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Lee KY, Wang H, Yook Y, Rhodes JS, Christian-Hinman CA, Tsai NP. Tumor suppressor p53 modulates activity-dependent synapse strengthening, autism-like behavior and hippocampus-dependent learning. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3782-3794. [PMID: 37759036 PMCID: PMC11392564 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic potentiation underlies various forms of behavior and depends on modulation by multiple activity-dependent transcription factors to coordinate the expression of genes necessary for sustaining synaptic transmission. Our current study identified the tumor suppressor p53 as a novel transcription factor involved in this process. We first revealed that p53 could be elevated upon chemically induced long-term potentiation (cLTP) in cultured primary neurons. By knocking down p53 in neurons, we further showed that p53 is required for cLTP-induced elevation of surface GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR). Because LTP is one of the principal plasticity mechanisms underlying behaviors, we employed forebrain-specific knockdown of p53 to evaluate the role of p53 in behavior. Our results showed that, while knocking down p53 in mice does not alter locomotion or anxiety-like behavior, it significantly promotes repetitive behavior and reduces sociability in mice of both sexes. In addition, knocking down p53 also impairs hippocampal LTP and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Most importantly, these learning-associated defects are more pronounced in male mice than in female mice, suggesting a sex-specific role of p53 in these behaviors. Using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to identify p53-associated genes in the hippocampus, we showed that knocking down p53 up- or down-regulates multiple genes with known functions in synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment. Altogether, our study suggests p53 as an activity-dependent transcription factor that mediates the surface expression of AMPAR, permits hippocampal synaptic plasticity, represses autism-like behavior, and promotes hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Young Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Haohan Wang
- School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yeeun Yook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Catherine A Christian-Hinman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nien-Pei Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Zheng Y, Rajcsanyi LS, Peters T, Dempfle A, Wudy SA, Hebebrand J, Hinney A. Evaluation of the MC3R gene pertaining to body weight and height regulation and puberty development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10419. [PMID: 37369769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported an impact of the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) on the regulation of body weight, linear growth and puberty timing. Previously, allele p.44Ile of a frequent non-synonymous variant (NSV) p.Val44Ile was reported to be associated with decreased lean body mass (LBM) and later puberty in both sexes. We Sanger sequenced the coding region of MC3R in 185 children or adolescents with short normal stature (SNS) or 258 individuals with severe obesity, and 192 healthy-lean individuals. Eleven variants (six NSVs) were identified. In-silico analyses ensued. Three rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants (p.Phe45Ser, p.Arg220Ser and p.Ile298Ser) were only found in severely obese individuals. One novel highly conserved NSV (p.Ala214Val), predicted to increase protein stability, was detected in a single lean female. In the individuals with SNS, we observed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) (p = 0.012) for p.Val44Ile (MAF = 11.62%). Homozygous p.44Ile carriers with SNS had an increased BMI, but this effect did not remain significant after Bonferroni correction. In line with previous findings, the detected LoF NSVs may suggest that dysfunction in MC3R is associated with decreased body height, obesity and delayed puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Luisa Sophie Rajcsanyi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid Dempfle
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Proteins and Proteases of Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review and Perspectives. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231361. [PMID: 35621394 PMCID: PMC9208313 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex genetic disease that is associated with pathological disorders that include endocrine disruption, developmental, neurological, and physical problems as well as intellectual, and behavioral dysfunction. In early stage, PWS is characterized by respiratory distress, hypotonia, and poor sucking ability, causing feeding concern and poor weight gain. Additional features of the disease evolve over time. These include hyperphagia, obesity, developmental, cognitive delay, skin picking, high pain threshold, short stature, growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadism, strabismus, scoliosis, joint laxity, or hip dysplasia. The disease is associated with a shortened life expectancy. There is no cure for PWS, although interventions are available for symptoms management. PWS is caused by genetic defects in chromosome 15q11.2-q13, and categorized into three groups, namely Paternal deletion, Maternal uniparental disomy, and Imprinting defect. PWS is confirmed through genetic testing and DNA-methylation analysis. Studies revealed that at least two key proteins namely MAGEL-2 and NECDIN along with two proteases PCSK1 and PCSK2 are linked to PWS. Herein, we summarize our current understanding and knowledge about the role of these proteins and enzymes in various biological processes associated with PWS. The review also describes how loss and/or impairment of functional activity of these macromolecules can lead to hormonal disbalance by promoting degradation of secretory granules and via inhibition of proteolytic maturation of precursor-proteins. The present review will draw attention of researchers, scientists, and academicians engaged in PWS study and will help to identify potential targets and molecular pathways for PWS intervention and treatment.
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Hou X, Wang Z, Shi L, Wang L, Zhao F, Liu X, Gao H, Shi L, Yan H, Wang L, Zhang L. Identification of imprinted genes in the skeletal muscle of newborn piglets by high-throughput sequencing. Anim Genet 2022; 53:479-486. [PMID: 35481679 DOI: 10.1111/age.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imprinted genes - exhibiting parent-specific transcription - play essential roles in the process of mammalian development and growth. Skeletal muscle growth is crucial for meat production. To further understand the role of imprinted genes during the porcine skeletal muscle growth, DNA-seq and RNA-seq were used to explore the characteristics of imprinted genes from porcine reciprocal crosses. A total of 584 545 single-nucleotide variations were discovered in the DNA-seq data of F0 parents, heterozygous in two pig breeds (Yorkshire and Min pigs) but homozygous in each breed. These single-nucleotide variations were used to determine the allelic-specific expression in F1 individuals. Finally, eight paternal expression sites and three maternal expression sites were detected, whereas two paternally expressed imprinted genes (NDN and IGF2) and one maternally expressed imprinted gene (H1-3) were validated by Sanger sequencing. DNA methylation regulates the expression of imprinted genes, and all of the identified imprinted genes in this study were predicted to possess CpG islands. PBX1 and YY1 binding motifs were discovered in the promoter regions of all three imprinted genes, which were candidate elements regulating the transcription of imprinted genes. For these identified imprinted genes, IGF2 and NDN promoted muscle growth whereas H1-3 inhibited cell proliferation, corroborating the 'parental conflict' theory that paternally expressed imprinted genes assisted descendants' growth whereas maternally expressed imprinted genes inhibited it. This study discovered porcine imprinted genes in skeletal muscle and was the first to reveal that H1-3 was expressed by the maternal allele to our knowledge. Our findings provided valuable resources for the potential utilization of imprinted genes in pig breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Hou
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zishuai Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangyu Shi
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ligang Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longchao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yoshikawa K. Necdin: A purposive integrator of molecular interaction networks for mammalian neuron vitality. Genes Cells 2021; 26:641-683. [PMID: 34338396 PMCID: PMC9290590 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Necdin was originally found in 1991 as a hypothetical protein encoded by a neural differentiation‐specific gene transcript in murine embryonal carcinoma cells. Virtually all postmitotic neurons and their precursor cells express the necdin gene (Ndn) during neuronal development. Necdin mRNA is expressed only from the paternal allele through genomic imprinting, a placental mammal‐specific epigenetic mechanism. Necdin and its homologous MAGE (melanoma antigen) family, which have evolved presumedly from a subcomplex component of the SMC5/6 complex, are expressed exclusively in placental mammals. Paternal Ndn‐mutated mice totally lack necdin expression and exhibit various types of neuronal abnormalities throughout the nervous system. Ndn‐null neurons are vulnerable to detrimental stresses such as DNA damage. Necdin also suppresses both proliferation and apoptosis of neural stem/progenitor cells. Functional analyses using Ndn‐manipulated cells reveal that necdin consistently exerts antimitotic, anti‐apoptotic and prosurvival effects. Necdin interacts directly with a number of regulatory proteins including E2F1, p53, neurotrophin receptors, Sirt1 and PGC‐1α, which serve as major hubs of protein–protein interaction networks for mitosis, apoptosis, differentiation, neuroprotection and energy homeostasis. This review focuses on necdin as a pleiotropic protein that integrates molecular interaction networks to promote neuronal vitality in modern placental mammals.
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Li J, Chen W, Li D, Gu S, Liu X, Dong Y, Jin L, Zhang C, Li S. Conservation of Imprinting and Methylation of MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN Genes in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1985. [PMID: 34359112 PMCID: PMC8300276 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is the epigenetic mechanism of transcriptional regulation that involves differential DNA methylation modification. Comparative analysis of imprinted genes between species can help us to investigate the biological significance and regulatory mechanisms of genomic imprinting. MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN are three maternally imprinted genes identified in the human PWS/AS imprinted locus. This study aimed to assess the allelic expression of MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN and to examine the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of bovine PWS/AS imprinted domains. An expressed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based approach was used to investigate the allelic expression of MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN genes in bovine adult tissues and placenta. Consistent with the expression in humans and mice, we found that the MKRN3, MAGEL2 and NDN genes exhibit monoallelic expression in bovine somatic tissues and the paternal allele expressed in the bovine placenta. Three DMRs, PWS-IC, MKRN3 and NDN DMR, were identified in the bovine PWS/AS imprinted region by analysis of the DNA methylation status in bovine tissues using the bisulfite sequencing method and were located in the promoter and exon 1 of the SNRPN gene, NDN promoter and 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of MKRN3 gene, respectively. The PWS-IC DMR is a primary DMR inherited from the male or female gamete, but NDN and MKRN3 DMR are secondary DMRs that occurred after fertilization by examining the methylation status in gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Li
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China; (J.L.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Y.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Dongjie Li
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China;
| | - Shukai Gu
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China; (J.L.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Y.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China; (J.L.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Y.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Yanqiu Dong
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China; (J.L.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Y.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Lanjie Jin
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China; (J.L.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Y.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China; (J.L.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Y.D.); (L.J.)
| | - Shijie Li
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China; (J.L.); (S.G.); (X.L.); (Y.D.); (L.J.)
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Correa‐da‐Silva F, Fliers E, Swaab DF, Yi C. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and neurocircuitries in Prader Willi syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12994. [PMID: 34156126 PMCID: PMC8365683 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare and incurable congenital neurodevelopmental disorder, resulting from the absence of expression of a group of genes on the paternally acquired chromosome 15q11-q13. Phenotypical characteristics of PWS include infantile hypotonia, short stature, incomplete pubertal development, hyperphagia and morbid obesity. Hypothalamic dysfunction in controlling body weight and food intake is a hallmark of PWS. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that PWS subjects have abnormal neurocircuitry engaged in the hedonic and physiological control of feeding behavior. This is translated into diminished production of hypothalamic effector peptides which are responsible for the coordination of energy homeostasis and satiety. So far, studies with animal models for PWS and with human post-mortem hypothalamic specimens demonstrated changes particularly in the infundibular and the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, both in orexigenic and anorexigenic neural populations. Moreover, many PWS patients have a severe endocrine dysfunction, e.g. central hypogonadism and/or growth hormone deficiency, which may contribute to the development of increased fat mass, especially if left untreated. Additionally, the role of non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and microglia in the hypothalamic dysregulation in PWS is yet to be determined. Notably, microglial activation is persistently present in non-genetic obesity. To what extent microglia, and other glial cells, are affected in PWS is poorly understood. The elucidation of the hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS could prove to be a key feature of rational therapeutic management in this syndrome. This review aims to examine the evidence for hypothalamic dysfunction, both at the neuropeptidergic and circuitry levels, and its correlation with the pathophysiology of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Correa‐da‐Silva
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chun‐Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Mendiola AJP, LaSalle JM. Epigenetics in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Front Genet 2021; 12:624581. [PMID: 33659026 PMCID: PMC7917289 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.624581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1 in 20,000 individuals worldwide. Symptom progression in PWS is classically characterized by two nutritional stages. Stage 1 is hypotonia characterized by poor muscle tone that leads to poor feeding behavior causing failure to thrive in early neonatal life. Stage 2 is followed by the development of extreme hyperphagia, also known as insatiable eating and fixation on food that often leads to obesity in early childhood. Other major features of PWS include obsessive-compulsive and hoarding behaviors, intellectual disability, and sleep abnormalities. PWS is genetic disorder mapping to imprinted 15q11.2-q13.3 locus, specifically at the paternally expressed SNORD116 locus of small nucleolar RNAs and noncoding host gene transcripts. SNORD116 is processed into several noncoding components and is hypothesized to orchestrate diurnal changes in metabolism through epigenetics, according to functional studies. Here, we review the current status of epigenetic mechanisms in PWS, with an emphasis on an emerging role for SNORD116 in circadian and sleep phenotypes. We also summarize current ongoing therapeutic strategies, as well as potential implications for more common human metabolic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Uemura Y, Oka A, Kurosaka H, Yamashiro T. Comprehensive Orthodontic Treatment of a Patient With Prader-Willi Syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:1459-1467. [PMID: 33272028 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620977375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a defect in paternally expressed genes in the 15q11-q13 region. Prader-Willi syndrome affects many parts of the body and involves craniofacial and dentofacial abnormalities. We herein report the successful 2-stage orthodontic treatment of an 8-year-old girl with PWS caused by paternal 15q11-q13 deletion. She presented with a skeletal class II relationship with mandibular deviation, a deep overbite, and severe crowding of the lower dental arch. Functional appliance therapy was utilized to improve her skeletal discrepancy. The second phase of orthodontic treatment using fixed appliances was started at 14.5 years old, which improved her remained crowding and large overbite. As a result, her facial appearance and occlusion were improved without any discernible relapse after 2 years of retention. We describe the outcomes of orthodontic treatment for a patient with PWS and discuss the specific attention during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yume Uemura
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Oka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Florke Gee RR, Chen H, Lee AK, Daly CA, Wilander BA, Fon Tacer K, Potts PR. Emerging roles of the MAGE protein family in stress response pathways. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16121-16155. [PMID: 32921631 PMCID: PMC7681028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanoma antigen (MAGE) proteins all contain a MAGE homology domain. MAGE genes are conserved in all eukaryotes and have expanded from a single gene in lower eukaryotes to ∼40 genes in humans and mice. Whereas some MAGEs are ubiquitously expressed in tissues, others are expressed in only germ cells with aberrant reactivation in multiple cancers. Much of the initial research on MAGEs focused on exploiting their antigenicity and restricted expression pattern to target them with cancer immunotherapy. Beyond their potential clinical application and role in tumorigenesis, recent studies have shown that MAGE proteins regulate diverse cellular and developmental pathways, implicating them in many diseases besides cancer, including lung, renal, and neurodevelopmental disorders. At the molecular level, many MAGEs bind to E3 RING ubiquitin ligases and, thus, regulate their substrate specificity, ligase activity, and subcellular localization. On a broader scale, the MAGE genes likely expanded in eutherian mammals to protect the germline from environmental stress and aid in stress adaptation, and this stress tolerance may explain why many cancers aberrantly express MAGEs Here, we present an updated, comprehensive review on the MAGE family that highlights general characteristics, emphasizes recent comparative studies in mice, and describes the diverse functions exerted by individual MAGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Florke Gee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Helen Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna K Lee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina A Daly
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin A Wilander
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Klementina Fon Tacer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Li QN, Ma JY, Liu WB, Meng TG, Wang F, Hou Y, Schatten H, Sun QY, Ou XH. DNA methylation establishment of CpG islands near maternally imprinted genes on chromosome 7 during mouse oocyte growth. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:800-807. [PMID: 32558133 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genome methylation is globally erased in early fetal germ cells, and it is gradually re-established during gametogenesis. The expression of some imprinted genes is regulated by the methylation status of CpG islands, while the exact time of DNA methylation establishment near maternal imprinted genes during oocyte growth is not well known. Here, growing oocytes were divided into three groups based on follicle diameters including the S-group (60-100 μm), M-group (100-140 μm), and L-group (140-180 μm). The fully grown germinal vesicle (GV)-stage and metaphase II (M2)-stage mature oocytes were also collected. These oocytes were used for single-cell bisulfite sequencing to detect the methylation status of CpG islands near imprinted genes on chromosome 7. The results showed that the CpG islands near Ndn, Magel2, Mkrn3, Peg12, and Igf2 were completely unmethylated, but those of Peg3, Snrpn, and Kcnq1ot1 were hypermethylated in MII-stage oocytes. The methylation of CpG islands near different maternal imprinted genes occurred asynchronously, being completed in later-stage growing oocytes, fully grown GV oocytes, and mature MII-stage oocytes, respectively. These results show that CpG islands near some maternally imprinted genes are not necessarily methylated, and that the establishment of methylation of other maternally imprinted genes is completed at different stages of oocyte growth, providing a novel understanding of the establishment of maternally imprinted genes in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Yu Ma
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tie-Gang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ferring Institute of Reproductive Biology, FIRM, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Ou
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Sanderson MR, Badior KE, Fahlman RP, Wevrick R. The necdin interactome: evaluating the effects of amino acid substitutions and cell stress using proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) and mass spectrometry. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1513-1529. [PMID: 32529326 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the loss of function of a set of imprinted genes on chromosome 15q11-15q13. One of these genes, NDN, encodes necdin, a protein that is important for neuronal differentiation and survival. Loss of Ndn in mice causes defects in the formation and function of the nervous system. Necdin is a member of the melanoma-associated antigen gene (MAGE) protein family. The functions of MAGE proteins depend highly on their interactions with other proteins, and in particular MAGE proteins interact with E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases to form MAGE-RING E3 ligase-deubiquitinase complexes. Here, we used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) and mass spectrometry (MS) to determine the network of protein-protein interactions (interactome) of the necdin protein. This process yielded novel as well as known necdin-proximate proteins that cluster into a protein network. Next, we used BioID-MS to define the interactomes of necdin proteins carrying coding variants. Variant necdin proteins had interactomes that were distinct from wildtype necdin. BioID-MS is not only a useful tool to identify protein-protein interactions, but also to analyze the effects of variants of unknown significance on the interactomes of proteins involved in genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine E Badior
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard P Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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13
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de Lombares C, Heude E, Alfama G, Fontaine A, Hassouna R, Vernochet C, de Chaumont F, Olivo-Marin C, Ey E, Parnaudeau S, Tronche F, Bourgeron T, Luquet S, Levi G, Narboux-Nême N. Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression in GABAergic neurons controls behavior, metabolism, healthy aging and lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6638-6656. [PMID: 31514171 PMCID: PMC6756896 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dlx5 and Dlx6 encode two homeobox transcription factors expressed by developing and mature GABAergic interneurons. During development, Dlx5/6 play a role in the differentiation of certain GABAergic subclasses. Here we address the question of the functional role of Dlx5/6 in the mature central nervous system. First, we demonstrate that Dlx5 and Dlx6 are expressed by all subclasses of adult cortical GABAergic neurons. Then we analyze VgatΔDlx5-6 mice in which Dlx5 and Dlx6 are simultaneously inactivated in all GABAergic interneurons. VgatΔDlx5-6 mice present a behavioral pattern suggesting reduction of anxiety-like behavior and obsessive-compulsive activities, and a lower interest in nest building. Twenty-month-old VgatΔDlx5-6 animals have the same size as their normal littermates, but present a 25% body weight reduction associated with a marked decline in white and brown adipose tissue. Remarkably, both VgatΔDlx5-6/+ and VgatΔDlx5-6 mice present a 33% longer median survival. Hallmarks of biological aging such as motility, adiposity and coat conditions are improved in mutant animals. Our data imply that GABAergic interneurons can regulate healthspan and lifespan through Dlx5/6-dependent mechanisms. Understanding these regulations can be an entry point to unravel the processes through which the brain affects body homeostasis and, ultimately, longevity and healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille de Lombares
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département AVIV, Paris, France
| | - Eglantine Heude
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département AVIV, Paris, France
| | - Gladys Alfama
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département AVIV, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Fontaine
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département AVIV, Paris, France
| | - Rim Hassouna
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Vernochet
- Team "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors", Neurosciences Paris Seine, INSERM U 1130, CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Elodie Ey
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Parnaudeau
- Team "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors", Neurosciences Paris Seine, INSERM U 1130, CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France
| | - François Tronche
- Team "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors", Neurosciences Paris Seine, INSERM U 1130, CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3571, Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département AVIV, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Narboux-Nême
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département AVIV, Paris, France
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14
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Castillejo-Lopez C, Pjanic M, Pirona AC, Hetty S, Wabitsch M, Wadelius C, Quertermous T, Arner E, Ingelsson E. Detailed Functional Characterization of a Waist-Hip Ratio Locus in 7p15.2 Defines an Enhancer Controlling Adipocyte Differentiation. iScience 2019; 20:42-59. [PMID: 31557715 PMCID: PMC6817687 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We combined CAGE sequencing in human adipocytes during differentiation with data from genome-wide association studies to identify an enhancer in the SNX10 locus on chromosome 7, presumably involved in body fat distribution. Using reporter assays and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in human cell lines, we characterized the role of the enhancer in adipogenesis. The enhancer was active during adipogenesis and responded strongly to insulin and isoprenaline. The allele associated with increased waist-hip ratio in human genetic studies was associated with higher enhancer activity. Mutations of the enhancer resulted in less adipocyte differentiation. RNA sequencing of cells with disrupted enhancer showed reduced expression of established adipocyte markers, such as ADIPOQ and LPL, and identified CHI3L1 on chromosome 1 as a potential gene involved in adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, we identified and characterized an enhancer in the SNX10 locus and outlined its plausible mechanisms of action and downstream targets. An enhancer active during adipogenesis is located in an obesity GWAS locus The enhancer responded strongly to insulin and isoprenaline Mutation of the enhancer by CRISPR-Cas9 decreased adipocyte differentiation Knockout of CHI3L1 decreased adipocyte differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimiro Castillejo-Lopez
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna Chiara Pirona
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claes Wadelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erik Arner
- Laboratory for Applied Regulatory Genomics Network Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Obesity and excess weight are a pandemic phenomenon in the modern world. Childhood and adolescent obesity often ends up in obesity in adults. The costs of obesity and its consequences are staggering for any society, crippling for countries in development. Childhood obesity is also widespread in Macedonia. Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and carbohydrate intolerance are found in significant numbers. Parents and grandparents are often obese. Some of the children are either dysmorphic, or slightly retarded. We have already described patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome or WAGR syndrome. A genetic screening for mutations in monogenic obesity in children with early, rapid-onset or severe obesity, severe hyperphagia, hypogonadism, intestinal dysfunction, hypopigmentation of hair and skin, postprandial hypoglycaemia, diabetes insipidus, abnormal leptin level and coexistence of lean and obese siblings in the family discovers many genetic forms of obesity. There are about 30 monogenic forms of obesity. In addition, obesity is different in ethnic groups, and the types of monogenic obesity differ. In brief, an increasing number of genes and genetic mechanisms in children continue to be discovered. This sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms of obesity and potentially gives a target for new forms of treatment.
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16
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Obstructive events in children with Prader-Willi syndrome occur predominantly during rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep Med 2018; 54:43-47. [PMID: 30529776 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). In most typically developing children with OSAS, more obstructive apneas and hypopneas occur during rapid eye movement (REM) than during non-REM (NREM) sleep. It was hypothesized that patients with PWS are even more prone to obstructive events in REM sleep than otherwise healthy subjects with OSAS. METHODS Polysomnographic data of patients with PWS and of typically developing children (controls) with OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] > 1 episode/h) were analyzed. The two groups were compared regarding obstructive AHI (OAHI), OAHI during NREM sleep (OAHInrem), OAHI during REM sleep (OAHIrem), and the OAHIrem/OAHI ratio (outcome measures). The association between PWS diagnosis and OAHIrem/OAHI was adjusted for confounders using a general linear model. RESULTS Twelve children with PWS (median age 7.1 years [interquartile range 3.5, 12.4 years]) and 53 controls (6.5 years [3.9, 8.7 years]) were studied. Children with PWS and controls were similar regarding OAHI (p = 0.21) and OAHInrem (p = 0.76). However, subjects with PWS had higher OAHIrem (17.6 episodes/h [5.8, 25.8 episodes/h]) and OAHIrem/OAHI (2.3 [1.5, 3.2]) than controls (5 episodes/h [1.5, 8.1 episodes/h]; p = 0.002 and 1 [0.5, 2]; p = 0.003, respectively). The association between PWS diagnosis and higher OAHIrem/OAHI persisted after adjustment for age, gender, and obesity (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION In children with PWS, OAHI calculated for total sleep time does not reflect OSAS severity during REM sleep, which on average can be twice as high. Mild OSAS in patients with PWS demonstrated by polygraphy without sleep staging may correspond to a moderately-to-severely increased OAHIrem.
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17
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Yao C, Kobayashi M, Chen S, Nabinger SC, Gao R, Liu SZ, Asai T, Liu Y. Necdin modulates leukemia-initiating cell quiescence and chemotherapy response. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87607-87622. [PMID: 29152105 PMCID: PMC5675657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a devastating illness which carries a very poor prognosis, with most patients living less than 18 months. Leukemia relapse may occur because current therapies eliminate proliferating leukemia cells but fail to eradicate quiescent leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) that can reinitiate the disease after a period of latency. While we demonstrated that p53 target gene Necdin maintains hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence, its roles in LIC quiescence and response to chemotherapy are unclear. In this study, we utilized two well-established murine models of human AML induced by MLL-AF9 or AML1-ETO9a to determine the role of Necdin in leukemogenesis. We found that loss of Necdin decreased the number of functional LICs and enhanced myeloid differentiation in vivo, leading to delayed development of leukemia induced by MLL-AF9. Importantly, Necdin null LICs expressing MLL-AF9 were less quiescent than wild-type LICs. Further, loss of Necdin enhanced the response of MLL-AF9+ leukemia cells to chemotherapy treatment, manifested by decreased viability and enhanced apoptosis. We observed decreased expression of Bcl2 and increased expression of p53 and its target gene Bax in Necdin null leukemia cells following chemotherapy treatment, indicating that p53-dependent apoptotic pathways may be activated in the absence of Necdin. In addition, we found that loss of Necdin decreased the engraftment of AML1-ETO9a+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in transplantation assays. However, Necdin-deficiency did not affect the response of AML1-ETO9a+ hematopoietic cells to chemotherapy treatment. Thus, Necdin regulates leukemia-initiating cell quiescence and chemotherapy response in a context-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of Necdin may hold potential as a novel therapy for leukemia patients with MLL translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghua Yao
- Department of Rheumatism, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah C Nabinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen Z Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Takashi Asai
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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18
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Kaur Y, de Souza RJ, Gibson WT, Meyre D. A systematic review of genetic syndromes with obesity. Obes Rev 2017; 18:603-634. [PMID: 28346723 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Syndromic monogenic obesity typically follows Mendelian patterns of inheritance and involves the co-presentation of other characteristics, such as mental retardation, dysmorphic features and organ-specific abnormalities. Previous reviews on obesity have reported 20 to 30 syndromes but no systematic review has yet been conducted on syndromic obesity. We searched seven databases using terms such as 'obesity', 'syndrome' and 'gene' to conduct a systematic review of literature on syndromic obesity. Our literature search identified 13,719 references. After abstract and full-text review, 119 relevant papers were eligible, and 42 papers were identified through additional searches. Our analysis of these 161 papers found that 79 obesity syndromes have been reported in literature. Of the 79 syndromes, 19 have been fully genetically elucidated, 11 have been partially elucidated, 27 have been mapped to a chromosomal region and for the remaining 22, neither the gene(s) nor the chromosomal location(s) have yet been identified. Interestingly, 54.4% of the syndromes have not been assigned a name, whereas 13.9% have more than one name. We report on organizational inconsistencies (e.g. naming discrepancies and syndrome classification) and provide suggestions for improvements. Overall, this review illustrates the need for increased clinical and genetic research on syndromes with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaur
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - R J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - W T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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19
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Recent progress in genetics, epigenetics and metagenomics unveils the pathophysiology of human obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:943-86. [PMID: 27154742 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In high-, middle- and low-income countries, the rising prevalence of obesity is the underlying cause of numerous health complications and increased mortality. Being a complex and heritable disorder, obesity results from the interplay between genetic susceptibility, epigenetics, metagenomics and the environment. Attempts at understanding the genetic basis of obesity have identified numerous genes associated with syndromic monogenic, non-syndromic monogenic, oligogenic and polygenic obesity. The genetics of leanness are also considered relevant as it mirrors some of obesity's aetiologies. In this report, we summarize ten genetically elucidated obesity syndromes, some of which are involved in ciliary functioning. We comprehensively review 11 monogenic obesity genes identified to date and their role in energy maintenance as part of the leptin-melanocortin pathway. With the emergence of genome-wide association studies over the last decade, 227 genetic variants involved in different biological pathways (central nervous system, food sensing and digestion, adipocyte differentiation, insulin signalling, lipid metabolism, muscle and liver biology, gut microbiota) have been associated with polygenic obesity. Advances in obligatory and facilitated epigenetic variation, and gene-environment interaction studies have partly accounted for the missing heritability of obesity and provided additional insight into its aetiology. The role of gut microbiota in obesity pathophysiology, as well as the 12 genes associated with lipodystrophies is discussed. Furthermore, in an attempt to improve future studies and merge the gap between research and clinical practice, we provide suggestions on how high-throughput '-omic' data can be integrated in order to get closer to the new age of personalized medicine.
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20
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NDN is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene that is downregulated in ovarian cancers through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3018-32. [PMID: 26689988 PMCID: PMC4823087 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NDN is a maternally imprinted gene consistently expressed in normal ovarian epithelium, is dramatically downregulated in the majority of ovarian cancers. Little or no NDN expression could be detected in 73% of 351 epithelial ovarian cancers. NDN was also downregulated in 10 ovarian cancer cell lines with total loss in 6 of 10. Re-expression of NDN decreased Bcl-2 levels and induced apoptosis, which significantly inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth in cell culture and in xenografts. In addition, re-expression of NDN inhibited cell migration by decreasing actin stress fiber and focal adhesion complex formation through deactivation of Src, FAK and RhoA. Loss of NDN expression in ovarian cancers could be attributed to LOH in 28% of 18 informative cases and to hypermethylation of CpG sites 1 and 2 of NDN promoter in 23% and 30% of 43 ovarian cancers, respectively. Promoter hypermethylation was also found in 5 of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines. Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine restored NDN expression in 4 of 7 cell lines with enhanced promoter methylation levels. These observations support the conclusion that NDN is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene which affects cancer cell motility, invasion and growth and that its loss of function in ovarian cancer can be caused by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
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21
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Gross RD, Gisser R, Cherpes G, Hartman K, Maheshwary R. Subclinical dysphagia in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:384-394. [PMID: 27759943 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is caused by a genetic imprinting abnormality resulting from the lack of expression of the paternal genes at 15q11-q13. Intellectual disability, low muscle tone, and life-threatening hyperphagia are hallmarks of the phenotype. The need for the Heimlich maneuver, death from choking, and pulmonary infection occur in a disproportionally high number of persons with PWS. The widely held belief is that eating behaviors are responsible for choking and aspiration; yet, no investigation had sought to determine if swallowing impairments were present in persons with PWS. To address this research and clinical gap, simultaneous videofluoroscopy and nasal respiratory signals were used to record swallowing function and breathing/swallowing coordination in 30 participants with PWS. Subjects consumed thin liquid and barium cookies under two randomized conditions as follows: (i) controlled (cues to swallow and standardized bolus sizes); (ii) spontaneous (no cues or bolus size control). Under videofluoroscopy, the cohort showed disordered pharyngeal and esophageal swallowing in both conditions with disturbances in timing, clearance, and coordination of swallowing with the respiratory cycle. No participant showed a sensory response such as attempting to clear residue or coughing; thereby supporting the lack of overt symptoms. We conclude that the high death rate from choking and pulmonary infection in children and adults with PWS may be related, in part, to underlying, asymptomatic dysphagia. The combination of rapid eating and dysphagia would increase the risk of aspiration-related morbidity and mortality. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxann Diez Gross
- Department of Medical Research, The Children's Institute of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronit Gisser
- Department of Medical Research, The Children's Institute of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory Cherpes
- Department of Medical Research, The Children's Institute of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katie Hartman
- Department of Medical Research, The Children's Institute of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rishi Maheshwary
- Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Kamaludin AA, Smolarchuk C, Bischof JM, Eggert R, Greer JJ, Ren J, Lee JJ, Yokota T, Berry FB, Wevrick R. Muscle dysfunction caused by loss of Magel2 in a mouse model of Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3798-3809. [PMID: 27436578 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by severe hypotonia in infancy, with decreased lean mass and increased fat mass in childhood followed by severe hyperphagia and consequent obesity. Scoliosis and other orthopaedic manifestations of hypotonia are common in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and cause significant morbidity. The relationships among hypotonia, reduced muscle mass and scoliosis have been difficult to establish. Inactivating mutations in one Prader-Willi syndrome candidate gene, MAGEL2, cause a Prader-Willi-like syndrome called Schaaf-Yang syndrome, highlighting the importance of loss of MAGEL2 in Prader-Willi syndrome phenotypes. Gene-targeted mice lacking Magel2 have excess fat and decreased muscle, recapitulating altered body composition in Prader-Willi syndrome. We now demonstrate that Magel2 is expressed in the developing musculoskeletal system, and that loss of Magel2 causes muscle-related phenotypes in mice consistent with atrophy caused by altered autophagy. Magel2-null mice serve as a preclinical model for therapies targeting muscle structure and function in children lacking MAGEL2 diagnosed with Prader-Willi or Schaaf-Yang syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John J Greer
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Fred B Berry
- Department of Medical Genetics
- Department of Surgery and
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Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder that occurs due to the lack of a paternally expressed gene or genes on chromosome 15q11-q13. Many of the symptoms present in Prader-Willi syndrome are due to a hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The main characteristics are muscular hypotonia, delayed psychomotor development, insatiable appetite resulting in overweight if a diet is not maintained, compromised growth and puberty resulting in a short final height and incomplete sexual development, respiratory disturbances, and dysmorphic features. Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome have compromised growth and abnormal body composition with increased fat mass, decreased lean body mass, and low bone density, resembling a growth hormone-deficient status. Somatropin treatment has a beneficial effect on growth with increased final height and an improvement in and maintenance of body composition, as well as a beneficial effect on respiratory functions. Before initiating somatropin therapy, weight should be kept at an appropriate level, and polysomnography, as well as an otorhinolaryngologic examination should be performed. During somatropin therapy, carbohydrate metabolism and the development of scoliosis should be monitored, as well as bodyweight.A comprehensive team to manage the various components of medical, psychologic, and sociologic care is required for individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Lindgren
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hasegawa K, Yasuda T, Shiraishi C, Fujiwara K, Przedborski S, Mochizuki H, Yoshikawa K. Promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis by necdin protects neurons against mitochondrial insults. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10943. [PMID: 26971449 PMCID: PMC4793078 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons rely heavily on mitochondria for their function and survival. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. PGC-1α is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Here we identify necdin as a potent PGC-1α stabilizer that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α in mammalian neurons. Expression of genes encoding mitochondria-specific proteins decreases significantly in necdin-null cortical neurons, where mitochondrial function and expression of the PGC-1α protein are reduced. Necdin strongly stabilizes PGC-1α by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Forced expression of necdin enhances mitochondrial function in primary cortical neurons and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to prevent mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor-induced degeneration. Moreover, overexpression of necdin in the substantia nigra in vivo of adult mice protects dopaminergic neurons against degeneration in experimental Parkinson's disease. These data reveal that necdin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through stabilization of endogenous PGC-1α to exert neuroprotection against mitochondrial insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Shiraishi
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazushiro Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Fujimoto I, Hasegawa K, Fujiwara K, Yamada M, Yoshikawa K. Necdin controls EGFR signaling linked to astrocyte differentiation in primary cortical progenitor cells. Cell Signal 2015; 28:94-107. [PMID: 26655377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular signaling mediated by the EGF receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in controlling proliferation and differentiation of cortical progenitor cells (CPCs). However, regulatory mechanisms of EGFR signaling in CPCs remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that necdin, a MAGE (melanoma antigen) family protein, interacts with EGFR in primary CPCs and represses its downstream signaling linked to astrocyte differentiation. EGFR was autophosphorylated and interacted with necdin in EGF-stimulated CPCs. Necdin bound to autophosphorylated EGFR via its tyrosine kinase domain. EGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK was enhanced in necdin-null CPCs, where the interaction between EGFR and the adaptor protein Grb2 was strengthened, suggesting that endogenous necdin suppresses the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway in CPCs. In necdin-null CPCs, astrocyte differentiation induced by the gliogenic cytokine cardiotrophin-1 was significantly accelerated in the presence of EGF, and inhibition of EGFR/ERK signaling abolished the acceleration. Furthermore, necdin strongly suppressed astrocyte differentiation induced by overexpression of EGFR or its ligand binding-defective mutant equivalent to a glioblastoma-associated EGFR variant. These results suggest that necdin acts as an intrinsic suppressor of the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway in EGF-responsive CPCs to restrain astroglial development in a cell-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushiro Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamada
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Massah S, Beischlag TV, Prefontaine GG. Epigenetic events regulating monoallelic gene expression. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:337-58. [PMID: 26155735 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1064350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, generally it is assumed that the genes inherited from each parent are expressed to similar levels. However, it is now apparent that in non-sex chromosomes, 6-10% of genes are selected for monoallelic expression. Monoallelic expression or allelic exclusion is established either in an imprinted (parent-of-origin) or a stochastic manner. The stochastic model explains random selection while the imprinted model describes parent-of-origin specific selection of alleles for expression. Allelic exclusion occurs during X chromosome inactivation, parent-of-origin expression of imprinted genes and stochastic monoallelic expression of cell surface molecules, clustered protocadherin (PCDH) genes. Mis-regulation or loss of allelic exclusion contributes to developmental diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamental players that determine this type of expression despite a homogenous genetic background. DNA methylation and histone modifications are two mediators of the epigenetic phenomena. The majority of DNA methylation is found on cytosines of the CpG dinucleotide in mammals. Several covalent modifications of histones change the electrostatic forces between DNA and histones modifying gene expression. Long-range chromatin interactions organize chromatin into transcriptionally permissive and prohibitive regions leading to simultaneous regulation of gene expression and repression. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are also players in regulating gene expression. Together, these epigenetic mechanisms fine-tune gene expression levels essential for normal development and survival. In this review, first we discuss what is known about monoallelic gene expression. Then, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of three monoallelically expressed gene classes: the X-linked genes, selected imprinted genes and PCDH genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Massah
- a The Faculty of Health Sciences , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
| | - Timothy V Beischlag
- a The Faculty of Health Sciences , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , BC , Canada
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27
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Gur I, Fujiwara K, Hasegawa K, Yoshikawa K. Necdin promotes ubiquitin-dependent degradation of PIAS1 SUMO E3 ligase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99503. [PMID: 24911587 PMCID: PMC4049815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Necdin, a pleiotropic protein that promotes differentiation and survival of mammalian neurons, is a member of MAGE (melanoma antigen) family proteins that share a highly conserved MAGE homology domain. Several MAGE proteins interact with ubiquitin E3 ligases and modulate their activities. However, it remains unknown whether MAGE family proteins interact with SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) E3 ligases such as PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STAT) family, Nsmce2/Mms21 and Cbx4/Pc2. In the present study, we examined whether necdin interacts with these SUMO E3 ligases. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that necdin, MAGED1, MAGEF1 and MAGEL2 bound to PIAS1 but not to Nsmce2 or Cbx4. These SUMO E3 ligases bound to MAGEA1 but failed to interact with necdin-like 2/MAGEG1. Necdin bound to PIAS1 central domains that are highly conserved among PIAS family proteins and suppressed PIAS1-dependent sumoylation of the substrates STAT1 and PML (promyelocytic leukemia protein). Remarkably, necdin promoted degradation of PIAS1 via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In transfected HEK293A cells, amino- and carboxyl-terminally truncated mutants of PIAS1 bound to necdin but failed to undergo necdin-dependent ubiquitination. Both PIAS1 and necdin were associated with the nuclear matrix, where the PIAS1 terminal deletion mutants failed to localize, implying that the nuclear matrix is indispensable for necdin-dependent ubiquitination of PIAS1. Our data suggest that necdin suppresses PIAS1 both by inhibiting SUMO E3 ligase activity and by promoting ubiquitin-dependent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Gur
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushiro Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
Short stature is one of the major components of many dysmorphic syndromes. Growth failure may be due to a wide variety of mechanisms, either related to the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor axis or to underlying unknown pathologies. In this review, the relatively more frequently seen syndromes with short stature (Noonan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome and Aarskog-Scott syndrome) were discussed. These disorders are associated with a number of endocrinopathies, as well as with developmental, systemic and behavioral issues. At present, GH therapy is used in most syndromic disorders, although long-term studies evaluating this treatment are insufficient and some controversies exist with regard to GH dose, optimal age to begin therapy and adverse effects. Before starting GH treatment, patients with syndromic disorders should be evaluated extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Şıklar
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey. E-ma-il:
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Minamide R, Fujiwara K, Hasegawa K, Yoshikawa K. Antagonistic interplay between necdin and Bmi1 controls proliferation of neural precursor cells in the embryonic mouse neocortex. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84460. [PMID: 24392139 PMCID: PMC3879318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the neocortex exhibit a high proliferation capacity during early embryonic development and give rise to cortical projection neurons after maturation. Necdin, a mammal-specific MAGE (melanoma antigen) family protein that possesses anti-mitotic and pro-survival activities, is expressed abundantly in postmitotic neurons and moderately in tissue-specific stem cells or progenitors. Necdin interacts with E2F transcription factors and suppresses E2F1-dependent transcriptional activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 gene. Here we show that necdin serves as a suppressor of NPC proliferation in the embryonic neocortex. Necdin is moderately expressed in the ventricular zone of mouse embryonic neocortex, in which proliferative cell populations are significantly increased in necdin-null mice. In the neocortex of necdin-null embryos, expression of Cdk1 and Sox2, a stem cell marker, is significantly increased, whereas expression of p16, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is markedly diminished. Cdk1 and p16 expression levels are also significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in primary NPCs prepared from necdin-null embryos. Intriguingly, necdin interacts directly with Bmi1, a Polycomb group protein that suppresses p16 expression and promotes NPC proliferation. In HEK293A cells transfected with luciferase reporter constructs, necdin relieves Bmi1-dependent repression of p16 promoter activity, whereas Bmi1 counteracts necdin-mediated repression of E2F1-dependent Cdk1 promoter activity. In lentivirus-infected primary NPCs, necdin overexpression increases p16 expression, suppresses Cdk1 expression, and inhibits NPC proliferation, whereas Bmi1 overexpression suppresses p16 expression, increases Cdk1 expression, and promotes NPC proliferation. Our data suggest that embryonic NPC proliferation in the neocortex is regulated by the antagonistic interplay between necdin and Bmi1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Minamide
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushiro Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Harada-Shirado K, Ikeda K, Matsumoto H, Shiga Y, Furukawa M, Takahashi H, Ohkawara H, Noji H, Hashimoto Y, Waguri S, Watanabe S, Ogawa K, Takeishi Y. Somatic 15q break after long-term stable disease in acute myeloid leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 14:e69-72. [PMID: 24361186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Harada-Shirado
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ikeda
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Hayato Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shiga
- Department of Hematology, Kita-Fukushima Medical Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miki Furukawa
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohkawara
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Noji
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuei Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Takeishi
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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The ciliary protein cystin forms a regulatory complex with necdin to modulate Myc expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83062. [PMID: 24349431 PMCID: PMC3859662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystin is a novel cilia-associated protein that is disrupted in the cpk mouse, a well-characterized mouse model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Interestingly, overexpression of the Myc gene is evident in animal models of ARPKD and is thought to contribute to the renal cystic phenotype. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, the growth suppressor protein necdin, known to modulate Myc expression, was found as an interacting partner of cystin. Deletion mapping demonstrated that the C-terminus of cystin and both termini of necdin are required for their mutual interaction. Speculating that these two proteins may function to regulate gene expression, we developed a luciferase reporter assay and observed that necdin strongly activated the Myc P1 promoter, and cystin did so more modestly. Interestingly, the necdin effect was significantly abrogated when cystin was co-transfected. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed a physical interaction with both necdin and cystin and the Myc P1 promoter, as well as between these proteins. The data suggest that these proteins likely function in a regulatory complex. Thus, we speculate that Myc overexpression in the cpk kidney results from the dysregulation of the cystin-necdin regulatory complex and c-Myc, in turn, contributes to cystogenesis in the cpk mouse.
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Jiao J, Opal MD, Dulawa SC. Gestational environment programs adult depression-like behavior through methylation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide gene. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1273-80. [PMID: 23044705 PMCID: PMC3543477 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposure to specific environmental factors can increase risk for developing psychopathology including major depression in adulthood. However, the molecular pathways and epigenetic mechanisms that mediate the effects of early environments on adult mood remain poorly understood. We examined the effects of different gestational and rearing conditions on adult anxiety- and depression-like behavior using a combined reciprocal outcrossing and cross-fostering design in Balb/cJ (cJ) and C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strains. First filial (F1) hybrid offspring, which were gestated by B6 or cJ dams and then reared by either strain, were evaluated for behavior and whole-genome hippocampal gene expression during adulthood. Adult hybrid mice gestated by B6 dams showed increased depression-like behavior in the forced swim and sucrose preference tests, increased hippocampal expression of alpha calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP) transcripts, and decreased methylation of the αCGRP promoter compared with those gestated by cJ dams. Differential expression of αCGRP in adulthood did not result from genomic imprinting, and differences between B6 and cJ mitochondrial DNA were not responsible for behavioral phenotypes observed. Finally, central administration of αCGRP to adult hybrid mice increased depression-like behavior, whereas the CGRP1 receptor antagonist CGRP8-37 reduced depression-like behavior in the forced swim test. Our findings suggest that gestational factors influence adult depression-like behavior through methylation of the αCGRP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Mark D. Opal
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Stephanie C. Dulawa
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Rieusset A, Schaller F, Unmehopa U, Matarazzo V, Watrin F, Linke M, Georges B, Bischof J, Dijkstra F, Bloemsma M, Corby S, Michel FJ, Wevrick R, Zechner U, Swaab D, Dudley K, Bezin L, Muscatelli F. Stochastic loss of silencing of the imprinted Ndn/NDN allele, in a mouse model and humans with prader-willi syndrome, has functional consequences. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003752. [PMID: 24039599 PMCID: PMC3764186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a process that causes genes to be expressed from one allele only according to parental origin, the other allele being silent. Diseases can arise when the normally active alleles are not expressed. In this context, low level of expression of the normally silent alleles has been considered as genetic noise although such expression has never been further studied. Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disease involving imprinted genes, including NDN, which are only expressed from the paternally inherited allele, with the maternally inherited allele silent. We present the first in-depth study of the low expression of a normally silent imprinted allele, in pathological context. Using a variety of qualitative and quantitative approaches and comparing wild-type, heterozygous and homozygous mice deleted for Ndn, we show that, in absence of the paternal Ndn allele, the maternal Ndn allele is expressed at an extremely low level with a high degree of non-genetic heterogeneity. The level of this expression is sex-dependent and shows transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. In about 50% of mutant mice, this expression reduces birth lethality and severity of the breathing deficiency, correlated with a reduction in the loss of serotonergic neurons. In wild-type brains, the maternal Ndn allele is never expressed. However, using several mouse models, we reveal a competition between non-imprinted Ndn promoters which results in monoallelic (paternal or maternal) Ndn expression, suggesting that Ndn allelic exclusion occurs in the absence of imprinting regulation. Importantly, specific expression of the maternal NDN allele is also detected in post-mortem brain samples of PWS individuals. Our data reveal an unexpected epigenetic flexibility of PWS imprinted genes that could be exploited to reactivate the functional but dormant maternal alleles in PWS. Overall our results reveal high non-genetic heterogeneity between genetically identical individuals that might underlie the variability of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rieusset
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
| | - Unga Unmehopa
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valery Matarazzo
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
| | - Matthias Linke
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Institut für Humangenetik, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beatrice Georges
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Center, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jocelyn Bischof
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Femke Dijkstra
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Bloemsma
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Severine Corby
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
| | - François J. Michel
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Institut für Humangenetik, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dick Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keith Dudley
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Center, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Françoise Muscatelli
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) U901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, INMED UMR901, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Smchd1 regulates a subset of autosomal genes subject to monoallelic expression in addition to being critical for X inactivation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2013; 6:19. [PMID: 23819640 PMCID: PMC3707822 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smchd1 is an epigenetic modifier essential for X chromosome inactivation: female embryos lacking Smchd1 fail during midgestational development. Male mice are less affected by Smchd1-loss, with some (but not all) surviving to become fertile adults on the FVB/n genetic background. On other genetic backgrounds, all males lacking Smchd1 die perinatally. This suggests that, in addition to being critical for X inactivation, Smchd1 functions to control the expression of essential autosomal genes. Results Using genome-wide microarray expression profiling and RNA-seq, we have identified additional genes that fail X inactivation in female Smchd1 mutants and have identified autosomal genes in male mice where the normal expression pattern depends upon Smchd1. A subset of genes in the Snrpn imprinted gene cluster show an epigenetic signature and biallelic expression consistent with loss of imprinting in the absence of Smchd1. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of expressed genes in the placenta shows that the Igf2r imprinted gene cluster is also disrupted, with Slc22a3 showing biallelic expression in the absence of Smchd1. In both cases, the disruption was not due to loss of the differential methylation that marks the imprint control region, but affected genes remote from this primary imprint controlling element. The clustered protocadherins (Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ) also show altered expression levels, suggesting that their unique pattern of random combinatorial monoallelic expression might also be disrupted. Conclusions Smchd1 has a role in the expression of several autosomal gene clusters that are subject to monoallelic expression, rather than being restricted to functioning uniquely in X inactivation. Our findings, combined with the recent report implicating heterozygous mutations of SMCHD1 as a causal factor in the digenically inherited muscular weakness syndrome facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy-2, highlight the potential importance of Smchd1 in the etiology of diverse human diseases.
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Hiura H, Toyoda M, Okae H, Sakurai M, Miyauchi N, Sato A, Kiyokawa N, Okita H, Miyagawa Y, Akutsu H, Nishino K, Umezawa A, Arima T. Stability of genomic imprinting in human induced pluripotent stem cells. BMC Genet 2013; 14:32. [PMID: 23631808 PMCID: PMC3751563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND hiPSCs are generated through epigenetic reprogramming of somatic tissue. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon through which monoallelic gene expression is regulated in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Reprogramming relies on the successful erasure of marks of differentiation while maintaining those required for genomic imprinting. Loss of imprinting (LOI), which occurs in many types of malignant tumors, would hinder the clinical application of hiPSCs. RESULTS We examined the imprinting status, expression levels and DNA methylation status of eight imprinted genes in five independently generated hiPSCs. We found a low frequency of LOI in some lines. Where LOI was identified in an early passage cell line, we found that this was maintained through subsequent passages of the cells. Just as normal imprints are maintained in long-term culture, this work suggests that abnormal imprints are also stable in culture. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of genomic imprints in hiPSCs is a necessary safety step in regenerative medicine, with relevance both to the differentiation potential of these stem cells and also their potential tumorigenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hiura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Tunster SJ, Jensen AB, John RM. Imprinted genes in mouse placental development and the regulation of fetal energy stores. Reproduction 2013; 145:R117-37. [PMID: 23445556 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imprinted genes, which are preferentially expressed from one or other parental chromosome as a consequence of epigenetic events in the germline, are known to functionally converge on biological processes that enable in utero development in mammals. Over 100 imprinted genes have been identified in the mouse, the majority of which are both expressed and imprinted in the placenta. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the current knowledge regarding imprinted gene function in the mouse placenta. Few imprinted genes have been assessed with respect to their dosage-related action in the placenta. Nonetheless, current data indicate that imprinted genes converge on two key functions of the placenta, nutrient transport and placental signalling. Murine studies may provide a greater understanding of certain human pathologies, including low birth weight and the programming of metabolic diseases in the adult, and complications of pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes, resulting from fetuses carrying abnormal imprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Tunster
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK
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Recommendations for the investigation of animal models of Prader-Willi syndrome. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:165-78. [PMID: 23609791 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) occurs in about 1 in 15,000 individuals and is a contiguous gene disorder causing developmental disability, hyperphagia usually with obesity, and behavioral problems, including an increased incidence of psychiatric illness. The genomic imprinting that regulates allele-specific expression of PWS candidate genes, the fact that multiple genes are typically inactivated, and the presence of many genes that produce functional RNAs rather than proteins has complicated the identification of the underlying genetic pathophysiology of PWS. Over 30 genetically modified mouse strains that have been developed and characterized have been instrumental in elucidating the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for the regulation of PWS genes and in discovering their physiological functions. In 2011, a PWS Animal Models Working Group (AMWG) was established to generate discussions and facilitate exchange of ideas regarding the best use of PWS animal models. Here, we summarize the goals of the AMWG, describe current animal models of PWS, and make recommendations for strategies to maximize the utility of animal models and for the development and use of new animal models of PWS.
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Colmers WF, Wevrick R. Leptin signaling defects in a mouse model of Prader-Willi syndrome: An orphan genetic obesity syndrome no more? Rare Dis 2013; 1:e24421. [PMID: 25002992 PMCID: PMC3927482 DOI: 10.4161/rdis.24421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare (~1 in 12,000) genetic disorder that involves at least six genes on chromosome 15q11–q13. Children with PWS not only rapidly gain weight and become severely obese because of reduced voluntary activity and increased food intake, but also exhibit growth hormone deficiency, excessive daytime sleepiness, endocrine dysregulation and infertility. These phenotypes suggest dysfunction of the hypothalamus, the brain region that regulates short- and long-term energy balance and other body functions. The physiological basis for obesity in children with PWS has eluded researchers for decades. Mercer et al. now demonstrate that Magel2, the murine ortholog of one of the PWS genes, is a component of the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin pathway that is critical for energy balance. Most interestingly, disruptions of other components of this pathway cause obesity in both mice and humans, suggesting a mechanistic link between PWS and other rare genetic forms of severe childhood-onset obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Colmers
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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Regulatory elements associated with paternally-expressed genes in the imprinted murine Angelman/Prader-Willi syndrome domain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52390. [PMID: 23390487 PMCID: PMC3563663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Angelman/Prader-Willi syndrome (AS/PWS) domain contains at least 8 imprinted genes regulated by a bipartite imprinting center (IC) associated with the SNRPN gene. One component of the IC, the PWS-IC, governs the paternal epigenotype and expression of paternal genes. The mechanisms by which imprinting and expression of paternal genes within the AS/PWS domain – such as MKRN3 and NDN – are regulated by the PWS-IC are unclear. The syntenic region in the mouse is organized and imprinted similarly to the human domain with the murine PWS-IC defined by a 6 kb interval within the Snrpn locus that includes the promoter. To identify regulatory elements that may mediate PWS-IC function, we mapped the location and allele-specificity of DNase I hypersensitive (DH) sites within the PWS-IC in brain cells, then identified transcription factor binding sites within a subset of these DH sites. Six major paternal-specific DH sites were detected in the Snrpn gene, five of which map within the 6 kb PWS-IC. We postulate these five DH sites represent functional components of the murine PWS-IC. Analysis of transcription factor binding within multiple DH sites detected nuclear respiratory factors (NRF's) and YY1 specifically on the paternal allele. NRF's and YY1 were also detected in the paternal promoter region of the murine Mrkn3 and Ndn genes. These results suggest that NRF's and YY1 may facilitate PWS-IC function and coordinately regulate expression of paternal genes. The presence of NRF's also suggests a link between transcriptional regulation within the AS/PWS domain and regulation of respiration. 3C analyses indicated Mkrn3 lies in close proximity to the PWS-IC on the paternal chromosome, evidence that the PWS-IC functions by allele-specific interaction with its distal target genes. This could occur by allele-specific co-localization of the PWS-IC and its target genes to transcription factories containing NRF's and YY1.
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Akan P, Alexeyenko A, Costea PI, Hedberg L, Solnestam BW, Lundin S, Hällman J, Lundberg E, Uhlén M, Lundeberg J. Comprehensive analysis of the genome transcriptome and proteome landscapes of three tumor cell lines. Genome Med 2012; 4:86. [PMID: 23158748 PMCID: PMC3580420 DOI: 10.1186/gm387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We here present a comparative genome, transcriptome and functional network analysis of three human cancer cell lines (A431, U251MG and U2OS), and investigate their relation to protein expression. Gene copy numbers significantly influenced corresponding transcript levels; their effect on protein levels was less pronounced. We focused on genes with altered mRNA and/or protein levels to identify those active in tumor maintenance. We provide comprehensive information for the three genomes and demonstrate the advantage of integrative analysis for identifying tumor-related genes amidst numerous background mutations by relating genomic variation to expression/protein abundance data and use gene networks to reveal implicated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Akan
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Andrey Alexeyenko
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Paul Igor Costea
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Lilia Hedberg
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Beata Werne Solnestam
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Sverker Lundin
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jimmie Hällman
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Emma Lundberg
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
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Saliva in Prader–Willi syndrome: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1335-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang FW, Han ZB, Deng CY, He HJ, Wu Q. Conservation of genomic imprinting at the NDN, MAGEL2 and MEST loci in pigs. Genes Genet Syst 2012; 87:53-8. [PMID: 22531794 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.87.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes have important effects on the regulation of fetal growth, development, and postnatal behavior. However, the study of imprinted genes has been limited in mammalian species other than human and mouse. Therefore, the study of porcine imprinted genes is useful for defining the extent of conservation of genomic imprinting among different species. In this study, the imprinting status of porcine NDN, MAGEL2 and MEST genes was determined by direct sequencing of the cDNAs and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in individuals from reciprocal crosses between Meishan and Large White pigs for allele discrimination. The analysis was carried out in 13 different tissues (skeletal muscle, fat, pituitary gland, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, small intestine, uterus, ovary and testis) from 12 two-month-old piglets. Imprinting analysis showed that NDN and MAGEL2 were paternally expressed in all tissues where the genes were expressed as in human and mouse. Interestingly, MEST showed tissue-specific imprinting, being paternally expressed in skeletal muscle, fat, pituitary gland, heart, kidney, lung, stomach and uterus, and maternally expressed in spleen and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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44
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Necdin, a p53 target gene, regulates the quiescence and response to genotoxic stress of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Blood 2012; 120:1601-12. [PMID: 22776820 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-393983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently defined a critical role for p53 in regulating the quiescence of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and identified necdin as a candidate p53 target gene. Necdin is a growth-suppressing protein and the gene encoding it is one of several that are deleted in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. To define the intrinsic role of necdin in adult hematopoiesis, in the present study, we transplanted necdin-null fetal liver cells into lethally irradiated recipients. We show that necdin-null adult HSCs are less quiescent and more proliferative than normal HSCs, demonstrating the similar role of necdin and p53 in promoting HSC quiescence during steady-state conditions. However, wild-type recipients repopulated with necdin-null hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells show enhanced sensitivity to irradiation and chemotherapy, with increased p53-dependent apoptosis, myelosuppression, and mortality. Necdin controls the HSC response to genotoxic stress via both cell-cycle-dependent and cell-cycle-independent mechanisms, with the latter occurring in a Gas2L3-dependent manner. We conclude that necdin functions as a molecular switch in adult hematopoiesis, acting in a p53-like manner to promote HSC quiescence in the steady state, but suppressing p53-dependent apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress.
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45
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Necdin controls Foxo1 acetylation in hypothalamic arcuate neurons to modulate the thyroid axis. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5562-72. [PMID: 22514318 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0142-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 regulates energy homeostasis by modulating gene expression in the hypothalamus. Foxo1 undergoes post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation, which modulate its functional activities. Sirtuin1 (Sirt1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase, regulates the acetylation status of Foxo1 in mammalian cells. Necdin, a pleiotropic protein required for neuronal development and survival, interacts with both Sirt1 and p53 to facilitate p53 deacetylation. The necdin gene (Ndn), an imprinted gene transcribed only from the paternal allele, is strongly expressed in hypothalamic neurons. Here, we demonstrate that necdin controls the acetylation status of Foxo1 in vivo in hypothalamic arcuate neurons to modulate the thyroid function. Necdin forms a stable ternary complex with Sirt1 and Foxo1, diminishes Foxo1 acetylation, and suppresses the transcriptional activity of Foxo1 in vitro. Paternal Ndn mutant mice express high levels of acetylated Foxo1 and mRNAs encoding agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus in vivo during the juvenile period. The mutant mice exhibit endocrine dysfunction characteristic of hypothalamic hypothyroidism. Chemically induced hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism lead to hypothalamic responses similar to those under necdin-deficient and excessive conditions, respectively, suggesting that thyroid hormone serves as a negative regulator of this system. These results suggest that necdin regulates Foxo1 acetylation and neuropeptide gene expression in the arcuate neurons to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during development.
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46
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MAGE-D1 regulates expression of depression-like behavior through serotonin transporter ubiquitylation. J Neurosci 2012; 32:4562-80. [PMID: 22457503 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6458-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) controls the stability of most cellular proteins. The polymorphism of UPS-related genes is associated with major depression disorder, but less is known about the molecule that plays a role in depression by modulating the UPS. Melanoma antigen gene-D1 (MAGE-D1) interacts with RING E3 ubiquitin ligase and is implicated in protein degradation. MAGE-D1 may thus play an important role in the CNS via ubiquitylation. Here, we clarified a novel role of MAGE-D1 in emotional functions, namely its modulation of ubiquitylation to the serotonin transporter (SERT). The MAGE-D1 knock-out and knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the prefrontal cortex showed depression-like behavior, such as a decrease in exploratory behavior in both the home cage and novel apparatus, a decrease in social interaction, increased immobility time during forced swimming and tail suspension, and a decrease in sucrose preference without any anxiety, or cognitive or motor dysfunction. Acute and chronic (28 d) administration of sertraline (10 mg/kg) and imipramine (20 mg/kg) reversed all or part of depression-like behavior in knock-out mice. In these mice, the serotonergic function in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was hypoactive, accompanied by hyperexpression of SERT attributable to a decrease in ubiquitylation. Furthermore, MAGE-D1 binds to SERT via the necdin homology domain. MAGE-D1 overexpression in cells resulted in a decrease in serotonin uptake activity and the protein level of SERT but an increase in ubiquitylated SERT. Together, the present findings suggest a novel role for MAGE-D1 in depressive behaviors: modulating SERT ubiquitylation.
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An unexpected function of the Prader-Willi syndrome imprinting center in maternal imprinting in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34348. [PMID: 22496793 PMCID: PMC3319576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a phenomenon that some genes are expressed differentially according to the parent of origin. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) are neurobehavioral disorders caused by deficiency of imprinted gene expression from paternal and maternal chromosome 15q11–q13, respectively. Imprinted genes at the PWS/AS domain are regulated through a bipartite imprinting center, the PWS-IC and AS-IC. The PWS-IC activates paternal-specific gene expression and is responsible for the paternal imprint, whereas the AS-IC functions in the maternal imprint by allele-specific repression of the PWS-IC to prevent the paternal imprinting program. Although mouse chromosome 7C has a conserved PWS/AS imprinted domain, the mouse equivalent of the human AS-IC element has not yet been identified. Here, we suggest another dimension that the PWS-IC also functions in maternal imprinting by negatively regulating the paternally expressed imprinted genes in mice, in contrast to its known function as a positive regulator for paternal-specific gene expression. Using a mouse model carrying a 4.8-kb deletion at the PWS-IC, we demonstrated that maternal transmission of the PWS-IC deletion resulted in a maternal imprinting defect with activation of the paternally expressed imprinted genes and decreased expression of the maternally expressed imprinted gene on the maternal chromosome, accompanied by alteration of the maternal epigenotype toward a paternal state spread over the PWS/AS domain. The functional significance of this acquired paternal pattern of gene expression was demonstrated by the ability to complement PWS phenotypes by maternal inheritance of the PWS-IC deletion, which is in stark contrast to paternal inheritance of the PWS-IC deletion that resulted in the PWS phenotypes. Importantly, low levels of expression of the paternally expressed imprinted genes are sufficient to rescue postnatal lethality and growth retardation in two PWS mouse models. These findings open the opportunity for a novel approach to the treatment of PWS.
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48
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Hiura H, Okae H, Kobayash H, Miyauchi N, Sato F, Sato A, Suzuki F, Nagase S, Sugawara J, Nakai K, Yaegashi N, Arima T. High-throughput detection of aberrant imprint methylation in the ovarian cancer by the bisulphite PCR-Luminex method. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:8. [PMID: 22443985 PMCID: PMC3342152 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant DNA methylation leads to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) or loss of imprinting (LOI) as the first hit during human carcinogenesis. Recently we developed a new high-throughput, high-resolution DNA methylation analysis method, bisulphite PCR-Luminex (BPL), using sperm DNA and demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel approach in rapidly identifying methylation errors. RESULTS In the current study, we applied the BPL method to the analysis of DNA methylation for identification of prognostic panels of DNA methylation cancer biomarkers of imprinted genes. We found that the BPL method precisely quantified the methylation status of specific DNA regions in somatic cells. We found a higher frequency of LOI than LOH. LOI at IGF2, PEG1 and H19 were frequent alterations, with a tendency to show a more hypermethylated state. We detected changes in DNA methylation as an early event in ovarian cancer. The degree of LOI (LOH) was associated with altered DNA methylation at IGF2/H19 and PEG1. CONCLUSIONS The relative ease of BPL method provides a practical method for use within a clinical setting. We suggest that DNA methylation of H19 and PEG1 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) may provide novel biomarkers useful for screening, diagnosis and, potentially, for improving the clinical management of women with human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hiura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Lavi-Itzkovitz A, Tcherpakov M, Levy Z, Itzkovitz S, Muscatelli F, Fainzilber M. Functional consequences of necdin nucleocytoplasmic localization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33786. [PMID: 22442722 PMCID: PMC3307762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Necdin, a MAGE family protein expressed primarily in the nervous system, has been shown to interact with both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, but the mechanism of its nucleocytoplasmic transport are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We carried out a large-scale interaction screen using necdin as a bait in the yeast RRS system, and found a wide range of potential interactors with different subcellular localizations, including over 60 new candidates for direct binding to necdin. Integration of these interactions into a comprehensive network revealed a number of coherent interaction modules, including a cytoplasmic module connecting to necdin through huntingtin-associated protein 1 (Hap1), dynactin and hip-1 protein interactor (Hippi); a nuclear P53 and Creb-binding-protein (Crebbp) module, connecting through Crebbp and WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 (Wwtr1); and a nucleocytoplasmic transport module, connecting through transportins 1 and 2. We validated the necdin-transportin1 interaction and characterized a sequence motif in necdin that modulates karyopherin interaction. Surprisingly, a D234P necdin mutant showed enhanced binding to both transportin1 and importin β1. Finally, exclusion of necdin from the nucleus triggered extensive cell death. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that necdin has multiple roles within protein complexes in different subcellular compartments, and indicate that it can utilize multiple karyopherin-dependent pathways to modulate its localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Lavi-Itzkovitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marianna Tcherpakov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zehava Levy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francoise Muscatelli
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, INSERM U901, Parc Scientifique de Luminy BP 13, Marseille, France
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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50
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Bush JR, Wevrick R. Loss of the Prader-Willi obesity syndrome protein necdin promotes adipogenesis. Gene 2012; 497:45-51. [PMID: 22305984 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of necdin during adipogenic differentiation. Necdin is one of several genes inactivated in children with Prader-Willi syndrome, who are predisposed to increased adiposity at the expense of lean mass. Necdin promotes neuronal and muscle differentiation and survival through interactions with a variety of proteins, including cell surface receptors, modifiers of protein stability, and transcription factors. In pre-adipocytes, necdin over-expression inhibits adipogenesis, while reducing necdin levels enhances adipogenic differentiation in tissue culture cells. We now directly demonstrate a role for necdin in inhibiting adipogenesis using cells derived from necdin deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Russell Bush
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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