; 390:529-44. [PMID: 19426135 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that galectin-4, a tandem repeat-type galectin, regulates the raft-dependent delivery of glycoproteins to the apical brush border membrane of enterocyte-like HT-29 cells. N-Acetyllactos-amine-containing glycans, known as galectin ligands, were found enriched in detergent-resistant membranes. Here, we analyzed the potential contribution of N- and/or O-glycans in this mechanism. Structural studies were carried out on the brush border membrane-enriched fraction using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and nano-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The pattern of N-glycans was very heterogeneous, with the presence of high mannose- and hybrid-type glycans as well as a multitude of complex-type glycans. In contrast, the pattern of O-glycans was very simple with the presence of two major core type 1 O-glycans, sialylated and bisialylated T-antigen structures [Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-3GalNAc-ol and Neu5Acalpha2- 3Galbeta1-3(Neu5Acalpha2-6)GalNAc-ol]. Thus, N-glycans rather than O-glycans contain the N-acetyllactosamine recognition signals for the lipid raft-based galectin-4-dependent apical delivery. In the presence of 1-deoxymannojirimycin, a drug which inhibits the generation of hybrid-type or complex type N-glycans, the extensively O-glycosylated mucin-like MUC1 glycoprotein was not delivered to the apical brush border but accumulated inside the cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate the crucial role of complex N-glycans in the galectin-4-dependent delivery of glycoproteins to the apical brush border membrane of enterocytic HT-29 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willy Morelle
- UMR CNRS 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, IFR 147, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
SUMMARYInfection with parasitic helminths takes a heavy toll on the health and well-being of humans and their domestic livestock, concomitantly resulting in major economic losses. Analyses have consistently revealed bioactive molecules in extracts of helminths or in their excretory/secretory products that modulate the immune response of the host. It is our view that parasitic helminths are an untapped source of immunomodulatory substances that, in pure form, could become new drugs (or models for drug design) to treat disease. Here, we illustrate the range of immunomodulatory molecules in selected parasitic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, their impact on the immune cells in the host and how the host may recognize these molecules. There are many examples of the partial characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, but these have not yet translated into new drugs, reflecting the difficulty of isolating and fully characterizing proteins, glycoproteins and lipid-based molecules from small amounts of parasite material. However, this should not deter the investigator, since analytical techniques are now being used to accrue considerable structural information on parasite-derived molecules, even when only minute quantities of tissue are available. With the introduction of methodologies to purify and structurally-characterize molecules from small amounts of tissue and the application of high throughput immunological assays, one would predict that an assessment of parasitic helminths will yield a variety of novel drug candidates in the coming years.
Collapse
|
40
|
Höglund J, Engström A, Morrison DA, Mineur A, Mattsson JG. Limited sequence variation in the major sperm protein 1 (MSP) gene within populations and species of the genus Dictyocaulus (Nematoda). Parasitol Res 2008; 103:11-20. [PMID: 18392853 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Populations of the bovine lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, are genetically structured based on variation in mtDNA and AFLP data. Our aim was to investigate if this genetic variability also is reflected in a protein recognized by the host immune system. We focused on the major sperm protein (MSP), a small and abundant protein used in diagnostic immunoassays, which has been shown to be variable in some nematodes but not others. MSP was sequenced using worm DNA from eight adult worms from each of nine populations whose genetic structure previously had been quantified. For comparison, we also analyzed MSP sequences of the closely related Dictyocaulus eckerti and Dictyocaulus capreolus and from nematodes with sequences deposited in GenBank. In contrast to previous results, this study shows that the MSP ofD. viviparus is similar to that of other nematodes. Almost no sequence variation, and thus no antigenic diversity, was detected in MSP between worms from different sub-populations or in the other Dictyocaulus species investigated. A functional test of a recombinant variant of the MSP showed that the expressed protein was recognized by antibodies in sera from infected cattle. This has practical implications for the development of species-specific markers, recombinant vaccines, and immunodiagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Höglund
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Paschinger K, Gutternigg M, Rendić D, Wilson IBH. The N-glycosylation pattern of Caenorhabditis elegans. Carbohydr Res 2007; 343:2041-9. [PMID: 18226806 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Determining the exact nature of N-glycosylation in Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode worm and genetic model organism, has proved to have been an unexpected challenge in recent years; a wide range of modifications of its N-linked oligosaccharides have been proposed on the basis of structural and genomic analysis. Particularly mass spectrometric studies by a number of groups, as well as the characterisation of recombinant enzymes, have highlighted those aspects of N-glycosylation that are conserved in animals, those which are seemingly unique to this species and those which are shared with parasitic nematodes. These data, of importance for therapeutic developments, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Davies KG, Rowe JA, Williamson VM. Inter- and intra-specific cuticle variation between amphimictic and parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) as revealed by a bacterial parasite (Pasteuria penetrans). Int J Parasitol 2007; 38:851-9. [PMID: 18171577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific host-parasite interactions exist between species and strains of plant parasitic root-knot nematodes and the Gram-positive bacterial hyperparasite Pasteuria penetrans. This bacterium produces endospores that adhere to the cuticle of migrating juveniles, germinate and colonise the developing female within roots. Endospore attachment of P. penetrans populations to second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode species Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla showed there were interactive differences between bacterial populations and nematode species. Infected females of M. incognita produced a few progeny which were used to establish two nematode lines from single infective juveniles encumbered with either three or 26 endospores. Single juvenile descent lines of each nematode species were produced to test whether cuticle variation was greater within M. hapla lines that reproduce by facultative meiotic parthenogenesis than within lines of M. incognita, which reproduces by obligate parthenogenesis. Assays revealed variability between broods of individual females derived from single second-stage juvenile descent lines of both M. incognita and M. hapla suggesting that progeny derived from a single individual can differ in spore adhesion in both sexual and asexual nematode species. These results suggest that special mechanisms that produced these functional differences in the cuticle surface may have evolved in both sexually and asexually reproducing nematodes as a strategy to circumvent infection by this specialised hyperparasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K G Davies
- Nematode Interactions Unit, Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pang PC, Tissot B, Drobnis EZ, Sutovsky P, Morris HR, Clark GF, Dell A. Expression of bisecting type and Lewisx/Lewisy terminated N-glycans on human sperm. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36593-602. [PMID: 17913713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sperm lack major histocompatibility class I molecules, making them susceptible to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells. Major histocompatibility class I negative tumor cells block NK cell lysis by expressing sufficient amounts of bisecting type N-glycans on their surfaces. Therefore, sperm could employ the same strategy to evade NK cell lysis. The total N-glycans derived from sperm were sequenced using ultrasensitive mass spectrometric and conventional approaches. Three major classes of N-glycans were detected, (i) high mannose, (ii) biantennary bisecting type, and (iii) biantennary, triantennary, and tetraantennary oligosaccharides terminated with Lewisx and Lewisy sequences. Immunostaining of normal sperm showed that glycoproteins bearing Lewisy sequences are localized to the acrosome and not the plasma membrane. In contrast, defective sperm showed distinct surface labeling with anti-Lewisy antibody. The substantial expression of high mannose and complex type N-glycans terminated with Lewisx and Lewisy sequences suggests that sperm glycoproteins are highly decorated with ligands for DC-SIGN. Based on previous studies, the addition of such carbohydrate signals should inhibit antigen-specific responses directed against sperm glycoproteins in both the male and female reproductive systems. Thus, the major N-glycans of human sperm are associated with the inhibition of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These results provide more support for the eutherian fetoembryonic defense system hypothesis that links the expression of carbohydrate functional groups to the protection of gametes and the developing human in utero. This study also highlights the usefulness of glycomic profiling for revealing potential physiological functions of glycans expressed in specific cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Choo Pang
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kooyman FNJ, de Vries E, Ploeger HW, van Putten JPM. Antibodies elicited by the bovine lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, cross-react with platelet-activating factor. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4456-62. [PMID: 17606606 PMCID: PMC1951160 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00633-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite N-glycans may play an important role in helminth infections. As antibodies from Dictyocaulus viviparus-infected calves strongly react with N-glycans, we investigated the characteristics of the major immunodominant glycoprotein (GP300) of this parasite. Probing of worm extracts with various lectins demonstrated unique binding of GP300 to wheat germ agglutinin. Analysis of lectin-purified GP300 revealed that the glycan was substituted with phosphorylcholine and reacted with the phosphorylcholine-specific antibody TEPC-15. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with GP300-coated plates and GP300-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in conjunction with free phosphorylcholine or TEPC-15 demonstrated that antibodies from infected calves recognized phosphorylcholine on GP300. Additional assays showed that these antibodies cross-reacted with the phosphorylcholine moiety present on platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), a proinflammatory mediator of the host. Heavily infected calves contained high levels of serum GP300-specific IgG1 but low levels of IgA and IgG2 and showed a reduced influx of eosinophils in the lungs, all consistent with a neutralization of PAF activity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that D. viviparus infection elicits GP300-specific antibodies that cross-react with PAF and may neutralize PAF function, thus limiting the development of a protective response as well as parasite-induced host pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frans N J Kooyman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gutternigg M, Bürgmayr S, Pöltl G, Rudolf J, Staudacher E. Neutral N-glycan patterns of the gastropods Limax maximus, Cepaea hortensis, Planorbarius corneus, Arianta arbustorum and Achatina fulica. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:475-89. [PMID: 17516162 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation potentials of Limax maximus, Cepaea hortensis, Planorbarius corneus, Arianta arbustorum and Achatina fulica were analysed by investigation of the N-glycan structures of the skin and viscera glycoproteins by a combination of HPLC and mass-spectrometry methods. It is one of the first steps to enlarge the knowledge on the glycosylation abilities of gastropods, which may help to establish new cell culture systems, to uncover new means for pest control for some species, and to identify carbohydrate-epitopes which may be relevant for immune response. All snails analysed contained mainly oligomannosidic and small paucimannosidic structures, often terminated with 3-O-methylated mannoses. The truncated structures carried modifications by beta1-2-linked xylose to the beta-mannose residue, and/or an alpha-fucosylation, mainly alpha1,6-linked to the innermost N-acetylglucosaminyl residue of the core. Many of these structures were missing the terminal N-acetylglucosamine, which has been shown to be a prerequisite for processing to complex N-glycans in the Golgi. In some species (Planorbarius corneus and Achatina fulica) traces of large structures, terminated by 3-O-methylated galactoses and carrying xylose and/or fucose residues, were also detected. In Planorbarius viscera low amounts of terminal alpha1-2-fucosylation were determined. Combining these results, gastropods seem to be capable to produce all kinds of structures ranging from those typical in mammals through to structures similar to those found in plants, insects or nematodes. The detailed knowledge of this very complex glycosylation system of the gastropods will be a valuable tool to understand the principle rules of glycosylation in all organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gutternigg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pöltl G, Kerner D, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. N-glycans of the porcine nematode parasite Ascaris suum are modified with phosphorylcholine and core fucose residues. FEBS J 2006; 274:714-26. [PMID: 17181538 PMCID: PMC2850173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the glycoconjugates of many parasitic nematodes have attracted interest due to their immunogenic and immunomodulatory nature. Previous studies with the porcine roundworm parasite Ascaris suum have focused on its glycosphingolipids, which were found, in part, to be modified by phosphorylcholine. Using mass spectrometry and western blotting, we have now analyzed the peptide N-glycosidase A-released N-glycans of adults of this species. The presence of hybrid bi- and triantennary N-glycans, some modified by core alpha1,6-fucose and peripheral phosphorylcholine, was demonstrated by LC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-Q-TOF-MS/MS, as was the presence of paucimannosidic N-glycans, some of which carry core alpha1,3-fucose, and oligomannosidic oligosaccharides. Western blotting verified the presence of protein-bound phosphorylcholine and core alpha1,3-fucose, whereas glycosyltransferase assays showed the presence of core alpha1,6-fucosyltransferase and Lewis-type alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase activities. Although, the unusual tri- and tetrafucosylated glycans found in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were not found, the vast majority of the N-glycans found in A. suum represent a subset of those found in C. elegans; thus, our data demonstrate that the latter is an interesting glycobiological model for parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kooyman FNJ, Ploeger HW, Höglund J, VAN Putten JPM. DifferentialN-glycan- and protein-directed immune responses inDictyocaulus viviparus-infected and vaccinated calves. Parasitology 2006; 134:269-79. [PMID: 17032477 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calves with naturally acquiredDictyocaulus viviparusinfection mount an effective immune response. In the search for protection-inducing antigens, we found that severalD. viviparusthird-stage larval (L3) and adult ES products carry N-glycans. Deglycosylation of the worm antigens using PNGase F resulted in reduced IgA, IgE, IgG1 and IgG2 (but not IgM) reactivities in sera of primary infected animals, suggesting that the carbohydrate moieties contained immunodominant epitopes. Challenge infection resulted in increased specific serum antibody levels against ES and L3 in the re-infected and challenge control groups. Testing of sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated a significant increase in IgG1 and IgE (but not IgA or IgG2) reactivity against the deglycosylated antigens in the re-infected group compared with the challenge control group. Sera from calves vaccinated with irradiated larvae showed a strong anti-N-glycan response, but no booster response against the protein backbone after challenge infection, consistent with the absence of a memory response. Together, our results suggest thatD. viviparusproteins carry immunodominant N-glycan moieties that elicit a strong but short-lived immune response during infection and after vaccination, whereas the protein backbones effectively induce a memory response which results in a long-lasting, potentially protective immune response in re-infected, but not in vaccinated calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F N J Kooyman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schabussova I, Amer H, van Die I, Kosma P, Maizels RM. O-methylated glycans from Toxocara are specific targets for antibody binding in human and animal infections. Int J Parasitol 2006; 37:97-109. [PMID: 17087964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic helminth Toxocara canis is a widely distributed nematode of mammals. Larval parasites, which infect a wide range of hosts including mice and humans, export glycosylated macromolecules bearing novel methylated oligosaccharide structures, similar to the mammalian blood group antigen H but bearing one or two O-methylated substitutions on the terminal fucose and subterminal galactose residues. We have studied the reactivity of synthetic forms of these glycans to parasite-specific antibodies and mammalian immune system lectins. Murine antibodies, generated to T. canis infection, predominantly recognise the mono-O-methylated form with the beta-configuration of the GalNAc residue (MoMbeta), and antibodies are entirely IgM isotype. The mAb Tcn-2 reproduces this pattern, and shows little reactivity to either the alpha isomer (MoMalpha) or the di-O-methylated form (DiM). Antibodies generated to helminth infections other than T. canis were unreactive with the glycans, except antibodies to other members of the Toxocara genus. Hence, the carbohydrate structures represent immunogenic, genus-specific antigens. Antibodies from human toxocariasis patients are reactive with the same sugars, although preferentially towards DiM. Sera from unrelated helminth infections do not react, confirming the status of these structures as Toxocara-specific glycans. The human dendritic cell lectin, DC-SIGN, was found to bind both Toxocara excretory/secretory products and mammalian blood group antigen H3. However, DC-SIGN did not bind the synthetic glycans, indicating additional non-methylated carbohydrates may also play a role in the interaction between T. canis and its host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lehr T, Geyer H, Maass K, Doenhoff MJ, Geyer R. Structural characterization of N-glycans from the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata cross-reacting with Schistosoma mansoni glycoconjugates. Glycobiology 2006; 17:82-103. [PMID: 16971380 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni has a complex life cycle that includes the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata as intermediate host. Within each stage, the parasite synthesizes a wide array of glycoconjugates, exhibiting, in part, unique carbohydrate structures. In addition, the parasite expresses definitive host-like sugar epitopes, such as Lewis X determinants, supporting the concept of carbohydrate-mediated molecular mimicry as an invasion and survival strategy. In the present study, we investigated whether common carbohydrate determinants occur also at the level of the intermediate host. To this end, a structural characterization of hemolymph glycoprotein-N-glycans of B. glabrata was performed. N-glycans were released from tryptic glycopeptides and labeled with 2-aminopyridine. Sugar chains serologically cross-reacting with S. mansoni glycoconjugates were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography using a polyclonal antiserum directed against schistosomal egg antigens and fractionated by Aleuria aurantia lectin affinity chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Obtained glycans were analyzed by different mass spectrometric techniques as well as by monosaccharide constituent and linkage analysis. The results revealed a highly heterogeneous oligosaccharide pattern. Cross-reacting species represented about 5% of the total glycans and exhibited a terminal Fuc(alpha1-3)GalNAc unit, a (1-2)-linked xylosyl residue, or both types of structural motifs. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the presence of common carbohydrate epitopes also at the level of S. mansoni and its intermediate host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lehr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Woosley BD, Kim YH, Kumar Kolli VS, Wells L, King D, Poe R, Orlando R, Bergmann C. Glycan analysis of recombinant Aspergillus niger endo-polygalacturonase A. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2370-8. [PMID: 16854399 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme endo-polygalacturonase A, or PGA, is produced by the fungus, Aspergillus niger, and appears to play a critical role during invasion of plant cell walls. The enzyme has been homologously overexpressed in order to provide sufficient quantities of purified enzyme for structural and biological studies. We have characterized this enzyme in terms of its post-translational modifications (PTMs) and found it to be both N- and O-glycosylated. Additionally, we have characterized the glycosyl moieties using MALDI-TOF and LC-ESI mass spectrometry. The characterization of all PTMs on PGA, along with molecular modeling, allows us to reveal potential roles played by the glycans in modulating the interaction of the enzyme with other macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Woosley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|